NHP MN CSDL QUAN H Son bi b mn Cng ngh phn mm

2. BI TP V PH THUC HM
MC TIU CA BI NY GIP NGI HC
Hiu c tm quan trng ca l thuyt ca phu thuc hm
Vn dung cc thut ton tnh bao ng, jnh ngha suy din theo
tin , theo quan h, tm ph ti thiu, bi ton thnh vin gii
quyt cc bi tp cu th.
p dung cc thut ton gii quyt cc bi tp lin quan: Tm bao
ng, chng minh mt phu thuc hm c d tha trong tp cc phu
thuc hm khng,...
A/ NHC LI L THUYT
. MT S [NH NGHA, TNH CHT
1. [nh ngha ph thuc hm
[nh ngha: cho U l mt tp thuc tnh, mt phu thuc hm trn U l mt pht biu c dang
XY, trong X,YU.
Cho R l quan h trn tp thuc tnh U, ni rng quan h R tho mn phu thuc hm XY,
nu vi 2 b bt k trong R m chng ging nhau trn tp thuc tnh X th chng cng ging
nhau trn tp thuc tnh Y, ngha l u,v R, nu u.X=v.X th u.Y=v.Y.
Nu f= XY l mt phu thuc hm trn U th ta ni tp thuc tnh Y phu thuc hm vo tp
thuc tnh X (Y functional dependent on X ) hoc tp thuc tnh X xc jnh hm tp thuc tnh
Y (X functional determines Y).
Cho f l mt phu thuc hm trn U, nu quan h R tho mn phu thuc hm f th ta k hiu
R(f), nu R khng tho mn phu thuc hm th ta k hiu R(f).
Cho F l mt tp cc phu thuc hm trn U, ni rng quan h R tho mn tp phu thuc hm
F, k hiu l R(F) nu v chi nu vi f F th R(f) hay ni mt cch tong ong quan h R
tho mn tp phu thuc hm F nu nh n tho mn tng phu thuc hm trong tp .
jnh ngha: Lc quan h l mt cp =(U, F) trong U l tp hu han cc thuc tnh
cn F l tp cc phu thuc hm trn U.
2. Mt s tnh cht ca ph thuc hm:
1) Tnh cht phn x: X, Y, YX, th! XY
") Tnh cht b#c c$: X, Y, %, n&$ c' XY () Y% th! X%
*) Tnh cht gi+ t,ng: X, Y, n&$ X Y () % th! X%Y%
-) Tnh cht t.+ b#c c$: X, Y, %, / , n&$ XY, Y% / th! X%/
0) Tnh cht phn x ch1t: X th! XX
2) 3$4t t5ch: X, Y, % , n&$ c' XY% th! c':
T6+ng 1
XY
XZ
NHP MN CSDL QUAN H Son bi b mn Cng ngh phn mm
7) 3$4t h8p: X, Y, % , n&$ c' X Y () X% th! c' XY%
9) Tnh cht cng tnh: X, Y, %, / , n&$ XY, % / th! X%Y/
3. H tin d Amstrong
:1 ; 3$4t phn x X,Y, n&$ XY th! Y X
:" ; <#c c$ X, Y, % n&$ c'
th! X%
:* ; 3$4t gi+ t,ng X, Y, % , n&$ c' XY th! X%Y%
4. [nh ngha suy dn theo h tin d
Cho F l tp phu thuc hm trn U, f l mt phu thuc hm trn U ( f c th khng
thuc F), ni rng f suy dn c t F theo h tin Amstrong v k hiu l F f nu nh f
c th nhn c t tp F sau mt s hu han ln p dung cc lut ca h tin Amstrong.
Nhn xt:
Vi f F th F f
K hiu F
+
l tp tt c cc phu thuc hm c suy dn t tp F theo h tin Amstrong.
Ta thy F F
+
F
+
c gi l bao ng ca tp phu thuc hm F, nu F
+
=F th ta ni F l mt tp y
cc phu thuc hm, i khi ta cn ni F l tp ng.
5. [nh ngha suy dn theo quan h
Cho F l mt tp cc phu thuc hm trn tp thuc tnh U, f l mt phu thuc hm
trn U, (f c th khng thuc F), ni rng f c suy dn t tp F theo quan h v k hiu F
[f, nu v chi nu vi mi quan h R trn U, nu R tho mn F th R cng tho mn f.
K hiu F* l tp tt c cc phu thuc hm c suy dn t tp F theo quan h.
F*={f:XY | X,YU, Ff}
Tnh cht c=+ :>:
Cho F v G l hai tp phu hm trn tp thuc tnh U khi ta c:
1. Tnh phn xa: Vi f F th F f t y ta suy ra F F*.
2. Tnh on iu: Nu F G th F* G*.
3. Tnh lu ng: Vi mi tp phu thuc hm F th ta lun c (F*)*=F*.
6. Bao dng ca tp thuc tnh
Cho tp phu thuc hm F trn U, XU, bao ng ca tp thuc tnh X, k hiu l X
+
c xc jnh nh sau:
X
?
@ A B C B () XB:
?
D
* Thut ton tm bao ng ca mt tp thuc tnh
Enp$t @ F,:), X
G$tp$t X
?
@H
Thut ton
T+ x5c IJnh KLM X
FN)
, X
F1)
, X
F")
,OOO thPo Q$M np nhR S+$
1O T1t X
FN)
@X
"O Ui SV 6Wng IL xXM K.ng IR8c I&n bRYc thZ i tZc [) IL bi&t X
Fi)
Fi\@N)
*O XXM K.ng ti&p bRYc i?1 nhR S+$
T6+ng 2
XY
YZ
NHP MN CSDL QUAN H Son bi b mn Cng ngh phn mm
X
Fi?1)
@ X
Fi)
%
Fi)
t6ong I'
Z
(i)
= Yj (Yi Ii$ ]in :
V vy Z
(i)
chnh l hp ca cc v phi ca cc phu thuc hm trong tp F m c v
tri l tp con ca tp trc m c v phi cha c thm vo.
iu kin (3) chi c tc dung tng tc tnh ton
Nhn xt:
X
(0)
, X
(1)
, X
(2)
,... l mt dy khng gim v bj chn trn bi U, do tn tai chi s i no
X
(i)
= X
(i+1)
(*), gi i l chi s nh nht khi X
+
= X
(i)
hay khi X
(i)
= U th X
+
= X
(i)
= U.
7. Ph thuc hm du tha
Cho F l mt tp cc phu thuc hm trn U, f l mt phu thuc hm ca F tc f F, f
c gi l d tha trong F nu nh (F-f)
+
=F
+
Hay c th ni tong ong f c gi l d tha trong F nn n suy dn c t
tp F sau khi b i phu thuc hm f.
Thut ton thnh vin
nput
- Tp phu thuc hm F
- f F
Output
- True nu nh f l d tha trong F
- False nu nh f l khng d tha trong F
Method
1) tm xo5 ^ ]h_i :, g`i U [) t4p th$ IR8c
U@:;^, n&$ U th! ch$Man Q$+ bRYc ", cbn ]hng th! ]&t thcc th$4t to5n
() ]&t [$4n ^ [) ]hng KR thd+ t6ong :
") Ui SV ^@XY n&$ U ^ tZc Y
XG
+
th! ^ [) KR thd+ t6ong : cbn
ngR8c [i ^ [) ]hng KR thd+O
Nh vy, ta chi cn tnh X
+
v so snh vi tp con Y ta c ngay cu tr li X Y c thuc
vo F
+
hay khng.
8. Ph thuc hm du tha
II. CC V D
V d 1:
Cho lc quan h = (U,F) vi
U = ABCDEGH
F={ BC ADE, AC BDG, BE ABC, CD BDH, BCH ACG}
eLM tnh X
?
t6ong c5c t6Rfng h8p
T6+ng 3
X
j
Y
j
F (1)
X
j
X
i
(2)
Y
J
X
(i)
(3)
NHP MN CSDL QUAN H Son bi b mn Cng ngh phn mm
a) X=BD
b) X=ABE
c) X=CDG
Gii
a) t X(0)=BD (=X)
X
(1)
= X
(0)
Z
(0)
=BD =BD
Suy ra X(0)= X(1) vy X
+
=X=BD
b) t X(0)=ABE (=X)
X
(1)
= X
(0)
Z
(0)
=ABE ABC=ABCE
X
(2)
= X
(1)
Z
(1)
=ABCE (ADE BDG)=ABCDEG
X
(3)
= X
(2)
Z
(2)
= ABCDEG BDH=ABCDEGH=U
Vy X
+
=U
V d 2 : p dung bi ton thnh vin
Gi s c tp F={XYW, XWZ, ZY, XYZ}
Hy cho bit XYZ c d tha trong F hay khng?
Gii
1) Tam thi xo XYZ ra khi F
G:=F-{XYZ}={XYW, XWZ, ZY}
2) Tnh (XY)
+
G
( bao ng ca XY trong tp G)
ta c (XY)
+
G= XYWZ th nn Z(XY)
+
G hay G (XYZ) th nn phu thuc hm XYZ l d
tha trong F.
III. MT S LU
Tin Amstrong. p dung h tin amstrong trong cc bi ton chng minh.
Phu thuc hm theo quan h v theo tin , bao ng ca tp cc thuc tnh v ca tp
cc phu thuc hm.
B/ BI TP MU
B! "# 1:
Cho tp thuc tnh U=ABCDEGH
Cho tp phu thuc hm F={ ABCD, ACEBG, BCD AE, CH DG}
f=BCDH AG, hi rng F f hay khng (f F
+
) ?
$%&ng d'n:
p dung h tin Amstrong chng minh, u tin cn lm xut hin v tri ca
phu thuc hm cn chng minh sau ln lt p dung 3 tin suy ra PCM.
(!)!
<Cge <Cg F1) F tnh cht phn x )
<CgBh F gt) F")
<CgBCh F gi+ t,ng) F*)
BCh B Fphn x) F-)
S$M 6+ <Cge B thPo tnh cht b#c c$F0)
BCh <U F2) gi thi&t
<UU F7) phn x
S$M 6+ BCh UF9) b#c c$
T6+ng 4
NHP MN CSDL QUAN H Son bi b mn Cng ngh phn mm
S$M 6+ <Cge U Fi) b#c c$
Td F0) () Fi) thPo [$4t cng tnh F [$4t ghjp)
S$M 6+ <Cge BU :
?
F Ipcm)
B! "# *:
Cho =(U,F); U=ABCDEGH
F={ ABBCP, EBGH, ACD BG, DAEH}
Hy tnh X
+
trong cc trng hp
a) X=AC
b) X=CD
c) X=ABG
$%&ng d'n:
p dung ln lt cc bc ca thut ton tnh bao ng.
(!)!
a) V X=AC
X
(0)
= X=AC
X
(1)
= X
(0)
= X
(0)
nn X
+
=AC
b) V X=CD
X
(0)
=X=CD
X
(1)
= X
(0)
AEH =ACDEH
X
(2)
= X
(1)
( BGH BG) = ACDEH ( BGH BG) = ABCDEGH =U
Do X
(2)
=U nn X
+
=U
c) V X=ABG
X
(0)
=X=ABG
X
(1)
= ABG BCD=ABCDG
X
(2)
= ABCDG (BCD BG AEH)= ABCDEGH =U
Do X
(2)
=U nn X
(3)
= X
(2)
hay X
(3)
=U
C/ BI TP TU GII
B! tp 1:
Cho lc quan h =(u, F) vi
U=ABCDEGH v tp phu thc hm
F={AB C, B D, CD E, CE GH, GA}
f=ABE, chng minh rng vi mi quan h R trn U nu R tho F th R cng tho f.
B! tp *:
Cho lc quan h (=(U, F) vi
U=ABCDEGHJ v tp phu thc hm
F={AB E, AGJ, BE, EG, G H}
f=ABGH, chng minh rng f suy dn c t F
B! tp +
Cho lc quan h (=(u, F) vi
U=ABCDEGH v tp phu thc hm
T6+ng
NHP MN CSDL QUAN H Son bi b mn Cng ngh phn mm
F={ABC, B D, CDE, CEGH, GA}
Hy chng minh
a. ABE
b. BGC
c. ABG
B! tp 4
Cho lc quan h (=(u, F) v tp phu thc hm
F={ABE, AG, BE, EG, GH}
Chng minh rng ABGH suy dn c t F
B! tp ,
Cho lc quan h (=(u, F) v tp phu thc hm
F={ABC, BD, CDE, CEGH, GA}
Chng minh rng ABE v ABG suy dn c t F
B! tp -
Tm ph khng d ca tp phu thuc hm
F={AC, ABC, CD, ECAB, EC}
B! tp .
Cho F={AB, CD} vi CB, hy chng minh AD suy dn c t F
B! tp /
Mt phu thuc hm XY c gi l d tha trong tp phu thuc hm F nu nh F
+
= (F-
{XY})
+
cho F={XYW, XWZ, ZY, XYZ}
hy cho bit phu thuc hm XYZ c d tha trong F hay khng
B! tp 0
Tm ph khng d ca
F={ XYZ, ZWP, PZ, WXPQ, XYQYW, WQYZ}
B! tp 11
Cho lc quan h R(ABCD) v F={AB, BCD}
hy cho bit cc phu thc hm no di y c th suy dn c t F
1. ACD
2. BD
3. ADB
B! tp 11
F={XYW, YZ, WZP, WPQR, QX}
chng minh rng XYP suy dn c t F
B! tp 1*
T6+ng
NHP MN CSDL QUAN H Son bi b mn Cng ngh phn mm
Loai b cc phu thuc hm d tha trong tp
F={XY, YX, YZ. ZY, XZ, ZX}
B! tp 1+
cho F={XYW, YZ, WZP, WP QR, QX}
chng minh rng XYQ suy dn c t F
B! tp 12
Cho F={ABC, EC, DAEF, AFB,AFD}
phu thuc hm AF(B c d tha trong F khng
B! tp 1,
Nu XY F , AX, thuc tnh A c gi l d tha nu
{ X- A } Y F
+
hy loai b cc thuc tnh d tha trong cc tp sau:
a. F={XYW, XWZ, ZY, XYZ }
b. F={ABC, EC, DAEF, ABFBD }
B! tp 1-
S dung cc lut ca h tin Amstrong chng minh cc tnh cht sau:
a. Tnh ta bc cu: Nu XY v YZW th XZW
b. Tnh phn xa cht XX
c. Tnh cng tnh : Nu XY v ZW th XZYW
d. Tnh cht hp : Nu XY v XZ th XYZ
e. Tnh tch : Nu XYZ th XY v XZ
f. Tnh tch lu: Nu XYZ, ZVW th XYVW
B! tp 1
Cho lc quan h =(U, F) vi U=ABCDEG v
F={AC, BCD, DE, EA}.
Hy tnh
a) (AB)
+
b) ((DE)
+
A)
+
B! tp 1/
Cho lc quan h =(U, F) vi U=ABCDEG v
F={BC, ACD, DG, AGE} hy cho bit
a) ABGF
+

b) BDADF
+
B! tp 1
Cho lc quan h =(U, F) vi U=ABCDEGH
F={ABGH, GDAHE, CAGH, HEBC }
a) tnh (CE)+
b) tnh (CD)+
c) Chng minh rng ABEDH khng suy dn c t F
d) Chng minh rng vi mi quan h R trn U Nu R tho F th R cng tho ACDBHE
T6+ng
NHP MN CSDL QUAN H Son bi b mn Cng ngh phn mm
e) Chng minh rng F ABE
B! tp *1
Hy tm ph cc tiu ca
a) F={ABC, AD, BDC}
b) F={ABC, AB}
B! tp *1
Cho lc quan h = (U, F) vi U = ABCDEGH v
F = { B AEG , ABE CH , ACD BEG } .
Bng cc lut ca h tin Armstrong hy chng t phu thuc hm f = BD CGH suy
dn c t tp cc phu thuc hm F.
B! tp **
Cho lc quan h = (U,F) vi U = ABCDEGH v
F = { AE BEG , CEH BD , DG BCD, ABC DE}
v mt phu thuc hm f = ACE DEG. Hy chi ra rng f c th dn c t tp F theo
cc lut ca h tin Armstrong.
B! tp *+
Cho lc quan h = (U, F) v X,Y,Z l cc tp con ca tp thuc tnh U. Da vo cc
lut ca h tin Armstrong hy chng minh rng phu thuc hm X YZ c suy dn t
tp F khi v chi khi cc phu thuc hm X Y v X Z cng suy dn c t tp F.
B! tp *2
Cho lc quan h = (U,F) vi U = ABCDEGH v
F = { AE BEG , CEH BD , DG BCD, ABC DE}
v mt phu thuc hm f = ACE DEG. Hy chi ra rng f dn c t tp F bng vic
ng dung cc lut ca h tin Armstrong.
D/ BI TP LM THM
Ci t thut ton tm bao ng, bi ton thnh vin trn mt ngn ng lp trnh no
.
T6+ng