M U

1. L do chn ti
Chng ta c th nhn n hn mt thng nhng khng th nhn kht hn mt
ngy. n gin, nc l ngun ti nguyn ! c"ng c#n thi$t ch% &' &(ng. Chng gi)
!ai t*+ ,uan t*-ng t*%ng !i.c !/n chuyn %0y ! cc ch1t 2inh 23ng 4i kh56 cc 7
6h/n t*%ng c th. C th ni 89c l kh%ng &n ,u: hn t1t c cc l%;i kh%ng
&n<.
1t nc ta 4ang t*%ng ,u t*=nh 4>y m;nh cng nghi.6 ha, hi.n 4;i ha
nn nhu c#u &? 2@ng nc ch% 6ht t*in kinh t$, 6h@c !@ 2An &inh ngy cng ln
t*%ng khi ngun nc c h;n. B=nh t*;ng nhiCm nc, &uy thi, c;n ki.t ngun
nc 4ang 2iCn *a 6hD 7i$n ! nghim t*-ng 4E 2-a 4$n cuc &(ng cFa ngGi 2An.
B*%ng 4, nc 7Hi kim l%;i nIng l mt t*%ng nh)ng !1n 4J c16 7ch 4ang 4Kc
nh nc ! 0L hi ,uan tAm. 9g 4c kim l%;i nIng &M 2Nn 4$n nhiJu 7.nh him
nghO% nh 6h" 6hDi, &uy th/n, ung thPP..
g6 thm thng tin !J hm lKng kim l%;i nIng t*%ng nc thi cng
nghi.6 chng ti th'c hi.n 4J ti Nghin cu xc nh ng thi h! "#$ng ch%
& c'cdi!i t(ong n#)c th*i +hu c,ng nghi-. /0' 1hnh2 3u4n Lin 5hi6u2
thnh .h7 N8ng 9:ng .h#;ng .h. .h< h=. th> ngu?n t@A
B. C nghD' +ho' hc & thEc tiFn cG' ti
Q$t ,u cFa 4J ti nhRm g6 6h#n 0Ay 2'ng mt 6hng 6h6 thSch hK6 ch%
!i.c 0c 4nh tDng hm lKng ch= ! ca2imi t*%ng nc thi cng nghi.6 6h" hK6
!i 4iJu ki.n cFa 6h+ng thS nghi.m H Ti.t 9am.
B*n c &H 4 4nh gi !J mUc 4 nhiCm 7Hi kim l%;i nIng t*%ng khu !'c
kh% &t. ng thGi, 6h@c !@ ch% !1n 4J 4nh gi mUc 4 an t%n !J hm lKng ch=
! ca2imi t;i nh)ng 4a 4im l1y mNu.
5/HINJ 1
KLNJ MUNN
1.1. K<ng 3u'n & n#)c
1.1.1. Ji)i thi-u & n#)c OPQ
9c l chi$c ni cFa &' &(ng. Vi.n tSch nc t*n B*i 41t l *1t ln. Qh%ng
W X Y tZ nm !J t*c, khi B*i 41t ![a mi *a 4Gi, 7J mIt cFa n khng hJ c gi-t
nc n%, khng c c mt &' &(ng. TJ &au B*i 41t ngui 2#n 4i, hi nc t*%ng
khS ,uyn mi 4-ng l;i thnh nc, ma 0u(ng chy !% ch\ t*]ng, lAu ngy tSch
l;i, 2#n t*H thnh h ! 7in nguyn thFy. 9h)ng ch1t &(ng 4#u tin ny m#m t*%ng
7in, 4 l 7in nguyn thFy. 9c 7a% gm c 7in, h, &ng, 4#m, nc ng#m,
l;ch &u(i ^2i 2;ng ch1t l_ng` ! 7ng h ^2i 2;ng ch1t *5n`. BhE% c tSnh cFa
cc nh kh%a h-c, tDng lKng nc t*n 7J mIt B*i 41t !% kh%ng a,W tZ km
b
,
t*%ng 4 7in chi$m cd,be, nc 2i 2;ng 7ng h H t*n mIt 41t chi$m f,de.
9c t*%ng khS ,uyn &% !i f l%;i t*n ,u nh_ khng 4ng k. Vi nh n5ng gIt
t*Gi, nc khng ng[ng !/n 4ng tu#n h%n. 9c H t*n mIt 41t 7(c hi thnh hi
nc t*%ng khS ,uyn, hi nc t*%ng khS ,uyn !i mt 4iJu ki.n thSch hK6 n% 4
ngng 4-ng l;i thnh nc ma *i 0u(ng mIt 41t ! 7in. 9c t*n mIt 41t hi t@
l;i thnh &u(i, thnh &ng chy *a h, *a 7in h%Ic th1m 0u(ng 41t, ,ua cc khE nUt
cFa cc nham th;ch t*H thnh nc ng#m, h%Ic t*'c ti$6 7(c hi t*H l;i khS ,uyn.
B*%ng ,u t*=nh tu#n h%n nc, khS ,uyn l cng c@ !/n chuyn chF y$u cFa
nc. 9hG c tu#n h%n nc t*n B*i 41t !i ,uy m ln, khng ng[ng khng
nghh nn mi lm ch% mIt 41t 7i$n 4Di thGng 0uyn, !;n !/t &inh &i ny nH.
1.1.B. R nhiF! !,i t(#ng n#)c OB2PQ
1.1.B.1. 1hi ni-!
i nhiCm nc l &' thay 4Di !J tSnh ch1t ! thnh 6h#n cFa nc, c h;i ch%
cuc &(ng &inh h%;t 7=nh thGng cFa c%n ngGi ! &inh !/t 7Hi &' c mIt cFa mt
hay nhiJu ha ch1t l; !Kt ,u ng3ng chu 4'ng cFa &inh !/t. ji$n chng ChAu
ku !J nc 4L 4nh nghla nhiCm ncm L s bin i ni chung do con ngi
i vi cht lng nc lm nhim nc v g! ngu! hi"m cho con ngi# cho
nng nghi$%# cho cng nghi$%# nui c&# ngh' ng(i# gi)i t*+# i vi ,ng v-t nui v
c&c loi ho.ng d/i0.
1.1.B.B. 5c ngun gS? , nhiF! !,i t(#ng n#)c
9gun g(c gAy nhiCm nc c th l 2% t' nhin nh ma, tuy$t tan, gi 7L%,
l] l@t 4a !% mi t*Gng nc ch1t thi 7>n, cc &inh !/t ! !i &inh !/t c h;i k c
0c ch$t cFa chng. jay 2% ngun g(c nhAn t;% nh t[ !i.c 0 nc thi &inh h%;t,
cng nghi.6, gia% thng !/n ti, thu(c t*[ &Au 2i.t c_ ! 6hAn 7n nng nghi.6...
!% mi t*Gng nc ^h=nh a.a`.
Cn cU !% cc tc nhAn gAy nhiCm, ngGi ta 6hAn *a cc l%;i nhiCm ncm
i nhiCm ! c, h)u c, nhiCm ha ch1t, nhiCm &inh h-c, nhiCm 7Hi cc tc
nhAn !/t l:.
BhE% ! t*S khng gian, ngGi ta 6hAn 7i.tm nhiCm &ng, nhiCm h,
nhiCm 7in, nhiCm nc mIt, nhiCm nc ng#m.
/%nh 1.1. 1c th)i cng nghi$% ch. 23 l+ t*c ti% *. sng
1.B. Ji)i thi-u & ch% OB2 T2 UQ
1.B.1. KVnh ch=t &4t "
Ch= l nguyn t( thuc nhm nT t*%ng 7ng h. th(ng tu#n h%n. Ch= c hai
t*;ng thi %0y ha 7Jn chSnh l of ! oW ! c W 4ng ! 7Jn l
fpW
q7,
fpr
q7,
fps
q7.
B*%ng mi t*Gng n tn t;i chF y$u H 2;ng i%n t*%ng cc hK6 ch1t ! c ! h)u c.
Ch= l kim l%;i mu 0m thNm, *1t mJm, 2C lt m_ng, c c1u t*c kiu
l/6 6hng tAm 2i.n, &( thU t' l sf t*%ng 7ng h. th(ng tu#n h% ^h=nh a.f`.
gt &( hRng &( !/t l: cFa ch= 4Kc 7iu 2iCn t*n 7ng a.a.
W*ng 1.1. 45ng s v-t l6 c7. 8b
/:ng X7 &4t " Y9
C1u h=nh ElEct*%n tuEvWw
aW
Y2
ap
r&
f
r6
f
9ng lKng i%n h% thU nh1t ^ET` d,Wf
xn kSnh nguyn t? ^y
p
` a,dY
Bh$ 4i.n c'c chu>n ^T` Xp,afr
Qh(i lKng nguyn t? ^4!c` fpd,fa
9hi.t 4 nng chy ^
p
C` bfd,W
9hi.t 4 &i ^
p
C` adWp
C1u t*c tinh th z/6 6hng tAm 2i.n
1.B.B. KVnh ch=t hZ' hc
/%nh 1.B. 9h:
{ nhit 4 thGng ch= 7 %0i ha khng khS t;% thnh l6 %0St 7Jn, m_ng
7a% 6hF 7n ng%i kim l%;i.xJn !i nc 2% c mng %0it 7% !., khi c mIt %0i,
ch= c th tng tc !i nc t;% thnh hy4*%0itm
fq7 o |
f
o fj
f
| } fq7^|j`
f
Ch= c th$ 4i.n c'c Am nn !J nguyn t5c n tan 4Kc t*%ng cc a0it.
9hng th'c t$ ch= chh tng tc t*n 7J mIt !i 2ung 2ch a0St cl%hi4*ic l%Lng !
a0it &unwu*ic 2i spe ! 7 7a% 7-c 7Hi l6 mu(i kh tan ^q7Cl
f

! q7~|
W
`
nhng !i 2ung 2ch 4/m 4Ic hn cFa cc a0it 4 , ch= c th tan != mu(i kh tan
cFa l6 7% !. 4L chuyn thnh hK6 ch1t tan m
q7Cl
f
o fjCl } j
f
q7Cl
W
q7~|
W

o j
f
~|
W
} q7^j~|
W
`
f
bq7 o sj9|
b^l%Lng`
} bq7^9|
b
`
f
o f9| o Wj
f
|
Ch= c th tan t*%ng a0it a0Etic khi c mIt %0i ! cc a0it h)u c khcm
fq7 o WCj
b
C||j o |
f
} fq7^Cj
b
C||`
f
1.B.[.5c h$. ch=t cG' ch%
1.B.[.1. 5c oxit ch%
Ch= c hai %0it l q7|, q7|
f

! hai %0it h\n hK6 l ch= mEta 6lan7at q7
f
|
b

^hay q7|.q7|
f
`, ch= %*th%6lan7at q7|
W
^fq7|.q7|
f
`
g%n%%0it q7| l ch1t *5n c hai 2;ng m q7| X mu 4_ ! q7| mu
!ng , q7| tan cht St t*%ng nc nn q7 c th tng tc !i nc khi c mIt %0i
. q7| tan t*%ng a0it ! tan t*%ng kiJm m;nh, khi 4un nng t*%ng khng khS 7
0i ha thnh q7
b
|
W
X i%0it q7|
f
l ch1t *5n mu nAu 4En , c tSnh l3ng tSnh nhng tan t*%ng
kiJm 2C hn t*%ng a0it . Qhi 4un nng q7|
f

m1t 2#n %0i 7i$n thnh cc %0it t*%ng
4 ch= c &( %0y ha th16 hn m
PbO
2
Pb
2
O
3
Pb
3
O
4
PbO
f c p X b f p C b c p X W f p C Y b p X Y Y p C
zKi 2@ng kh nng %0i ha m;nh cFa q7|
f

ngGi ta ch$ *a ac,uy ch=.Ch=
%*th%6lan7at ^q7
b
|
W
` hay c+n g-i l minium , l hK6 ch1t cFa q7 c cc &( %0i ha
of , o W . 9 l ch1t 7t mu 4_ 2a cam 4Kc 2"ng chF y$u l 4 &n 0u1t thFy
tinh 6ha l , mEn 4 &U ! 4 &5t , lm ch1t mu ch% &n ^&n t*ang t*S ! &n 7%
!. ch% kim l%;i khng 7 *h`.
B1t c cc 4ihal%gEn c th k$t hK6 !i hal%gEnua kim l%;i kiJm gu t;%
thnh hK6 ch1t 6hUc kiu g
f
tq7u
W
v. ~' t;% 6hUc ny gii thSch kh nng 2C h+a tan
cFa ch= 4ihal%gEnua t*%ng 2ung 2ch 4/m 4Ic cFa a0it hal%gEnhi4*ic
T mu(i cFa chng m
q7
f
o fQ } Q
f
tq7
W
v
q7Cl
f
o fjCl } j
f
tq7Cl
W
v
1.2.3.2. 5c hid(ox?t ch%
q7^|j`
f

l ch1t l3ng tSnh. Qhi tan t*%ng a0it, n t;% thnh mu(i cFa cati%n
q7
fo

m
q7^|j`
f
o fjCl } q7Cl
f
o fj
f
|
q7 tan t*%ng 2ung 2ch kiJm m;nh, n t;% thnh mu(i hi4*%0%6l%m7itm
q7^|j`
f
o fQ|j } Q
f
tq7^|j`
W
v
gu(i hi4*%0%6l%m7it 2C tan t*%ng nc 7 thFy 6hAn m;nh nn chh 7Jn
t*%ng 2ung 2ch kiJm 2.
1.B.[.[. 5c !u7i ch%
Cc mu(i q7 ^` thGng l tinh th c c1u t*c 6hUc t;6, khng tan t*%ng
nc t*[ q7^9|
b
`
f

! q7^Cj
b
C||`
f
.
%n q7 ^` c th t;% nhiJu 6hUc !i hK6 ch1t h)u c nh
ym%niqy*il%2yn
Vithi%cac7amat ^yqVC`, 4in h=nh l !i 4ithi%n H 6j s,YX c,Y t;%
6hUc mu 4_ g;ch.
Cc 4ihal%gEnua ch= 4Ju l ch1t *5n khng mu, t*[ q7
f

mu !ng, tan St
t*%ng nc l;nh nhng tan nhiJu t*%ng nc nng.
B1t c cc 4ihal%gEnua c th k$t hK6 !i hal%gEnua kim l%;i kiJm gu
t;% thnh hK6 ch1t 6hUc kiu g
f
tq7u
W
v. ~' t;% 6hUc ny gii thSch kh nng 2C
h% tan cFa ch= 4ihal%gEnua t*%ng 2ung 2ch 4/m 4Ic cFa a0it hal%gEnhi2*ic !
mu(i cFa chng.
q7
f
o fQ } Q
f
tq7
W
v
q7Cl
f
o fjCl } j
f
tq7Cl
W
v
1.B.\. ]'i t(02 chc n^ng & XE nhiF! _c ch%
Ch= ! cc hK6 ch1t cFa ch= 4Kc Ung 2@ng *ng *Li t*%ng cuc &(ng cFa
c%n ngGi. Ch= l thnh 6h#n chSnh t;% nn 6in, 5c ,uy, &? 2@ng ch% 0E, ch= 4Kc
&? 2@ng nh ch1t nhum t*5ng t*%ng &n ! 4Kc &? 2@ng nh thnh 6h#n mu
t*%ng t*ng mEn. Ch= 4Kc 2"ng t*%ng 2Ay c6 4i.n, 4#u 4;n ! cc (ng 2Nn t*%ng
cng nghi.6 h% h-c. 9h)ng lKng ch= ln 4Kc 2"ng 4 4iJu ch$ nhiJu hK6 kim
,uan t*-ng nh thi$c hn, hK6 kim ch) in, hK6 kim D t*@cPCh= c+n 4Kc 2"ng
lm cc t1m ngn 4 ch(ng 6hng 0; h;t nhAn 2% ch= h16 th@ t(t cc tia 6hng 0;
! tia nghEn ^tGng cFa 6h+ng thS nghi.m 6hng 0; 4Kc lt 7Rng g;ch ch=
m\i !in thGng nIng hn apkg`.
Ch= l kim l%;i c nhiJu Ung 2@ng ,uan t*-ng t*%ng cng nghi.6, 2% 4
c"ng !i &' 6ht t*in cFa ngnh cng nghi.6 khai thc ch$ 7i$n, mUc 4 nhiCm
ch= ngy cng t*#m t*-ng.
Ch= 0Am nh/6 ,ua 4Gng tiu h% 2% n u(ng nh)ng *au, ,u, th'c 6h>m,
ngun nc 7 nhiCm ch=, ,ua 4Gng h h16...Ch= l mt thnh 6h#n khng
c#n thi$t cFa kh>u 6h#n n. B*ung 7=nh liJu lKng ch= 2% thUc n, thUc u(ng cung
c16 ch% kh>u 6h#n hng ngy t[ p,ppbb 4$n p,ppY mgkg th t*-ng. 9ghla l
t*ung 7=nh mt ngy, mt ngGi ln n !% c th t[ p,fY 4$n p,bYmg ch=.
Ti liJu lKng 4 hm lKng ch= tSch l]y &M tng 2#n thE% tuDi, nhng ch% 4$n
nay cha c g= chUng t_ *Rng &' tSch l]y liJu lKng 4 c th gAy ng 4c 4(i !i
ngGi 7=nh thGng kh_E m;nh.
ziJu lKng t(i 4a ch= c th ch16 nh/n hng ngy ch% ngGi, 2% thUc n
cung c16, 4Kc t;m thGi ,uy 4nh l p,ppYmgkg th t*-ng. 9g 4c c16 tSnh 2%
ch= thGng St gI6. 9g 4c t*Gng 2iCn l 2% n 6hi thUc n c chUa mt lKng
ch=, tuy St nhng lin t@c hng ngy. Chh c#n hng ngy c th h16 th@ t[ a mg ch=
t*H ln, &au mt !i nm, &M c nh)ng t*i.u chUng 4Ic hi.um hi thH th(i, &ng lKi
!i !iJn 4En H lKi, 2a !ng, 4au 7@ng 2) 2i, t% 7n, 4au kh6 0ng, 7;i li.t chi
t*n ^tay 7 7i$n 2;ng`, m;ch y$u, nc tiu St, t*%ng nc tiu c 6%E6hy*in, 6h@
n) 2C 7 &y thai.
Ch= c nhiJu nh hHng 4c h;i 4$n cc c ,uan, tD chUc t*%ng c th c%n
ngGi. Ic 7i.t khi 0Am nh/6 !% c th, ch= c th 6h !3 mt cch mLnh li.t cc
chUc nng chSnh cFa c th ! t[ 4Ay 2Nn 4$n cc 7i$n chUng *ng, t[ nn m?a
4$n *(i l%;n th#n kinh hay t? !%ng.
1.[. Ji)i thi-u & c'di!i OB2T2UQ
1.3.1. Tnh cht vt l
Ca2imi l cc kim l%;i mu t*5ng 7;c nhng t*%ng khng khS >m, chng 2#n
2#n 7 7a% 6hF 7Hi mng %0it nn m1t nh kim ^h=nh a.b`.
Ca2imi c s 4ng !, t*%ng 4
aaf
C2 chi$m fW.fe. Ic 7i.t
aab
C2 c thi$t
2i.n 75t n%t*%n *1t ln nn 4Kc 2"ng lm thanh 4iJu chhnh 2+ng n%t*%n t*%ng l+
6hn Ung h;t nhAn.
gt &( hRng &( !/t l: cFa ca2imi 4Kc 7iu 2iCn t*n 7ng a.f
W*ng 1.B` 45ng s v-t l6 c7. 9d
/:ng X7 &4t " 5d
C1u h=nh ElEct*%n tQ*vW2
ap
Y&
f
9ng lKng i%n h% thU nh1t ^ET` s,cc
/%nh 1.[. 9.dimi
xn kSnh nguyn t? ^y
p
` a,Yr
Bh$ 4i.n c'c chu>n ^T` X p,Wpf
Qh(i lKng nguyn t? ^4!c` aaf,Waa
9hi.t 4 nng chy ^
p
C` bfa,pd
9hi.t 4 &i ^
p
C` drd
C1u t*c tinh th z@c gic 7 chIt
1.3.2. Tnh cht ha hc
{ nhit 4 thGng ca2imi 7 %0i ha khng khS t;% thnh l6 %0St 7Jn,
m_ng 7a% 6hF 7n ng%i kim l%;i.
Ca2imi tc 2@ng 4Kc !i cc 6hi kim nh hal%gEn t;% thnh
4ihal%gEnua, tc 2@ng !i lu hunh ! cc nguyn t( khng kim l%;i khc
nh
6h%t6h%, &ElEn ...
C2 o uf } C2uf ^uhal%gEn`
{ nhi.t 4 thGng ca2imi 7Jn !i nc 2% c mng %0it 7% !..
9hng H nhi.t 4 ca% ca2imi kh? hi nc 7i$n thnh %0it
C2 o jf| } C2| o jf
Ca2imi tc 2@ng 2C 2ng !i a0it khng 6hi l ch1t %0i ha, gii
6hng khS hi4*%. TS 2@m
C2 o fjCl } C2Clf o jf
B*%ng 2ung 2ch th= m
fC2 o fjb|
o
o fjf| } ftC2^jf|`fv
fo
o jf
1.[.[. 5c h$. ch=t cG' c'di!i
1.[.[.1. 5c oxit
C2| c mu t[ !ng 4$n nAu g#n nh 4En t"y thuc !% ,u t*=nh ch$ h%
nhi.t , nng chy H asab
%
C, c th thng h%a, khng 6hAn hFy khi 4un nng, hi
C2| *1t 4c.
C2| khng tan t*%ng nc chh tan t*%ng a0it ! kiJm nng chym
C2| o fQ|j
^9ng chy` } QfC2|f o fjf|
C2| c th 4iJu ch$ cch 4(t chy kim l%;i t*%ng khng khS h%Ic nhi.t
6hAn hi4*%0it hay cc mu(i cac7%nat, nit*atm
fC2 o |
f
} fC2|
C2^|j`f } C2| o jf|
C2C|b } C2| o C|f
1.[.[.B. 5c h?(oxit
C2^|j`
f

l k$t tFa nh#y, St tan t*%ng nc ! c mu t*5ng, khi 4un nng
2C m1t nc 7i$n thnh %0it.
C2^|j`
f

khng th hi.n * tSnh l3ng tSnh, tan t*%ng 2ung 2ch a0it, khng
tan t*%ng 2ung 2ch kiJm m chh tan t*%ng kiJm nng chy
Qhi tan t*%ng a0it, n t;% thnh mu(i cFa cati%n C2
fo

C2^|j`f ofjCl } C2Clf o fjf|
C2 chh tan t*%ng kiJm nng chy
C2 tan t*%ng 2ung 2ch 9j
b

t;% thnh hK6 ch1t 6hUcm
C2^|j`f o W9jb } tC2^9jb`Wv^|j`f
1.[.[.[. 5c !u7i cG' 5'di!i
a &( cc mu(i Ca2imi^` 4Ju khng mu. Cc mu(i &unwat ! nit*at cFa
ca2imi 4Ju tan chh c mu(i &unwua, cac7%nat cFa chng l St tan t*%ng nc
Cc mu(i cl%*ua 7 hi4*at h% t;% nn cc a0it tng Ung ! chng l cc
a0it tng 4(i m;nh
9g%i *a, ca2imi^` c+n t;% *a *1t nhiJu 6hUc ch1tm
Ca2imi^`m c kh nng t;% 6hUc m;nh !i nhiJu thu(c th? h)u c c]ng
nh ! c. Cc 6hUc cFa C2
fo

!i hal%gEnua, ~C9
X
, C9
X
, 9j
b
P4Ju l cc
6hUc tan. Cc 6hUc cFa ca2imi^` t;% !i cc thu(c th? h)u c c mu 4Ic t*ng
!S 2@ nh 6hUc !i 2ithi%n t;% *a ca2imiX2ithi%nnat c mu 4_ tSm, !i
VBy, C2
fo

t;% 6hUc 7Jn !i lg

ar,r.
Cc 4ihal%gEnua cFa ca2imi l ch1t H 2;ng tinh th mu t*5ng, c nhi.t 4
nng chy ! nhi.t 4 &i kh ca%.
1.[.\. ]'i t(02 chc n^ng & XE nhiF! _c 5'di!i
1t, ct, 4, than 4, cc l%;i 6hAn 6h%&6hatE 4Ju c chUa ca2imium .
Ca2imium 4Kc t*Sch l1y t[ cc k ngh. khai thc cc m_ 4ng, ch= ! kMm. 9hG
tSnh ch1t St 7 *h &t nn 4Kc &? 2@ng t*%ng !i.c &n 0u1t 6in, ac,uy, m; kJn,
hK6 kim alliagE, ,uE 4]a hn ! t*%ng k ngh. &n 0u1t ch1t nh'a 6%ly!inyl cl%*ua
^q.T.C`,t*%ng 4 ca2imium 4Kc &? 2@ng nh ch1t lm Dn 4nh. xHi l: 2% ny, 4
chi t* Em ! cc l%n h6 lm 7Rng ch1t 2% qTC 4Ju c chUa ca2imium.
Ca2imium c]ng 4Kc 2"ng t*%ng nh)ng l%;i nc mEn, &n 4Ic 7i.t t*%ng k
ngh. lm 4 &U, chn, 4la... C@ th mt &( Ung 2@ng cFa Ca2imi nh &aum
a Mb i-n cchid! U ef` Ca2imi 4Kc m; ln 7J mIt ch1t 4i.n 6hAn h%Ic my
mc 4 t;% *a 7J mIt &ng 7ng ! ch(ng n m+n.
a 5c ch=t !u cchid! 1T ef` Ca2imi &unwua ^C2~` ch% mu t[ !ng ti
cam ! ca2imi&unw%&ElEnit ch% mu t[ hng ti 4_ ! nAu &Nm. B1t c cc ch1t
mu ny 4Ju 4Kc 2"ng t*%ng cng nghi.6 nh'a, g(m &U, &n ! cc ch1t 6hF
ng%i.
a 5c .h> gi' <n nh nhE' cchid! 1gef` Ca2imi &tEa*at 4Kc &? 2@ng nh
mt ch1t Dn 4nh t*%ng ,u t*=nh &n 0u1t nh'a 6%ly!inyl cl%*ua ^qTC`. Chng Dn
4nh cc lin k$t 4i t*%ng 6%limE 7Rng cch th$ ch\ cc nhm allyl 4Kc 4nh
21u t*n nguyn t? cl%*ua khng 7Jn. Bhm cc mu(i 7a*i ^h%Ic cc mu(i kMm`,
cc hK6 ch1t E6%0y, cc E&tE 6h%t6hat h)u c 4 7% !. 6%limE kh_i cl% th[a h%Ic
cc l6 cl%*ua. Buy nhin, cc ch1t Dn 4nh 2'a t*n nJn C2 khng 4Kc &? 2@ng
t*%ng &n 0u1t qTC 2% 4 chUa th'c 6h>m.
a h*n xu=t .in cchid! iU ef` C2 4Kc &? 2@ng *ng *Li t*%ng &n 0u1t 6in, c
tc 2@ng 4% ngKc h%n t%n cc 6hn Ung 4i.n ha t*%ng mt kh%ng *ng
nhi.t 4, t(c 4 thi hi th16, ! 2C thu hi t[ cc 6in ch$t. 9gGi tiu 2"ng &?
2@ng cc 6in ny t*%ng cc h%;t 4ng nhm my 4nh *ng, c;% *Au, kh%an ! ca
tay, cc thi$t 7 y h-c, thi$t 7 4iJu khin thng tin, cc 2@ng c@ chi$u &ng kh>n
c16, my 7ay, !. tinh nhAn t;% ! tn l?a, ! cc t*ang 7 c 7n ch% cc !"ng 4a
c'c.
xn c;nh nh)ng tc 2@ng t*n, ca2imi l mt nguyn t( *1t 4c. Ca2imi thGng
4Kc t=m th1y t*%ng cc kh%ng !/t c chUa kMm, c+n t*%ng khS ,uyn ! nc
ca2imi 0Am nh/6 ,ua ngun t' nhin ^nh 7@i ni l?a, 7@i 4;i 2ng, l?a *[ng !
cc 4 7 6h%ng ha, 4Ic 7i.t l ni l?a` ! ngun nhAn t;% ^nh cng nghi.6
luy.n kim, l-c 2#u`. Ca2imi 0Am nh/6 !% c th c%n ngGi chF y$u ,ua thUc n
th'c !/t, 4Kc t*ng t*n 41t gi#u ca2imi h%Ic ti 7Rng nc c chUa
nhiJu ca2imi, nhng hSt thH 7@i ca2imi thGng 0uyn c th lm h;i 6hDi, t*%ng
6hDi ca2imi &M th1m !% mu ! 4Kc 6hAn 6h(i 4i kh56 ni. qh#n ln ca2imi 0Am
nh/6 !% c th c%n ngGi 4Kc gi) l;i H th/n ! 4Kc 4% thi, c+n mt 6h#n St
^kh%ng ae` 4Kc gi) l;i t*%ng th/n, 2% ca2imi lin k$t !i 6*%tEin t;% thnh
mEtall%ti%nEin c H th/n. qh#n c+n l;i 4Kc gi) l;i t*%ng c th ! 2#n 2#n 4Kc
tSch l]y c"ng !i tuDi tc. Qhi lKng ca2imi 4Kc tSch t*) ln, n c th th$ n
fo
t*%ng cc Enim ,uan t*-ng ! gAy *(i l%;n tiu ha ! cc chUng 7.nh *(i l%;n
chUc nng th/n, thi$u mu, tng huy$t 6, 6h hFy tFy &(ng, gAy ung th.
1.\ .Ji)i hbn 'n ton cG' ch% & c'di!i t(ong n#)c th*i c,ng nghi-. O11Q
BhE% CT9fWmfppcxB9gB th= nng 4 t(i 4a ch% 6h6 cFa ch= ! ca2imi t*%ng
nc thi cng nghi.6 4Kc th hi.n t*n 7ng a.b
W*ng 1.[ m ;ii h/n .n ton c7. ch: v c.dimi t*ong nc th)i cng nghi$%
hKK Kh,ng X7 ;n & Ji t( gi)i hbn
N W
a Ch= mgl
p.a p.Y
f Ca2imi mgl
p.ppY p.pa
B*%ng 4m
o Ct y ,uy 4nh gi t* C cFa cc thng &( nhiCm t*%ng nc thi cng
nghi.6 khi 0 !% cc ngun ti$6 nh/n l cc ngun nc 4Kc 2"ng ch% m@c 4Sch
c16 nc &inh h%;t
o Ct x ,uy 4nh gi t* C cFa cc thng &( nhiCm t*%ng nc thi cng
nghi.6 khi 0 !% cc ngun ti$6 nh/n l cc ngun nc khng 2"ng ch% m@c 4Sch
c16 nc &inh h%;t
1. T. Kc nhSn &, c; hZ'
Qhi 0? l: mNu 7Rng 6hng 6h6 ! c ha !i.c l'a ch-n tc nhAn %0i ha
6hi cn cU !% kh nng, 4Ic tSnh %0i ha cFa thu(c th? ! 4(i tKng mNu. gt &(
tc nhAn ! c ha mNu thGng &? 2@ng nh &aum
<2it nit*ic =41>
?
@A l ch1t 4Kc &? 2@ng *ng *Li nh1t 4 ! c ha mNu. Ay
l tc nhAn ! c ha 2"ng 4 gii 6hng nhanh !$t nguyn t( t[ cc mNu &inh h-c
! th'c !/t 2i 2;ng mu(i nit*it 2C tan. im &i a0it nit*ic H 6 &u1t khS ,uyn l
afp
p
C, lc 4 &M i%n ha t%n 7 cc ch1t h)u c t*%ng mNu 6hAn tSch ! gii 6hng
kim l%;i 2i 2;ng i%n. z%;i mNu 4Kc 6 2@ng chF y$u l cc mNu h)u c nhm
nc gii kht, 6*%tEin, ch1t 7%, nguyn li.u th'c !/t, nc thi, mt &( &5c t(
6%limE ! cc mNu t*#m tSch.
<2it sunBu.*ic =4
C
D>
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@A l ch1t c tSnh %0i ha m;nh, c nhi.t 4 &i l bbc
p
C.
Qhi k$t hK6 !i a0it nit*ic ^j9|
b
` &M c kh nng 6h hFy h%n t%n h#u h$t cc
hK6 ch1t h)u c. 9$u &? 2@ng l+ !i &ng th= 6hi ! c ha t*c t*%ng c(c thFy
tinh hay th;ch anh ! gim &t ,u t*=nh tng nhi.t 4 cFa l+. z%;i mNu 4Kc 6
2@ngm mNu h)u c, %0it ! c, hi2*%0it, hK6 kim, kim l%;i, ,uIng...
<2it %Fclo*ic =49l>
E
@A c tSnh %0i ha m;nh, c th n m+n kim l%;i, khng
6hn Ung !i cc a0it khc, 6h hFy hK6 ch1t h)u c. V% jCl|
W
c th gAy nD
m;nh khi ti$6 0c !i cc nguyn li.u h)u c ! cc ch1t ! c 2C 7 %0i ha nn
thGng 6hi %0i ha mNu t*c 7Rng a0it nit*ic &au 4 mi &? 2@ng jCl|
W
^4Ic 7i.t
l t*%ng l+ !i &ng`. z%;i mNu 6 2@ngm cc mNu h)u c ! ! c. B*%ng nhiJu
t*Gng hK6 ta 6hi &? 2@ng h\n hK6 cc a0it mi c th ! c ha mNu h%n t%n.
Gu. Hu& t*:nh t:m hi"u ti li$u v m,t s cng t*:nh nghiIn cJu KC L chMng ti
chNn hOn h% dung mi s3 dPng " v c( h. mQu t mQu nc th)i cng nghi$%
l hOn h% 41>
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1.i. 5c .h#;ng .h. xc nh ch% & c'di!i O[2 T2 jQ
ji.n nay, c nhiJu 6hng 6h6 khc nhau 4 0c 4nh ca2imi ! ch= nh
6hng 6h6 6hAn tSch kh(i lKng, 6hAn tSch th tSch, 4i.n h%, 6hD 6hAn t? TX
T~, &5c kS l_ng hi.u nng ca% ^jzqC`, 6hD 6ht 0; nguyn t? ^y~`, 6hD h16
th@ nguyn t? ng-n l?a ^Xyy~` ! khng ng-n l?a ^Xyy~`P ~au 4Ay l mt
&( 6hng 6h6 0c 4nh ca2imi ! ch=.
1.i.1. Yh#;ng .h. .hSn tVch ho hc
9hm cc 6hng 6h6 ny 2"ng 4 0c 4nh hm lKng ln ^4a 2;ng` cFa
cc ch1t, thng thGng ln hn p,pYe, tUc l mUc 4 miligam. Cc thi$t 7 !
2@ng c@ ch% cc 6hng 6h6 ny 4n gin ! khng 45t tiJn.
1.i.1.1. Yh#;ng .h. .hSn tVch +h7i "#$ng
Ay l 6hng 6h6 2'a t*n &' k$t tFa ch1t c#n 6hAn tSch !i thu(c th?
6h" hK6, &au 4 l-c, *?a, &1y h%Ic nung *i cAn chSnh 0c &n 6h>m ! t[ 4 0c
4nh 4Kc hm lKng ch1t 6hAn tSch.
Ti C2, ngGi ta thGng ch% k$t tFa 2i 2;ng C2~ t*%ng mi t*Gng a0it
y$u.C+n q7 k$t tFa 2i 2;ng q7~|
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hay q7g%|
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qhng 6h6 ny 4n gin khng 4+i h_i my mc hi.n 4;i, 45t tiJn, c 4
chSnh 0c ca%. Buy nhin, 6hng 6h6 ny 4+i h_i nhiJu thGi gian, tha% tc 6hUc
t;6 ! chh 6hAn tSch hm lKng ln, nn khng 2"ng 4 6hAn tSch lKng !$t.
1.i.1.B. Yh#;ng .h. .hSn tVch th6 tVch
qhng 6h6 ny 2'a t*n &' 4% th tSch 2ung 2ch thu(c th? 4L 7i$t nng
4 chSnh 0c ^2ung 2ch chu>n` 4Kc thm !% 2ung 2ch ch1t 4nh 6hAn 4 tc
2@ng 4F t%n 7 lKng ch1t 4nh 6hAn 4. BhGi 4im thm lKng thu(c th? tc
2@ng ![a 4F !i ch1t 4nh 6hAn g-i l 4im tng 4ng. nh/n 7i$t 4im
tng 4ng, ngGi ta 2"ng cc ch1t gAy *a hi.n tKng 4Di mu hay k$t tFa c th
,uan &t 7Rng m5t g-i l cc ch1t chh th . Bu thuc !% l%;i 6hn Ung chSnh 4Kc
2"ng m ngGi ta chia 6hng 6h6 6hAn tSch th tSch thnh cc nhm 6hng
6h6 t*ung h%, 6hng 6h6 %0i h% kh?, 6hng 6h6 k$t tFa, 6hng 6h6
c%m6lE0%n
uc 4nh C2m 9gGi ta c th chu>n 4 ca2imi t*%ng 2ung 2ch kiJm
thGng 2"ng chh th *i%c*%m 4En B h%Ic chh th uylEn 2a cam. Ti hai chh th
ny &' thay 4Di mu &5c 4Ju *1t * *ng. B*%ng 6h6 chu>n 4 c%m6lE0%n 2"ng
2ung 2ch chu>n 4 VBy p.pag, chh th *i%c*%m 4En B H 6jap ^2"ng
2ung 2ch 9j
W
Cl o 9j
b
`, ca2imi c th 4Kc 0c 4nh !i lKng fYmgappml
2ung 2ch. B*%ng 6h6 chu>n 4 c%m6lE0%n th= 2ung 2ch VBy c nng 4
c p,aX p,pag, chh th uylEn H 6jr, ca2imi c th 4Kc 0c 4nh !i lKng
appmgappml 2ung 2ch.
uc 4nh q7m (i !i q7, ta c th chu>n 4 t*'c ti$6 7Rng VBy hay
chu>n 4 ngKc 7Rng n
fo
h%Ic chu>n 4 thay th$ !i n
fX
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o qhng 6h6 th tSch c*%matm Q$t tFa c*%mat ch= t*%ng 2ung 2ch a0Etat
am%ni 4L 4Kc a0it h% 7Rng Cj
b
C||j *i h% tan n 7Rng h\n hK6 cl%*ua
^9aCl o jCl` &au 4 thm mt lKng Q ^khng ch% ,u 2 Q != &M t;% nn k$t
tFa q7
f

c mu !ng nh, lm ch% !i.c 6hAn 7i.t &' 4Di mu cFa 2ung 2ch t*H
nn *1t kh khn` !% 2ung 2ch ! chu>n 4 lKng
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^6j kh%ng s X af`, !i chh th B pp. Buy nhin, ch= *1t 2C thuZ 6hAn nn t*c
khi tng 6j 6hi ch% q7
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t;% 6hUc km 7Jn !i tact*at h%Ic t*itan%lamin.
9&ch Cm Chu>n 4 ngKc q7fo

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tc 2@ng !i mt lKng 2 chSnh 0c VBy 4L 7i$t nng 4 H 6j
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qhng 6h6 6hAn tSch th tSch c u 4im l nhanh chng ! 2C th'c hi.n,
tuy nhin c]ng gi(ng nh 6hng 6h6 6hAn tSch kh(i lKng, 6hng 6h6
ny c]ng khng 4Kc &? 2@ng t*%ng 6hAn tSch lKng !$t, != 6hi th'c hi.n ,u
t*=nh lm giu 6hUc t;6.
1.i.B. Yh#;ng .h. .hSn tVch c,ng c>
1.i.B.1. Yh#;ng .h. i-n ho
*Phng php cc ph
9gGi ta thay 4Di lin t@c ! tuy$n tSnh 4i.n 6 4It !% f c'c 4 kh? cc
i%n kim l%;i, 2% m\i kim l%;i c th$ kh? khc nhau. Bhng ,ua chiJu ca% cFa
4Gng c%ng T%nXym6E c th 4nh lKng 4Kc i%n kim l%;i t*%ng 2ung 2ch ghi
c'c 6hD. T= 2+ng gii h;n
gh
H cc 4iJu ki.n 0c 4nh th l. thu/n !i nng 4
i%n t*%ng 2ung 2ch ghi c'c 6hD thE% 6hng t*=nhm
kC
B*%ng 6hng 6h6 6hAn tSch ny ngGi ta 2"ng 4i.n c'c gi-t thuZ ngAn
*i l c'c lm !i.c, t*%ng 4 th$ 4Kc ,ut tuy$n tSnh *1t ch/m thE% thGi gian
^thGng aXYmT&` 4ng thGi ghi 2+ng l hm cFa th$ t*n c'c gi-t thuZ ngAn *i.
~ng c'c 6hD thu 4Kc c 2;ng 7/c thang, 2'a !% chiJu ca% c th 4nh lKng
4Kc ch1t 6hAn tSch.
qhng 6h6 ny c kh nhiJu u 4imm 9 ch% 6h6 0c 4nh c ch1t !
c ! h)u c !i nng 4 ap
XY
ap
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2+ng 2. ~ai &( cFa 6hng 6h6 thGng l f be !i nng 4 ap
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Buy nhin, 6hng 6h6 ny c]ng c nh)ng h;n ch$ nh nh hHng
cFa 2+ng t@ 4i.n, 2+ng c'c 4;i, cFa %0i h% tan, 7J mIt 4i.n c'cP
l%;i t*[ nh hHng t*n 4ng thGi tng 4 nh;y, hi.n nay 4L c cc
6hng 6h6 c'c 6hD hi.n 4;im c'c 6hD 0ung !i 6hAn^Vqq`, c'c 6hD &ng !ung
^~q`P chng ch% 6h6 0c 4nh lKng !$t cFa nhiJu nguyn t(.
* Phng php Von-!p" ho# tan
TJ 7n ch1t, 6hng 6h6 T%nXym6E h% tan c]ng gi(ng nh 6hng
6h6 c'c 6hD l 2'a t*n !i.c 4% cGng 4 2+ng 4 0c 4nh nng 4 cc ch1t
t*%ng 2ung 2ch. 9guyn t5c gm hai 7cm
xc am i.n 6hAn lm giu ch1t c#n 6hAn tSch t*n 7J mIt 4i.n c'c
lm !i.c, t*%ng kh%ng thGi gian 0c 4nh, t;i th$ 4i.n c'c 0c 4nh.
xc fm j% tan k$t tFa 4L 4Kc lm giu 7Rng cch 6hAn c'c ngKc
4i.n c'c lm !i.c, 4% ! ghi 2+ng h% tan. B*n 4Gng T%nXym6E h% tan ch%
6ic cFa nguyn t( c#n 6hAn tSch. ChiJu ca% 6ic th l. thu/n !i nng 4.
Wu i"m c7. %h(ng %h&%A 0c 4nh 4Kc c nh)ng ch1t khng 7 kh? t*n
4i.n c'c !i 4 nh;y kh ca% ap
Xr

ap
Xs

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1hc i"m c7. %h(ng %h&%A 4 nh;y 7 h;n ch$ 7Hi 2+ng 2, nhiJu y$u
t( nh hHng nhm 4i.n c'c chh th, ch1t nJnP
1.i.B.B. Yh#;ng .h. 3u'ng hc
* Phng php t$%c &'ang ph(n t) *V-V+,
qhng 6h6 ny 2'a t*n !i.c 4% 4 h16 th@ nh &ng cFa mt 2ung 2ch
6hUc t;% thnh gi)a i%n c#n 0c 4nh !i mt thu(c th? ! c h%Ic h)u c t*%ng
mi t*Gng thSch hK6 khi 4Kc chi$u 7Hi ch"m &ng. qhng 6h6 4nh lKng
thE% 6hng t*=nh c 7nm
yk.C
B*%ng 4m ym 4 h16 th@ ,uang cFa ch1t
Qm hRng &( th'c nghi.m
Cm nng 4 cFa ch1t 6hAn tSch
qhng 6h6 ny ch% 6h6 0c 4nh nng 4 cFa ch1t H kh%ng ap
XY

X ap
Xd
g
! l mt t*%ng cc 6hng 6h6 4Kc 2"ng kh 6hD 7i$n.
uc 4nh C2m Ti ca2imi 4 0c 4nh hm lKng ca2imi 7Rng 6hng 6h6
chi$t t*5c ,uang 2"ng 4ithi%n, ngGi ta chi$t 7Rng CCl
W

t[ mi t*Gng kiJm m;nh
chUa tact*at, 2ung 2ch 4ithi%nat cFa ca2imi t*%ng 2ung mi h)u c c m#u 4_, h16
th@ c'c 4;i H 7c &ng YaY nm ^kSnh l-c &ng c mu 0anh l cAy`.
uc 4nh q7m 0c 4nh ch= ta chuyn n !J 2;ng ch= X 4ithi%nat t*%ng
mi t*uGng 6j Y r. ~au 4 chi$t 6hUc ny !% 2ung mi h)u c CCl
W

h%Ic
CjCl
b

*i 4Em 4% m/t 4 ,uang cFa n t;i Yapnm. ii h;n cFa 6hng 6h6
ny 4(i !i ch= l p,pY66m.
Wu i"m c7. %h(ng %h&%m 4 nh;y, 4 Dn 4nh ! 4 chSnh 0c kh ca%,
4Kc &? 2@ng nhiJu t*%ng 6hAn tSch !i lKng.
1hc i"m c7. %h(ng %h&%m khng ch-n l-c, mt thu(c th? c th t;%
nhiJu 6hUc !i nhiJu i%n.
*Phng php ph pht -. ng'/0n t) 12,3
{ 4iJu ki.n 7=nh thGng, nguyn t? khng thu hay khng 6ht 0;
nng lKng, nhng n$u 7 kSch thSch th= cc ElEct*%n &M nh/n nng lKng chuyn
ln t*;ng thi c nng lKng ca% hn. B*;ng thi ny khng 7Jn, chng c 0u
hng gii 6hng nng lKng 4 t*H !J t*;ng thi 7an 4#u 7Jn !)ng 2i 2;ng cc
7Uc 0;. Cc 7Uc 0; ny g-i l 6hD 6ht 0; nguyn t?.
9guyn t5c cFa 6hng 6h6 y~ l 2'a t*n &' 0u1t hi.n 6hD 6ht 0; cFa
nguyn t? t' 2% cFa nguyn t( 6hAn tSch H t*;ng thi khi c &' tng tc !i
ngun nng lKng 6h" hK6. gt &( ngun nng lKng thGng 2"ng 4 kSch thSch
6hD y~ nhm ng-n l?a 4On khS, h ,uang 4i.n, tia l?a 4i.nP
Wu i"mm 6hng 6h6 y~ c 4 nh;y ca% ^thGng t[ n.ap
Xb

4$n n.ap
XW

e`, St t(n mNu, c th 6hAn tSch 4ng thGi nhiJu nguyn t( t*%ng c"ng mt mNu,
6hAn tSch 4Kc lKng !$t kim l%;i t*%ng nc, lng th'c, th'c 6h>m.
1hc i"mm chh ch% 7i$t thnh 6h#n nguyn t( t*%ng mNu m khng chh *a
4Kc t*;ng thi lin k$t cFa n t*%ng mNu.
9g%i *a c+n c mt &( 6hng 6h6 0c 4nh C2 ! q7. qhng 6h6
6hD 7i$n nh1t m hi.n nay thGng 2"ng lm 6hng 6h6 6hD h16 th@ nguyn t?
yy~.
X Phng php ph hp th4 ng'/0n t) 15- ,3
Qhi nguyn t? tn t;i t' 2% H th khS ! H t*;ng thi nng lKng c 7n, th=
nguyn t? khng thu hay khng 6ht *a nng lKng. BUc l nguyn t? H t*;ng thi
c 7n. ~%ng, n$u chi$u !% 4m hi nguyn t? t' 2% mt ch"m tia &ng 4n &5c
c 7c &ng 6h" hK6, t*"ng !i 7c &ng !;ch 6hD 6ht 0; 4Ic t*ng cFa nguyn
t( 6hAn tSch, chng &M h16 th@ tia &ng 4 &inh *a mt l%;i 6hD cFa nguyn t?. qhD
ny 4Kc g-i l 6hD h16 th@ cFa nguyn t?. Ti hai k thu/t nguyn t? ha, nn
chng ta c]ng c hai 6h6 4% tng Ung. l 6h6 4% 6hD h16 th@ nguyn t?
t*%ng ng-n l?a ^X yy~ c 4 nh;y c3 p,a 66m` ! 6h6 4% 6hD h16 th@ nguyn t?
khng ng-n l?a ^ yy~ c 4 nh;y ca% hn k thu/t ng-n l?a YpX appp l#n,
c3 p,aX a 667`.
C &H cFa 6hAn tSch 4nh lKng thE% yy~ l 2'a !% m(i ,uan h.
gi)a cGng 4 !;ch 6hD ! nng 4 nguyn t( c#n 6hAn tSch thE% 7iu thUcm
<


a.C0
C f 6hng 6h6 4nh lKng thE% 6h6 4% yy~ l m 6hng 6h6 4Gng
chu>n ! 6hng 6h6 thm tiu chu>n.
Bh'c t$ ch% th1y 6hng 6h6 6hD h16 th@ nguyn t? c nhiJu u !i.t nhm
nh;y, 4 chSnh 0c ca%, lKng mNu tiu th@ St, t(c 4 6hAn tSch nhanh. Ti u
4im ny, yy~ 4Kc th$ gii 2"ng lm 6hng 6h6 tiu chu>n 4 0c 4nh lKng
nh_ ! lKng !$t cc kim l%;i t*%ng nhiJu 4(i tKng khc nhau.
qh6 4% 6hD yy~ c th 6hAn tSch 4Kc lKng !$t cFa h#u h$t cc kim
l%;i ! c nh)ng hK6 ch1t h)u c hay ani%n khng c 6hD h16 th@ nguyn t?. 9
4Kc &? 2@ng *ng *Li t*%ng cc ngnh m 4a ch1t,cng nghi.6 ha h-c, ha 2#u, y
h-c, &inh h-c, 2Kc 6h>m...
o qh6 4% 6hD Xyy~m
Q thu/t Xyy~ 2"ng nng lKng nhi.t cFa ng-n l?a 4On khS 4 h% hi !
nguyn t? h% mNu 6hAn tSch. V% 4 m-i ,u t*=nh 0y *a t*%ng khi nguyn t? h%
mNu 6h@ thuc !% 4Ic t*ng ! tSnh ch1t cFa ng-n l?a 4On khS nhng chF y$u l
nhi.t 4 ng-n l?a. Ay l y$u t( ,uy$t 4nh hi.u &u1t nguyn t? h% mNu 6hAn
tSch, m-i y$u t( nh hHng 4$n nhi.t 4 ng-n l?a 4On khS 4Ju nh hHng 4$n k$t
,u cFa 6hng 6h6 6hAn tSch.
o qh6 4% 6hD Xyy~m
Q thu/t Xyy~ *a 4Gi &au k thu/t Xyy~ nhng 4L 4Kc 6ht t*in *1t
nhanh, n 4L nAng ca% 4 nh;y cFa 6h6 0c 4nh ln g16 hng t*m l#n &% !i k
thu/t Xyy~. gNu 6hAn tSch 7Rng k thu/t ny khng c#n lm giu & 7 !
lKng mNu tiu t(n St.
Q thu/t Xyy~ l ,u t*=nh nguyn t? h% tUc kh5c t*%ng thGi gian
*1t ng5n nhG nng lKng nhi.t cFa 2+ng 4i.n c cng &u1t ln ! t*%ng mi t*Gng
khS t* ^y*g%n`. u t*=nh nguyn t? h% 0y *a thE% cc giai 4%;n k$ ti$6 nhaum
&1y kh, t*% h% luy.n mNu, nguyn t? h% 4 4% 6hD h16 th@ nguyn t? ! cu(i
c"ng l lm &;ch cu!Et. 9hi.t 4 t*%ng cu!Et g*a6hit l y$u t( ,uy$t 4nh m-i 2iCn
7i$n cFa ,u t*=nh nguyn t? h% mNu.
Wu i"m c7. %h(ng %h&%A Ay l 6h6 4% c 4 nh;y ca% ! 4 ch-n l-c
tng 4(i ca%. #n rp nguyn t( h% h-c c th 0c 4nh 7Rng 6hng 6h6 ny
!i 4 nh;y t[ a.ap
XW

a.ap
XY

e. Ic 7i.t, n$u &? 2@ng k thu/t nguyn t? h%
khng ng-n l?a th= c th 4;t ti 4 nh;y n.ap
Xd

e. ChSnh != c 4 nh;y ca% nn
6hng 6h6 6hAn tSch ny 4L 4Kc &? 2@ng *1t *ng *Li t*%ng nhiJu llnh !'c 4
0c 4nh lKng !$t cc kim l%;i. gt u 4im ln cFa 6h6 4% lm t*%ng nhiJu
t*Gng hK6 khng 6hi lm giu nguyn t( c#n 0c 4nh t*c khi 6hAn tSch. V%
4, t(n St mNu, St thGi gian c]ng nh h% ch1t tinh khi$t 4 lm giu mNu. B*nh
4Kc &' nhiCm 7>n khi 0? l: mNu ,ua cc giai 4%;n 6hUc t;6. Ic 7i.t, 6hng
6h6 ny ch% 6h6 6hAn tSch hng l%;t mNu !i thGi gian ng5n, k$t ,u 6hAn tSch
l;i *1t Dn 4nh, &ai &( nh_.
1hc i"m c7. %h(ng %h&%A Buy nhin, 7n c;nh nh)ng u 4im 6h6
4% yy~ c]ng c nhKc 4im l chh ch% 7i$t thnh 6h#n nguyn t( cFa ch1t H t*%ng
mNu 6hAn tSch m khng chh *a t*;ng thi lin k$t cFa nguyn t( H t*%ng mNu.
~? 2@ng 6hng 6h6 ny c nh)ng u nhKc 4im nhm
o B*% ha t*i.t 4 4Kc mNu, h$t cc ch1t h)u c.
o n gin, 2C th'c hi.n, ,u t*=nh 0? l: khng lAu nh 6hng 6h6 !
c ha t.
o Qhng t(n nhiJu a0it tinh khi$t ca%, ! khng c a0it 2.
o j;n ch$ 4Kc &' nhim 7>n 2% 2"ng St ha ch1t.
o gNu 2ung 2ch thu 4Kc &;ch &M ! t*%ng.
o 9hng hay 7 m1t mt &( nguyn t( 6hAn tSch ^q7, n, Cu, C2P`,
n$u khng 2"ng ch1t 7% !. ! ch1t chy.
1.U. Ji)i thi-u & .h#;ng .h. .h< h=. th> ngu?n t@ O[2 T2 jQ
1.U.1. Ngu?n tkc cG' .h#;ng .h.
C &H l: thuy$t cFa 6h6 4% 6hD h16 th@ nguyn t? l 2'a t*n &' h16 th@
nng lKng 7Uc 0; 4n &5c cFa nguyn t? t' 2% cFa nguyn t( H t*;ng thi hi, khi
chi$u ch"m tia 7Uc 0; ,ua 4m hi nguyn t? cFa nguyn t( 1y. gi t*Gng h16 th@
chSnh l 4m hi cc nguyn t? t' 2% cFa mNu 6hAn tSch.
V% 4, mu(n th'c hi.n 6h6 4% yy~ c#n 6hi c cc ,u t*=nh &aum
a. Chuyn mNu 6hAn tSch t[ t*;ng thi 7an 4#u ^*5n h%Ic 2ung 2ch` thnh
t*;ng thi hi cFa cc nguyn t? t' 2%. Ay l ,u t*=nh nguyn t? h% mNu.
f. Chi$u ch"m tia 6ht 0; 4Ic t*ng cFa nguyn t( c#n 6hAn tSch t[ ngun
7Uc 0; ,ua 4m hi nguyn t? t' 2% 1y. Cc nguyn t? cFa nguyn t( c#n 0c 4nh
t*%ng 4m hi &M h16 th@ nh)ng tia 7Uc 0; nh1t 4nh ! t;% *a 6hD h16 th@ cFa n.
b. Bi$6 4, nhG h. th(ng ,uang h-c, ngGi ta thu, 6hAn ly ! ch-n mt !;ch
6hD h16 th@ cFa nguyn t( c#n 6hAn tSch 4 4% cGng 4 cFa n. CGng 4 4 chSnh
l tSn hi.u h16 th@ cFa !;ch 6hD h16 th@. B*%ng mt gii h;n nng 4 0c 4nh, tSn
hi.u ny 6h@ thuc tuy$n tSnh !% nng 4 cFa nguyn t( c#n 0c 4nh t*%ng mNu
thE% 6hng t*=nhm
y

kC
7
y


m CGng 4 h16 th@
Qm jRng &( th'c nghi.m
Cm 9ng 4 nguyn t( t*%ng mNu
7m jRng &( 7n ch1t, 6h@ thuc !% nng 4 ^p7a`
qhng t*=nh t*n l c &H 4nh lKng ch% 6h6 4% yy~
Bu thuc !% k thu/t nguyn t? h% mNu m ngGi ta 6hAn 7i.t 6hD h16
th@ nguyn t? ng-n l?a ^Xyy~` ch% 4 nh;y c3 66m. qhD h16 th@ nguyn t?
khng ng-n l?a ^Xyy~` ch% 4 nh;y 4$n 667.
1.U.B. /- t('ng 9 cG' .hl. o
V'a !% nguyn t5c cFa 6h6 4%, ta c th m t h. th(ng t*ang thi$t 7 4%
yy~ gm cc 6h#n &aum
a. 9gun 6ht ch"m tia 7Uc 0; cng hHng cFa nguyn t( c#n 6hAn tSch.
c th l 4On cat%t *\ng ^jCz`, 4On 6hng 4i.n khng 4i.n c'c ^Vz` h%Ic ngun
7Uc 0; 4i.n lin t@c 4L 4Kc 7i$n 4i.u.
f. j. th(ng nguyn t? h% mNu. j. th(ng ny 4Kc ch$ t;% thE% hai k thu/tm
X Q thu/t nguyn t? h% mNu 7Rng ng-n l?a 4On khS ^Xyy~`.
X Q thu/t nguyn t? h% mNu khng ng-n l?a ^ Xyy~`.
b. x 6h/n 4n &5c ^h. ,uang h-c` c nhi.m !@ thu, 6hAn ly ! ch-n
tia &ng^!;ch 6hD` c#n 4% hng !% nhAn ,uang 4i.n 4 4% tSn hi.u yy~ .
W. x 6h/n khu$ch 4;i ! chh th tSn hi.u yy~. qh#n chh th tSn hi.u c th l
m
X i.n k$ chh tSn hi.u yy~
X x t' ghi cc 6ic h16 th@
X x chh th hi.n &(
X gy tSnh ^c%m6utE*` !i mn h=nh !i2E%, 4 hi.n th, lu t*), 0? l: &(
li.u ! 4iJu khin t%n 7 h. th(ng my 4%
~ 4 c1u t;% my 4% yy~ 4Kc t*=nh 7y t*n h=nh a.W







1.U.[. 1m thu4t ngu?n t@ hZ' !nu
9guyn t? h% mNu l giai 4%;n t;% *a cc nguyn t( t' 2%, l y$u t( &inh *a
6hD yy~. C hai k thu/t nguyn t? ha mNu l k thu/t nguyn t? ha mNu t*%ng
ng-n l?a cFa 4On khS !i cc 6h6 4% ng-n l?a ^ lamEm yy~m Xyy~` ! k thu/t
nguyn t? ha khng ng-n l?a t*%ng cu!Et g*a6hit !i 6h6 4% khng ng-n l?a
^lamE zE&&m ByX yy~`. Vi 4Ay l k thu/t nguyn t? ha mNu 7Rng ng-n l?a.
BhE% k thu/t ny mNu H t*;ng thi 2ung 2ch 4Kc 2Nn !% 7ung 4 t;% &%l khS
&au 4 4Kc t*n 4Ju !i khS mang ! khS chy ^C
f
j
f
` ! 2Nn ti 4On nguyn t? ha
mNu. 9hi.t 4 cFa cc l%;i 4On khS khng ca%, kh%ng acppX bbpp
%
C.
C ch$ cFa ,u t*=nh nguyn t? ha mNu 7Rng ng-n l?am
9$u nng lKng ha hi
h
nng lKng nguyn t? ha
n
th= cc 6h#n t? mNu
&M h% hi, nguyn t? ha &M h16 th@ 7Uc 0; t;% 6hD yy~. BUc l m
gE
n
u
m ^a`
} gE
n
u
m ^k`
} n gE
^k`
o mu
n gE
^k`
o n ^h
y
` } qhD X yy~
9$u nng lKng ha hi
h
nng lKng nguyn t? ha
n
th=

cc 6hAn t? mNu
&M 6hAn ly thnh nguyn t? &au 4 ha hi ! h16 th@ tia 7Uc 0; 4 t;% *a 6hD yy~
cofofofof
/%nh 1.\. D( Y cu t/o m&! %h h% thP ngu!In
t?
On cat%t *\ng VEtEct%
*
x 6h/n chh th
j. th(ng nE7uliE*
! 7u*nE*
Vung 2ch mNu
gE
n
u
m ^a`
} n gE
n
o mu } ngE
^k`
n gE
^k`
o n ^h
y
` } qhD X yy~
u t*=nh ny c u 4im l kSch thSch m 2u, an t%n, 0c 4nh 6h#n ln kim
l%;i. Buy nhin, t*%ng ng-n l?a c nhiJu c ch$ 6h@ 4 l &' t;% thnh cc hK6 ch1t
7Jn nhi.t kiu gE| ^xa|, Ca|` H !_ ng-n l?a, lm gim cGng 4 !;ch 6hD ^T,
, yl`. 9g%i *a, 4(i !i cc nguyn t? c nng lKng kSch thSch th16 nh kim l%;i
kiJm, kiJm thD t;% *a nhiJu i%n, thay != thu 6hD nguyn t? ta thu 6hD i%n. 9h !/y
ta 6hi 4iJu chhnh ng-n l?a H nhi.t 4 th16 h%Ic thm !% ch1t 6hAn tSch mt &(
ch1t c nng lKng i%n ha th16 hn 4 thay != i%n ha nguyn t( 6hAn tSch th= i%n
ha ch1t thm. xn c;nh 6hD h16 th@ th= c 6hD 6ht 0; cFa mt &( nguyn t( != th$
ngGi ta ch% thm ch1t nJn t*nh &' 6ht 0;.
1.U.\. 5c ?du t7 *nh h#png t)i .hl. o NNh
1.6.7.1. 8c /9' t: vt l
nht ! &Uc cng 7J mIt cFa 2ung 2ch nh hHng *1t nhiJu ti hi.u &u1t
cFa ,u t*=nh nguyn t? ha. nht cFa 2ung 2ch cng ln th= kh nng ht mNu
cng kh, != th$ m\i ,u t*=nh 6hAn tSch mNu ! l/6 4Gng chu>n 6hi c c"ng nng
4 a0it, l%;i a0it ! thnh 6h#n ha h-c, !/t l: nh nhau.
~' i%n ha thGng khng nh hHng nghim t*-ng ti ,u t*=nh 6hAn tSch cc
kim l%;i nIng nhng n nh hHng *1t ln ti ,u t*=nh 6hAn tSch cc kim l%;i kiJm
! kiJm thD. ~' %0i ha cng m;nh cng lm gim cGng 4 !;ch 6hD h16 th@
nguyn t? cFa 4m hi. kh5c 6h@c hi.n tKng ny 6hi thm !% mNu 6hAn tSch
cc nguyn t( c th$ i%n ha th16 hn th$ i%n ha cFa nguyn t( 6hAn tSch. Qhi 4
&' %0i ha &M 0y *a !i nguyn t( 4Kc thm !%.
B*%ng ng-n l?a 4On khS &' kSch thSch 6hD 6ht 0; thGng 0y *a m;nh !i cc
kim l%;i kiJm ! kiJm thD. T= cc nguyn t( ny c th$ kSch thSch 6ht 0; tng 4(i
th16 c+n cc nguyn t( khc th= &' kSch thSch khng 4ng k.
1.6.7.2. 8c /9' t: ha hc
Bhnh 6h#n nJn cFa nguyn t( 4Kc g-i l mat*i0 EwwEct, nhng khng 6hi
lc n% c]ng 0u1t hi.n, m chh th1y t*%ng mt &( t*Gng hK6 nh1t 4nh, thGng 4 l
cc mNu chUa cc nguyn t( nJn H 2;ng hK6 ch1t 7Jn nhi.t kh 7ay hi ! kh
nguyn t? ha.
9ng 4 a0it ! mt &( l%;i a0it c t*%ng 2ung 2ch lun c nh hHng 4$n
cGng 4 !;ch 6hD cFa nguyn t( 6hAn tSch. nh hHng ny thGng g5n liJn !i
l%;i ani%n cFa a0it. Cc a0it kh 7ay hi thGng lm gim m;nh cGng 4 !;ch
6hD, c+n cc a0it 2C 7ay hi thGng gAy nh hHng nh_. Chh *ing f ani%n Cl|
W
X
!
Cj
b
C||
X
gAy hi.u Ung 2ng . Cc l%;i ani%n khc gAy hi.u Ung Am thE% thU t' Cl
X
, 9|
b
X
, ~|
W
fX
, q|
W
bX
,
X

. B*%ng 6hAn tSch khng nn ch-n j
f
~|
W
lm mi t*Gng
ch% 6h6 4% yy~ m nn 2"ng jCl, j9|
b
1.6.7.3. 8c /9' t: &'ang ph
l nh)ng ,u t*=nh lm ch% !i.c 4% nh &ng h16 th@ 7 &ai l.ch 2% &' h16
thu nh)ng ch1t khc ng%i nguyn t( c#n 6hAn tSch. 9guyn nhAn cFa hi.n tKng
ny l 2% nJn mNu 6hAn tSch ! mt &( y$u t( khc ^ 4On, ng-n l?a, &' tn 0; cFa
nh &ng 7n ng%i ...`.
9Jn mNu 6hAn tSch 7a% gmm &' h16 thu nJn mNu, &' chEn l1n cFa !;ch 6hD,
&' h16 thu cc h;t *5n.
B*%ng !"ng kh ki$n th= X' h16 thu nJn mNu * *ng, c+n t*%ng !"ng t? ng%;i
th= nh hHng ny *1t St 0u1t hi.n != 6hD nJn t*%ng !"ng t? ng%;i y$u, 6h@ thuc *1t
nhiJu !% thnh 6h#n cFa mNu nJn 6hAn tSch. 9gGi ta c th l%;i nJn 7Rng 6hng
6h6 f !;ch 6hD, 6hng 6h6 2"ng f ngun &ng lin t@c, 6hng 6h6 2'a t*n
hi.u Ung Ecman ! 6hng 6h6 2"ng ngun 4n &5c h%;t 4ng f ch$ 4 2+ng ^66
~mith jiwEtiE `.
~' chEn l1n cFa !;ch 6hD thGng th1y khi c mIt nguyn t( thU b H t*%ng
mNu 6hAn tSch c nng 4 ln. 9gGi ta c th l%;i &' chEn l1n ny 7Rng cch gim
7J *ng khE cFa h. 4n &5c, tch 7_ 7t nguyn t( c !;ch 6hD chEn l1n *a kh_i mNu
6hAn tSch h%Ic 6ha l%Lng mNu.
Cc h;t *5n nh_ li ti cFa mNu cha 7 ha hi ! nguyn t? ha hay cc h;t
mui than cFa nhin li.u cha 4Kc 4(t chy h%n t%n thGng c H l6 !_ cFa
ng-n l?a, chng h16 th@ h%Ic ch5n 4Gng 4i cFa ch"m &ng t[ 4On chi$u !% mi
t*Gng h16 th@. $u t( ny th hi.n *1t * khi ch-n khng 4ng chiJu ca% cFa 4On
nguyn t? ha mNu hay h\n hK6 kh chy khng 4Kc 4(t chy t(t2 thnh 6h#n khS
chy khng 4Kc ch-n 6h" hK6 ^ thGng l ,u 2 C
f
j
f
`
9gGi ta l%;i t*[ y$u t( ny 7Rng cch chhnh chiJu ca% ng-n l?a thSch hK6, t*n
h\n hK6 khS chy !i th l. thSch hK6 h%Ic thm ch1t 6h@ gia c nng 4 6h" hK6 4
ngn cn &' 0u1t hi.n hK6 ch1t 7Jn nhi.t.
1.U.T. Yh#;ng .h. .hSn tVch nh "#$ng 9:ng .hl. o NNh
1.6.;.1. Phng php <= th> ch'?n 1<@ng ch'?n3
Chu>n 7 mt 2Ly mNu 2ung 2ch chu>n cFa ch1t 6hAn tSch ^thng thGng l
Y mNu ` ! cc mNu 6hAn tSch t*%ng c"ng mt 4iJu ki.n. Cc mNu 2ung 2ch
chu>n c nng 4 tng 2#n l C
a
, C
f
, C
b
, C
W
, C
Y

! mNu 6hAn tSch l C
0
. % m/t 4
,uang cFa cc 2ung 2ch t*n !i cc 4iJu ki.n t(i u, *i !M 4Gng chu>n 7iu 2iCn
&' 6h@ thuc gi)a V ! C. B*n c &H 4Gng chu>n t=m 6hng t*=nh 4Gng thng,
2'a !% 6hng t*=nh t=m C
0
qhng 6h6 ny 4n gin, 2C th'c hi.n ! *1t thSch hK6 !i m@c 4Sch 6hAn
tSch hng l%;t mNu cFa c"ng mt nguyn t(, nh t*%ng kim t*a ch1t lKng
thnh 6h>m, kim t*a nguyn li.u &n 0u1t. T= m\i khi 2'ng mt 4Gng chu>n
chng ta c th 0c 4nh 4Kc nng 4 cFa mt nguyn t( t*%ng hng t*m mNu
6hAn tSch.
1.6.;.2. Phng php th0! tA0' ch'?n
qhng 6h6 2"ng ngay mNu 6hAn tSch lm nJn 4 chu>n 7 mt 2Ly mNu
4#u, 7Rng cch l1y mt lKng mNu 6hAn tSch nh1t 4nh ! gia thm !% 4 nh)ng
lKng nh1t 4nh cFa nguyn t( c#n 0c 4nh thE% t[ng 7/c nng 4 ^ thE% c16 &(
cng `. TS 2@ lKng thm l
C
a
, C
f
, C
b
, C
W
nh th$ chng ta &M
c mt 2Ly
mNu chu>n nh t*%ng 7ng &au, t*%ng 4 C
0

l nng 4 ^hm lKng` cFa
nguyn t( c#n 0c 4nh t*%ng mNu 6hAn tSch.
VLy chu>n cFa 6hng 6h6 thm tiu chu>n 4Kc 7iu 2iCn t*n 7ng a.W
W*ng 1.\. Z[! chu\n c7. %h(ng %h&% thIm tiIu chu\n
C
p
C
a
C
f
C
b
C
W
C
Y
zKng mNu
6hAn tSch
C
0
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Bi$6 4 ch-n cc 4iJu ki.n thS nghi.m 6h" hK6 ! mt !;ch 6hD cFa
nguyn t( 6hAn tSch, ti$n hnh ghi cGng 4 h16 th@ cFa !;ch 6hD 4 thE% t1t
c 2Ly mNu 4#u. Chng ta thu 4Kc cc gi t* tng Ung l y
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W
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B[ cc gi t* cGng 4 ny ! Ung !i cc nng 4 thm !% cFa nguyn t(
6hAn tSch chng ta 2'ng mt 4Gng chu>n thE% h. t-a 4 y X

C. chSnh l
4Gng chu>n cFa 6hng 6h6 thm chu>n. Gng chu>n ny c5t t*@c tung y t;i
4im c t-a 4 ^y
p
,
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cha 7i$t chng ta c th
2"ng 6hng 6h6 ni &uy hay ng%;i &uy t[ 4 th ^h=nh a.Y`
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g
/%nh 1.T. th_ c7. %h(ng %h&% thIm chu\n
X Wu i"m c7. %h(ng %h&%A
` Chu>n 7 mNu 2C 2ng, khng c#n nhiJu l%;i ha ch1t tinh khi$t ca% 4
chu>n 7 mNu nhAn t;%
o z%;i t*[ 4Kc h%n t%n nh hHng !J thnh 6h#n cFa mNu c]ng nh c1u
t*c !/t lS cFa cc ch1t t-a thnh mNu
1.U.i.
5c .h#;ng .h. .hSn tVch t(Ec tid. & gin tid. 9:ng .hl. o NNh
B*%ng 6h6 4% 6hD h16 th@ nguyn t? 4 0c 4nh mt nguyn t( hay mt
hK6 ch1t ngGi ta c th ti$n hnh 6hAn tSch ngay chSnh ch1t 4 thE% 6hD h16 th@
nguyn t? cFa n, nh 6hAn tSch cc kim l%;i, hay ,ua !i.c 4% 6hD h16 th@
nguyn t? cFa mt ch1t khc, khi ch1t 6hAn tSch khng c tSnh ch1t h16 th@
nguyn t?, nhng ch1t ny l;i c mt &' tng tc *1t 4nh lKng !J mIt ha
h-c thE% mt 6hn Ung ha h-c nh1t 4nh !i mt kim l%;i c 6hD h16 th@
nguyn t? nh;y. V% 4 0u1t hi.n hai l%;i 6hng 6h6 6hAn tSch 4nh lKng thE%
6hD h16 th@ nguyn t? l cc 6hng 6h6 6hAn tSch t*'c ti$6, ch% ch1t c 6hD
yy~ h%Ic cc 6hng 6h6 6hAn tSch gin ti$6, ch% ch1t khng c 6hD yy~.
1.6.B.1. 8c phng php ph(n tch t$c tA9p
TJ nguyn t5c th= t1t c cc nguyn t( ! cc ch1t c 6hD h16 th@
nguyn t? chng ta 4Ju c th 0c 4nh n mt cch t*'c ti$6 thE% 6hD h16 th@
nguyn t? cFa n t[ 2ung 2ch mNu 6hAn tSch. 9ghla l cc 6hng 6h6 0c
4nh t*'c ti$6 chh 6h" hK6 ch% !i.c 0c 4nh cc kim l%;i c !;ch 6hD h16 th@
nguyn t?. T= cc kim l%;i 4Ju c 6hD h16 th@ nguyn t? cFa n t*%ng nh)ng
4iJu ki.n nh1t 4nh. BhE% cch ny, ni chung t*%ng nhiJu t*Gng hK6, mNu
6hAn tSch t*c h$t 4Kc 0? lS thE% mt cch 6h" hK6 4 4Kc 2ung 2ch mNu c
chUa cc i%n kim l%;i c#n 6hAn tSch. Bi$6 4 ti$n hnh 4nh lKng n thE% mt
t*%ng cc cch chu>n ha 4L 7i$t ^nh thE% 6hng 6h6 4Gng chu>n,
6hng 6h6 thm, hay 6hng 6h6 mt mNu 4#u,...`. Ay l cc 6hng 6h6
6hAn tSch thng thGng, 4L ! 4ang 4Kc 2"ng *1t 6hD 7i$n, 4 0c 4nh lKng
!$t cc kim l%;i t*%ng cc 4(i tKng mNu h)u c ! ! c khc nhau thE% 6hD
h16 th@ nguyn t? cFa n. T= th$ ngGi ta g-i 4(i tKng cFa cc 6hng 6h6
6hAn tSch ny l 6hAn tSch kim l%;i t*%ng cc l%;i mNu ! c ! h)u c.
Qhi 6hAn tSch cc l%;i mNu ny th= nguyn t5c chung l gm hai giai 4%;n.
iai 4%;n am u? lS mNu 4 4a nguyn t( kim l%;i c#n 0c 4nh c t*%ng mNu
!J t*;ng thi 2ung 2ch cFa cc cati%n thE% mt kl thu/t 6h" hK6, 4 chuyn
4Kc h%n t%n nguyn t( c#n 0c 4nh !% 2ung 2ch 4% 6hD.
iai 4%;n fm qhAn tSch nguyn t( c#n thi$t thE% 6hD h16 th@ nguyn t? cFa
n thE% nh)ng 4iJu ki.n 6h" hK6 ^mt ,uy t*=nh` 4L 4Kc nghin cUu ! ch-n *a.
B1t nhin, H 4Ay giai 4%;n l c'c k ,uan t*-ng. T= n$u 0? lS mNu khng t(t th=
c th lm m1t nguyn t( c#n 6hAn tSch hay lm nhiCm 7>n mNu. 9ghla l !i.c 0?
lS mNu khng 4ng &M l mt ngun &ai &( *1t ln ch% k$t ,u 6hAn tSch, mIc
2" 6hng 6h6 6hAn tSch 4L 4Kc ch-n l 6h" hK6 nh1t. T1n 4J ny 4Ic 7i.t c
: nghla ln t*%ng 6hAn tSch lKng !$t cc nguyn t(.
Cc 6hng 6h6 6hAn tSch t*'c ti$6 ny l thSch hK6 4 0c 4nh cc kim
l%;i, m 7n thAn chng c 6hD h16 th@ nguyn t?. 9hng t*%ng kh%ng nm nm
l;i 4Ay, nhiJu 6hng 6h6 6hAn tSch gin ti$6 4L 0u1t hi.n 4 6hAn tSch cc ch1t
khng c 6hD h16 th@ nguyn t?, !S 2@ nh 0c 4nh cc yni%n, cc nhm 6hAn
t?, cc hK6 ch1t h)u c, cc 2Kc 6h>m.
1.6.B.2. Phng php ph(n gAn tA9p th"o ,
Ay l mt 6h;m !i Ung 2@ng mi cFa 6h6 4% 6hD h16 th@ nguyn t?
4 6hAn tSch cc ch1t khng c 6hD h16 th@ nguyn t? hay 6hD h16 th@ nguyn t?
cFa n km nh;y. Cc 6hng 6h6 ny hi.n nay 4ang 4Kc 6ht t*in ! Ung
2@ng 4 6hAn tSch cc yni%n ! cc ch1t h)u c. 9i chung cc 6hng 6h6 0c
4nh gin ti$6 cc ch1t khng c 6hD h16 th@ nguyn t? 7Rng 6h6 4% 6hD h16
th@ nguyn t? 4Kc 2'a thE% hai nguyn t5c chSnh.
9guyn t5c thU nh1t cFa cc 6hng 6h6 ny l nhG mt 6hn Ung ha
h-c t*ung gian c tSnh ch1t 4nh lKng cFa ch1t ta c#n nghin cUu u ^ch1t u c#n
0c 4nh` !i mt thu(c th? thSch hK6 c 6hD yy~ t*%ng mt 4iJu ki.n nh1t 4nh.
TS 2@ 0c 4nh Cl
X
2"ng yg9|
b
.
9guyn t5c thU hai l 2'a thE% hi.u Ung l khi ch1t 6hAn tSch u c mIt
t*%ng mNu !i mt !"ng nng 4 nh1t 4nh, th= n lm gim hay lm tng
cGng 4, !;ch 6hD h16 th@ nguyn t? cFa mt kim l%;i mt cch tuy$n tSnh.
TS 2@ mu(n 0c 4nh
X
ngGi ta 2ung gg c nng 4 f66m ! 4% !;ch 6hD 6ht 0;
cFa ggX fsY,fpnm.
1.j. Ji)i thi-u & .h#;ng .h. x@ "V !nu #)t 9:ng 'xit OiQ
(i !i !i.c 0c 4nh ch= ! ca2imi t*%ng nc chng ti ch-n 6hng 6h6
! c ha t 4 0? lS mNu. gNu 4Kc 0? l: t*%ng h. mH H 4iJu ki.n thGng 7Rng
cch &? 2@ng a0it h\n hK6 a0i t j9|
b,
j
f
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mu nAu khng c+n 7(c ln ! a0it c;n. CIn 4Kc h+a tan t*%ng j9|
b
fe, 4nh
mUc ! 4Em 4%.
5/HINJ B
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B.1. x>ng c>2 thidt 92 hZ' ch=t
2.1.1. ThA9t C>
Cc t*ang thi$t 7, 2@ng c@ c#n thi$t ch% ,u t*=nh 6hAn tSch C2 ! q7 7Rng
6hng 6h6 6hD h16 th@ nguyn t? lm
y gy 4% ,uang 6hD h16 th@ nguyn t? yy~ app ~6Ect*%mEtE* cFa
hLng qE*kin lmE* ~y.
X CAn 6hAn tSch ! mt &( thi$t 7 khc.
2.1.2. D4ng c4
X qi6Et afYap ml.
/%nh B.1. a&! o Hu.ng %h h% thP ngu!In t3 <<D b VSS D%Fct*omFtF*
B? ph?n ha
?u

x 6h/n ha hi mNu
x=nh cung c16 khS
gy yy~
X x=nh 4nh mUc ap fY Yp fYp appp ml.
X C(c thuZ tinh.
X ng 4%ng, 6hCu.
X BF &1y Ei% tEch ^jn u(c`.
2.1.3. Eo cht
X 9c c1t hai l#n.
X y0it 4Icm j9|
b
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f
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fo

appp 66m ^appp mgl` q7
fo

appp 66m ^appp
mgl`
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2 5d
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B.B.1. Yh' dung dch g7c Y9
Bz
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fo
ap66m 4Kc 6ha t[ chu>n g(c tng Ung c nng 4
appp66m 7Rng cch l1y aml 2ung 2ch c nng 4 appp66m ch% !% 7=nh 4nh mUc
appml *i 4nh mUc 7Rng 2ung 2ch j9|
b
f e 4$n !;ch.
Vung 2ch chu>n q7
fo
a66m 4Kc 6ha t[ 2ung 2ch tng Ung c nng 4
ap66m .
B.B.B. Yh' dung dch g7c 5d
Bz
Vung 2ch chu>n C2
fo
ap66m 4Kc 6ha t[ 2ung 2ch tng Ung c nng 4
appp66m 7Rng cch l1y aml 2ung 2ch c nng 4 appp66m ch% !% 7=nh 4nh mUc
appml *i 4nh mUc 7Rng 2ung 2ch j9|
b
f e 4$n !;ch.
Vung 2ch chu>n C2
fo
a66m 4Kc 6ha t[ 2ung 2ch tng Ung c nng 4
ap66m .
B.[. 5c n_i dung nghin cu
X Ch-n 2ung mi ! c h%a mNu
X uc 4nh hi.u &u1t thu hi cFa 6hng 6h6.
X nh gi &ai &( th(ng k cFa 6hng 6h6.
X uAy 2'ng ,uy t*=nh 6hAn tSch hm lKng ch= ! ca2imi t*%ng nc thi khu
cng nghi.6 j+a Qhnh, u/n zin Chiu, 9ng 7Rng 6hng 6h6 6hD h16
th@ nguyn t?.
X 6 2@ng ,ui t*=nh 4L 0Ay 2'ng 4 6hAn tSch hm lKng ch= ! ca2imi t*%ng
mt &( mNu nc cFa khu cng nghi.6 j+a Qhnh
B.\. KhEc nghi-! nghin cu iu +i-n .hSn tVch h! "#$ng +i! "obi ch% &
c'di!i
B.\.1 .5c th,ng X7 t7i #u cG' !? & cch tidn hnh o .h<
g@c 4Sch cFa ,u t*=nh th'c nghi.m 4 l t=m *a 4iJu ki.n t(i u 4 0c 4nh
hm lKng ch= ! ca2imi t*%ng nc thi cng nghi.6 6h" hK6 !i 4iJu ki.n 6h+ng
thS nghi.m nhRm 4;t 4Kc 4 nh;y, 4 chSnh 0c ca% nh1t. 4;t 4Kc m@c 4Sch
t*n, chng ti 6 2@ng cc 4iJu ki.n t(i u 4L 4Kc kh% &t t*%ng ti li.u tY,sv
o 9hi.t 4 nguyn t? ha mNu kh%ng fYpp
%
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o BhGi gian 7m mNu m Y giAy
o Bh tSch 7m mNu m apml
o B(c 4 7m khS C
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o xc &ng t(i u ma0

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ffs,snm
o CGng 4 2+ng 4On cat%t *\ng
ma0
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ma0^q7`
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ma0^C2`
smy
o ChiJu ca% 4On nguyn t? ha m dmm
o QhE 4% m p,Ymm
o nh;y m ch= l p,a66m ca2imi l p,pfY66m
o Qh%ng tuy$n tSnh m ch= l p,YXs66m ca2imi l p,aXf,Y66m
B(c 4 2Nn mNu 4Kc 4iJu chhnh &a% ch% gi t* m/t 4 ,uang 4% 4Kc cFa mt
mNu chu>n c gi t* c'c 4;i.
ti$n hnh 4% m/t 4 ,uang t*c h$t 6hi 4It cc 4iJu ki.n ! thng &( my
4% thE% yu c#u c#n thi$t, ch% my ch;y 4 Dn 4nh 4Gng nJn, 4 Dn 4nh t*%ng bp
6ht, mH khng khS ! nn khS a0EtylEn, chhnh 4ng t(c 4 yu c#u ch% !i.c 4% m\i
nguyn t( nh t*%ng 7ng t*n, 7/t ng-n l?a 4On khS, kim t*a l;i t1t c cc 4iJu ki.n
4% l;i mt l#n n)a ch% 4ng. T cu(i c"ng ti$n hnh 4% 6hD cFa nguyn t( c#n 6hAn
tSch l#n lKt thE% cc mNu 4L chu>n 7 &n nh &au m
o % m/t 4 ,uang cFa mNu t*5ng
o % m/t 4 ,uang cFa cc 2ung 2ch chu>n C
a
, C
f
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o % m/t 4 ,uang mNu 6hAn tSch C
0
g\i mNu 4% b l#n 4 l1y gi t* t*ung 7=nh .
ua tham kh% ti li.u tYv, ch% th1y !i.c 6hAn tSch 0c 4nh ch= ! ca2imi
t*%ng nc thi cng nghi.6 7Rng 6hng 6h6 yy~ chu nh hHng khng 4ng
k cFa cc i%n kim l%;i khc nh m Cu
fo
, Ca
fo
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... nn c th 7_ ,ua nh hHng
cFa cc y$u t( ny. (i !i !i.c 6hAn tSch hm lKng ch= ! ca2imi t*%ng cc mNu
nc thi cng nghi.6 chng ti ti$n hnh l'a ch-n 6hng 6h6 ! c h% t.
B*c khi th'c hi.n cc 6h6 6hAn tSch chng ti ti$n hnh kh% &t cc 2ung mi
! c ha mNu.
B.\.B. 1h*o Xt "#$ng dung !,i X@ d>ng 6 &, c; hZ' !nu
g@c 4Sch cFa ,u t*=nh kh% &t l 4 ch-n 4Kc h\n hK6 a0it !i th l. thSch
hK6 nhRm t*nh 2"ng nhiJu 2ung mi, ti$t ki.m chi 6hS, gim thGi gian 4un mNu,
gim gi thnh &n 6h>m. B*n c &H nghin cUu cc ti li.u tfv ! 4Ic 4im 4(i
tKng 6hAn tSch chng ti ch-n 2ung mi l h\n hK6 a0it j9|
b
4Ic, j
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B.T. /i-u Xu=t thu hi
0c 4nh hi.u &u1t thu hi cFa 6hng 6h6, ta ti$n hnh 6hAn tSch t*n
mt &( mNu gi !i nng 4 7an 4#u cFa q7
fo
! C2
fo
4L 7i$t chSnh 0c ! !i cc
4iJu ki.n t(i u nh 4L ch-n. B[ 4 4nh gi hi.u &u1t thu hi cFa 6hng 6h6.
BhE% ,uy 4nh hi.u &u1t thu hi cFa 6hng 6h6 6hAn tSch lKng !$t l t[ sYe t*H
ln.
B.i. nh gi X'i X7 th7ng + cG' .h#;ng .h.
B*%ng th'c t$ 6hAn tSch ha h-c ta lun m5c 6hi cc &ai &( t*%ng ,u t*=nh
cAn, 4% th tSch ...c]ng nh t*%ng cc giai 4%;n 6hAn tSch. iJu 4 &M ,uy$t 4nh 4
chSnh 0c cFa 6h6 6hAn tSch.
Bhng thGng, khi ti$n hnh thS nghi.m chng ta thGng ti$n hnh mt &( thS
nghi.m 4c l/6 t*%ng c"ng mt &( thS nghi.m 4c l/6 t*%ng c"ng 4iJu ki.n gi(ng
nhau, ! t[ cc k$t ,u *ing l thu 4Kc, ta ti$n hnh 0? lS th(ng k 4 4nh gi 4
chSnh 0c cFa 6h6 4%. Cc 4;i lKng 4Ic t*ng th(ng k ,uan t*-ng nh1t l gi t*
t*ung 7=nh cng ! 6hng &ai.
X i t* t*ung 7=nh cngm
i &? ta ti$n hnh n 6h6 4% 4c l/6 4;i lKng u !i cc k$t ,u c
V
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c

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i
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lKng c#n 4% !i 0c &u1t ca% nh1t t*%ng &( cc gi t* 4% 4Kc.
X qhng &aim
qhng &ai cFa 6h6 4% 6hn nh 4 6hAn tn cFa k$t ,u 4%, 4Kc 4nh gi
7Rngm
f
s

d
c c
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f
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d &( 7/c t' 2%. 9$u chh c mt 4;i lKng c#n 4% c th= d e n f V
i t* s
f
s thGng 4Kc g-i l , l$ch chu\n cFa 6h6 4%.
l.ch chu>n cFa 4;i lKng t*ung 7=nh cng
c
s
4Kc tSnh thE% cng thUcm
c
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s
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cng nh_ 4 lI6 l;i cng t(t.
B*%ng th'c t$ 4 ti.n tSnh t%n cc 4;i lKng
c
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ch-n t*%ng 2Ly n gi t* 4% 4Kc c
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c . ~au 4
tSnh c !
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chSnh 0c

l gi t* tuy.t 4(i cFa hi.u gi)a gi t* t*ung 7=nh cng c

! gi t* th'c

cFa 4;i lKng 6hi 4%m

c
X

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4Kc 4nh gi Ung !i mt 4 tin c/y

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c
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4L
ch%.
Qh%ng tin c/y cFa gi t* 4% l kh%ng t;i 4 c kh nng tn t;i gi t* th'c
cFa 6h6 4% !i 0c &u1t

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c
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c
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appe
u

e =
4nh gi &ai &( th(ng k, ta ti$n hnh ,uy t*=nh 6hAn tSch t*n Y mNu gi,
m\i mNu Y l#n !i nng 4 7an 4#u cFa q7
fo
! C2
fo
4L 7i$t chSnh 0c. z1y a lKng
chSnh 0c q7
fo
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fo
ch% !% mNu gi *i ti$n hnh thE% ,uy t*=nh nh 0c 4nh
hi.u &u1t thu hi. uc 4nh hm lKng cFa t[ng ch1t ! 0? lS thE% 6hng 6h6
th(ng k t%n h-c.
B.U. Mu? t(%nh .hSn tVch
V'a t*n cc 4iJu ki.n t(i u 4L ch-n ! kh% &t H t*n chng ti 0Ay 2'ng
,uy t*=nh 6hAn tSch hm lKng ch= ! ca2imi H mt &( mNu nc th'c t$.
B.j. YhSn tVch !nu thEc
V'a !% ,ui t*=nh 6hAn tSch 4L 4Kc 0Ay 2'ng H m@c f.d chng ti ti$n hnh
6hAn tSch 0c 4nh tDng hm lKng ch= ! ca2imi t*%ng mt &( mNu nc thi nc
thi khu cng nghi.6, u/n zin Chiu, Bhnh 6h( 9ng.
B.j.1. 5hu{n 9 !nu
~au khi l1y mNu 0%ng 6hi 4Kc 0? lS & 7 mNu 7Rng j9|
b
4Ic ngay t;i
hi.n t*Gng. gNu l1y !J 4Kc c1t gi) H nh)ng ni th%ng khS, t*nh nh)ng ni c
nguy c lm nhiCm kim l%;i nIng !% mNu. Bi$n hnh l-c mNu 7Rng gi1y l-c 7ng
0anh 4 l%;i 7_ cc t;6 ch1t l l?ng c t*%ng mNu . ~au 4 ti$n hnh ! c ha mNu.
B.j.B. YhSn tVch !nu n#)c
V"ng cc 4iJu ki.n t(i u 4L nghin cUu ! tham kh% 4 ti$n hnh 6hAn tSch
tDng hm lKng q7 ! C2 t*%ng mt &( mNu nc thE% ,ui t*=nh 4L 0Ay 2'ng H m@c
f.d.
5h#;ng [
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