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Culture Documents
1 1 1 1
1
1
1
1
1
=1 + +
+
+ ...
4
3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19
(1)
2 2 2 2
2
2
2
2
2
=2 + +
+
+ ...
2
3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19
(2)
=1+1
2
1
+
+
13
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1
1
+ + + +
3 3 5 5 7 7 9 9 11 11
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
+
+
+ ...
13 15 15 17 17 19 19
(3)
=1+1
2
1
+
+
13
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1
1
+ + + +
3 3 5 5 7 7 9 9 11 11
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
+
+
+ ...
13 15 15 17 17 19 19
(4)
3 1
5
3
7
5
9
7
11
9
13
= 1+
+
+
+
+
2
3 3 3 5 3 5 5 7 5 7 7 9 7 9 9 11 9 11 11 13
11
15
13
17
15
19
17
+
+
+
+
+ ...
11 13 13 15 13 15 15 17 15 17 17 19 17 19
(5)
2
2
2
2
2
=1+
+
+
2
3 3 5 5 7 7 9 9 11
2
2
2
2
+
+ ...
11 13 13 15 15 17 17 19
(6)
1 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
= 1+ +
+
+
+
+
2
3 3 3 5 3 5 5 7 5 7 7 9 7 9 9 11 9 11 11 13
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
+
+
+
+
+ ...
11 13 13 15 13 15 15 17 15 17 17 19 17 19
(7)
Combine adjacent positive and negative terms:
1 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
= 1+ +
+
+
+
+
2
3 3 3 5 3 5 5 7 5 7 7 9 7 9 9 11 9 11 11 13
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
+
+
+
+
+ ...
11 13 13 15 13 15 15 17 15 17 17 19 17 19
(8)
1
5
1
7
3
9
5
=1+ +
+
+
2
3 35 35 357 357 579 579
11
7
13
9
15
+
+
7 9 11 7 9 11 9 11 13 9 11 13 11 13 15
11
17
13
19
15
+
+
+
+ ...
11 13 15 13 15 17 13 15 17 15 17 19 15 17 19
(9)
1
4
4
4
4
4
=1+ +
+
2
3 3 5 3 5 7 5 7 9 7 9 11 9 11 13
4
4
4
+ ...
11 13 15 13 15 17 15 17 19
(10)
=1+ +
+
+
+
2
3 35 35 357 357 579 579
2
2
2
2
2
+
+
7 9 11 7 9 11 9 11 13 9 11 13 11 13 15
2
2
2
2
2
+
+
+ ...
11 13 15 13 15 17 13 15 17 15 17 19 15 17 19
(11)
Combine adjacent positive and negative terms:
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
=1+ +
+
+
+
2
3 35 35 357 357 579 579
2
2
2
2
2
+
+
7 9 11 7 9 11 9 11 13 9 11 13 11 13 15
2
2
2
2
2
+
+
+ ...
11 13 15 13 15 17 13 15 17 15 17 19 15 17 19
(12)
1
2
14
2
18
6
22
=1+ +
+
+
+
2
3 3 5 3 5 7 3 5 7 3 5 7 9 3 5 7 9 5 7 9 11
10
26
14
30
18
+
+
5 7 9 11 7 9 11 13 7 9 11 13 9 11 13 15 9 11 13 15
34
22
38
26
+
+
+ ...
11 13 15 17 11 13 15 17 13 15 17 19 13 15 17 19
(13)
1
2
12
12
12
12
=1+ +
+
2
3 3 5 3 5 7 3 5 7 9 5 7 9 11 7 9 11 13
12
12
12
+
+
+ ...
9 11 13 15 11 13 15 17 13 15 17 19
(14)
1
2
6
6
6
6
6
=1+ +
+
+
+
2
3 3 5 3 5 7 3 5 7 3 5 7 9 3 5 7 9 5 7 9 11
6
6
6
6
6
+
+
+
5 7 9 11 7 9 11 13 7 9 11 13 9 11 13 15 9 11 13 15
6
6
6
6
+
+
+ ...
11 13 15 17 11 13 15 17 13 15 17 19 13 15 17 19
(15)
Combine adjacent positive and negative terms:
1
2
123
6
6
6
6
=1+ +
+
+
+
2
3 3 5 3 5 7 3 5 7 3 5 7 9 3 5 7 9 5 7 9 11
6
6
6
6
6
+
+
+
5 7 9 11 7 9 11 13 7 9 11 13 9 11 13 15 9 11 13 15
6
6
6
6
+
+
+ ...
11 13 15 17 11 13 15 17 13 15 17 19 13 15 17 19
(16)
1
2
123
54
6
66
=1+ +
+
+
2
3 3 5 3 5 7 3 5 7 9 3 5 7 9 3 5 7 9 11
18
78
30
+
+
3 5 7 9 11 5 7 9 11 13 5 7 9 11 13
(17)
90
42
102
+
+
7 9 11 13 15 7 9 11 13 15 9 11 13 15 17
54
114
66
+
+ ...
9 11 13 15 17 11 13 15 17 19 11 13 15 17 19
1
2
123
48
48
48
=1+ +
+
+
+
2
3 3 5 3 5 7 3 5 7 9 3 5 7 9 11 5 7 9 11 13(18)
48
48
48
+ ...
7 9 11 13 15 9 11 13 15 17 11 13 15 17 19
Split each term in two:
1
2
123
24
24
24
=1+ +
+
+
+
2
3 3 5 3 5 7 3 5 7 9 3 5 7 9 3 5 7 9 11
24
24
24
+
+
3 5 7 9 11 5 7 9 11 13 5 7 9 11 13
(19)
24
24
24
+
7 9 11 13 15 7 9 11 13 15 9 11 13 15 17
24
24
24
+
+ ...
9 11 13 15 17 11 13 15 17 19 11 13 15 17 19
1
2
123 1234
24
24
=1+ +
+
+
+
2
3 3 5 3 5 7 3 5 7 9 3 5 7 9 3 5 7 9 11
24
24
24
+
+
3 5 7 9 11 5 7 9 11 13 5 7 9 11 13
(20)
24
24
24
+
7 9 11 13 15 7 9 11 13 15 9 11 13 15 17
24
24
24
+
+ ...
9 11 13 15 17 11 13 15 17 19 11 13 15 17 19
1
2
123 1234
264
24
=1+ +
+
+
+
2
3 3 5 3 5 7 3 5 7 9 3 5 7 9 11 3 5 7 9 11
312
72
360
+
+
3 5 7 9 11 13 3 5 7 9 11 13 5 7 9 11 13 15
408
168
120
5 7 9 11 13 15 7 9 11 13 15 17 7 9 11 13 15 17
456
216
+
+ ...
9 11 13 15 17 19 9 11 13 15 17 19
(21)
1
2
123 1234
240
240
=1+ +
+
+
+
2
3 3 5 3 5 7 3 5 7 9 3 5 7 9 11 3 5 7 9 11 13
240
240
240
+
+
+ ...
5 7 9 11 13 15 7 9 11 13 15 17 9 11 13 15 17 19
(22)
Split each term in two:
1
2
123 1234
120
120
=1+ +
+
+
+
+
2
3 3 5 3 5 7 3 5 7 9 3 5 7 9 11 3 5 7 9 11
120
120
120
3 5 7 9 11 13 3 5 7 9 11 13 5 7 9 11 13 15
120
120
120
+
5 7 9 11 13 15 7 9 11 13 15 17 7 9 11 13 15 17
120
120
+
+
+ ...
9 11 13 15 17 19 9 11 13 15 17 19
(23)
Combine adjacent positive and negative terms:
1
2
123 1234
12345
120
=1+ +
+
+
+
+
2
3 3 5 3 5 7 3 5 7 9 3 5 7 9 11 3 5 7 9 11
120
120
120
+
3 5 7 9 11 13 3 5 7 9 11 13 5 7 9 11 13 15
120
120
120
+
5 7 9 11 13 15 7 9 11 13 15 17 7 9 11 13 15 17
120
120
+
+
+ ...
9 11 13 15 17 19 9 11 13 15 17 19
(24)
1
2
123 1234
12345
1560
=1+ +
+
+
+
+
2
3 3 5 3 5 7 3 5 7 9 3 5 7 9 11 3 5 7 9 11 13
120
1800
360
+
3 5 7 9 11 13 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
2040
600
+
5 7 9 11 13 15 17 5 7 9 11 13 15 17
2280
840
+
+ ...
7 9 11 13 15 17 19 7 9 11 13 15 17 19
(25)
1
2
123 1234
12345
=1+ +
+
+
+
2
3 3 5 3 5 7 3 5 7 9 3 5 7 9 11
1440
1440
(26)
+
3 5 7 9 11 13 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
1440
1440
+
+ ...
5 7 9 11 13 15 17 7 9 11 13 15 17 19
Split each term in two:
1
2
123 1234
12345
720
=1+ +
+
+
+
+
2
3 3 5 3 5 7 3 5 7 9 3 5 7 9 11 3 5 7 9 11 13
720
720
720
+
3 5 7 9 11 13 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
720
720
+
+
5 7 9 11 13 15 17 5 7 9 11 13 15 17
720
720
+ ...
7 9 11 13 15 17 19 7 9 11 13 15 17 19
(27)
Combine adjacent positive and negative terms:
1
2
123 1234
12345
123456
=1+ +
+
+
+
+
2
3 3 5 3 5 7 3 5 7 9 3 5 7 9 11 3 5 7 9 11 13
720
720
720
+
3 5 7 9 11 13 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
720
720
+
+
5 7 9 11 13 15 17 5 7 9 11 13 15 17
720
720
+ ...
7 9 11 13 15 17 19 7 9 11 13 15 17 19
(28)
1
2
123 1234
12345
=1+ +
+
+
+
2
3 3 5 3 5 7 3 5 7 9 3 5 7 9 11
123456
10800
720
+
+
3 5 7 9 11 13 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
12240
2160
+
3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17
13680
3600
+
+ ...
5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19
(29)
1
2
123 1234
12345
=1+ +
+
+
+
2
3 3 5 3 5 7 3 5 7 9 3 5 7 9 11
123456
10080
(30)
+
+
3 5 7 9 11 13 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
10080
10080
+
+ ...
3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19
Split each term in two:
1
2
123 1234
12345
=1+ +
+
+
+
2
3 3 5 3 5 7 3 5 7 9 3 5 7 9 11
5040
5040
123456
+
+
+
3 5 7 9 11 13 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
5040
5040
3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17
5040
5040
+
+
+ ...
5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19
(31)
Combine adjacent positive and negative terms:
1
2
123 1234
12345
=1+ +
+
+
+
2
3 3 5 3 5 7 3 5 7 9 3 5 7 9 11
123456
1234567
5040
+
+
+
3 5 7 9 11 13 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
5040
5040
3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17
5040
5040
+
+
+ ...
5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19
(32)
1
2
123 1234
12345
=1+ +
+
+
+
2
3 3 5 3 5 7 3 5 7 9 3 5 7 9 11
123456
1234567
+
+
3 5 7 9 11 13 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
85680
5040
+
3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17
15120
95760
+
+ ...
3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19
(33)
1
2
123 1234
12345
=1+ +
+
+
+
2
3 3 5 3 5 7 3 5 7 9 3 5 7 9 11
123456
1234567
(34)
+
+
3 5 7 9 11 13 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
80640
80640
+
+ ...
3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19
1
2
123 1234
12345
=1+ +
+
+
+
2
3 3 5 3 5 7 3 5 7 9 3 5 7 9 11
123456
1234567
+
+
3 5 7 9 11 13 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
40320
40320
+
+
3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17
40320
40320
+ ...
3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19
(35)
Combine adjacent positive and negative terms:
1
2
123 1234
12345
=1+ +
+
+
+
2
3 3 5 3 5 7 3 5 7 9 3 5 7 9 11
123456
1234567
+
+
3 5 7 9 11 13 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
12345678
40320
+
+
3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17
40320
40320
+ ...
3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19
(36)
1
2
123 1234
12345
123456
=1+ +
+
+
+
+
2
3 3 5 3 5 7 3 5 7 9 3 5 7 9 11 3 5 7 9 11 13
1234567
12345678
+
+
3 5 7 9 11 13 15 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17
766080
40320
+
+ ...
3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19
(37)
1
2
123 1234
12345
=1+ +
+
+
+
2
3 3 5 3 5 7 3 5 7 9 3 5 7 9 11
123456
1234567
(38)
+
+
3 5 7 9 11 13 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
12345678
725760
+
+
+ ...
3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19
Split each term in two:
1
2
123 1234
12345
123456
=1+ +
+
+
+
+
2
3 3 5 3 5 7 3 5 7 9 3 5 7 9 11 3 5 7 9 11 13
1234567
12345678
+
+
3 5 7 9 11 13 15 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17
362880
362880
+
+
+ ...
3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19
(39)
1
2
123 1234
12345
123456
=1+ +
+
+
+
+
2
3 3 5 3 5 7 3 5 7 9 3 5 7 9 11 3 5 7 9 11 13
1234567
12345678
+
+
3 5 7 9 11 13 15 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17
362880
123456789
+
+
+ ...
3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19
(40)
1
2
123 1234
12345
=1+ +
+
+
+
2
3 3 5 3 5 7 3 5 7 9 3 5 7 9 11
123456
1234567
(41)
+
+
3 5 7 9 11 13 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
12345678
123456789
+
+
+ ...
3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19
1
2
123 1234
12345
=1+ +
+
+
+
2
3 3 5 3 5 7 3 5 7 9 3 5 7 9 11
123456
1234567
(42)
+
+
3 5 7 9 11 13 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
12345678
123456789
+
+
+ ...
3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19