Chng 2.

Ma trn nh thc
Chng 2: MA TRN V NH THC
Bi 1: Khi nim ma t!n " ## $h%$ t&n t'n ma t!n
((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
1) Ma t!n:
1)1 *nh ngh+a:
Ma trn m dng, n ct trn trng s K (
,
) l mt bng s hnh ch nht gm m dng, n
ct, mi s trong ma trn thuc trng v c g!i l mt "h#n t$ c%a ma trn&
'a () hi*u t" c+c ma trn l ,-m, n. K/ v mi ma trn thuc ,-m, n. K/ c vi0t chi
ti0t l1
22 23 2
32 33 3
2 3
&&&
&&&
&&&
n
n
m m mn
a a a
a a a
a a a
1
1
1
1
1
]
M M O M
ho4c
22 23 2
32 33 3
2 3
&&&
&&&
&&&
n
n
m m mn
a a a
a a a
a a a
_




,
M M O M
5a6 vi0t g!n l
- /
ij m n
A a

ho4c
7 8
ij m n
A a

trong 9 2, i m ch: s dng v 2, j n ch: s

ct c%a "h#n t$&
5ai ma trn
- /
ij m n
A a

v
- /
ij m n
B b

c g!i l bng nhau n0u ij ij

a b
v;i m!i 2, i m v
2, j n &
V, -.: ,a trn
3<=
= =
2 3 =
2 3 =
. > ? @
> ? @
A B C
x
A B
1
1
1

1
1
]
1
]
1)2 M/t 01 -2ng ma t!n 34# 5it:
1)2)1 Ma t!n "67ng:
'rong trng h" s dng v s ct c%a hai ma trn bDng nhau th ta c9 (h+i ni*m ma trn
vung& E) hi*u t" c+c ma trn vuFng l ,-n. E/, v;i n l cG" c%a ma trn vuFng&
HI
22 23 2
32 33 3
2 3
&&&
&&&
&&&
n
n
n n nn
a a a
a a a
a a a
1
1
1
1
1
]
M M O M
'rong ma trn vuFng c+c "h#n t$
22 33
, ,&&&,
nn
a a a
l c+c "h#n t$ nDm trJn ng chKo chLnh,
c+c "h#n t$ 2 - 2/3 2
, ,&&&,
n n n
a a a
l c+c "h#n t$ nDm trJn ng chKo "hM&
V, -.:
2 3
= >
A
1

1
]
l ma trn vuFng cG" hai v
2 3 =
> ? A
A B C
B
1
1

1
1
]
l mt ma trn vuFng cG" =&
Nh#n t$ nDm trJn ng chKo chLnh c%a ma trn A l 2. >& Nh#n t$ nDm trJn ng ch9
chLnh c%a ma trn B l 2, ?, C&
2i 01 t689n t,nh 1
23
Chng 2. Ma trn nh thc
1)2)2 Ma t!n -:ng; ma t!n #/t:
O0u m I 2 th ma trn ch: c9 mt dng, c g!i l ma trn dng& 'Png tQ, n0u n I 2 th ta
c9 ma trn ch: c9 mt ct, c g!i l ma trn ct& ,a trn dng v ma trn ct thng c
g!i l v!ct" dng v v!ct" ct#
,t s thuc trng E c g!i l ma trn mt dng, mt ct&
V, -.:
,a trn dng1 [ ]
2 3 = > A
v ma trn ct
2
?
A
B
1
1

1
1
]
1)2)< Ma t!n =h7ng
,a trn c9 tGt c c+c "h#n t$ Ru bDng S c g!i l ma trn $hng& 'a dTng s S U biUu
thV cho m!i ma trn (hFng cG" m < n&
V, -.:
,a trn S cG" 3<=1
S S S
S S S
1
1
]
1)2)> Ma t!n #h%&
,a trn vuFng c9 c+c "h#n t$ ngoi ng chKo chLnh Ru bDng S v c+c "h#n t$ trJn
ng chKo chLnh (h+c (hFng c g!i l ma trn ch%& (ha' ma trn (ng ch%&)& ,a trn
chKo cG" n c9 dWng
HI
22
33
S &&& S
S &&& S
S S &&&
nn
a
a
a
1
1
1
1
1
]
M M O M

( )
S, 12,
ii
a i n
V, -.:
2 S S S
S 2 S S
S S 2 S
S S S >
)
1
1

1
1
]
Nh!n ?%t: ,a trn ng chKo thng c () hi*u bXi
2 3
diag- , ,&&&, /
n
a a a
v;i c+c "h#n t$ trJn
ng chKo chLnh l
2 3
, ,&&&,
n
a a a
1)2)@ Ma t!n 3n "*:
,a trn chKo cG" n, c9 tGt c c+c "h#n t$ trJn ng chKo chLnh Ru bDng 2, c g!i l ma
trn ("n v*, () hi*u
n
+
1)2)A Ma t!n tam gi#
,a trn c9 c+c "h#n t$ X trJn -ho4c d;i/ ng chKo chLnh bDng S c g!i l ma trn tam
gi,c
2i 01 t689n t,nh 1
24
Chng 2. Ma trn nh thc
A I
22 23 2
33 3
&&&
S &&&
S S &&&
n
n
nn
a a a
a a
a
1
1
1
1
1
]
M M O M
'rong 9
S
ij
a
(hi iY Z c g!i l ma trn tam gi,c trn#
V, -.:
2 3 = >
S > = 3
S S 2 3
S S S ?
A
1
1
1

1
1
]
l ma trn tam gi+c trJn
B I
22
32 33
2 3
S &&& S
&&& S
&&&
n n nn
b
b b
b b b
1
1
1
1
1
]
M M O M
'rong 9
S
ij
b
(hi i [ Z c g!i l ma trn tam gi,c d-i&
V, -.:
= S S
2 3 S
S 2 2
B
1
1

1
1
]
l ma trn tam gi+c d;i&
Nh!n ?%t: ,a trn tam gi+c trJn v ma trn tam gi+c d;i c g!i chung l ma trn tam
gi,c#
1)2)B Ma t!n #h68Cn "*
aD *nh ngh+a:
\ho ma trn A, ma trn chu'.n v* c%a ma trn A, () hi*u
/
A l ma trn m trong 9, vai tr
c%a dng v ct ho+n chu6Un cho nhau nhng v]n gi ngu6Jn ch: s c%a ch^ng&
_i s$ ta c9 ma trn HI
22 23 2
32 33 3
2 3
&&&
&&&
&&&
n
n
m m mn
a a a
a a a
a a a
1
1
1
1
1
]
M M O M
th (hi 9 ma trn chu6Un vV c%a ma trn H l
22 32 2
23 33 3
2 3
&&&
&&&
&&&
m
m /
n n mn
a a a
a a a
A
a a a
1
1
1

1
1
]
M M O M
O0u ma trn A c9 cG" l m < n th ma trn
/
A c9 cG" l n < m&
'rng h" 4c bi*t chu6Un vV c%a ma trn ct l ma trn dng v ngc lWi chu6Un vV c%a
ma trn dng l ma trn ct&
V, -.:
,a trn
2 3 = >
? @ A B
C 2 3 =
A
1
1

1
1
]
th ma trn chu6Un vV c%a ma trn A l
2 ? C
3 @ 2
= A 3
> B =
/
A
1
1
1

1
1
]
2i 01 t689n t,nh 1
25
Chng 2. Ma trn nh thc
5D *nh EF: )h& c,c ma trn
<
, - /
m n
A B M 0
# 0hi (1 ta c1 c,c $h2ng (*nh sau3
( )
/
/
A A #
/ /
A B A B
1)2)G Ma t!n 31i ?Hng I Ma t!n $hJn 31i ?Hng:
O0u ma trn vuFng H th`a
/
A A th ta n9i H l ma trn (i x4ng&
V, -.: ,a trn
2 3 =
3 2 S
= S 2
A
1
1

1
1
]
l mt ma trn i <ang cG"=&
,a trn
2 3 = >
3 S 2 3
= 2 2 S
> 3 S =
A
1
1

1
1
]
l ma trn i <ang cG" >&
O0u ma trn vuFng A th`a
/
A A th A ma trn 5h6n (i x4ng&
V, -.:
,a trn
S 3 = >
3 S ? 2
= ? S =
> 2 = S
B
1
1

1

1
1

]
l ma trn "hn i <ang&
*nh EF: 78u A 9: ma trn (i x4ng th;
, , 2,
ij ji
a a i j n
O0u H l ma trn "hn <ang th
, , 2,
ij ji
a a i j n
, tb c6 su6 ra
S
ii
a
-c+c "h#n t$ trJn
ng chKo chLnh bDng S/&
1)2)K Ma t!n 5!# thang:
O0u mt ma trn trJn 0 c9 c+c dng (h+c S nDm bJn trJn c+c dng S, ng thi trJn hai
dng (h+c S, ta c9 c+c "h#n t$ (h+c S #u tiJn c%a dng d;i nDm bJn "hi "h#n t$ (h+c S #u
tiJn c%a dng trJn th ma trn 9 c g!i l ma trn bc thang trJn 0#
V, -.: ,a trn
S = 23 2 A S
S S 2 3 = >
S S S S > ?
S S S S S S
B
1
1
1

1
1
]
l ma trn bc thang c9 ba dng (h+c S&
1)< C# $h%$ 5i9n 3Li 0 #M$ t'n -:ng #Na ma t!n: bao gm c+c "hK" bi0n di sau
i& edi chd hai dng i v dng Z c%a ma trn cho nhau&
ii& Ohcn dng tha i v;i mt s (h+c (hFng&
iii& \ng dng tha i v;i dng tha Z nhcn v;i mt s v;i
i j
&
O0u tha6 tb dng bDng tb ct ta c9 c+c "hK" bi0n di sP cG" trJn ct&
,a trn B c g!i l t"ng ("ng dng v;i ma trn A n0u c9 mt s hu hWn "hK" bi0n
di sP cG" dng bi0n ma trn A thnh ma trn B&
Nh!n ?%t:
f \+c "hK" bi0n di sP cG" trJn dng, ct c g!i chung l c+c "hK" bi0n di sP cG"&
2i 01 t689n t,nh 1
26
Chng 2. Ma trn nh thc
f guan h* tPng Png dng l mt huan h* tPng Png v;i c+c tLnh chGt "hn <W. i
<ang. bic c#u&
f ,t ma trn vuFng cG" n trJn 0 nhn c tb ma trn Pn vV
n
+
hua du6 nhGt mt "hK"
bi0n di sP cG" c g!i l ma trn sP cG"&
V, -.:
=
2 S S
S 2 S
S S 2
+
1
1

1
1
]
th c9 c+c ma trn sP cG" nhn c tb
=
+
hua c+c "hK" bi0n di sP cG" l1
2
S S 2
S 2 S
2 S S
<
1
1

1
1
]
v;i
2 >
= 2
d d
+ <

3
2 S S
S 2 S
S S >
<
1
1

1
1
]
v;i
= =
>
= 3
d d
+ <

=
2 S 3
S 2 S
S S 2
<
1
1

1
1
]
v;i
2 2 >
3
= =
d d d
+ <
+

2) C# $h%$ t&n t'n ma t!n

2)1 Oh%$ #/ng ## ma t!n
2)1)1 *nh ngh+a: /=ng c>a hai ma trn
- /
ij m n
A a

v
- /
ij m n
B b

l mt ma trn
- /
ij m n
) c

v;i
ij ij ij
c a b +
& 'dng hai ma trn c () hi*u \ I Hjk&
22 23 2 22 23 2 22 22 23 23 2 2
32 33 3 32 33 3 32 32 33 33 3 3
2 3 2 3 2 2 3 3
&&& &&& &&&
&&& &&& &&&
&&& &&& &&&
n n n n
n n n n
m m mn m m mn m m m m mn mn
a a a b b b a b a b a b
a a a b b b a b a b a b
a a a b b b a b a b a b
+ + + 1 1 1
1 1 1
+ + +
1 1 1
+
1 1 1
1 1 1
+ + +
] ] ]
M M O M M M O M M M O M
2)1)2 V, -.:
2 3 =
3 2 >
A
1

]
v
S 3 2
2 = >
B
1

]
& Ehi 9,
2 S >
= 3 S
A B
1
+
1
]
2)2 Oh%$ nhPn ma t!n "Qi m/t 01:
2)2)1 *nh ngh+a: /?ch c>a ma trn
- /
ij m n
A a

v;i s thu c bDng c+ch nhcn c+c "h#n

t$ c%a ma trn A v;i s , () hi*u A & 'a c9,
- /
ij m n
A a

2)2)2 V, -.:
> 3 = B > @
3
A = 3 2> @ >
1 1

1 1

] ]
l;i A v B l hai ma trn cG" m < n, ta () hi*u A j -f2/B I A m B, g!i l "hK" trb c%a hai ma
trn&
2i 01 t689n t,nh 1
27
Chng 2. Ma trn nh thc
3 = ?
> 3 2
A
1

1
]
v
3 2 =
= ? 3
B
1

]
th
S > B
2 = =
A B
1

1

]
2)2)< *nh EF: @-i
<
, , - /
m n
A B ) M 0
v:
, 0
ta c13
a) A A B B B A A
b) (A A B) A ) B A A (B A ))
c) C A A B A A C B A
d) A A (DA ) B (DA) A A B C
!) ( )
/
/ /
A B A B + +
E)
- / A B A B + +
g)
- / A A A + +

2)< Oh%$ nhPn hai ma t!n:
2)<)1 *nh ngh+a:
\ho hai ma trn
- /
ij m r
A a

v
- /
ij r n
B b

, $hi (1 t?ch c>a hai ma trn A v: B, () hi*u l AB

l mt ma trn
- /
ij m n
) c

v;i c+c "h#n t$

ij
c
l tdng c%a c+c tLch c+c "h#n t$ tPng ang dng i
c%a ma trn A v;i ct Z c%a ma trn B#
'ac l
2 2 3 3
2
&&&
r
ij i j i j ir rj i$ $j
$
c a b a b a b a b

+ + +

22 23 2
22 23 2 32 33 3 22 23 2
32 33 3 32 33 3
2 3 2 3
2 3
2
2
3
3
&&&
&&& &&& &&& &&&
&&& &&& &&& &&&
&
&&&
&&& &&& &&&
&&&
r
n r n
n n
r r rn m m mn
m m m
ij
j
j
i
rj
ir
r
i
a a a
b b b a a a c c c
b b
b
b b c c c
b b b c c c
a a
c a
a
b
a a
1
1
1

1
1

1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1

]
1
1
]
M M M
M M M M M M M M M
M M M M
1
1
1
1
1
]
ChR F:
'Lch c%a ma trn A v ma trn B ch: c <+c Vnh (hi s dng c%a ma trn B bDng ^ng s
ct c%a ma trn A& 'ac l n0u A l ma trn cG" m < " v B l ma trn cG" " < n th AB l ma
trn cG" m < n& no 9, v;i A v B l hai ma trn bGt (o th n0u c9 tLch c%a AB, ta cpng (hFng
hqn su6 ra c tLch c%a hai ma trn BA, n9i c+ch (h+c, tLch c%a hai ma trn =h7ng gia& h&n&
Ogoi ra, c9 nhng ma trn (h+c S nhng tLch c%a ch^ng lWi l ma trn S&
2)<)2 V, -.:
aD _i s$
2 3
2 =
A
1

]
v
3 2
S 2
B
1

1
]
(hi 9.
3 =
3 3
AB
1

]
v
2 A
2 =
BA
1

]
& l6
AB BA
2i 01 t689n t,nh 1
28
3 ?
> =
3 2
B
1
1

1
1
]
Chng 2. Ma trn nh thc
b/ l;i
2 S S S
.
S S 2 S
) F
1 1

1 1
] ]
ta c9
S S
S S
)F
1

1
]
m4c dT
S. S ) F
&
O0u tn tWi hai ma trn A, B th`a AB I BA th ta n9i ma trn A v ma trn B c9 thU ho+n vV
v;i nhau& ,a trn Pn vV c9 thU ho+n vV v;i m!i ma trn cTng cG"&
c/ \ho
2 3 2
= 2 >
A
1

1
]
v
th
2&- 3/ 3&> - 2/&3 2&? 3&- =/ - 2/&2 > 3
=&- 3/ 2&> >&3 =&? 2&- =/ >&2 @ 2@
AB
+ + + + 1 1

1 1
+ + + +
] ]
d/ \ho
2 =
3 2 2
x
A
1

]
v
3
> B
'
1
1

1
1
]
& O0u
23
@
AB
1

1
]
hr6 tm < v 6
SiJi:
'a c9
3
2 = 3 > = 23
>
3 2 2 @
x x '
AB
'
'
1
+ + 1 1 1
1

1 1 1
1

] ] ]
1
]
su6 ra 6 I @ v < I f3& t
2)<)> *nh EF:
\ho <
, u - /
m n
A A M 0
v <
, u - /
n 5
B B M 0
v <
- /
5 G
) M 0
v
0
th1
( )
< <
< <
S S .
S S .
- u/ u.
.
- / - / - /,
n 5 m 5
r m r n
/
/ /
A
A
A B B AB AB
AB B A
AB A B A B 0

t t

2)<)@ *nh EF: @-i 2 3
diag- , ,&&&, /
n
A a a a
v: 2 3
diag- , ,&&&, /
n
B b b b
th;
2 2 3 3 2 2
2 2 3 3 2 2
diag- , ,&&&, /
diag- , ,&&&, /
A B a b a b a b
AB a b a b a b
t t t t

2)<)A Nh!n ?%t:

\ho c+c ma trn 2 3
, ,&&&,
n
A A A
l c+c ma trn c9 s ct c%a ma trn liRn tr;c bDng s dng c%a
ma trn liRn sau& Ehi 9 tLch c%a n ma trn n6 c Vnh nghva thwo c+ch hu6 nW" sau1
2 3 = 2 3 =
2 3 = > 2 3 = >
2 3 = > 2 2 3 2
- /
- /
&&& - &&& /
n n n n
A A A A A A
A A A A A A A A
A A A A A A A A A A

M
5Pn th0 bDng c+ch chang minh hu6 nW" ta c91
2i 01 t689n t,nh 1
29
Chng 2. Ma trn nh thc
2 3 2 3 2
- &&&& / &&&
/ / / / /
n n n
A A A A A A A

2)> TU8 thVa ma t!n:

2)>)1 *nh ngh+a: \ho ma trn H, 9H' thIa bc $ c%a ma trn H l1
lc
& &&&
$
$ n
A A A A
1 2 3
&
\M thU,
S 2 3 2
. . & .&&&, &
$ $
n
A + A A A A A A A A

2)>)2 V, -.: \ho
S 2 S
S S 2
S S S
A
1
1

1
1
]
th ta c
3
S S 2
S S S
S S S
A
_

,
v
=
S S S
S S S
S S S
A
_

,
Nh!n ?%t: \9 nhng ma trn (h+c ma trn (hFng nhng lp6 thba ( l#n v;i
$
sx thnh
ma trn (hFng&
,t ma trn
- . / A M n 0
th`a tLnh chGt tn tWi mt s
$
, sao cho
S
$
A
th (hi 9 ma
trn H c g!i l ma trn 9H' 9inh&
,t ma trn
- . / A M n 0
th`a tLnh chGt
3
S A
th (hi 9 ma trn H c g!i l ma trn 9H'
(2ng#
2)>)< T,nh #hMt:
\ho
- . / A M n 0
v
, r s
; (hi 91
( ) S S.
r

( )
r
n n
+ +
&
r s r s
A A A
+

( )
s
rs r
A A
2)>)@ *nh EF: Ji6 sK A, B 9: hai ma trn gia& h&,n tr&ng M(nL0) (nghMa 9: AB B BA) v:
$
, $hi (1 ta c13

- / &
$ $ $
AB A B
.

2 3 2
- /- &&& /
$ $ $ $ $
A B A B A A B B

+ + +
.

- / &
i
$ i i $ i
$
$
A B ) A B

+

2)@ a thH# #Na ma t!n:

\ho E l mt a thac bc n trJn 0 c9 dWng
2
2 2 S
- / &&&
n n
n n
E x a x a x a x a

+ + + +
_i s$
- . / A M n 0
th ta g!i
2
2 2 S
- / &&&
n n
n n n
E A a A a A a A a +

+ + + +
l (a th4c c>a ma trn A#
V, -.: \ho
= 3
- / = ? E x x x +
& 5r6 tLnh E -A/ v;i
2 3 =
3 S
. ? > @
S =
A 2 B
A B
1
1
1

1
1
]
1
]
'a c9
= 3
3
B S > S 2 S 2 S
- / = ? = ?
S 3A S C S 2 S ?
E A A A +
1 1 1 1
+ +
1 1 1 1
] ] ] ]
2i 01 t689n t,nh 1
30
Chng 2. Ma trn nh thc
-sinh viJn tQ gii E -B /nh l bi t" nh`/&
Bi 2: *nh thH# W *nh ngh+a; ## t,nh #hMt; ##h t,nh 3*nh thH#
((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
1) *nh ngh+a: N*nh th4c c%a ma trn H, () hi*u l dwtH ha6 yHy c tLnh bDng
2 -2/ 3 -3/ - /
dwt sign &&&
n
n n
<
A a a a

, trong 9 n
<
l t" tGt c c+c "hK" th0 c%a t" h" gm n s tQ
nhiJn #u tiJn z2, 3,{, n|&
Nh!n ?%t: eVnh thac c%a mt ma trn vuFng cG" n trJn trng 0 thng c g!i l mt Vnh
thac cG" n&
V, -.:
Khi n X 2
'a c9 nh9m c+c "hK" th0 3
2 3 2 3
.
2 3 3 2
<
_ _

' ;

, ,
su6 ra biUu thac tLnh Vnh thac cG" 3 l1
22 23
22 33 23 32
32 33
a a
a a a a
a a

Khi n X <
'a c9 nh9m c+c "hK" th0
=
2 3 = 2 3 = 2 3 = 2 3 = 2 3 = 2 3 =
. . . . .
2 3 = 3 2 = 2 = 3 = 3 2 3 = 2 = 2 3
<
_ _ _ _ _ _

' ;

, , , , , ,
su6 ra1
22 23 2=
32 33 3= 22 33 == 23 32 == 3= =3 22 2= 33 =2 23 3= =2 2= 32 =3
=2 =3 ==
22 33 == 23 3= =2 2= 32 =3 23 32 == 3= =3 22 2= 33 =2
a a a
A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
a a a
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
+ +
+ +
2) C#h t,nh 3*nh thH# 5!# 2 " 5!# <:
'hwo trJn ta c9
\ho
22 23
32 33
a a
A
a a
_

,
ta c9 Vnh thac c%a ma trn H l dwtH ha6 yHy, c tLnh bDng
3
2 -2/ 3 -3/ 22 33 23 32 22 33 23 32
dwt sign - 2/ &
<
A a a a a a a a a a a

\ho
22 23 2=
32 33 3=
=2 =3 ==
a a a
A a a a
a a a
1
1

1
1
]
(hi 9 ta c9
2i 01 t689n t,nh 1
31
Chng 2. Ma trn nh thc
=
2 -2/ 3 -3/ = -=/ 22 33 == 23 3= =2 2= 32 =3 2= 33 =2 22 3= =3 23 32 ==
dwt sign &
<
A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a

+ +

\Fng thac trJn thng c nh; thwo hu6 tic sarrus nh sau1 'a vi0t thwm ct tha nhGt v
tha hai vo bJn "hi Vnh thac ta c
22 23 2= 22 23
32 33 3= 32 33
=2 =3 == =2 =2
a a a a a
a a a a a
a a a a a
'h tLch c+c "h#n t$ trJn ba ng chGm chGm sx c9 dGu nh sau
V, -.:
2 3 =
3 2 = 2&2&3 3&2&= 3&=&= =&2&= =&2&2 3&3&3 @
= 2 3
+ +
3 2
3&= 3 >
3 =

<) C# t,nh #hMt
<)1 T,nh #hMt 1: eVnh thac (hFng di hua "hK" chu6Un vV, tac l
dwt dwt &
/
A A
ChR F: 'b tLnh chGt n6 th mt m*nh R vR Vnh thac n0u ^ng v;i dng th cpng ^ng v;i
ct v ngc lWi&
V, -.:

3 S 3 2
@
2 = S =

<)2 T,nh #hMt 2: O0u ta di ch hai dng
- / i j
-ho4c hai ct (h+c nhau/ bGt (o c%a Vnh
thac th Vnh thac di dGu&
V, -.:
2 = ? = 2 A
3 A C 3 A C
= 2 A 2 = ?

<)< T,nh #hMt <: O0u tGt c c+c "h#n t$ c%a mt dng -ho4c mt ct/ c%a Vnh thac c
nhcn v;i

th Vnh thac m;i bDng Vnh thac ban #u nhcn v;i

&
V, -.:
2 3 = 2 3 =
> 3 @ 3& 3 2 =
C B @ C B @

Nh!n ?%t: 'b tLnh chGt n6 su6 ra n0u A l ma trn vuFng cG" n th
dwt- / dwt- /&
n
A A
2i 01 t689n t,nh 1
32
Chng 2. Ma trn nh thc
<)> T,nh #hMt >: \ho A l ma trn vuFng cG" n& _i s$ dng tha i c%a ma trn A c9 thU biUu
di}n d;i dWng
u uu
ij ij ij
a a a +
v;i Z I 2, 3, {,n& Ehi 9 ta c91
u uu u uu u uu u u u uu uu uu
i2 i2 i3 i3 in in i2 i3 in i2 i3 in
&&& &&& &&& &&& &&& &&& &&& &&& &&& &&& &&& &&&
dwt &&& &&& &&&
&&& &&& &&& &&& &&& &&& &&& &&& &&& &&& &&& &&&
A a a a a a a a a a a a a + + + +
'rong 9 c+c dng cn lWi c%a 3 Vnh thac X hai v0 l hon ton nh nhau v chLnh l c+c
dng cn lWi c%a ma trn A&
V, -.:
2 3 = 2 3 = 2 3 =
> ? @ @ ? > 3 S 3
A B C A B C A B C
+
'b tLnh chGt trJn, ta cpng c9 (0t hu tPng tQ i v;i ct&
ChR F: \+c tLnh chGt 3, =, > trJn chLnh l tLnh a tu60n tLnh tha6 "hiJn c%a Vnh thac& 'b
c+c tLnh chGt trJn ta c9 c+c (0t hu sau1
<)@ T,nh #hMt @: eVnh thac c%a ma trn H sx bDng S n0u th`a mt trong c+c iRu (i*n sau1
\9 mt dng m tGt c c+c "h#n t$ c%a dng 9 Ru bDng S,
\9 hai dng bDng nhau ho4c t: l* v;i nhau,
\9 mt dng l td h" tu60n tLnh c%a c+c dng (h+c& 'ac l tn tWi dng i
d
m
2 2 3 3 2 2 2 2
&&& &&& &&&
i i i i i $ $
d a d a d a d a d a d
+ +
+ + + + + + +

v;i
i
a K)
<)A T,nh #hMt A: eVnh thac sx (hFng tha6 di n0u1
Ohcn mt dng v;i mt s bGt (o ri cng vo dng&
\ng vo mt dng mt td h" tu60n tLnh c%a c+c dng (h+c&
Nh!n ?%t:
W O0u tha6 tb dng bDng tb ct th c+c tLnh chGt trJn v]n ^ng&
W ei v;i c+c ma trn A c9 cG" n -v;i n l mt s rGt l;n/, (hi 9 vi*c tLnh dwtA bDng Vnh
nghva ta sx g4" rGt nhiRu (h9 (h~n& no 9, ngoi c+ch vn dMng c+c tLnh chGt trJn c%a Vnh
thac, ta cn rGt ha6 s$ dMng Vnh l) a"lacw sau c6&
>) *nh EF Ta$Ea#Y:
>)1 *nh thH# #&n " $hZn 5[ 32i 01:
\ho A l ma trn vuFng cG" n v ( l mt s tQ nhiJn th`a
2 $ n
& \+c "h#n t$ nDm trJn
giao c%a ( dng bGt (o v ( ct bGt (o c%a A lm nJn mt ma trn vuFng cG" ( c%a A& eVnh thac
c%a ma trn n6 c g!i l (*nh th4c c&n cO5 $ c%a A&
e4c bi*t, (hi cho tr;c
2 , i j n
, n0u ta <9a i dng i, ct Z c%a ma trn A ta sx c ma
trn con cG" nf2 c%a ma trn A, () hi*u l ij
M
& Ehi 9,
- 2/
i j
ij ij
A M
+

c g!i l 5hPn bQ (Ri
s c%a "h#n t$ ij
a
-v;i ij
a
l "h#n t$ nDm X hng i v ct Z c%a ma trn A/&
2i 01 t689n t,nh 1
33
Chng 2. Ma trn nh thc
V, -.: Kt ma trn
2 3 = 3
S 3 > 2
2 ? 2 >
S ? 3 2
A
1
1
1

1
1
]
(hi 9& eVnh thac 3
2 3
3
S 3
F
c g!i l Vnh thac
con cG" 3 c%a A& 'a c9 22
3 > 2
? 2 >
? 3 2
M
(hi 9 "h#n bT Wi s c%a "h#n t$ X dng 2 v ct 2 c%a
ma trn A l1
2 2
22 22
- 2/ y y ?2 A M
+

Nh!n ?%t:
O0u M l Vnh thac con c%a A tWo bXi c+c dng 2 3
, ,&&&,
$
i i i
v 2 3
, ,&&&,
$
j j j
th "h#n bT Wi s c%a
M# E) hi*u l , c <+c Vnh nh sau1
2 3 2
&&& &&&&
u - 2/ dwt- /
$ $
i i i j j
M 0
+ + + + + +

v;i 0 l ma trn c9 c tb ma trn A (hi b` i c+c dng
2 3
, ,&&&,
$
i i i
v c+c ct 2 3
, ,&&&,
$
j j j
&
V, -.1 ei v;i ma trn H cho trJn, <Kt
2 3
2 ?
M
l Vnh thac c%a A tWo bXi dng 2 v dng
=. ct 2 v ct 3& Ehi 9,
> 2
3 2
0
1

1
]
l ma trn c9 c tb ma trn A sau (hi b` i dng 2,
dng = ct 2 v ct 3& l6,
2 2 2 3 = 2 = 3
> 2
u - 2/ 3
3 2
M
+ + + + + + +

&
>)2 *nh EF Ta$Ea#Y: )h& A 9: ma trn vung cO5 n
22 23 2 2
32 33 3 3
i2 i3
2 3
&&& &&&
&&& &&&
&&& &&&
&&& &&&
j n
j n
ij in
n n nj nn
a a a a
a a a a
A
a a a a
a a a a
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
]
M M M M M M
M M M M M M
&
0hi (1
78u $hai tri.n (*nh th4c A th!& dng th4 i th; d!tA (Sc bi.u diTn d-i dRng
2 3
i2 i2 i3 i3
2
dwt - 2/ - 2/ &&& - 2/ - 2/
n
i i i n i $
in in i$ i$
$
A a A a A a A a A
+ + + +

+ + +

78u $hai tri.n (*nh th4c A th!& ct th4 j th; d!tA (Sc bi.u diTn d-i dRng
2 3
2 2 3 3
2
dwt - 2/ - 2/ &&& - 2/ - 2/
n
j j j n j $
j j j j nj nj $j $j
$
A a A a A a A a A
+ + + +

+ + +

V, -.:
2i 01 t689n t,nh 1
34
Chng 2. Ma trn nh thc
a/ Kt ma trn
2 S 3
3 S S
= > ?
S S S
a
b
A
c
d

Ohn thG6 dng > c9 nhiRu s S, nJn (hai triUn Vnh thac thwo dng > ta c91
> 2
S 3
- 2/ S S
> ?
a
A d b
c
+

&
'i0" tMc (hai triUn thwo dng tha = c%a Vnh thac
S 3 2
S S
> ?
b
c
ta c91
3
& & - /
S
a
A d c dc ab abcd
b

b/ Kt ma trn
S = S ?
3 = 2 2
2 2 = S
S > S ?
B
Ehai triUn thwo dng 2 c9
2 3 2 >
3 2 2 3 = 2
- 2/ = 2 = S - 2/ ? 2 2 =
S S ? S > S
B
+ +
+
Ehai triUn thwo dng cui c%a 3 Vnh thac trJn c91
2 3 = = 2 > 3 =
3 2 3 2
- 2/ &=&?&- 2/ - 2/ >&- 2/ &? 3?
2 = 2 =
B
+ + + +
+
>)< *nh EF Ta$Ea#Y \tLng ]6tD:
\ho
- /
n
A M 0
, ch!n trong A c+c dng 2 3
&&&
$
i i i < < <
& Ehi 9,
2 3
&&&
dwt- / u
$
j j j
A MM
< < <

, v;i M l
c+c Vnh thac con cG" ( c%a A sinh bXi c+c dng 2 3
, ,&&&,
$
i i i
v c+c ct 2 3
, ,&&&,
$
j j j
v MU l "h#n
bT Wi s c%a M#
V, -.:
'Lnh
S = S ?
3 = 2 2
2 2 = S
S > S ?
A
\h!n M l ma trn vuFng cG" 3 tWo bXi c+c "h#n t$ trJn dng 2 v dng >& Ehi 9,
2i 01 t689n t,nh 1
35
Chng 2. Ma trn nh thc
2 > 3 > 2 > 2 3 2 > 3 >
2 > 2 = 2 > 2 > 2 > > 2
= ? 3 2 S = 2 2 = S 3 2
- 2/ & - 2/ & - 2/ &
> ? 2 = S > = S > S 2 S
S S = 2 S ? 3 2 S ? 3 =
- 2/ & - 2/ & - 2/ &
S S 2 = S ? 2 = S ? 2 2
- 2/- ?/? 3?
A
+ + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + +
+ +
+ + +

'a ch!n ma trn con dQa trJn dng 2 v =, ct 2 v ct =&
" dMng Vnh l) a"lacw ta c9
2 = 2 =
3 B C
2 2
dwt - 2/ 2 2 S 3?3
= 2
A 3 =
A
+ + +

'b Vnh l) a"lacw ta c9 thU chang minh c hai tLnh chGt huan tr!ng sau c%a Vnh thac
>)< T,nh #hMt 1: O0u H l ma trn tam gi+c trJn -ma trn tam gi+c d;i/ th Vnh thac c%a
ma trn H bDng tLch c%a tGt c c+c "h#n t$ trJn ng chKo chLnh -ng chKo "hM/& 'ac l n0u
22 23 2
33 3
&&&
S &&&
S S &&&
n
n
nn
a a a
a a
A
a
1
1
1

1
1
]
M M O M
v
2
3- 2/ 3
2
S S &&&
S S
&&& &&&&
n
n n
n nn
b
b b
B
b b

1
1
1

1
1
]
M N M M
Ehi 91
22 33
dwt & &&&
nn
A a a a
v 2 3- 2/ 2
dwt & &&&
n n n
B b b b

&
>)> T,nh #hMt 2: O0u H v k l c+c ma trn vuFng cG" n th dwt-H&k/ I dwtH & dwt k&
>)@ Nh!n ?%t:
Oh c9 Vnh l) a"lacw, U tLnh mt Vnh thac cG" cao -n Y =/ ta c9 thU (hai triUn Vnh thac
thwo mt dng v mt ct bGt (o U a vR tLnh c+c Vnh thac cG" bK hPn& \a nh v6, sau mt
s l#n ta sx a vi*c tLnh Vnh thac cG" cao vR dWng tLnh Vnh thac cG" 3, =& 'u6 nhiJn, trJn
thQc t0 th n0u lm nh v6 th s lng "hK" tLnh sx (h+ l;n& kXi v6, ta thQc hi*n thwo c+c
b;c sau sx lm gim i s "hK" tLnh c#n thQc hi*n1
BQ# 1: \h!n dng ho4c ct c9 nhiRu s S nhGt U (hai triUn Vnh thac thwo dng -ct/
9&
BQ# 2: s$ dMng tLnh chGt @ U a Vnh thac vR dWng c9 dng -ct/ r ch!n thnh dng
-ct/ ch: c9 mt s (h+c S&
BQ# <: Ehai triUn Vnh thac thwo dng -ct/ 9& Ehi 9, vi*c tLnh mt Vnh thac cG" n
hu6 vR vi*c tLnh Vnh thac cG" nf2& 'i0" tMc l4" lWi c+c b;c 2, 3 cho Vnh thac cG" nf2, cui
cTng ta sx d]n vR vi*c tLnh Vnh thac cG" 3, =&
>)A C# ", -.:
2/ 'Lnh dwtH v;i
2i 01 t689n t,nh 1
36
Chng 2. Ma trn nh thc
2 S 2 2 3
S 2 2 3 2
2 3 2 S 2
2 S 2 S 3
2 2 2 2 2
A
1
1

1
1
1

1
1

]
SiJi:
'a ch!n ct 3 U (hai triUn& 'u6 nhiJn, tr;c h0t ta nhcn dng 3 v;i f3 ri cng vo dng =
v nhcn dng 3 v;i f2 ri cng vo dng ?& Ehi 9

2 S 2 2 3
S 2 2 3 2
2 S 2 > =
2 S 2 S 3
2 S S 2 3

&
Ehai triUn thwo ct 3 ta c

2 2 2 3
2 2 > =
2 2 S 3
2 S 2 3

'i0" thwo ta thQc hi*n c+c b;c sau trJn Vnh thac cG" >& 'a nhcn ct 2 v;i -f2/ v;i ct =,
sau 9 nhcn ct 2 v;i 3 ri cng vo ct >& eVnh thac trJn sx trX thnh1
2 2 3 >
2 2 ? ?
2 2 2 S
2 S S S

'i0" thwo ta (hai triUn thwo dng > th c Vnh thac
?
2 3 >
- 2/- 2/ 2 ? ? 2
2 2 S

t
3/ _ii "hPng trnh
3
? 2SS
2 2 3
S S 2 S
S
2 3
S S 2
x x x
x
x x x
x x
+

+
SiJi:
'a (hai triUn v0 tr+i thwo dng 3 ta c
? 3
2SS
2 3
- 2/ - 2/ 2 3
S S
x x
@/ x x x
x
+

'a ti0" tMc (hai triUn thwo dng = ta c

2i 01 t689n t,nh 1
37
Chng 2. Ma trn nh thc
3 2SS 3 3 2SS
2
-2 / -2 /
2
x
@/ x x x x
x

l6 "hPng trnh r cho tPng Png v;i

3 3 2SS
-2 / S 2, S x x x x t
t

>)B Nh!n ?%t: 'rong thQc t0 ta thng s$ dMng c+c "hK" bi0n di tPng Png trJn dng
-ct/ U a ma trn H vR dWng tam gi+c trJn -ho4c tam gi+c d;i/, sau 9 +" dMng cFng thac
a"lacw U tLnh dwt H&
@) C# $hng $h$ t,nh 3*nh thH# #M$ n:
ei v;i c+c Vnh thac c9 cG" n (h+ l;n -nY=/, th ngi ta thng (hFng s$ dMng Vnh nghva
U tLnh Vnh thac 9 m s$ dMng mt trong c+c "hPng "h+" sau1
@)1 Ohng $h$ 5i9n 3Li 3*nh thH# "^ -2ng tam gi#:
s$ dMng c+c "hK" bi0n di tPng Png trJn dng -ct/ c%a ma trn v s$ dMng c+c tLnh
chGt c%a Vnh thac U bi0n di ma trn c%a Vnh thac vR dWng tam gi+c& eVnh thac sau cTng sx
bDng tLch c+c "h#n t$ trJn ng chKo chLnh&
lL dM1 'Lnh Vnh thac cG" n v;i
- 3/ n
sau c6
2 3 3 &&& 3
3 3 3 &&& 3
3 3 = &&& 3
&&& &&& &&& &&& &&&
3 3 3 &&& n
_ii1
'a nhcn dng 3 v;i -f2/ ri cng vo c+c dng =, >, {, n& 'a sx c Vnh thac sau1
2 3 3 &&& 3
3 3 3 &&& 3
S S 2 &&& S
&&& &&& &&& &&& &&&
S S S &&& - 3/ n
'a nhcn dng 2 v;i -f3/ ri cng vo dng 3& 'a c Vnh thac sau1
2 3 3 &&& 3
S 3 3 &&& 3
- 3/- 3/ S S 2 &&& S
&&& &&& &&& &&& &&&
S S S &&& - 3/
n
n

t
V, -. 2: 'Lnh Vnh thac sau1
2i 01 t689n t,nh 1
38
Chng 2. Ma trn nh thc
&&&
&&&
&&&
&&& &&& &&& &&& &&&
&&&
a b b b
b a b b
b b a b
b b b a
SiJi:
'a cng tGt c c+c ct cn lWi vo ct 2& 'a c Vnh thac sau1
- 2/ &&&
- 2/ &&&
- 2/ &&&
&&& &&& &&& &&& &&&
- 2/ &&&
a n b b b b
a n b a b b
a n b b a b
a n b b b a
+
+
+
+
'a nhcn dng -2/ v;i -f2/ ri cng vo c+c dng cn lWi, ta c Vnh thac sau1
2
- 2/ &&&
S S &&& S
- - 2/ /- / S S &&& S
&&&& &&&& &&&& &&&& &&&&
S S S &&&
n
a n b b b b
a b
a n b a b a b
a b

t
@)2 Ohng $h$ ]68 n2$:
" dMng c+c tLnh chGt c%a Vnh thac, ta bi0n di, (hai triUn Vnh thac thwo dng, ho4c thwo
ct U biUu di}n Vnh thac c#n tLnh hua c+c Vnh thac c9 cG" bK hPn nhng c9 cTng dWng& 'b 9
ta sx nhn c cFng thac tru6 hi&
s$ dMng cFng thac tru6 hi v tLnh trQc ti0" c+c Vnh thac cTng dWng cG" 2, cG" 3 U su6 ra
Vnh thac c#n tLnh&
V, -.: 'Lnh Vnh thac sau
2 2 2 3 2
3 2 3 3 3
2 3
2 &&&
2 &&&
&&& &&& &&& &&&
&&& 2
n
n
n
n n n n
a b a b a b
a b a b a b
F
a b a b a b
+
+

+
SiJi
'a t+ch Vnh thac thwo ct tha n, ta c
2i 01 t689n t,nh 1
39
Chng 2. Ma trn nh thc
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
3 2 3 2
2 &&& S 2 &&&
&&& S &&&
&&& &&& &&& &&& &&& &&& &&& &&&
&&& 2 S &&& 2
&&& 2 &&&
2 &&& S
&&&
n n n
n n n
n
n n n n n n n n
n n n n n n n n
n
n
a b a b a b a b a b
a b a b a b a b a b
F
a b a b a b a b a b
a b a b a b a b a b
a b a b
a b a b

+ +
+
+ +
+

2 2 2 2 2
3 2 3 2 3
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 &&&
S &&&
&&& &&& &&& &&& &&& &&& &&& &&&
&&& 2 S &&& 2
&&& 2 &&&
n
n
n
n n n n n n n
n n n n n n n
a b a b a
a b a b a
b
a b a b a b a b a
a b a b a b a b a

+
+
+ +
'a (hai triUn Vnh thac #u thwo ct tha n ta c Vnh thac #u bDng 2 n
F
&
Ohcn ct tha n c%a Vnh thac tha 3 v;i
- /
i
b
ri cng vo c+c ct tha i v;i i tPng ang nhn
c+c gi+ trV tb 2, 3, {&, nf2& 'a c9
2
3
2 2
2
2 S &&& S
S 2 &&& S
&&& &&& &&& &&& &&&
S S &&& 2
S S &&& S
n n n n n n
n
n
a
a
F F b F b a
a
a

+ +

'b 9 ta c9 cFng thac tru6 hi 2 n n n n
F F b a

+
& su6 ra,
2 3 2 2 2 3 3 2 2
- / &&& &&&
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
F F b a F b a b a F b a b a b a

+ + + + + + +
,4t (h+c,
2 2 2
2 F b a + & no 9,
2 2 3 3
2 &&&
n n n
F b a b a b a + + + +
t
V, -. 2: \ho
, , a b a b
) 5r6 tLnh Vnh thac sau
S &&& S S
2 &&& S S
&&& &&& &&& &&& &&& &&&
S S S &&&
S S S &&& S
n
a b ab
a b ab
F
a b ab
a b
+
+

+
+
SiJi:
Ehai triUn Vnh thac thwo dng #u ta c
2
2 S &&& S S
S &&& S S
- / &&& &&& &&& &&& &&& &&&
S S S &&&
S S S &&& S
n n
ab
a b ab
F a b F ab
a b ab
a b

+
+
+
+
'i0" tMc (hai triUn Vnh thac sau thwo ct 2 ta c9 2 3
- /
n n n
F a b F abF

+
v;i
= n
& su6 ra,
2 2 3
- /
n n n n
F aF b F aF


-2/
2i 01 t689n t,nh 1
40
Chng 2. Ma trn nh thc
v 2 2 3
- /
n n n n
F bF a F bF


-3/ v;i
= n
" dMng cFng thac tru6 hi trJn ta su6 ra c
'b -2/
3 3
2 2 3 3 = 3 2
- / - / &&&& - /
n n
n n n n n n
F aF b F aF b F aF b F aF b

'b -3/
3 3
2 2 3 3 = 3 2
- / - / &&& - /
n n
n n n n n n
F bF a F bF a F bF a F bF a

l;i
3 3
3
F a b ab + +
v 2
F a b +
su6 ra,
2 2 n n
n
a b
F
a b
+ +

t
?&= Ohng $h$ 5iC6 -i_n 3*nh thH# thnh tLng ## 3*nh thH#
OhiRu Vnh thac cG" n c9 thU tLnh c bDng c+ch t+ch Vnh thac thwo c+c dng -ho4c thwo
c+c ct/ thnh tdng c+c Vnh thac cTng cG"& \+c Vnh thac m;i n6 thng bDng S ho4c tLnh
c d} dng&
V, -.: 'Lnh Vnh thac
2 2 2 3 2
3 2 3 3 3
2 3
2 &&&
2 &&&
&&& &&& &&& &&&
&&& 2
n
n
n
n n n n
a b a b a b
a b a b a b
F
a b a b a b
+
+

+
SiJi:
mi ct c%a n
n
c vi0t thnh tdng c%a hai ct m ta () hi*u l ct loWi 2 v ct loWi 3
nh sau1
2 2 2 3 2
3 2 3 3 3
2 3
2 S &&& S
S 2 &&& S
&&& &&& &&& &&&
S S &&& 2
n
n
n
n n n n
a b a b a b
a b a b a b
F
a b a b a b
+ + +
+ + +

+ + +
-3/ -2/ -3/ -2/ -3/
'a l#n lt t+ch c+c ct c%a Vnh thac, sau n l#n t+ch ta c9
n
F
l tdng c%a
3
n
Vnh thac cG" n&
\t tha i c%a Vnh thac n6 chLnh l ct loWi 2 ho4c loWi 3 c%a ct tha i c%a Vnh thac n
F
& 'a
chia
3
n
Vnh thac thnh = dWng nh sau1
`2ng 1: kao gm c+c Vnh thac c9 tb 3 ct loWi 3 trX lJn, do c+c ct loWi 3 t: l* nJn tGt c
c+c Vnh thac dWng n6 Ru bDng S&
`2ng 2: kao gm c+c Vnh thac c9 ^ng 2 ct loWi 3 cn c+c ct (h+c l ct loWi 2& _i s$
ct tha i c%a Vnh thac n6 l ct loWi 3& Ehi 9 ta c9 Vnh thac dWng n6
2
3
,
2 S &&& &&& S
S 2 &&& &&& S
&&& &&& &&& &&&& &&&& &&&
S S &&& &&& 2
i
i
n i
n i
a b
a b
F
a b

ct -i/
Ehai triUn a"lacw thwo ct tha i ta c9 , n i i i
F a b
&
2i 01 t689n t,nh 1
41
Chng 2. Ma trn nh thc
l c9 tGt c n Vnh thac dWng 3 nJn tdng c+c Vnh thac dWng 3 l
2
n
i i
i
a b

`2ng <: EhFng c9 ct loWi 3 no, tac l tGt c c+c ct c%a Vnh thac l loWi 2 nJn Vnh thac X
dWng n6 l
2 S &&& S
S 2 &&& S
2
&&& &&& &&& &&&
S S &&& 2

l6
2
2
n
n i i
i
F a b

t
@)> Ohng $h$ 5iC6 -i_n 3*nh thH# thnh t,#h ## 3*nh thH#:
_i s$ c#n tLnh Vnh thac F cG" n& 'a sx biUu di}n ma trn tPng ang A c%a F thnh tLch c+c
ma trn vuFng cG" n Pn gin hPn1 A I B&)& Ehi 9, ta c9 F I dwtA I dwt-B#)/IdwtB& dwt )&
'm c dwtB v dwt) ta sx tLnh c F&
V, -.: 'Lnh Vnh thac cG" n, 3 n
2 2 2 3 2
3 2 3 3 3
2 3
2 2 &&& 2
2 2 &&& 2
&&& &&& &&& &&&
2 2 &&& 2
n
n
n n n n
x ' x ' x '
x ' x ' x '
F
x ' x ' x '
+ + +
+ + +

+ + +
SiJi
l;i 3 n ta c9
2
2 2 2 3 2
3 2 3 =
3 2 3 3 3
2
2 3
2 S &&& S 2 2 2 &&& 2
2 2 &&& 2
2 S &&& S &&&
2 2 &&& 2
&&& &&& &&& &&& &&& S S S &&& S
&&& &&& &&& &&&
2 S &&& S &&& &&& &&& &&& &&&
2 2 &&& 2
2 S &&& S S S S &&
n
n
n
n
n n n n
n
x
x ' x ' x '
x ' ' ' '
x ' x ' x '
A
x
x ' x ' x '
x

1
+ + + 1
1
1
1
+ + +
1
1
1
1
1
1
+ + +
]
1
]
& S
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
k \
no 9
3 2 3 2
S , 3
dwt dwt &dwt
- /- /, 3
n
A B )
x x ' ' n
>

'

V, -.: 'Lnh Vnh thac cG" n 3 n

2 2 3 2
3 2 3 3
2 3
sin-3 / sin- / &&& sin- /
sin- / sin-3 / &&& sin- /
&&& &&& &&& &&&
sin- / sin- / &&& sin-3 /
n
n
n n n
F



+ +
+ +

+ +
SiJi:
2i 01 t689n t,nh 1
42
Chng 2. Ma trn nh thc
'a c9
2 2 3 2
3 2 3 3
2 3
2 2
3 3
= =
sin-3 / sin- / &&& sin- /
sin- / sin-3 / &&& sin- /
&&& &&& &&& &&&
sin- / sin- / &&& sin-3 /
sin cos S &&& S
sin cos S &&& S
sin cos S &&& S
&&& &&& &&& &&& &&&
sin cos S &&& S
n
n
n n n
n n
A







+ + 1
1
+ +
1

1
1
+ +
]

2 3 =
3 3 =
cos cos cos &&& cos
sin sin sin &&& sin
& S S S &&& S
&&& &&& &&& &&& &&&
S S S &&& S
n
n


1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
] ]
\BD \CD
'a c9
3
2 3
S , 3
dwt dwt &dwt
sin - /, 3
n
A B )
n
>

'

t
@)@ OO) T,nh 3*nh thH# 5ang ##h Rt a nhPn tb t689n t,nh
O0u mi "h#n t$ c%a ma trn vuFng A cG" n l mt a thac bc nhGt i v;i bi0n < no 9, th
Vnh thac yAy l mt a thac c%a c+c bi0n 9 v;i bc (hFng hu+ n& O0u bDng c+ch no 9, ta tm
c n a thac bc nhGt E
V
, E
W
, X,E
n
c9 nghi*m (h+c nhau sao cho mi E
i
l ;c c%a yAy, th ta c9
thU (0t lun yHy v tLch E
V
E
W
XE
n
sai (h+c nhau mt nhcn t$ hDng s&
V, -.:
'Lnh
S
S
S
S
x ' Y
x Y '
' Y x
Y ' x
Ohn <Kt1
\ng tGt c c+c ct sau vo ct #u tiJn, ta thG6 Vnh thac chia h0t cho x j ' j Y v
S 2
S S 2 S
- /
S S 2 S
S S 2 S
x ' Y x ' Y x ' Y x ' Y
x Y ' x ' Y Y ' Y '
x ' Y
' Y x x ' Y Y x Y x
Y ' x x ' Y ' x ' x
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
O0u nhcn ct tha ba v tha t v;i -f2/ ri cng c ba ct cn lWi vo ct -2/ ta thG6 Vnh thac
chia h0t cho ' j Y f x, tht v6
2i 01 t689n t,nh 1
43
Chng 2. Ma trn nh thc
S 2
S S 2 S
- /
S S 2 S
S S 2 S
x ' Y x ' Y x ' Y x ' Y
x Y ' x Y ' Y ' Y '
x ' Y
' Y x ' Y x Y x Y x
Y ' x x ' Y ' x ' x


+ +
+
+ +
O0u nhcn ct tha hai v ct tha t v;i -f2/ ri cng c = ct vo ct -2/ th Vnh thac chia h0t
cho x m ' j Y
S 2
S S 2 S
- /
S S 2 S
S S 2 S
x ' Y x ' Y x ' Y x ' Y
x Y ' x Y ' Y ' Y '
x ' Y
' Y x ' Y x Y x Y x
Y ' x x ' Y ' x ' x
+
+
+

+
O0u nhcn ct tha hai v ct tha ba cho -f2/ ri cng c ba ct vo ct -2/ ta c Vnh thac chia
h0t cho xA' Z Y&
S 2
S S 2 S
- /
S S 2 S
S S 2 S
x ' Y x ' Y x ' Y x ' Y
x Y ' x Y ' Y ' Y '
x ' Y
' Y x x ' Y Y x Y x
Y ' x Y x ' ' x ' x
+
+
+
+

l6 Vnh thac trJn chia h0t cho -xA'AY)('AYDx)(xD'AY)(xA' Z Y/
'Lch n6 chaa Y
>
v;i h* s -f2/ trong 9 Vnh thac lWi chaa
>
v;i h* s j2& \ho nJn
n I D(xA'AY)('AYDx)(xD'AY)(xA' Z Y)
2i 01 t689n t,nh 1
44
Chng 2. Ma trn nh thc
Bi <: H2ng #Na ma t!n; ##h t,nh h2ng #Na ma t!n
(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
1) *nh ngh+a: \ho A l ma trn cG" m<n (h+c (hFng& [Rng c>a ma trn A l s tQ nhiJn r,
2 minz , | r m n
th`a mrn c+c iRu (i*n sau1
'n tWi Lt nhGt mt Vnh thac con cG" r c%a ma trn A (h+c S&
,!i Vnh thac con cG" l;n hPn r -n0u c9/ c%a ma trn A Ru bDng S&
O9i c+ch (h+c hWng c%a ma trn
S A
chLnh l cG" cao nhGt c%a c+c Vnh thac con (h+c
(hFng c%a ma trn A& 5Wng c%a ma trn A, () hi*u l r-A/ v ran(-A)#
c68 Q#: 5Wng c%a ma trn S bDng S&
2) V, -.:
'm hWng c%a ma trn A sau1
2 3 = S
= 3 2 S
S S ? S
> > > S
A
,a trn A c9 du6 nhGt mt Vnh thac cG" > v n9 bDng S& 'n tWi mt Vnh thac con cG" = c%a
A l
2 3 =
= 3 2 3S S
S S ?

& l6 ran(-A/I=
<) C# t,nh #hMt:
<)1 T,nh #hMt 1: 5Wng c%a ma trn (hFng di hua c+c "hK" bi0n di sau1

NhK" chu6Un vV ma trn& 'ac l

- / - /&
/
ran$ A ran$ A
\+c "hK" bi0n di sP cG" dng ho4c ct&
k` i c+c dng ho4c c+c ct gm ton s S&
k` i c+c dng ho4c c+c ct l td h" tu60n tLnh c%a c+c dng ha6 c+c ct (h+c&
<)2 T,nh #hMt 2: O0u H l ma trn vuFng cG" n th1

- / dwt S ran$ A n A

- / dwt S ran$ A n A <

O0u <6 ra trng h" #u th ta n9i ma trn vuFng A (hFng su6 bi0n&
2i 01 t689n t,nh 1
45
Chng 2. Ma trn nh thc
O0u <6 ra trng h" hai th ta n9i ma trn vuFng A su6 bi0n&
<)< T,nh #hMt <:

O0u A, B l c+c ma trn cTng cG" th

- / ran$ A B ran$A ran$B + +
&

\ho A, B l c+c ma trn sao cho tn tWi tLch AB& Ehi 9,

- / minz , | ran$ AB ran$A ran$B
O0u A tPng Png dng -ct/ v;i B th ran( -A / I ran( -B /
>) C#h t,nh h2ng #Na ma t!n:
>)1 Tdm h2ng #Na ma t!n 5ang $hng $h$ 3*nh thH#
'b Vnh nghva hWng c%a ma trn ta c9 thU su6 ra thut to+n sau U tLnh hWng c%a ma trn A
cG" m<n
- S/ A
&
BQ# 1:
'm mt Vnh thac con cG" ( (h+c S& s ( cng l;n cng tt& _i s$ Vnh thac con cG" (
(h+c (hFng l $
F
&
BQ# 2:
Kt tGt c c+c Vnh thac con cG" (j2 c%a A chaa Vnh thac $
F
& 6 ra = (h n~ng sau1
2& EhFng c9 mt Vnh thac con cG" (j2 no c%a A& Eh n~ng n6 <6 ra (hi ( Iminzm, n|&
Ehi 9 ran(H I (& 'hut to+n (0t th^c&
3& 'Gt c c+c Vnh thac con cG" (j 2 chaa Vnh thac $
F
Ru bDng S & Ehi 9 ran(H I ( v
thut to+n (0t th^c&
=& O0u tn tWi ,mt Vnh thac con cG" (j2 c%a H l 2 $
F
+ chaa Vnh thac con $
F
(h+c S& Ehi
9 ta l" lWi b;c 3 v;i 2 $
F
+ tha6 cho vV trL c%a $
F
& 'i0" tMc nh v6 0n (hi <6 ra trng h"
2 ho4c 3 th thut to+n (0t th^c&
V, -.: 'Lnh hWng c%a ma trn sau1
2 3 3 2 >
2 2 2 2 =
2 = = 3 3
3 2 2 S 2
A
1
1

1
1
]
SiJi:
Kt ma trn tWo bXi hai dng #u
2 3
2 2
A
1

]
c9 Vnh thac dwtA I =&
'a <Kt ti0" ma trn tWo bXi c+c ct 2, 3, > v dng 2, 3, = ta c9 ma trn
2 3 2
2 2 2
2 = 3
B
1
1

1
1
]
chaa
ma trn A v c9 dwtB I 2&
2i 01 t689n t,nh 1
46
Chng 2. Ma trn nh thc
'i0" tMc <Kt c+c ma trn con cG" > chaa ma trn B th c9 hai ma trn B
2
v B
3
2
2 3 3 2
2 2 2 2
2 = = 3
3 2 2 S
B
1
1

1
1
]

3
2 3 2 >
2 2 2 =
2 = 3 3
3 2 S 2
B
1
1

1
1
]
l6 dwtB
2
v dwtB
3
Ru bDng S& \ hai Vnh thac n6 Ru bDng S& no 9 ran(A I =&t
Nh!n ?%t:
li*c tLnh hWng ma trn bDng s$ dMng Vnh thac (h+ "hac tW" nJn trong thQc t0 ta thng Lt
s$ dMng "hPng "h+" n6, m ngi ta thng s$ dMng "hPng "h+" tm hWng ma trn bDng
c+ch s$ dMng c+c "hK" bi0n di tPng Png trJn ma trn&
>)2 Tdm h2ng #Na ma t!n 5ang ##h 0b -.ng ## $h%$ 5i9n 3Li 0 #M$ \OO) Sa600D
>)2)1 Nh!n ?%t: ,a trn A cG" m<n (h+c (hFng c g!i l ma trn bc thang n0u tn tWi
mt s tQ nhiJn r th`a
2 minz , | r m n
th`a c+c iRu (i*n sau1
-2/ r dng #u (h+c S& \+c dng tha r j2 trX i -n0u c9/ Ru bDng S&
-3/ Kt dng tha ( v;i
2 $ r
& O0u
$
$i
a
l "h#n t$ #u tiJn bJn tr+i -tLnh tb tr+i sang "hi/
(h+c (hFng c%a dng ( th ta "hi c9 2 3
&&&
r
i i i < < <
&
\+c "h#n t$
$
$i
a
c g!i l c+c 5hPn tK (,nh dOu c%a ma trn A& \+c ct chaa c+c "h#n t$
c +nh dGu 2 3
z , ,&&&, |
r
i i i
g!i l ct (,nh dOu c%a ma trn A&
eiRu (i*n -3/ c9 thU "h+t biUu lWi1 O0u i tb trJn <ung th c+c "h#n t$ c +nh dGu "hi
lTi d#n vR bJn "hi& no 9, ma trn bc thang c9 dWng nh sau1
2
3
2
3
S&&&S &&& &&&& &&& &&&&
S&&&S S&&&S &&& &&& &&&
&&& &&& &&& &&& &&& &&&&
&&& &&& &&& &&& &&&
S&&&S S&&S S&&&S &&& S&&&S S&&&S
&&& &&& &&& &&& &&& &&&
S&&&S S&&S S&&S S&&S S&&&S S&&&S
r
i
i
ri
a
a
A
a
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
]
>)2)2 Nh!n ?%t:
O0u A l ma trn bc thang th s r c+c dng (h+c S trong Vnh nghva chLnh l ran(A& 5a6
ran(A I r&
'ht v6 ch: c9 Vnh thac con cG" r c%a A (h+c S chLnh l Vnh thac r
F
tWo ra bXi r dng #u
v r ct +nh dGu bXi c+c ct 2 3
z , ,&&&, |
r
i i i
&
Ogoi ra, c+c Vnh thac con cG" r j2 c%a A Ru tWo bXi r j 2 dng no 9 nJn c9 Lt nhGt mt
dng bDng (hFng& no 9, ch^ng Ru bDng S&
>)2)< V, -.: \+c ma trn bc thang
2i 01 t689n t,nh 1
47
Chng 2. Ma trn nh thc
2 = 3 B
S = B S
S S S 2
S S S S
A
1
1
1

1
1
]
Ehi 9 ran(A I = -bDng s dng (h+c S c%a A/
2 2 3 = > S
S 2 B S S A
S S S = S @
S S S S S A
S S S S S S
B
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
& Ehi 9 ran( B I > -kDng s dng (h+c S c%a B/&
>)2)> Nhe# E2i ## $h%$ 5i9n 3Li 0 #M$ t'n ma t!n
ka "hK" bi0n di sau c6 c g!i l "hK" bi0n di sP cG" trJn dng c%a ma trn1
edi chd hai dng cho nhau.
Ohcn mt dng cho mt s (h+c S.
Ohcn mt dng cho mt s bGt (o ri cng vo dng (h+c&
O0u tha6 tb dng bDng tb ct, ta c9 c+c "hK" bi0n di sP cG" trJn ct&
>)2) @ Tdm h2ng #Na ma t!n 5ang $hng $h$ 0b -.ng ## $h%$ 5i9n 3Li 0 #M$
Oi dung c%a "hPng "h+" n6 c dQa trJn 3 nhn <Kt sau1
\+c "hK" bi0n di sP cG" (hFng lm tha6 di hWng c%a ma trn.
,t ma trn (h+c ma trn S bGt (o Ru c9 thU a vR dWng ma trn bc thang sau mt s
hu hWn "hK" bi0n di sP cG" trJn dng&
l6 mun tm hWng c%a ma trn A, ta sx dTng c+c "hK" bi0n di sP cG" a ma trn A vR
dWng bc thang, tb 9 su6 ra hWng c%a ma trn A bDng hWng c%a ma trn bc thang v bDng ^ng
s dng (h+c S c%a n9&
>)2)A Th6!t t&n 3C 3a ma t!n =h# f 5Mt =g "^ -2ng ma t!n 5!# thang 5ang ##
$h%$ 5i9n 3Li 0 #M$:
aD Th6!t t&n:
Kt ma trn
22 23 2
32 33 3
2 3
&&&
&&&
&&&
n
n
m m mn
a a a
a a a
A
a a a
1
1
1

1
1
]
M M O M
BQ# 1:

kDng c+ch di ch hai dng cho nhau n0u c#n U 22

S a
&

'a nhcn dng -2/ v;i

32
22
a
a

ri cng vo dng -3/&

'a nhcn dng -2/ v;i

=2
22
a
a

ri cng vo dng -=/&

{
2i 01 t689n t,nh 1
48
Chng 2. Ma trn nh thc

'a nhcn dng -2/ v;i

2
22
m
a
a

ri cng vo dng -m/&

Ehi 9 ta nhn c ma trn
22 23 2
33 3
2 =3 =
3
&&& &&&
S &&& &&&
S &&& &&&
S &&& &&&
n
n
n
m mn
a a a
b b
A b b
b b
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
M M O O M
Nh!n ?%t: X ma trn 2
A
th ch: c9 gi+ trV 22
S a
cn tGt c c+c "h#n t$ (h+c c%a ct 2 Ru
bDng S&
ChR F: O0u X ma trn A ban #u m!i "h#n t$ X ct 2 Ru bDng S th ta c9 thU b` hua ct 2
m thQc hi*n b;c 2 i v;i ct (0 ti0"&
BQ# 2: Kt ma trn
33 3= 3
=3 == =
3 =
&&&
&&&
&&&
n
n
m m mn
b b b
b b b
B
b b b
1
1
1

1
1
]
M M O M
O0u ma trn B c9 dWng bc thang, ho4c ma trn B I S th su6 ra ma trn A
2
c9 dWng bc
thang v thut to+n (0t th^c& 'rong trng h" ngc lWi, th thQc hi*n b;c 2 cho ma trn k&
l ma trn B c9 Lt hPn ma trn A
2
dng v 2 ct, nJn thut to+n sx (0t th^c sau mt s hu hWn
c+c b;c l4"&
5D V, -.:
'Lnh hWng c%a ma trn
S 2 = > @
2 = > ? 3
= ? 3 = >
3 = ? @ >
A
1
1

1
1

]
SiJi:
= 2 = 2 3
> 2 >
=
3
2 = > ? 3 2 = > ? 3
S 2 = > @ S 2 = > @
= ? 3 = > S > 2S 23 3
3 = ? @ > S = 2= 2@ B
d d d d d
d d d
A
+
+
1 1
1 1
1 1

1 1
1 1

] ]
= 3 = > > =
> 3 >
>
=
2 = > ? 3 2 = > ? 3
S 2 = > @ S 2 = > @
S S 33 3B 3@ S S 33 3B 3@
S S 33 3B 3@ S S S S S
d d d d d d
d d d
+
+
1 1
1 1
1 1

1 1
1 1
] ]
l6 ran(A I =t
V, -. 2: 'Lnh hWng c%a ma trn sau1
2i 01 t689n t,nh 1
49
Chng 2. Ma trn nh thc
2 2 &&& 2
2 2 &&& 2
2 2 2 &&&
a
a
B
a
1
1
1

1
1
]
M M M O M
SiJi:
3 3 2
2 3 = = = 2
2
&&&
&&&
- 2/ 2 2 &&& 2 - 2/ 2 2 &&& 2
- 2/ 2 &&& 2 S 2 S &&& S
- 2/ 2 2 &&& S S S &&& 2
n
n n
d d d
c c c c d d d
d d d
a n a n
a n a a
B )
a n a a

+ + +

+ + 1 1
1 1
+
1 1

1 1
1 1
+
] ]
M M M O M M M M O M
O0u
-2 /, 2 a n a
th ma trn \ l ma trn bc thang cG" n& Ehi 9, ran(k I ran(\ I n&
O0u a I 2 th ma trn \ l ma trn bc thang& Ehi 9 ran( k I ran(\ I 2&
O0u a I 2 m n th (hi 9
S 2 2 &&& 2
S S &&& S
S S S &&&
n
)
n
1
1

1
1

]
M M M O M
& Ehi 9 \ l ma trn bc thang c9 Vnh thac cG" n m 2 (h+c S, 9 l
Vnh thac
2
S S S
S S S
- / S
S S S
n
n
n
n
n

M M O M
v dwt \ I S&
no 9, ran(k I ran( \ I n m 2& t
V, -. <
'm iRu (i*n c%a m U hWng ma trn sau bDng 2&
2 = >
3 @
= C 23
A m
1
1

1
1
]
SiJi
Ohn thG6 ma trn A c9 hai dng 2 v = t: l* v;i nhau, do 9 U ma trn c9 hWng bDng 2 th
m I B&
Nh!n ?%t: no
- / - /
/
ran$ A ran$ A
nJn ta c9 thU tha6 th0 c+c "hK" bi0n di trJn dng bXi c+c
"hK" bi0n di trJn ct U a ma trn A vR dWng bc thang tb 9 su6 ra hWng c%a ma trn A&
2i 01 t689n t,nh 1
50
Chng 2. Ma trn nh thc
Bi >: Ma t!n ngh*#h 3J&
((((((((((((((((((((((
1) C# =hi nim:
\ho
- /
n
A M 0
, ma trn A c g!i l $h6 ngh*ch tr,i n0u tn tWi ma trn
- /
n
B M 0
sao
cho
&
n
B A +
&
'Png tQ ma trn A c g!i l $h6 ngh*ch 5h6i n0u tn tWi ma trn
- /
n
) M 0
sao cho
&
n
A) +
&
,a trn A c g!i l ma trn $h6 ngh*ch n0u A l ma trn (h nghVch tr+i v (h nghVch
"hi tac l tn tWi ma trn B vuFng cG" n sao cho AB I BA I +
n
-2/, v;i +
n
l ma trn Pn vV&
O0u A l ma trn (h nghVch th ma trn B th`a iRu (i*n -2/ l du6 nhGt v ma trn B c
g!i l ma trn ngh*ch (6& c%a ma trn A, () hi*u A
f2
&
l6
2 2
n
AA A A +


&
2) V, -.:
\ho ma trn
= > @
S 2 2
3 = >
A
_

,
v
2 3 3
3 S =
3 2 =
B
1
1

1
1
]
'a c9 thU (iUm tra c n
AB BA +
& no 9 ma trn A (h nghVch v ma trn nghVch o
c%a n9 l ma trn B&
<) C# t,nh #hMt:
f H (h nghVch

A l ma trn (hFng su6 bi0n, tac l

dwt S& A
f O0u A v B l hai ma trn (h nghVch th tLch AB cpng l ma trn (h nghVch v
2 2 2
- / AB B A

&
2i 01 t689n t,nh 1
51
Chng 2. Ma trn nh thc
Nh!n ?%t: \ho
- /
n
A M 0
(hi 9,
i/
A (h nghVch tr+i

A (h nghVch "hi

A (h nghVch&
ii/ O0u A (h nghVch th
2 2
y y y y A A

iii/ O0u A c9 2 dng -ho4c 2 ct / bDng S th A (hFng (h nghVch&

iv/ O0u A (h nghVch th
2
, , - , S/
/
A A A 0

cpng (h nghVch v
( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 2 2
2
. - / . - /
/
/
A A A A A A

>) *nh EF:
78u 2 3
, ,&&&, - /
$ n
A A A M 0
$h6 ngh*ch th; t?ch 2 3
&&&
$
A A A
cHng $h6 ngh*ch v:
2 2 2 2 2
2 3 2 3 2
- &&&& / & &&& &
$ $ $
A A A A A A A

@ C# $hng $h$ tdm ma t!n ngh*#h 3J&

@)1 Ohng $h$ tdm ma t!n ngh*#h 3J& 5ang ##h 0b -.ng 3*nh thH#
@)1)1 OhZn 5[ 32i 01 W Ma t!n $h. hh$ #Na ma t!n
\ho A 9 ma trn vuFng cG" n, n0u ta b` i dng i v ct j c%a ma trn A ta c ma trn
con cG" nf2 c%a ma trn A () hi*u ij
M
& Ehi 9,
- 2/ dwt- /
i j
ij ij
A M
+

c g!i l 5hPn bQ (Ri s
c%a "h#n t$ nDm X dng i v ct Z c%a ma trn A&
,a trn
22 32 2 22 23 2
23 33 3 32 33 3
2 3 2 3
&&& &&&
&&& &&&
&&& &&&
/
n n
n n
A
n n nn n n nn
A A A A A A
A A A A A A
\
A A A A A A
1 1
1 1
1 1

1 1
1 1
] ]
M M O M M M O M
c g!i l ma trn 5h] hS5 c%a
ma trn A&
V, -.:
\ho
2 2 2
2 3 =
2 > C
A
1
1

1
1
]
(hi 9
2 2
22
3 =
- 2/ @
> C
A
+

.
2 3
23
2 =
- 2/ @
2 C
A
+

.
2 =
2=
2 3
- 2/ 3
2 >
A
+

3 2
32
2 2
- 2/ ?
> C
A
+

.
3 3
33
2 2
- 2/ B
2 C
A
+

.
3 =
3=
2 2
- 2/ =
2 >
A
+

= 2
=2
2 2
- 2/ 2
3 =
A
+

.
= 3
=3
2 2
- 2/ 3
2 =
A
+

.
= =
==
2 2
- 2/ 2
2 3
A
+

su6 ra ma trn "hM h"
@ ? 2
@ B 3
3 = 2
A
\
1
1

1
1
]
@)1)2Th6!t t&n tdm ma t!n ngh*#h 3J& #Na ma t!n A:
O0u dwt A I S th A (hFng (h nghVch, tac l A sx (hFng c9 ma trn nghVch o&
2i 01 t689n t,nh 1
52
Chng 2. Ma trn nh thc
O0u
dwt S A
th A (h nghVch v
2
2
dwt
A
A \
A

&
@)1)< V, -.:
a/ 'm ma trn nghVch o c%a ma trn sau1
2 3 2
S 2 2
2 3 =
A
1
1

1
1
]
SiJi:
'a c9 dwtH I 3& l6 H (h nghVch&
'm ma trn "hM h" N
H
c%a H&
2 2
22
2 2
- 2/ 2
3 =
A
+

,
2 3
23
S 2
- 2/ 2
2 =
A
+

,
2 =
2=
S 2
- 2/ 2
2 3
A
+

,

3 2
32
3 2
- 2/ >
3 =
A
+

,
3 3
33
2 2
- 2/ 3
2 =
A
+

,
3 =
3=
2 3
- 2/ S
2 3
A
+

= 2
=2
3 2
- 2/ 2
2 2
A
+

,
= 3
=3
2 2
- 2/ 2
S 2
A
+

,
= =
==
2 3
- 2/ 2
S 2
A
+

su6 ra,
2 > 2
2 3 2
2 S 2
A
\
1
1

1
1
]
& no 9,
2
2 > 2 2 3 3 2 3
2
2 3 2 2 3 2 2 3
3
2 S 2 2 3 S 2 3
A

1 1
1 1

1 1
1 1
] ]
t
5D \ho ma trn
2 3 3
3 3 ?
2 2
A m m
m m
1
1

1
1 +
]
& 'm iRu (i*n c%a m U A (h nghVch&
_ii1
eU A (h nghVch th
dwt S - 2/- =/ S A m m
& l6 A (h nghVch (hi v ch: (hi
2 m
v
= m
&
Nh!n ?%t:
ei v;i vi*c tm ma trn nghVch o c%a mt Vnh thac A c9 cG" n Y = ta sx "hi tLnh mt
Vnh thac cG" n v
3
n Vnh thac cG" n m 2& no 9, "hPng "h+" n6 (hFng hi*u hu i v;i
nhng Vnh thac cG" l;n& no 9 v;i nhng Vnh thac cG" n Y= ta thng s$ dMng "hPng "h+"
sau1
@)2 Ohng $h$ tdm ma t!n ngh*#h 3J& -ia "& ## $h%$ 5i9n 3Li 0 #M$ \$$ Sa600D
eU tm ma trn nghVch o c%a ma trn vuFng A cG" n ta l" ma trn c9 cG" n<3n sau c61
22 23 2
32 33 3
2 3
&&& 2 S &&& S
&&& S 2 &&& S
&&& S S &&& 2
n
n
n
n n nn
a a a
a a a
A +
a a a
1
1
1
1
]
1
1
1
]
M M O M M M O M
2i 01 t689n t,nh 1
53
Chng 2. Ma trn nh thc
sau 9 ta s$ dMng c+c "hK" bi0n di sP cG" trJn dng U a ma trn
[ ]
y
n
A +
vR dWng
[ ]
y
n
+ B
&
Ehi 9, ma trn B chLnh l ma trn nghVch o c%a ma trn A&
ChR F: O0u trong hu+ trnh bi0n di n0u v0 bJn tr+i c%a ma trn <uGt hi*n ton s S th ma
trn A (hFng (h nghVch&
V, -.: 'm ma trn nghVch o c%a ma trn sau1
S 2 2 2
2 S 2 2
2 2 S 2
2 2 2 S
A
1
1
1

1
1
]
SiJi:
Kt ma trn sau1
2 2
2 2 3 = >
3 3 2
= = 2
> >
2
=
S 2 2 2 2 S S S = = = = 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 = 2 = 2 = 2 =
2 S 2 2 S 2 S S 2 S 2 2 S 2 S S 2 S 2 2 S 2 S S
2 2 S 2 S S 2 S 2 2 S 2 S S 2 S 2 2 S 2 S S 2 S
2 2 2 S S S S 2 2 2 2 S S S S 2 2 2 2 S S S S 2
d d
d d d d d
d d d
d d d
d d

+ + +



1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1

1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
] ] ]
2 2 3 = >
2
2 2 2 2 2 = 2 = 2 = 2 = 2 S S S 3 = 2 = 2 = 2 =
S 2 S S 2 = 3 = 2 = 2 = S 2 S S 2 = 3 = 2 = 2 =
S S 2 S 2 = 2 = 3 = 2 = S S 2 S 2 = 2 = 3 = 2 =
S S S 2 2 = 2 = 2 = 3 = S S S 2 2 = 2 = 2 = 3 =
d d d d d
d
+ + +
1
1

1

1

1

1
]
3 3
= =
> >
2 S S S 3 = 2 = 2 = 2 =
S 2 S S 2 = 3 = 2 = 2 =
S S 2 S 2 = 2 = 3 = 2 =
S S S 2 2 = 2 = 2 = 3 =
d d
d d
d d

1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1
1

1
]
l6 ma trn nghVch o c%a ma trn A l
2
3 = 2 = 2 = 2 =
2 = 3 = 2 = 2 =
2 = 2 = 3 = 2 =
2 = 2 = 2 = 3 =
A

1
1

1
1

]
t
-sinh viJn c9 thU dTng "hPng "h+" 2 U tLnh lWi ma trn nghVch o c%a ma trn A/&
>)< Ohng $h$ tdm ma t!n ngh*#h 3J& 5ang ##h giJi h $hng tdnh
\ho ma trn vuFng A cG" n ta c91
22 23 2
32 33 3
2 3
&&&
&&&
&&&
n
n
n n nn
a a a
a a a
A
a a a
1
1
1

1
1
]
M M O M
eU tm ma trn nghVch o
2
A

, ta l" h* "hPng trnh

2i 01 t689n t,nh 1
54
Chng 2. Ma trn nh thc
22 2 23 3 2 2
32 2 33 3 3 3
2 2 3 3
&&&
&&&
-2/
&&&
n n
n n
n n nn n n
a x a x a x '
a x a x a x '
a x a x a x '
+ + +

+ + +

'

+ + +

M
'rong 9 2 3
, ,&&&,
n
x x x
l c+c bi0n v 2 3
, ,&&&,
n
' ' '
l c+c tham s&
f O0u v;i m!i tham s 2 3
, ,&&&,
n
' ' '
th h* -2/ luFn c9 nghi*m du6 nhGt
2 22 2 23 3 2
3 32 2 33 3 3
2 2 3 3
&&&
&&&
&&&
n n
n n
n n n nn n
x b ' b ' b '
x b ' b ' b '
x b ' b ' b '
+ + +

+ + +

'

+ + +

M
Ehi 9,
22 23 2
32 33 3 2
2 3
&&&
&&&
&&&
n
n
n n nn
b b b
b b b
A
b b b

1
1
1

1
1
]
M M O M
f O0u tn tWi 2 3
, ,&&&,
n
' ' '
U h* -2/ vF nghi*m ha6 c9 vF s nghi*m th ma trn A (hFng (h
nghVch&
V, -.: 'm ma trn nghVch o c%a ma trn
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
a
a
A
a
a
1
1
1

1
1
]
SiJi
'a l" h* "hPng trnh sau1
2 3 = > 2
2 3 = > 3
2 3 = > =
2 3 = > >
-2/
-3/

-=/
->/
ax x x x '
x ax x x '
x x ax x '
x x x ax '
+ + +

+ + +

'
+ + +

+ + +

\ng hai v0 c%a h* "hPng trnh ta c9

2 3 = > 2 3 = >
- =/- / - / a x x x x ' ' ' ' + + + + + + +
-/
O0u a I f= ta c9 thU ch!n c+c tham s 2 3 = >
, , , ' ' ' '
sao cho 2 3 = >
S ' ' ' ' + + +
& Ehi 9 -/ vF
nghi*m nJn h* "hPng trnh trJn vF nghi*m su6 ra ma trn A (hFng (h nghVch&
O0u
= a
th tb -/ ta c9 2 3 = > 2 3 = >
2
- =/
x x x x ' ' ' '
a
+ + + + + +

-/&
'a l#n lt lG6 c+c dng -2/, -3/, -=/, ->/ trb cho -/ th
2i 01 t689n t,nh 1
55
Chng 2. Ma trn nh thc
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2 3 = >
3 2 3 = >
= 2 3 = >
> 2 3 = >
2
- 2/ - 3/
=
2
- 2/ - 3/
=
2
- 2/ - 3/
=
2
- 2/ - 3/
=
a x a ' ' ' '
a
a x ' a ' ' '
a
a x ' ' a ' '
a
a x ' ' ' a '
a
+
+
+ +
+
+ +
+
+ +
+
Nh!n ?%t:
f O0u a I 2 ta c9 thU ch!n c+c gi+ trV c%a c+c tham s 2 3 = >
, , , ' ' ' '
sao cho
2 3 = >
- 3/ S a ' ' ' ' +
(hi 9 h* "hPng trnh vF nghi*m do 9 A (hFng (h nghVch&
f O0u
2 a
th
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2 3 = >
3 2 3 = >
= 2 3 = >
> 2 3 = >
2
- 3/
- 2/- =/
2
- 3/
- 2/- =/
2
- 3/
- 2/- =/
2
- 3/
- 2/- =/
x a ' ' ' '
a a
x ' a ' ' '
a a
x ' ' a ' '
a a
x ' ' ' a '
a a
+
+
+ +
+
+ +
+
+ +
+
Ehi 9, ch!n c+c gi+ trV cho c+c tham s 2 3 = >
, , , ' ' ' '
l 2 ta c9 ma trn nghVch o c%a ma trn
A l1
2
- 3/ 2 2 2
2 - 3/ 2 2
2
2 2 - 3/ 2 - 2/- =/
2 2 2 - 3/
a
a
A
a a a
a

+ 1
1
+
1

1 + +
1
+
]
K9t E6!n:
O0u a I f=, a I 2 th ma trn A (hFng (h nghVch&
O0u
2, = a a
th ma trn A (h nghVch v ma trn nghVch o c%a A c <+c Vnh bXi cFng
thac
2
- 3/ 2 2 2
2 - 3/ 2 2
2
2 2 - 3/ 2 - 2/- =/
2 2 2 - 3/
a
a
A
a a a
a

+ 1
1
+
1

1 + +
1
+
]
t
A) ng -.ng "!n -.ng ma t!n ngh*#h 3J& 3C giJi m/t $hng tdnh ma t!n:
Kt "hPng trnh ma trn A^ I B#
O0u A (h nghVch th
2
^ A B

V, -. 1:
2i 01 t689n t,nh 1
56
Chng 2. Ma trn nh thc
\ho ma trn
2 3
= >
3 2 2 3
. .
? = = >
x x
A ^ B
x x
1 1 1

1 1 1
] ] ]
& 5r6 gii "t
A^ B
SiJi
l
dwt S A
nJn A (h nghVch v
2
= 2
? 3
A

]
2
S 3
2 3
^ A B

1

1

]
V, -. 2:
_ii "hPng trnh ma trn sau1
2 3 3 A = S
= 3 > @ B >
3 2 S 2 S ?
^
1 1
1 1

1 1
1 1
] ]
sinh viJn tQ lm nh bi t" nh`&
Tjm tet Chng
'rong chPng n6, ch^ng ta lm huwn v;i mt s (h+i ni*m m;i trong Wi s tu60n tLnh, 9
l ma trn, Vnh thac v nhng (i0n thac liJn huan nh1 hWng ma trn, ma trn nghVch o& ec6
l ni dung cP bn lm nRn tng U h!c tt c+c chPng sau nh1 gii h* "hPng trnh tu60n
tLnh, (hFng gian vwctor&
5!c <ong chPng n6, sinh viJn c#n tr li c c+c ccu h`i sau1
2& ,a trn l g O9 (h+c v;i mt s nh th0 no \9 nhng "hK" bi0n di no trJn ma
trn Ohng "hK" to+n trJn ma trn nh1 "hK" cng hai ma trn, "hK" nhcn ma trn v;i mt s,
"hK" nhcn hai ma trn c thQc hi*n nh th0 no
3& eVnh thac l g \9 nhng tLnh chGt g \+ch tLnh Vnh thac cG" n
=& 5Wng c%a ma trn l g \+c "hPng "h+" tm hWng c%a ma trn
>& ,a trn nghVch o l g eiRu (i*n U mt ma trn c9 ma trn nghVch o \+c "hPng
"h+" tm ma trn nghVch o
Bk TO
2& \ho c+c ma trn
3 2 2
S 2 >
A
1

]
v
3 2 S
= 3 3
B
1

]
& 'Lnh
2i 01 t689n t,nh 1
57
Chng 2. Ma trn nh thc
a/ =H j 3k.
b/ >H m =k.
c/
/
A
.
d/
,
/ /
A A AA
&
3& 'Lnh c+c tLch c%a c+c ma trn sau1
a/
2 = 3 2 > ?
= > 2 S 3 A
3 ? = = 3 2
1 1
1 1

1 1
1 1
] ]
. b/
A
? S 3 =
=
> 2 ? =
3
= 2 2 3
2
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
]
]
. c/
S S 2
2 3
2 3 =
3 3
3 3 = A
2
= = >
i
i
i
i
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1
1
]
]
>& 'Lnh
,
$
A $
v;i H l c+c ma trn sau1
a/
3 2
= 3
A
1

]
. b/
2
S 2
A
1

1
]
. c/
S
A

1
]
. d/
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
A
1
1

1
1
]
.
w/
2 2 2
S 2 2
S S 2
A
1
1

1
1
]
. /
S S
S S
S S
A

1
1

1
1
]
g/
2 2 S
S 2 2
S S 2
A
1
1

1
1
]
?& \ho
=
- / A ? E x x x +
v
3
- / 3 = > g x x x +
& 5r6 tLnh E-H/, g-H/ v E-H/&g-H/ v;i H l c+c
ma trn trong bi t" >&
@& 'Lnh Hk m kH trong c+c trng h" sau1
a/
2 3 3 =
.
> 2 > 2
A B
1 1

1 1

] ]
b/
3 = 2 2 3 3 2
= 2 S . S 2 3
2 3 2 = 2 2
i i
A i B
i i
+ 1 1
1 1

1 1
1 1 +
] ]
c/
2 2 2 A ? =
S 2 2 , S A ?
S S 2 S S A
A B
1 1
1 1

1 1
1 1
] ]
A& a/ 'm tGt c c+c ma trn vuFng cG" 3 giao ho+n v;i ma trn
2 3
S 2
A
1

1
]
.
b/ 'm tGt c c+c ma trn vuFng cG" = giao ho+n v;i ma trn
2 S 2
S 2 3
S S 3
B
1
1

1
1
]
&
B& \ho
- . / A M n 0
ta g!i tdng
2
n
ii
i
a

l v0t c%a ma trn H, () hi*u 'r-A/& \hang minh rDng

, - . / A B M n 0
th
a/ 'r-A j B/ I 'r-A/ j 'r-B/.
2i 01 t689n t,nh 1
58
Chng 2. Ma trn nh thc
b/ 'r-AB/ I 'r-BA/&
'b 9 su6 ra (hFng tn tWi
, - . / A B M n 0
sao cho AB m BA I
n
&
C& \ho
- . / A M n 0
sao cho
3
S A , 4t n
B A + +
& l;i
$
, tLnh c+c biUu thac sau thwo A v
+
n
&
a/
.
$
B
b/
3
&&& .
$
$ n
< + B B B + + + +
c/ 'Lnh $
<
(hi
A >
C ?
B
1

]
&
2S& 'Lnh c+c Vnh thac sau1
a/
3 = 3
S = C
= 2 A
. b/
2 2 =
3 > ?
S = A

. c/
3 = >
? @ A
B C 2
i i i
i i i
i i i
+ + + 1
1
+ + +
1
1 + + +
]
. d/
3 = >
S = 2
2 3 S
i i i
i
i
+ +
+

&
22& 'Lnh



trong 9
, ,
l c+c nghi*m c%a "hPng trnh
=
S x 5x G + +
&
23& 'Lnh c+c Vnh thac sau1
a/
3 2 2
2 3 2
2 2 3
2 2 2
x
'
Y
t
b/
2 2 2 2
2 3 = >
2 = ? A
2 > 2S 3S
c/
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
a
a
a
a

d/
S 2 2 2
2 S
2 S
2 S
a b
a c
b c
w/
2 2 S S
2 2 2 S
S 2 2 2
S S 2 2
/
2 3 = >
3 = > 2
= > 2 3
> 2 3 =
g/
2 2 2 S
2 2 S 2
2 S 2 2
S 2 2 2
h/
S 2
S 2
2 S
2 S
a b
a b
a b
b a
2=& _ii "hPng trnh
3 =
2
2 3 > B
S
2 = C 3A
2 > 2@ @>
x x x

&
2>& H& \hang minh rDng c+c Vnh thac sau bDng S&
a/
2
2
2
a b c
b c a
c a b
+
+
+
b/
sin cos sin- /
sin cos sin- /
sin cos sin- /



+
+
+
c/
3 3 3
3 3 3
3 3 3
- /
- /
- /
ab a b a b
bc b c b c
ac c a c a
+ +
+ +
+ +
d/
2 3 3
2 3 =
2 3 >
2 3 @
a a x
b b x
c c x
d d x
+
+
+
+
w/
x 5 ax b5
' G a' bG
Y r aY br
+
+
+
/
2
2
2
3
a b c
b c a
c a b
c b b a a c + + +
2i 01 t689n t,nh 1
59
Chng 2. Ma trn nh thc
h/
3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3
- 2/ - 3/ - =/
- 2/ - 3/ - =/
- 2/ - 3/ - =/
- 2/ - 3/ - =/
a a a a
b b b b
c c c c
d d d d
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
k& \hang minh
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
= = = = = = = = =
3
a b b c c a a b c
a b b c c a a b c
a b b c c a a b c
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
2?& \ho
- . / A M n 0
, n l& \hang minh rDng n0u H l ma trn "hn <ang th dwtH I S&
2@& \hang minh1
=
3 3
/ 3 3 - /
3 3
a b c a a
a b b c a b a b c
c c c a b

+ +

b/
3 3 3
3 3 3 =
3 3 3
- /
- / 3 - /
- /
b c b c
a c a c abc a b c
a b a b
+
+ + +
+
2A& 'Lnh Vnh thac sau1
a/
2 3 =
2 3 =
2 3 =
2 3 =
2 &&&
2 &&&
2 &&&
&&& 2
n
n
n
n
a a a a
a a a a
a a a a
a a a a
+
+
+
+
M M M O M
b/
S 2 2 &&& 2
2 S &&&
2 S &&&
2 &&& S
x x
x x
x x
M M M O M
c/
2 3 = &&&
2 S = &&&
2 3 S &&&
&&& &&& &&& &&& &&&&
2 3 = &&& S
n
n
n

d/
? = S S &&& S S
3 ? = S &&& S S
S 3 ? = &&& S S
&&&& &&&& &&&& &&& &&&& &&& &&&
&&&& &&&& &&&& &&&& &&& &&&& &&&&
S S S S &&& ? =
S S S S &&& 3 ?
w/
2
3
&&&
&&&
&&&
n
a x x
x a x
x x a
M M O M
/
2 2 2 3 2
3 2 3 3 3
2 3
cos- / cos- / &&& cos- /
cos- / cos- / &&& cos- /
cos- / cos- / &&& cos- /
n
n
n n n n






M M O M

2i 01 t689n t,nh 1
60
Chng 2. Ma trn nh thc
2 3
3 3 3
2 3
2 2 2
2 3
2 2 &&& 2
&&&
/ &&&
&&&
n
n
n n n
n
x x x
i x x x
x x x

M M O M
2 2 S S &&& S S
2 2 2 S &&& S S
/ S 2 2 2 &&& S S
S S S S &&& 2 2
$

M M M M O M M
= > S &&& S
2 = > &&& S
/ S 2 = &&& S
&&& &&&& &&& &&& &&&
S S S &&& =
9

2 3 = &&& 2
3 = > &&& 2
= > ? &&& 2 3
/
&&& &&& &&& &&& &&& &&&
&&& &&& &&& &&&& &&&& &&&
2 3 &&& 3 2
n n
n
m
n n n

2B& 'Lnh Vnh thac cG" 3n sau c6
S &&& S S S &&&
S &&& S S S &&& S
&&& &&& &&& &&& &&& &&& &&& &&&
S S &&& S &&& S
/
S S &&& S &&& S
S S &&& S S &&& S
&&& &&& &&& &&& &&& &&& &&& &&&
S &&& S S S &&&
a b
a
a b
a
b a
a
b a
\h^ )1 tGt c c+c "h#n t$ trJn ng chKo chLnh l a, tGt c c+c "h#n t$ trJn ng chKo "hM l
b cn tGt c c+c "h#n t$ cn lWi l bDng S&
2 2
3 3
2 2
3 3
S &&& S S &&& S
S &&& S S &&& S
&&& &&& &&& &&& &&& &&& &&& &&&
S S &&& S S &&&
/
S &&& S S &&& S
S &&& S S &&& S
&&& &&& &&& &&& &&& &&& &&& &&&
S S &&& S S &&&
n n
n n
a b
a b
a b
b
c d
c d
c d
2C/ 'm hWng c%a c+c ma trn sau1
> = ? 3 =
B @ A > 3
/
> = B 3 A
B @ 2 > @
a
1
1

1
1
1

]
= 2 = 3 ?
? = 3 = >
/
2 = ? S A
A ? 2 > 2
b
1
1

1
1
1

]
3 2 3 2 3 2
2 3 2 3 2 3
/
= > = > = >
? ? @ A ? ?
c
1
1
1
1
1
]
2i 01 t689n t,nh 1
61
Chng 2. Ma trn nh thc
3 2 2 2
2 = 2 2
2 2 > 2
/
2 2 2 ?
2 3 = >
2 2 2 2
d
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
= 2 2 >
> 2S 2
/
2 A 2A =
3 3 > =
a
!
1
1
1
1
1
]
2 3 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
/
2 S 2 2
2 3 3 2 2
a
E
a
1
1

1
1
1

]
3 2 22 3
2 S > 2
/
22 > ?@ ?
3 2 ? @
g
1
1

1
1
1

]
S > 2S 2
> B 2B A
/
2S 2B >S 2A
2 A 2A =
h
1
1
1
1
1
]

2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
/
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
$
1
1

1
1
1

]
3 S = 2
2 3 3 =
/
= 3 ? >
? 3 B ?
9
1
1

1
1
1

]
3S/ 'm hWng c%a c+c ma trn vuFng cG" n sau c61
2 &&&
2 &&&
/
&&& &&& &&& &&&
&&&& 2
a a a
a a a
a
a a a
+ 1
1
+
1
1
1
+
]
S 2 2 &&& 2
2 S &&&
/ 2 S &&&
2 &&& S
x x
b x x
x x
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
M M M O M
&&&
&&&
/
&&& &&& &&& &&&
&&&
a b b
b a b
c
b b a
1
1
1
1
1
]
32/ l;i gi+ trV no c%a th hWng c+c ma trn sau bDng 21
a/
2 3 2
3 3
= @ =

1
1

1
1
]
b/
2 3 =
= @ C
> B 23

1
1

1
1
]
c/
2 = ?
> 23 ?
? 2? 2S

1
1
+
1
1 +
]
33/ 'm ma trn nghVch o c%a c+c ma trn sau bDng nhiRu c+ch1
= ?
/
3 =
a
1
1
]
b/
2 S =
3 2 2
= 3 3
1
1
1
1
]
c/
2 = 3
= 3 2
3 2 =
1
1
1
1
]
d/
2 S 3
3 2 =
> 2 B
1
1

1
1
]
w/
2 3 3
3 = @
2 2 A
1
1

1
1
]
/
3 ? A
@ = >
? 3 =
1
1
1
1
]
g/
? = 3
2 3 >
A 3 @
1
1

1
1
]
h/
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
1
1

1
1
1

]
(/
S S 2 2
S = 2 >
3 A @ 2
2 3 3 2
1
1
1
1
1

]
l/
S 2 2 2
2 S 2 2
2 2 S 2
2 2 2 S
1
1

1
1
1

]
m/
S S 2 2
S = 2 >
3 A @ 2
2 3 3 2
1
1
1
1
1

]
n/
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 S S
S S 2 2
1
1

1
1
1

]
o/
sin cos
cos sin


1
1

]
"/
2 2 2 =
S 2 S S
2 2 3 =
3 3 > ?
1
1
1
1
1

]
2i 01 t689n t,nh 1
62
Chng 2. Ma trn nh thc
3=/ 'm ma trn nghVch o c%a c+c ma trn vuFng cG" n sau1
a/
2 &&&
2 &&&
&&& &&& &&& &&&
&&& 2
a a a
a a a
a a a
+ 1
1
+
1
1
1
+
]
b/
S 2 2 &&& 2
2 S &&&
2 S &&&
2 &&& S
x x
x x
x x
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
M M M M M
-v;i 3 n / c/
&&&
&&&
&&&
&&& &&& &&& &&& &&&
&&&
a b b b
b a b b
b b a b
b b b a
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
d/
2 2 2 &&& 2
2 2 2 &&& 2
2 2 2 &&& 2
2 2 2 &&& 2
a
a
a
a
+ 1
1
+
1
1 +
1
1
1
+
]
M M M O M
w/
2 3 = &&& 2
S 2 3 &&& 3 2
S S S &&& S 2
n n
n n
1
1

1
1
1
]
M M M O M M
/
2 2 2 &&& 2
2 S 2 &&& 2
2 2 S &&& 2
2 2 2 &&& S
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
M M M O M
3>/ 'm iRu (i*n c%a tham s U c+c ma trn sau (h nghVch, sau 9 tm ma trn nghVch o
tPng ang1
2
/ 2 .
2
a bc
a b ca
c ab
1
1
1
1
]
b/
2 = 3
= A ? .
3 2
m
m m
1
1
+
1
1
]
c/
2
2 2
2
a b
ab
b a
1
1
1
1
]
. d/
2 = ?
3 2 2 3 3
= = > =
i i i m
i i i
m i m i i
+ 1
1
+ +
1
1 + +
]
3?/ \ho
2 2
S 2
A
1

1
]
v
3 2
= 3
B
1

1
]
& 'Lnh ( )
2
,
$
B AB $

3@/ \hang minh n0u E l mt a thac trJn E v

- . / B M n 0
l mt ma trn (h nghVch th v;i
m!i
- . / A M n 0
ta c9
2 2
- / - / E B AB B E A B

'b 9 su6 ra, c+ch U tLnh lp6 thba mt ma trn vuFng

3A/ \ho
- . / A M n 0
l mt ma trn lp6 linh, chang t` rDng
n
+ A
v
n
+ A +
l c+c ma trn (h
nghVch& 5r6 tm ma trn nghVch o c%a c+c ma trn trJn&
3B/ ,a trn nghVch o
2
A

sx tha6 di th0 no n0u

a/ 5o+n vV hai dng c%a A&
b/ Ohcn mt dng v;i mt hDng s (h+c S&
c/ 'hJm vo dng tha i tLch c%a dng
j i
v;i mt hDng s

&
2i 01 t689n t,nh 1
63