HANDOUTS FOR ENGLISH NUMBER 5

LINKERS AND CONNECTORS

1. STRUCTURE
To begin with
To st!t with
In the "i!st #$%e
Fi!st$&
the writer tells us that city life is
dangerous .
Se%on'$&
In the se%on'
#$%e
Ne(t
he tells us how unhealthy it is.
Fin$$&
he describes how cities cause
families to break up.
In %on%$)sion
To s)* )#
he says that the days of the cities
are numbered.
2. SEQUENCE
Fi!st +o" $$, he opened the door.
Then
A"te!
tht
he looked outside.
3. ADDING IDEAS
a. Adding adjectives within a sentence.
London is +both, e(%iting n' - s we$$ s tiring
b. Adding nouns within sentences
My brother
, togethe! with his friend, is
, s we$$ s his friend, is
n' his friend are
attending university in Scotland.
And A!!"# be used to $oin
sentences in formal %nglish
c. Adding ideas in different sentences
My father was a
teacher.
F)!the!*o!e
In ''ition
Not on$& tht.
Mo!eo/e!
he was a very good one.
4. ALTERNATIVES
a. Joining ideas within sentences:
&ou can have fish o! meat tonight
' don(t like +eithe!, meat o! fish.
' like neithe! meat no! fish
b. Alternatives in two sentences:
' could write this te)t by hand. A$te!nti/e$&, ' could type it.
5. CONCESSION / CONTRAST
a. Within sentences
E/en tho)gh
A$tho)gh
0he!es
my brother prefers country life, he lives in the
city.
B)t $oins main clauses, !%*%+
sentences in formal %nglish.
My brother prefers country life b)t he lives in the city.
ontrasting nouns and pronouns with
ideas in clauses.
In %ont!st to *e.
As o##ose' to *e.
Un$i1e *e.
my brother prefers...
,var,www,apps,conversion,tmp,scratch-.,//0122340.doc 5age 1 of 6
HANDOUTS FOR ENGLISH NUMBER 5
b. Linker + noun phrase + ~ing-for
In s#ite o"
Des#ite
$i/ing in the city, my brother prefers 7
c. Linking sentences
' live in the country
Howe/e!
Ne/e!the$ess
' prefer city life.
On the one hn', country life is peaceful, on the othe! hn' it can be very boring.
6. TIME (Introd!"n# t$%&or'( !(')$).*
a2 As soon s
The *o*ent
0hen
I**e'ite$&
On%e
Be"o!e
A"te!
8ob gets home, '(ll make his tea.
+THERE IS NO FUTURE TENSE IN THE TEM3ORAL +4 5TIME5, CLAUSE66,
b. 0hene/e! 9: ;always when;< '(m with you '(m late.
c= 8y the time he gets home,
'($$ h/e *'e his tea.
9>uture perfect tense in the main clause.<
d. Linker + noun phrase + ~ing-
for
Sin%e $i/ing here, '(ve had nothing but trouble.
A"te! $i/ing in London, ' moved to Liverpool.
e. ;!is; : ;until;
' won(t do anything )nti$ '(ve heard from you. 95resent perfect in the
temporal clause?<
+. CONDITION
a2 I"
3!o/i'e' tht
As $ong s
Ass)*ing tht
G!nte' tht
Gi/en tht
the good weather holds, the match will take place.
b. "nless #$ %if .... not%&
Un$ess the good weather ho$'s, the
match will not take place.
I" the good weather 'oes not
hold, the match will not take
place.
c. In case #$ %'alls...% ( %')r
den 'all da*...&
In %se '(m not at home when you come, leave the parcel in the garage.
,. -UR-OSE / INTENTION
a. Affirative sentences:
She left home
so s to become more independent.
in o!'e! to become more independent.
to become more independent.
She left home so tht she could become more independent.
b. +egative sentences.
She left home
so s not to be too dependent on her parents.
in o!'e! not to be too dependent on ......
.. REASON (CAUSE*
a. Linker + noun:
She left home be%)se o" the @uarrels her parents were always having.
,var,www,apps,conversion,tmp,scratch-.,//0122340.doc 5age / of 6
HANDOUTS FOR ENGLISH NUMBER 5
b. Linker + clause
She left home
be%)se her parents were always having rows.
sin%eA her parents were always having rows.
s her parents were always having rows.
9cf. Bd above for other meanings of ;sin%e;<
1/. RESULT
a. Within a sentence=
' haven(t any money so ' can(t help you. 9So A!!"# be used to $oin sentences in formal %nglish.<
b. Linking sentences:
Stress makes many students tired.
The!e"o!e.
Th)s.
Conse7)ent$&
As !es)$t o"
this.
they should rela) at the weekend.
11. E0CE-TION
0ith the e(%e#tion o"
A#!t "!o*
E(%e#t "o!
an occasional cold, '(ve been healthy all winter.
12. EM-1ASIS
a. Within a sentence:
All leisure activities,
es#e%i$$& !e'ing.
#!ti%)$!$& !e'ing.
e/en !e'ing.
can cause tiredness.
13. RESTATEMENT
Cood working habits are very important for learning vocabulary.
In othe! wo!'s.
Tht is to s&.
working regularly and systematically will help you to learn vocabulary better and more
@uickly.
,var,www,apps,conversion,tmp,scratch-.,//0122340.doc 5age D of 6
HANDOUTS FOR ENGLISH NUMBER 5
E8ERCISES
CONNECTORS SHO0ING ADDITION. ALTERNATI9ES AND CONTRAST
>ill in the gaps with a suitable connector. Eo not use the same connector more than once.
A.
1. Setting realistic goals helps students to organise their work efficiently ... they provide the students
with suitable incentives.
/. 5ainters ... dramatists are taking part in the arts festival.
D. #he first sentence of any te)t you read is most important because it attracts your attention. ... it will
decide whether you continue reading.
.. 8ooks ... pencils, ... a lot of papers were lying untidily on the desk.
6. ' don(t care what you do. &ou can ... stay here ... go home.
B. 'f you can(t get to the meeting on time, give me a ring tonight. ... leave a note with Mrs Smith.
0. ... Fohn ... %dward was able to help me. ' don(t know who else to ask.
3. 't(s going to rain. Shall we stay in ... go outG
2. He en$oyed ourselves ... the weather was bad.
14. ... the weather was bad we en$oyed ourselves very much.
11. Ie wrote a book about !ew &ork ... he had never been there.
1/. My father offered to lend me half the money towards the cost of the car. ... there was no way for me
to raise the other half so ' didn(t buy it.
1D. Ie had never had a university education ... he became one of the most influential men in the country.
1.. ... the ... living at home can restrict one(s personal freedomJ ... the ... it can save a student a lot of
money.
B. LINKAGE AND REFERENCE2
%nglish food has a bad name abroad 9al though , because , if< forei gners visi ti ng %ngland
often meet i t i n t he more ( popular( t ype of restaurant 9which , i t , one< is t he easiest to
find. #he food i n 9the , a , such< restaurants has to be served @uickl y 9and , as well as , in
addi tion< bei ng cheap. 9Al though , !evert heless , #ogether wi t h< t he food is often badl y
cooked 9toget her wi th , as well as , and< presented wi t hout any i magi nation. #his is
because some of t he restaurants do not pay enough at tention to what t hei r customers
want.
9#ogether wi t h , Moreover , Hhereas< t hese restaurants do nothi ng for t he reputation of
8ri tish food abroad, t he forei gner who takes a li t tl e trouble and compares t he restaurants
carefull y, can eat well i n 8ri tai n.
,var,www,apps,conversion,tmp,scratch-.,//0122340.doc 5age . of 6
HANDOUTS FOR ENGLISH NUMBER 5
C2 LINKERS SHO0ING CONDITION. 3UR3OSE +INTENTION, AND REASON +CAUSE,2
!ote= ;'f; , ;Assuming that; can be used in all types of conditional sentences. "ther linkers are restricted to
probable conditions.<
>ill in the gaps with suitable linkers. Eo not use the same one twice.
1. ... you work har d, you will probably g et good ma r ks in t h e exa mi nation.
2. We woul dn' t hav e mi s s e d t h e bus ... we' d l eft e arli er.
3. ... you chang e your working habi t s, you won' t hav e a ny s ucc e s s.
. !on' t s t and on t hat chair ... you'll fall over a nd hur t your s elf.
". ... # wer e you, #' d s t op work now.
$. ... you don' t mak e a ny noi s e, you can s t ay h er e.
%. &e l eft a t %. 3' a. m. ... coul d cat ch t h e bus.
(. &e l eft a t %. 3' a. m. ... cat ch t h e e arly bus.
). &e l eft a t %. 3' a. m. ... cat ch t h e e arly bus.
1 '. # di dn' t s ay a nyt hi ng ... # di dn' t want t o mak e hi m a ngry.
11. ... t h er e was not e nough d e ma nd t h e cour s e was canc ell ed.
1 2. # went int o hi s roo m *ui etly ... # di dn' t want t o wake hi m.
D.
WORK
To many people the word sounds awful, not necessarily (when / if / because /
alternatively) they are lazy. The man (which / who / what) hates his job in the factory
(either / neither / otherwise / or) in the office may work very hard at the weekend,
painting the house. ... he may spend a lot of his weekend in the garden, digging and
planting.
hat, then, is the reason for this attitude! "ften it is simply (because /
although / while) they do not like the job they are doing. (#t / one / the same) may be
easy, like making cardboard bo$es. ... it may be well%paid. ... the man still finds the
job boring.
&ery often they have to do a job (where / which / who) is just a small part of a
much larger one, such as putting in the windows of a car. ... the part they play is so
small that they can never have the feeling that they have really created something.
... in modern society, someone has to do these jobs ... that is the way society is
organised. hat, therefore, can be done to make work more attractive! 'hould the
people get more pay (alternatively / neither / or / as well as) should they be given
more free time! ... if they are given more free time, how can they be taught to enjoy
their leisure!
,var,www,apps,conversion,tmp,scratch-.,//0122340.doc 5age 6 of 6