TRNG I HC NNG LM HU

D N HP TC VIT NAM H LAN

BI GING
QUN L CY TRNG TNG HP













Ngi bin son: TS. Trn ng Ho













Hu, 08/2009

1

PHN L THUYT

BI 1

GII THIU CHUNG V QUN L CY TRNG TNG HP (ICM)

1.1. Khi ni m ICM
Hinnay c nhiu khi nimv ICM. Sau y l mt s khi nim:
- ICM l mt quy trnh sn xut nhm mbo s cnbng gia nhucu thu c
li nhunngy cngcao v trch nhimvi s nhy cmca mi trng. ICM bao
gmcc thc hnh nhm trnh s hao ph, tng cng hiu qu s dng nng
lng v gim nhim mi trng. ICM kt hp cc binphp k thut hin i
tt nht vi cc nguyn l c bn ca vic thc hnh trang tri tt v mang tnh
ton trangtri, c chin lc lu di. (Theo Hip hi Ha cht nng nghip Anh).
- ICM l mt quy trnh sn xut nhmcung cp y lng thc v cc sn
phmkhc mt cch c hiuqu nht, gims tiu hao cc ngun nguyn liu,
bo v cht lng t, nc, khng kh v a dng sinh hc.
- ICM l mt cch tip cn ca sn xut m c s kt hp nhng bin php truyn
thng tt nht vi cc cng ngh hin i thch hp nhm mbo s cn bng
gia gi tr kinh t ca sn xut nng nghip v qun l mi trng.
- ICM l mt chin lc tngth ca trang tri lin quan n vic qun l ma v
mt cch c hiu qu ph hp vi iu kin t, kh hu v mi trngca a
phng v tc ngthp nht n mi trng.
- ICM khng phi mnhlnhbi v ICM l mt khi nim ng: ICM c mt s
linh ngthch hp vi tng trangtri tng quc gia, v ICM thng tip thu
s thay i v tin b cng ngh. ICM s dng kin thc v kinh nghimtruyn
thng, cc nghin cu v cng ngh mi nht ph hp vi iu kin a phng
nhmsnxut ra sn phmthch hp, tng bo tn nng lng v gimmc thp
nht tc ng n mi trng.

1.2. c im ca ICM
- t c li ch kinh t cao nht vi vic s dng ng n v nng lng v
2
ha cht.
- S dngs tng tc hu ch gia cc u vo ca sn xut.
- Thc y pht trin k th t nhin v to cc iu kin t ai v canh tc ph
hp nhmhn ch s pht trin ca dch hi.
- Nng cao ph t bng bin php lun canh v cc phng php canh tc
- Gi vng hoc tng li nhun; nhn mnhli rng hn l ngng tng i v
nng sut.
- Gim mc thp nht ri ro i vi mi trng
- Lmchmtr hoc trnh s gia tng cc chng su, bnh, c di khng thuc
ha hc bo v thc vt hoc cc tc nhn sinh hc.
Khng c mt h thngICM phhp cho tt c mi iukinkh hu, t
ai, th trng Mc ch l thit lp cc nguyn l, cch lmv hng dn
thng qua ngi t vn v nng dn c th to lp cc nguyn l ICM thch
hp cho chnh mnh.
Tip cn ICM ph thuc nhiu vo s nghin cu, pht trin, th nghimv
s dng cc cng ngh mi nh thuc ha hc bo v thc vt c tnh chn lc, h
thng p dng ng/chnh xc, phng php sinh hc phng tr dch hi, ging
khng subnh, h thng d bo v h tr s quyt nh chnh xc hn v dinh
dng, c di, su bnh hi, phng php chn on nhanh bnh hi, thit lp ni
c tr cho k th t nhin ca dchhi

1.3. Li ch ca ICM
ICM mang li li ch cho ngi sn xut (nng dn), ngi ch binv kinh
doanh nng sn. ICM ci thin nh hng ca cc t chc v c nhn nghin cu
v chuyn giao kin thc nng nghip. ICM cung cp s thch nghi ca nng
nghip trong s a dng v kinh t ton cu. S thch nghi v a dng l quan
trng thy r c hi mi v thay i ca th trng, gims mt tnh bn vng,
nng cao ph t v sc khe ca cy trng.
Mt s li ch ca ICM:
- a ra nhng c hi, kh khn v cc vn chnh yu i vi ngi trng trt
v chn nui.
- Hp dn cc nh u t vo nghin cu v pht trin nngnghip.
- u t vo lnh vc quan trng i vi cng nghip nng nghip.
3
- Lmvic theo nhmngnh
- Ci thin cht lng cc snphmnng nghip trn th trng.
- a dngsn phmnng nghip mi v hin c p ng nhu cu ca th trng.
- Ci thin s lngv cht lngthc n d tr cho chn nui v gi tr gia tng
ca ngi ch bin.
- Gim s ri ro trong sn xut v kinh doanh ca ngi nng dn.
- Tng li nhun cho ngi nng dn.
- Ci thin thng tin cho nngdn v cng nghip dchv.
- Cung cp nguyn liu d tr cho cc nh my ch bin
- Gim ri ro cho ngnh bo himnngnghip

1.4. Lch s ICM
ICM u tin c cc nh nghin cu chu u nghin cu v pht trin.
Cc thchthc v vic s dng u vo snxut nng nghip, hiuqu sn xut
v antonca mi trng l ng lc cho cc nh khoa hc nghin cu v ICM.
LEAF (Linking Environment And Farming), Vng quc Anh, khi xng
vic ti tr cho cc t chc nhm thc y pht trin ICM bng cch khuyn khch
ngi nng dn ng cam kt bo v mi trng, bao gm: thc hnhqun l
cy trng, xy dng cc trang tri trnh din, xut bn cc ti liu hng dn v
ICM.
T nm 1994, IACPA (Integrated Arable Crop Production Alliance) tr thnh
mt mt thnhvinca LEAF v thamgia vo cc d nnghin cu ICM. Mc
ch l xy dng s hp tc, trnhtrng lp v gii thiu rng ri kt qu nghin
cu.
Hi ICM ca cc nh bn l v hi nng dn (National Farmer Union
Retailer ICM Partnership), thnh lp nm 1993, pht trin quy trnh ICM cho
nhiu loi cy rau, hoa v cy cnh. c nhiu ti liu hng dn c th v
thng xuyn cp nht thng tin cho ngi nng dn.




4
BI 2

CHIN LC CA ICM

2.1. Khi ni m v chin lc ICM
2.1.1. Nhng nhu cu trong s pht trin hin nay
- Nhu cuv ngun lng thc, thc phm sch, an ton ngy cng cao.
- Nhu cuv tht v cc sn phm tht lm tng nhu cu chn nui v git m ng
vt.
- Nhu cu v ngun nguyn liu sinh hc c th phc hi cho cngnghip v s
cn kit cc sn phmsinh hc dn nnhucu v a dng cy trng, ging mi,
phng thc sn xut v p dng k thut canh tc mi i vi cc loi cy trng
hin ti.
- Nhu cu v thc phm chc nng nhm tng cng sc khe v s dngthay th
thuc cha bnh lm tng c hi cho cc cy trng mi v phng thc s dng
mi cc cy trng hin ti.
- Cng ngh s dng lng thc, thc phmpht trin nhanh chngdn n nh
hng n s pht trin ch bin nng sn c gi tr cao hn.
- Nhiu th trng ln s m ca, t do thng mi khu vc v ton cu s lm
tng xut nhp khunng sn.

2.1.2. Nhng vn nh hng n c hi pht trin trong tng lai
- Nhng mi quan tm chnhl: tip cn nhng chnh sch v th trnghin c
v th trng mi nhm to iu kin thun li cho s pht trin cc c hi hin c
v cc c hi c gi tr hn, nghin cu nng nghip v chin lc i mi trong
h thng pht trin, kh nng pht trinv m rng cng ngh trong sn xut nng
nghip v cngnghip ch bin, qun l ngun nhn lc, sn xut bnvng.
- Nng nghip bn vngl vn ca c chnh ph, nh sn xut cng nghip, t
nhnv nh sn xut nng nghipu phi i mt. S bn vng c nh ngha
l s dng cc thc hnh v h thngcanhtc nhmgn gi hoc ci thin hiu
qu kinh t ca snxut nng nghip, ngun t nhinv cc h sinhthi m nh
hng bi cc hot ngnng nghip.
- Kin thc v sn xut v antonthc phm, thc phmchc nng... cnrt hn
ch.
5
Chin lc ICM s cung cp c hi pht trin cc kin thc . S bn vng
bao gmcc thch thc v kinh t, x hi v mi trng. Cn thit phi cung cp
cho nh sn xut v nhng ngi c lin quan trong nng nghip v cng nghip
thc phmnhng thng tin v k nng ng nnhmgip h gn kt cng vic
ca mnh vo s thch ca khch hng, tin b khoa hc k thut mi v s thay
i kh hu.

2.1.3. V sao phi c chin lc ICM
ICM l mt phn trong sn xut bn vng. Sn xut bn vng khuyn khch
s cn bng gia nhu cu v kinh t, x hi v mi trng ca ngi dn, lng
tmca ngi sn xut vi trch nhimx hi. Sn xut v bn snphm th t
cy trngv vt nui ng gp t trng ln cho nn kinh t. H thng sn xut l
tng l nng cao hiu qu v li nhun lu di i vi sn xut cy trng v vt
nui gn lin vi bo v mi trng v nhu cu ca khch hng.
Mng li snxut bnvngcung cp c s pht trinh thng ICM m
trong c s phn nh ti nguyn t nhin v nhn to trong sn phm. H
thng ICM cnbng ti nguyn mi trng lu di. Mt chin lc ICM bao gm
nghin cu t th nghim n gin nphc tp i hi mt s phn tch a nhn
t. Cng tc khuyn nng v cc chng trnh pht trin su rng hn l rt cn
thit.
C s thc y pht trin nhm xem xt thc hin nghincu khoa hc vi
tmnhn rng ln. Ngha l ngi a ra quyt nh yu cu nghin cu khoa hc
v khuynnng linkt trc tip vi kt qu mong i nh ci thin tnh bn vng
v sc khe v mi trng. Nghin cukhoa hc v khuyn nng cnc thc v
cc tc ng nh ci thin cht lng cuc sng. Cht lng cuc sng bao gm
cn bng kinh t, x hi v mi trng. Vi mc thc hnh, mt chin lc
ICM s gip cc nh snxut, t chc v t nhn linkt vi nhau tng cng
tc ng tt ln ti nguyn ngy cng khan him ca con ngi.
Nntngca chin lc ICM l s i mi v hp tc c hiuqu v cng
vic ca a t chc, a ngnh ngh. Cch tip cn ny mang ns phi hp cng
vic nghin cu, khuyn nng v cung cp ti chnh tp trung vo mt cng
vic v thnh qu chung. Chin lc ICM cungcp cho tt c cc bn thamgia
mt s linh ng v c ch phn hi trong vic s dng v thng mi ha thnh
cngkinthc v sn phm. Mt trongnhng li ch ln nht m chin lc ICM
cungcp l chin lc chia s nghin cu, cngngh v xy dng kh nng cho
tt c cc bn tham gia.
Mc ch ca chin lc ICM l gip nh sn xut nng nghip v cng
6
nghip tng sc khe mi trng, pht trin kinh t ca nng tri, mbo cht
lng v cung cp lng thc, thc phm s dng hng ngy v cng nghip
ch bin, cungcp thc n cho cng nghip chn nui...
t c mc ch , ICM xc nh kt qu chin lc v u tin p
ng tt c hoc mt phnyucu ca tt c cc t chc, c nhnlin quanvo sn
xut bao gm ngi nng dn, t chc nghin cu v chnhquyn cc cp.

Phm vi
Chin lc ny cn phi bao gmvic xc nhcch thc cho cc t chc
chnhph, nh sn xut, cng nghip v ngi dn c th linkt lmvic vi
nhau. Chnh h xc nhnhng yu cu v s ng gp hin ti v tng lai ca
cc bn thamgia l cn thit cho s thnh cng cng vic chung.
Chin lc bao gmcy trng, t ai, mi trng, thay i kh hu, sn
xut v kinh t mi trng. N bao gmc cy trng ngoi ng rung v sn
phmtrong bo qun, vn chung gia chn nui v trng trt, gia nghin cu
v khuynnng. N l tng hp h thng kin thc nhm:
- Nng cao tnhbnvng.
- Tmcc phng php thay th nhm tng cng sc khe cy trng, t ai...
mt cch lu di bng vic cung cp v bo v t, nc, khng kh v cc sn
phmkinh t ca nng nghip.
- Tng hiu qu ca dng chuchuyn nc v dinh dngtrong cc h thng cy
trngv vt nui.
- Nng cao li rngv gims chi ph lng ph trong sn xut bng cchthay i
hiu qu u vo, ti nguyn thin nhin nhin v con ngi; nm gi nhiu thnh
phnca mt h thng (carbon, a dng sinh hc) v gim s di chuyn bn ngoi
h thng nng nghip (ri ro mi trng).
- Thc hin tip cn mt cch h thngtrong vn su bnh hi, c di gy hi
cy trng v vt nui, nh hng n chui gi tr.
- Tng cng nghin cu di truynv cc cng ngh khc nhmgimthiu s tc
hi v tng cng gi tr ca chui.

Tip cn
Pht trin mt chin lc nhm gims tn thng v tng s bn vng
trongnng nghip v mt qu trnh bin ng. N lin quan n nh gi ri ro,
xc nh vng u tin nghin cu tnh thch nghi v xc nh k hoch th
trng nhm m bo rng kin thc mi c chp thun kin to s tc
ngln cng ngnng thn v cng nghip thc phm.
Mt s li chca cch tip cn R&D (nghin cu v pht trin) ca chin
lc ICM bao gm:
7
- Gim thiu s trng lp thng qua s phi hp, mc ch chung, hp tc, v s
tp trung ca cc bn tham gia v ngi dn.
- Ch trng nhu cu tip tc i mi ton din bng cch cung cp hng u tin
v c ch qunl cho chin lc u t nghin cu.
- nh hng cc chng trnh nghincu v bin i kh hu v sn xut bn
vng.
- Pht trin nng lc, k nng phi hp ca cc t chc khc nhau lmni bt
s i mi.
- Duy tr sn phmv dch v trng tmtrong chin lc qun l khoa hc v i
mi p dng l thuyt vo thc tin.
- Ch trng trch nhimv u t R&D, kt qu v hnh ng trong qu trnh i
mi ton din.
- Truyn thngv m rng nhngkt qu nhm ci thin s chp thun ca cng
nghip, nng thn v thnh th, tng s tin tngv sn phman ton cht lng
cao, lin kt chuyngiao kinthc v nghincuvi chnhsch, kt hp s ti u
gia li ch kinh t vi li chx hi v mi trng i vi sn xut nng nghip.

2.2. Cc chin lc ICM
C nhiu cch m t chin lc ICM. Cc bnthamgia chn s m t sau.
Tc ng(I mpact) l s tnghp ca 4 kt qu (outcomes) bt ngun t s ng
gp ca tng kt qu. Kin thc ng gp thng qua cc hot ng c kt ni
kin to nn kt qu. Ngi ch dn nh gi s ng gp tng mc . Cc kt
qu i lin vi mt s sn phm(output) to nn cc chin lc. Chin lc l bao
hm ton din v kt qu c linkt vi nhau.
Tc ngca chin lc ICM c nhn nhn l: snxut nng nghip phi
c tnh cnh tranh, bn vng v c li nhun, p ng c nhu cu ca nh sn
xut, ch bin v ngi tiu dng.
t c s nhn nhn , cc bn tham gia xc nh 4 kt qu, tp
trung vo xc nh s ri ro v lmgim s ri ro , hiu v h thng ICM, nng
cao hiu qu h thng trng trt v chn nui v chuyn giao kin thc mi.

2.2.1. Kt qu 1 Cc ri ro
Ci thin kh nng ca nh sn xut trong vic nh gi v qun l s nh hng
ca cc yu t v sinh v hu sinh n sn xut bn vng
Mc ch chung l gip ngi snxut t c kt qu cao nht v sn xut
bn vng mt h thng cy trngc th. iu ny c hon thinbi vic xc
nh cc mi nguy hi i vi sc khe cy trng v mi trng, cc h thngd
8
bo pht trin, ci thin di truyn thc vt v pht trin gimthiu ri ro v chin
lc qun l s phn ng vi nh hng ca cc mi nguy hi v sinh v hu
sinh.

Kt qu cho vic xc nh ri ro v gim thiu ri ro:
1.1. Pht trin phng php nh gi mi nguy hi v sinh v hu sinh n sn
xut cy trng v mi trng, ri ro ca vic gii thiuging cy trng mi v cc
cngngh sn xut mi.
1.2. Pht trincc m hnh d bo s tc ng ca cc mi nguy hi v sinh v
hu sinh.
1.3. Pht trincng ngh v thc hnh nhmlmgimmi nguy hi v sinh v
hu sinh bao gm ngng hnh ng v cc bin php qun l thay th v nng
cao.
1.4. Pht trincc tc nhn phng tr sinh hc v tc nhn sinh hc qun l
dch hi v nng cao hiu qu sn xut cy trng.
1.5. Nngcao kh nng chng chu cc khng hong v hu sinh v v sinh bng
cngvic chnto ging cy trng v a dng di truyn thc vt (Lin kt vi Sn
phm1, 3 ca Kt qu 2)

Cc hot ng u tin cn bn cn phi c cho Kt qu 1:

- Thngxuyn tin hnh iu tra s phn b v mc gy hi ca dch hi (c
di, su hi v bnhhi) nhmcung cp s liu c bn m hnh ha, cnh bo
smv pht hin cc mi nguy hi mi. Bi v s pht sinh, gy hi ca dch hi
ph thuc vo cc yu t v sinh nn khi iu tra cn thit phi thuthp s liu
hp l v thi tit v t ai. (Kt qu 1.1.)
- Pht trin chin lc gim thius ri ro v mi nguy hi hu sinh v v sinh,
bao gm ngng kinh t v gip chn on. Tip cn gii quyt vn cn
phi b sung v lmthun tin cc hot ng mc h thng canh tc v chuyn
giao kin thc. (Kt qu 1.3)
- Tin hnh cc nghin cu v tc ngca cc cy trng v ging cy trng mi
ln cc yu t mi trng hu sinh v v sinh nhm h tr s a dng sinh hc.
(Kt qu 1.1)




9
Cc hot ng u tin ph thuc cn phi c cho Kt qu 1:

+ Kt qu 1.1
nh gi ri ro/ tc hi ca dch hi bng cch:
- Tmhiu c imsinhvt hc v sinh thi hc ca dch hi quan trng.
- nh gi tc hi ca dch hi i vi sn xut ca trang tri bao gms tc ng
kinh t, li nhun

+ Kt qu 1.2
Thc y c ch nhmnngcao s hiu bit v tng tc ca dch hi
pht trinthc hnhc tnh bn vng v kinh t v mi trng, bng vic:
- M hnhha s tng tc gi phn b ca dchhi v mc gy hi, thi tit,
t ai v thc hnhqun l nng hc mi vngsn xut.

+ Kt qu 1.3
Thc y/ kin to cc phng php hoc quy trnh thu thp, gii thch v
truyn b thng tin v mi nguy hi v ri ro i vi h thng sn xut bn vng,
bngcch:
- Pht trin h thng h tr quyt nh lmthun tin vic nh gi ri ro ca
vic gims dng thuc tr dch hi.

+ Kt qu 1.4
Xc nhcng c v cng ngh lmthun tin cho vic gims ri ro
trongqun l cy trng, bng cch:
- Pht trin cc tc nhnphng tr sinh hc v cc tc nhn sinh hc t vic xc
nh cc tc nhn s dng chng trong h thng canh tc.

+ Kt qu 1.5
Thc y c ch nhm trnh s ri ro n cc cy trng hin ti v cy trng
mi, bngcch:
- Pht trin k thut pht hin gene nh lp bn , marker v tiu v tinh (micro
satellites) (hay SSR: simple sequence repeats, khuch i cc on lp n gin)
nhmnhanh chng tuynchn cc ging cy trng khng dch hi.
- Tng cng gene chu ngcc khnghong phi sinh hc. ICM Strategy 13

2.2.2. Kt qu 2 - Cc h thng
Ci thin s bn vng v kinh t, x hi v mi trng nng nghip ca h
thng trng trt
Mc ch l ci thin tnh bn vng lu di ca h thng trng trt. Sn xut
10
cc loi cy trng c cht lng cao, an ton thc phm cho ngi tiu dng v
bo v t, ngun nc l ni dung c bn ca chin lc ny. Chin lc ny s
ng gp cho sc khe kinh t ca trang tri v cc cng nghip nng nghip lin
quan, tr gip ci thin s hiu bit thu o v x hi ca cc cng ng nng
thn.

Kt qu ca h thng
2.1. H thng trng trt ng gp vo a dng cy trng, sc khe t v sn xut
cy trng bn vngthng qua s dngtt cy rau mu, cy thc n gia sc, cy
che ph v hiu bit tt hn v sinh thi v qun l t.
2.2. Ci thin h thng qun l dinh dng v nc nhm tng cng s dng
dinh dng v nc cho cy trng c 2 iu kin: c ti tiu v khng c ti
tiu (p ng nhu cu cy trng) m khnggy nh hng xu n mi trng
xung quanh (khng kh, nc, t).
2.3. Ci thin h thng qun l dch hi bng vic pht trin cy trng chng chu
dch hi, h thng canh tc c th gims ri ro bng pht dch hi v cc phng
php tnghp qunl dch hi.
2.4. Kt hp cy trng mi hoc cng ngh mi vo h thng canhtc cng vi
vic gimthiu ri ro antonthc phmv mi trng.
2.5. Ti u ha s dng ngun ti nguyn thngqua vic ci thin di truyn ca
lng thc, thc phm, bng si v cht lng cy trng nhm p ng yu
cu/nhu cu ca th trng/ngi tiu dng.

Cc hot ng u tin cn bn yu cu cho Kt qu 2:Strategy 14
- Pht trin cc h thng canh tc a dng nhmci thin hiu qu s dng nc
v dinh dng nng cao v lmbn vng sn xut cy trng v a dng sinh
hc thngqua vic la chn thchhp cc loi cy trng v k thut canhtc cho
cc vng sinh thi khc nhau. (Kt qu 2.1 v 2.2)
- Pht trin h thng qun l dch hi bn vng cho cy trng. (Kt qu 2.3)
- Pht trin v lm thch nghi cc cy trng v ging cy trng mi nhm m bo
vic cungcp n nh v nng cao cht lng p ng nhu cu ca ngi tiu
dngv lng thc, thc phm, dinh dngv bng si v cc nguyn liu khc
ph v cng nghip. (Kt qu 2.5)

Cc hot ng u tin ph thuc yu cu cho Kt qu 2:

Kt qu 2.1
- Pht trin lun canh cy trng bng cc cng thc lun canh ph hp, bn vng
cho cc vng sinh thi khc nhau.
- Xc nh cc k thut trngtrt v h thng canh tc nhmto iu kin thun
11
li cho cc sinh vt c ch sinh trng, pht trin, ng gp vo vic qun l dch
hi v dinh dng cho cy trng.
- Pht trin thc hnh sn xut bn vng, c hiuqu kinht cho cc vng t d
b xi mn nhm bo v t trng trt.

Kt qu 2.2
- Pht trin cc h thng canh tc nhmgimdin tch canh tc trong nh knh,
nh li.

Kt qu 2.3
- Pht trin cc ging cy mi cho cc loi cy trngch lc c kh nng chng
chu cc loi dch hi quan trng bng vic lai to ging theo phng php truyn
thng hoc cng ngh di truyn.

Kt qu 2.4
- nh gi v kt hp cc thc hnh sn xut mi nh nng nghip c th, bin
i gene vo h thng canh tc.
- Gim vic s dng thuc tr dch hi trong h thng sn xut cy trng bng
cchpht trinv chp nhn cc k thut trng trt ng n v qun l dch hi
da vo sinh thi.
- Pht trin thc hnh qun l dch hi v dinh dng cho cc h thng sn xut
nngnghip hu c v phi nng dc.

Kt qu 2.5
- Trng a dng cy trng v sn xut cc loi cy trng c gi tr cao nhmto
nhiu c hi v gi tr hnh ha v th trngmi. ICM Strategy 15

2.2.3. Kt qu 3 H thng trng trt v chn nui
Ci thin hiu qu kinh t v mi trng bn vng ca h thng sn xut trng
trt chn nui
Mc ch l tng cngchc nng ca trng trt v chn nui trong mt h
thng v tr gip ngnh chn nui thc hin c mc ch ca mnh. Pht trin
v so snh chin lc trng cy thc n gia sc v cy trng cho nhng vng c
thi v ngn v cc trangtri hn hp (nhiuhot ng snxut) trnmc kinh
t v mi trng v chi ph cao (canh tc), chi ph thp (sinh thi), din tch trng
trt, s u gia sc... So snh h thng trang tri thmcanh v m rng, v qu
trnh sn xut trng trt - chn nui trong h thng nh hng n dng chy,
vngchu chuyn v cn bngv dinh dng, carbon, nng lng v nc trong h
sinh thi nng nghip v sinhcnh.
12
Kt qu cho h thng trng trt/chn nui
3.1 Ci thin tnh n nh trong vic cung cp thc n gia sc bng cch gims
bin ngtrong snxut thc n gia sc.
3.2 Ci thin hiu qu kinh t ca h thngtrng trt/chn nui trn mt n v
din tch canh tc v mt ugia sc bng vic phn tch kinh doanh v nh gi
ri ro.
3.3. Ci thin cht lngtht v sa v tng a dng sn phmbng cch pht trin
thc hnhqunl tt hn v i mi thc n.
3.4. Ci thin v ti u ha hiu qu s dng dinh dng trongh thng t/ cy
trng/ chn nui bng vic nghincu vng chu chuyn dinh dng v dng chy
trongh thng.
3.5. Gim tc ng mi trng ca h thng chn nui bng vic ti u ha s nh
hng v hiu qu gia trngtrt v chn nui.

Cc hot ng u tin cn bn yu cu cho Kt qu 2:
- Pht trin v th nghimchin lc thm canh ngc cho nhngvngc thi
v ngn v cc trang tri hn hp ci thin khi lngv cht lng c (Kt
qu 3.1)
- So snhcc thc hnhcanhtc chi pha cao (canh tc), thp (sinh thi) i vi
hiu qu kinh t trn mt n v din tch v mt u gia sc. (Kt qu 3.2)
- Xc nh tc ng cc mc khc nhau ca vic m rngv thm canh n
dngchy v vngchu chuyn dinh dng trong h thng trng trt/ chn nui.
(Kt qu 3.4)
- Xc nh h thngtrang tri v qu trnh sn xut nh hng n cn bng dinh
dng, nng lng v nc nh th no. (Kt qu 3.5)

Cc hot ng u tin ph thuc yu cu cho Kt qu 3:

Kt qu 3.1gy 16
Gims thay i vic sn xut thc n gia sc bng cch: Nghin cu v ci
thin phng php ri v trng c v ci thin cht lng c v ng cho chn
nui tru b.
- Ti u ha phi hp trng cy ngn ngy v di ngy cc mc khc nhau
(v d loi cy, s dng (c, ht, thc n ), chi ph cao/ chi ph thp) lun
canhcy trng cc trang tri hnhp.
- nh gi kh nng thch nghi ca cc loi cy trng cc loi c, cy thay th
cc vng sinh thi c iu kin khc nhau v dinh dng, nhit , m
- Ci thin v nh gi nhmgii thiu cc loi c, thc vt khc trng vo cc
vngtrng c.

13
Kt qu 3.2
Tng hiu qu kinh t v li nhun ca chn nui bng cch gim chi ph sn
xut cho mt u gia sc:
- Gim chi ph chn nui v ng bngcchgim chi ph u t v cho n v sn
xut thc n.
- Pht trin trang tri v m hnh ha h thng nh gi cc thnh t trong h
thng thc n ng c xc nh vai tr v hiu qu kinh t ca cc h thng
chn nui trau b v ln.
- Pht trin cng c a ra quyt nhd dng xc nh cy trng kinh t v
chin lc chn nui cho trang tri.

Kt qu 3.3egy 17
a dng sn phmtht v ci thin cht lng v gi tr tht v cc sn phm
khc t gia sc, bng cch:
- Nghin cu h thng sn xut tht thay th bao gmkhuphnthc n, trngc
v pht trin cc sn phmtht mi.
- Ti u ha h thng sn xut tht hu c v thay th c vi vic gimvn v
tht v snphm khc v nng cao cc c tnh lin quan n sc khe (v d: hm
lng axt bo).

Kt qu 3.4
Ci thinhiuqu s dng dinh dng v gimchi ph sn xut cho trang
tri, bng cch:
- Pht trin m hnhgi nh theo di dng chy dinh dng trang tri.
- Ci thin hiu qu s dng dinh dng bng cch ti u ha s dng ngun phn
bn v hu c nh lun canh, qun l ng vt

Kt qu 3.5
Gim tc ng mi trng ca chn nui thng qua vic qun l cy trng v
khu vc chn nui, bngcch:
- Pht trin phng php gim tc ngca chn nui ln cht lng nc.
- Pht trin phng php ci thin hiu qu s dng nc trong h thng trng
trt-chn nui.
- Xc nh tc ng ca thc hnh trng cy thc n gia sc ln cc yu t mi
trng nh s dng nc, snxut trong nh knh, s dng dinh dng

2.2.4. Kt qu 4 Chuyn giao kin thc
Tng cng s hiu bit v chp nhn thng tin, kin thc v ICM
Kt qu ny nhm tng cng s hiu bit v chp nhn kin thc v ICM v
14
mbo s thay i cc thc hnh. Kt qu ny s t c bi vic tng cng
hp tc gia cc t chc lin quan n khuyn nng v chuyn giao thng tin n
ngi nng dn, tp trung vo cc cngngh, k thut mi c th khuyn khch
ngi dn thamgia, nng cao s tip cn ca ngi dn i vi thng tin v
chng trnh tp hun v ICM, cung cp h thng cng nhn s thamgia hc tp
ca h.

Kt qu cho vic chuyn giao kin thc
4.1. Tng cng mi lin kt gia nh nghin cu, nh nng hc, nh i mi,
ngi ng thun, cc t chc trang tri, bo himnng nghip v nh gio dc.
4.2. Tng cng s tip cn thngtin s dng trong truyn thng a phng bng
vic cungcp thng tin, m bo hiu v tip cn c thng tin v ICM.
4.3. Tng hiu qu thu thp, lu tr v cung cp thngtin v ICM.
4.4. Tng kh nng ng gi tc ng ca chin lc ICM.
4.5. Tng tnh cng nhn cc sn phmsnxut t h thng trang tri ng dng
ICM

Cc hot ng u tin cn bn yu cu cho Kt qu 4:
- Tip cnv m t h thng khuyn nng cc cp hin c, xc nh kh khn, nhu
cu v a khuyn co, vi ngi nngdn ch cht. (Kt qu 4.1)
- Pht trin phng php chuyn giao nghin cuICM vo h thngtruyn thng
bao gmcc li ch ca khuyn nng v phng php khuyn nng ph hp. (Kt
qu 4.3)
- Pht trin d liu c bn nh gi thay i thc hnh ICM. (Kt qu 4.5)

Cc hot ng u tin ph thuc yu cu cho Kt qu 3:

Kt qu 4.1
Tng cng mi lin kt gia nh nghin cu, nh nng hc, nh i mi,
ngi ng thun, bng cch:
- Thit lp nhm chuyngiao cngngh ICM a phng bao gm i din t cc
t chc, c nhn lin quan. iu ny mang li mt s tp trungcn thit nht cho
pht trinsn xut nngnghip ca a phng v cho php kimtra v phn hi
ln nhau. iuny cng to iu kin pht trinngun thng tin lin quan v s
dngthng tin trong a phng.
- Pht trin chng trnhhun luyn v ICM; lmm hnhnh nghin cu nh
khuyn nng ngi nng dn cho ngi nng dn thc hind dng v thun
li hn.
- Pht trin m hnh t nng dn thc hin vi s tr gip ca cc t chc, c nhn
v nng dn ch cht.
15
- Thit lp mt dang sch ngi lin lc ch cht v cc lnh vc khc nhau ca
ICM mbo vic lin lc vi cc chuyngia thchhp khi cn thit.
- Thit lp c cu t chc v tin trnh thc hin trong trnh by r rng v vai
tr v nhim v ca cc bn tham gia.

Kt qu 4.2
Pht trinm hnh truyn thng a phng cung cp thng tin, m bo
hiu v tip cn c thng tin, bng cch:
- S dng cc thng tin v phng thc truyn thng c sn (nh mng li
khuyn nng, bo v thc vt) cung cp thng tinv ICM.
- Pht trin ngun ti chnh mbo vic tm tt cc kt qu nghin cu v a
cc thng tin vo h thng d liu m cho php tip cn d dng, tm tt d
liu nhanhchng v thng tin ph hp.
- Pht trin cc d n o to mi cc trng i hc m sinh vin c th thu
thp cc ti liu trong cc chuyn nng v lnh vc mi. Trn cng v l nh
nnghc lm vic trn ng rung, sinh vin s xc nh c vn v m bo
chc chn cc thng tin thu c l r rng, trung thc, ng vi ch dn, v vy
cc thng tin c th c s dng trn website hoc ti liu v ICM.

Kt qu 4.3 Strategy 21
Tng hiu qu thu thp, lu tr v cungcp thngtin, bngcch:
- Lin kt chuyn giao cng ngh vi nghin cu trong mt d n v mt c ch
thng thong m bo chuyn giao nhanh chng v c hiu qu cc kt qu
nghin cu.
- S dngcc website ph bin chuyn ti cc thng tin v ICM ng thi gian
v hnh thc thn thin vi ngi s dng nhmthng tinnmbt c l ngn
gn, c tnh khoa hc, d hiu.
- Pht trin ngun d liu trng tm bao gmnhiu ngun thngtin t cc tp ch,
bo co khoa hc n cc trang bo a phng.
- Pht trin mt khung chunha r rng, ngn gn cc bn thamgia thu nhn
c cc phnhi c gi tr.
- S dng phng thc ph hp v trng imcho vic truyn b thngtin bao
gmti liu bm, website, radio, tivi, gp g nh sn xut v cc phng php
truyn thng khc.


Kt qu 4.4
Nh sn xut c cng nhnngdng tt h thng ICM trong trangtri ca
h, bng cch:
- Thit lp mt h thng tp hun ICM cho nng dn
16
- Pht trin k hoch th trng bao gmtn v nhnmc mi cho sn phmsn
xut bng ICM nh xanh v sch.

Kt qu 4.5
Pht trinkh nng nh gi tc ng ca chin lc ICM, bngcch:
- S dngthng tin hinc thu tp c xy dng mt nghin cu c bn, v
d: bo co cui cng v thc hin ICM, c im ca chnh sch nng nghip v
trangtri, internet cho nng dn
- Xc nh yut cn tr s chp thun v xc nh h thng truyn tin nh hng
n ngi nng dn.
- S dng cc nghin cu trng hp trn ng rung nngcao s truyn t
thng tin. ICM Strategy 22




















17
BI 3

CC BIN PHP CA ICM

3.1. Chn a i m sn xut, ging v cy ging
3.1.1. Chn a im sn xut
- Chn t l mt vn quan trng snxut cc sn phman ton. Cn phi
xem xt lch s v sinh hc v ha hc ca a imsn xut. t c th cha cc
vi sinh vt gy bnh, cc ha cht kh phn hy v kimloi nng.
- Chn a imkhng c dch hi, trnh trng trn rung trc c nhiu c di,
tuyn trng, bnh.
- Cn nh gi s ri ro gy nn c hi i vi mi trng bn trong hoc bn
ngoi a imsn xut. nh gi s ri ro cn xem xt: tnh u tin s dng ca
a im v tc ng ca snxut cy trng, vt nui v x l sau thu hoch ln
bn trong v bn ngoi a imsn xut.

3.1.2. Chn ging v cy ging
- gim n mc thp nht s dng ha cht v phn bn, chn ging cy trng
c kh nng khng dchhi v trng ni c dng t v dinh dng t thch
hp.
- Chn cy ging, ht ging tt, khng b su bnh hi v khng cha mmmng
su bnh.
- Khng trng cc ging, cy trng c c t i vi con ngi v gia sc.

3.2. Qun l t v dinh dng
3.2.1. Qun l t bn vng
3.2.1.1. Mt s c i m ca t bn vng
- Qun l t lin quan n vic qun l cc sinh vt sng trong t. Yu t nh
hng n hm lng hu c, s tch ly v t l phn gii cc cht trong t l
hm lng oxy, lng m, m v nhit t v s bn thmhoc ly i cc
vt liu hu c. Tt c cc yu t ng thi tc ng vo t. Yut ny c th
hn ch cc yu t khc. Cc yu t ny nh hng n sc khe v t l sinh sn
ca cc sinh vt phn gii cht hu c. Ngi qun l phi hiur cc yu t ny
khi a ra quyt nh tc ng vo t. Cn phi xem xt cc yu t ny ng thi
cngmt lc.
18
- Tng hm lng oxy trong t lmtng nhanh chng qu trnh phn hy cht
hu c. Vic cy, ba, xi xo, lnlung... l cc bin php gia tng oxy trong t.
Kt cu t cng ng vai tr quan trng, thng t pha ct c thng thong
hn t tht nng.
- Hm lng m trong t nh hng bi lng phn bn s dng. Nu lng
nit qu mc m khng bn thmcacbon th lm tng s phn hy cht hu c.
- m t nh hng n t l phn hy. Vi sinh vt t hot ng tt nht khi
t c chu k kh v m t xen k. Qun th vi sinh vt trn t kh tng sau khi
lmm t v ngc li.
- Cc sinhvt t cng b nh hng bi yu t nhit , chngch hot ngtt
trongkhong nhit thch hp, nu nhit qu cao hoc qu thp th chng
hot ngkm.
- Bn thmcht hu c l cung cp ngunthc n cho vi sinh vt t. tng
cht hu c trong t th lng cht hu c bn vo t phi ln hn lng mt i.
- Dinh dng khong cn thit cho s hin din ca sinh vt t v cy trng sinh
trng, pht trin. Cn phi c hm lng ph hp nhng khng c vt qu
mc i vi cc cht nh canxy, magi, kali, pht pho, natri v cc cht vi lng
khc.
- Cc loi phn bn c mua bn trn th trng cng ng vai tr quan trng
trongnng nghip bn vng. Mt s phn bn khngnh hng n sinh vt t
v cung cp dinh dng kp thi cho cy trng. Tuy nhin mt s loi phn bnli
tc ng xu n sinh vt t nh KCl, NH
3

- t tt l ti sn ca ngi nngdn. Nng nghip bn vng ngha l bn vng
t. Duy tr che ph t bng cy trng, t t hoc cc ph phmcy trng
trong sut nm l t c mc ch bn vng ngun ti nguyn t. Nu t
khng c che ph hoc ngn chn th rt d b xi mn, ra tri. Mt lng nh
t b xi mncng nh hng rt ln n ti nguyn t. Thngrt kh nhn
bit s tc hi ca xi mn, ra tri t nnvn ny thng b ngi nng dn
khng quan tm. Trng cc cy trng hng nm thng i i vi s xi mnv
ra tri t. Cy lu nm khng yu cu cy ba, xi xo t nhiu nn c th hn
ch c xi mn t v mbo s bn vng t.

3.2.1.2. Nguyn l qun l t bn vng

- Sinh vtt quay vngdinhdng v cungcp nhiu li ch khc.
- Cht hu c l thc n ca sinh vt t.
- t phi c che ph nhmchng xi mn v tng nhit .
- Vic trng trt lm tng nhanh s phn hy cht hu c.
19
- Lng nit qu mc lm tng phn hy cht hu c; thiu mlm gims phn
hy cht hu c v gy thiu ht dinh dngcho cy trng.
- Cy t, xi xo lm tng phn gii cht hu c, tiu dit cn trng t v giun
t, tng xi mn t.
- Lng cht hu c to c v cung cp cho t phi ln hn lng cht hu c
b phn hy.
- ph ca t cnphi t c ngng chp nhn.

3.2.1.3. Cc bc qun l ci thin cht lng t
1. nh gi sc khe t v hot ng sinh hc
Thng s dng s ghi chp c bnv t nh gi s thay i din ra i
vi t trang tri. Phn tch t xc nh hm lng dinh dng (P, K, Ca,
Mg) khng cungcp thngtin v tnh cht vt l v sinh hc ca t. Thng
ngi nng dn c cc tiu ch ca chnh mnh nh gi sc khe ca t (t
tt hay xu). Cn phi c cc k thut mi nh gi sc khe t bao gmtnh
cht vt l, sinh hc v nh hngca vic qun l t v hot ngsn xut n
sc khe t.

Mt s k thut nh gi:
- Phn tch t: thot nc, kh nng gi nc, pH, hm lng ni t, mui, tnh n
nh ca kt cu t, s lngcn trngv giun t, ti xp ca t
- Cnh bo sm kim sot t canh tc: Cn phi c hng dn v kim sot t
canh tc, trong c cc ch tiu nh gi sc khe t trn ng rung. Nu r
cc thit b cn thit nh gi, cc thit b phi r v d tm. Cc phng
php nh gi n gin. Bn hng dn phi d c, d hiu v d mang theo khi
i quan st ngoi ng rung.
- nh gi trc tip sc khe t: Mt s cch c th xc nh sc khe t nh s
nn v ngi. C th ms lng sinh vt t trn b mt cc tn d cy trng. So
snh cc vng khc nhau xc nh thc hnh sn xut ca ngi dn nh hng
nh th no n cht lng t.
- M hnh n ginv xi mn v ra tri t: M hnh n gin ny chng minh
gi tr ca che ph t.

2. S dng cc cng c v k thut n gin nng cao v duy tr ph t
- Lun canh cy trng c th che ph c t khng? Tn d cy trng v c lu
nin nh th no? C ngun cht hu c v phn chung trang tri khng? C
cchno gims cy, xi xo t v phn mkhng? ni no c th, cnb
sungcht hu c cung cp hm lng hu c v dinh dng cho cy trng.
Tnh ton dinh dng khi s dng phnbn v cht hu c b sung. Phn tch t
v phn tch dinh dngca cc vt liu s dng. Hiu bit v lng dinh dng
20
cn cho mi loi cy trng bn lng phn b sung ph hp, gimchi ph phn
bn. Thnh phn dinh dng ca cc vt liu hu c l khc nhau nn cn xc
nh dinh dng trong cc vt liu s dngbng cc phng php phn tch ph
hp. Cc cht dinh dng chnh ca cy trng, phn hu c cng c th cung cp
cc vi lng cn thit. Cc thit b s dng bn phn cng quan trng mbo
t l s dng phn bn chnh xc.

Mt s cng c v k thut:
- Phn chung
- Phn
- Phn xanh v cy che ph
- Than bn
- Gim cy xi
- Gim thiu s dng phn m tng hp

3. Tip tc kim tra cc ch s thnh cng v tht bi
Sau khi th nghimcc thc hnh mi cn tip tc kimtra s thay i ca
t bng cch s dng cc cng c nh trong phn nh gi sc khe v hot
ngsinh hc. Thng s dng cc bng biu c th s dng trn ng rung
ghi chp s liu v s dng so snh v xc nh. Xemxt li cc nguyn tc qun
l t bn vng v tm phng cch p dng chng trn ng rung. Nuqu kh
khn trong vic p dng tt c cc thc hnh cng mt lc th bc u ch p
dngmt hoc hai thc hnh tt v kh thi nht.

3.2.2. Qun l dinh dng cy trng
3.2.2.1. Chin lc v k hoch qun l dinh dng
Chin lc qun l dinhdng trnh by mt phng php qun l tt c cc
vt liu s dng trong cc hot ng nng nghip v phi nng nghip.
Mt k hoch qunl dinh dngtrnh by chi tit s dng dinh dng nh
th no cho vng t c th. K hoch qun l dinh dng da vo thnh phn ca
dinh dng s dng v c imca ng rung. K hoch ny nhmti u ha
vic s dng dinh dng cho cy trng trn ng rung v gim thiu tc ng
n mi trng.
Chin lc qun l dinh dng cho hot ng nng nghip bao gmcc
thnh phn sau. Cc thnh phn ny cng l thnh phn yu cuca mt k hoch
qunl dinh dng:
1. M t cc hot ng
2. K hoch i ph nhng vic xy ra bt ng.
3. Phn tch dinh dng hoc gi tr dinh dng
4. Lit k cc thit b d tr
21
5. T khai ca mt n v trang tri
6. Bn tho k hoch ca mt n v trang tri

Mt danh mc hp phn yu cucho chin lc v k hoch qun l dinh
dng cho cc hot ng nng nghip c trnh by Bng 3.1. Mi hp phn
yu cu trong chin lc v k hoch qun l dinh dng lin quan n chin lc
hoc k hoch hoc c chin lc v k hoch.

Bng 3.1. Xc nhcc hp phn yu cu trongchin lc v k hochqun l
dinh dng cho cc hot ngnng nghip

Hp phn Chin
lc
K hoch
M t cc hot ng C C Thng tin hot
ng Tha thun C C
T khai ca mt n v trang tri C C Cho mt n v
trang tri Bntho k hochca mt n v
trang tri
C C
Lit k cc vt lius dng (t sn
xut v mua)
C C
Kim k v m t
cc vt liu s
dng Phn tch hm lng dinh dng C C
Tip nhn C Khng Tip nhn v lu
tr Thit b lu tr C C
K hoch i ph K hoch i ph ri ro C C
Biu mu Biu mu (sign-off form) C C
mu m Khng C
Bntho k hoch ng rung Khng C
Thng tin v
ng rung
Ly mu t v phn tch Khng C
Lun canh v nng sut Khng C Thng tin v cy
trng K thut trng trt Khng C
S dng phn bn bn trn th
trng
Khng C
S dngcc vt liu b tr Khng C
Thng tin s
dng dinh dng
Cn i phn bn v v yu cu
nng hc ca cy trng
Khng C


22
3.2.2.2. Chin lc dinh dng cho cc hot ng nng nghip
+Xemxt li v cp nht chin lc qun l dinhdng
Chin lc qun l dinh dng phi c xemxt li trong vng 5 nm
mbo cn gi tr. Nn xc nhv gii thch tt c s bin ng ca chin lc
c ghi nhnt cc hnh ng thc t. Sau 5 nm, phi c mt chin lc mi.
Nu ngi snxut xy dngnh kho cha sn phmhoc chung tri chn nui
mi th cng cn phi c mt chin lc qun l dinh dng mi.
+Ni dung yu cuca chin lc qun l dinh dng
Mt chin lc qun l dinh dng hon thin phi bao gm:
1. Thng tin v n v trang tri
2. M t cc hot ng sn xut
3. T khai n v trang tri bao gm v tr, s lng, tn
4. Tha thun
5. Bn k hoch ca n v trang tri
6. Lit k cc vt liu t sn xut thng tin v phn bn/dinh dng (dng,
phn tch)
7. Phn tch hm lng dinh dng v gi tr dinh dng.
8. Phn phi cc loi dinh dng t snxut.
9. Thng tin v d tr: khi lng hngnm, ngy d tr, s lng cn li
10. K hoch i ph ri ro bt ng.
11. Biu mu.
3.2.2.3. Chin lc qun l dinh dng cho cc hot ng phi nng nghip
+Gii thiu chung
Cc hot ngphi nngnghip sinh ra cc ngun vt liuphi nngnghip.
Ngun vt liu phi nng nghip c s dng bn vo t nh l ngun dinh
dng:
1. Bt giy v giy vn.
2. Rc thi sinh hc.
3. Tt c cc vt liu khng phi t nng nghip c th s dng bn vo
t nh l ngun dinh dng.
23
Tt c cc hot ng phi nng nghip sn sinh ra cc ngun vt liu phi nng
nghip cn phi hon tin mt chin lc qun l dinh dng.
+Ni dung yu cu ca mt chin lc qun l dinh dng i vi cc hot ng
phi nng nghip:
1. M t iu kin
Chin lc qunl dinh dngyucu m t iukin, bao gmcc thngtin
sau:
- a ch
- S in thoi
- Tn ngi linlc, v tr cngvic hoc cng vic mnhim trong
hot ng(ngi c vai tr trong chin lc)
- Sn lngvt liu hng nm c th sn xut
- M t cc hot ng thc hinti a bn.
2. M t vt liu v thng tin d tr
Lit k tt c cc dng ngun vt liu phi nng nghip v cc vt liu khc
sn sinh ra bi hot ng phi nng nghip. Cc dng nh rc thi sinh hc, bt
giy, giy vn, hoc cc vt liu khc khng phi t sn xut nng nghip m c
th s dng bn vo t nh mt ngun phn bn. M t mi vt liu phi bao
gmch r vt liu thuc dang lng hay rn. c lng v ghi nhn khi lng
rc thi hng nm cho cc giai on ca chin lc.
Cung cp thng tinv d tr tt c cc ngun vt liu phi nng nghip sn
sinh ra. Lit k v tr v iu kin ca cc ni d tr.
3. Chin lc 5 nm cho cc ngun vt liu phi nng nghip
Yucu mt k hoch 5 nm cho cc vt liu sn sinh ra bi cc hot ng
phi nng nghip cho tt c cc mc ch s dng khc nhau. Cc mc ch s
dngbao gm: bn vo t, lp t trng, t, ch bin (nh phn) Nu c s
thay i v k hoch mc ch v khi lng s dng th cn phi m t chi tit
nguyn nhn ca s thay i .

24
4. Phn tch dinh dng ca cc vt liu
Yucu mt chin lc phn tchcc ngun nguyn liu phi nng nghip s
dng bn vo t. Ngi cung cp nguyn liu phi cungcp thng tin v thnh
phn v cht lng ca cc nguyn liuca h. Yu cu phn tch trong phng th
nghimcc ch tiu nh m, ln, kali, kim loi v vt gy bnh.
5. K hoch i ph ri ro bt ng
Yucu c mt k hoch c th m t cc hnh ng i ph cc ri ro xy
ra khi thc hin chin lc qun l dinh dng. K hochny bao gmcc hnh
ngthay th trong trng hp thiu ngun d tr v cung cp cc nguyn liu
thay th cc nguynliu phi nng nghip.
6. Phn b s dng cc vt liu
y l mt phn ca chin lc hng nm v phn b s dngcc vt liu.
Yu cu m t ni s dng ca tt c cc vt liu. Nhng thng tin yu cu v
phnb vt liu nh sau:
* S dngbnvo t: cc nguynvt liu phi nng nghip c nhs dng cho
nngnghip:
- S lng k hoch qun l dinh dng lin quan hoc s lng tha thun.
- Din tch tha thun hoc din tch s bn.
- T l s dng.
- Khi lngs dng.
- Chng nhn ngi cung cp (bao gm tn cng ty, chng nhn hp ng hoc
giy php).
- Chng nhn hp ng vi nh cungcp l cn gi tr.
* Lp t trng: ni c nhs dng cc vt liu lp t.
- Tn v a ch ca vng t bao gmxc nhns tha thun.
- Khi lngs dng
* t: ni c nh t cc vt liu
- Khi lng
- t bn tronghay bn ngoi v tr sn xut.
25
- Nu t bn ngoi, cung cp a ch v giy xc nhn s tha thun.
* Ch bin: cho cc phng thc ch bin khc nhau (v d nh )
- Khi lng
- Thngtin v cc v tr ch binbn trongv bn ngoi v tr sn xut.
- Nu bn ngoi th cung cp a ch
- Bn m t v phng thc ch bin v giy xc nhn s tha thun.
* Mc ch khc: cho cc phng php qunl khc (nh cc cng ngh mi)
- M t v phng php qun l
- Khi lng
- Thngtin v v tr s dng (bn trong v bn ngoi v tr sn xut).
- a ch ca cc v tr bn ngoi.
7. Bo co hng nm v qun l nguyn vt liu
Yucu c bo co hng nm ni r ni v mc ch cc nguyn vt liu
c s dng. Cc thngtin chi tit ca bo co l:
* S dng bn vo t: cc nguyn vt liu phi nng nghip s dng cho nng
nghip:
- S lng k hoch qun l dinh dng lin quan hoc s lng tha thun.
- Din tch s dng.
- T l s dng.
- Khi lng s dng.
- Chng nhn ngi cung cp (bao gm tn cng ty, chng nhn hp ng hoc
giy php).
- Chng nhn hp ng c k
* Lp t trng: ni s dng cc vt liu lp t.
- Tn v a ch ca vng t bao gmxc nhns tha thun.
- Khi lng s dng
* t: ni t cc vt liu
- Khi lng
26
- t bn tronghay bn ngoi v tr sn xut.
- a ch ca cc v tr bn ngoi
* Ch bin: (v d nh )
- Khi lng s dng
- Thngtin v cc v tr ch binbn trongv bn ngoi v tr sn xut.
- Nu bn ngoi th cung cp a ch
- Bn m t v phng thc ch bin.
* Cc phng thc khc: (nh cc cng ngh mi)
- M t v phng php s dng
- Khi lng s dng
- Thngtin v v tr s dng (bn trong v bn ngoi v tr sn xut)
- a ch cc v tr bnngoi
8. Bo co v chin lc 5 nm cho sn xut cc nguyn vt liu phi nng nghip
Phn ny yu cu tm tt cc thng tin ca cc bo co hng nm. V d khi
lng cc nguyn vt liu phi nng nghip sn xut hng nm c tng hp
thnh khi lng sn xut v s dng thc t ca 5 nm. Tm tt cc phng php
thc t s dng qun l cc vt liu (nh bn vo t, lp t, t, ch bin
hoc cc phng thc khc). Nu c s sai khc v khi lng vt liu ca bt c
phng php qun l no so vi k hoch qun l dinh dng th cn phi c s
gii thch r rng. Lu gi bo co ny a imsn xut.
+i mi chin lc qun l dinh dng
Cn c vo cc quy nh hin hnh v sn xut v s dng dinh dng i
mi v cp nht chinlc qun l dinh dng.
3.2.2.4. K hoch qun l dinh dng
+Xemxt li v cp nht k hochqun l dinh dng
Ngi trc tip thamgia sn xut trang tri phi xemxt li k hoch qun
l dinh dng mbo k hoch vn cnc gi tr s dng, pht hin v l gii
bt k s khc nhaugia k hochqun l dinh dng v ghi nhn thc t. Tt c
k hoch qun l dinh dng cnphi c xemxt li khong 5 nm/ 1 ln v
27
phi thng xuyn cp nht thng tin phn nh chnh xc iu kin thc t xy
ra trangtri.
+Ni dung yu cuca k hoch qun l dinh dng
1. Cc hp phn ca k hoch qun l dinh dng
- Thngtin v dinh dng
- Thngtin v ng rung
- Thc hnhcanhtc
- S dng dinh dng
- T l s dng dinh dng
- Thngtin v t
2. Thng tin v dinh dng
Thng tin v dinh dng ca tt c cc loi vt liu c nh s dng trang
tri cn thit phi nu r trongchin lc qun l dinhdng ca trang tri.
3. Thng tin v ng rung
Tt c t ai ca trang tri bao gmcc khu vc phi c xc nh nuc
nh s dngcc vt liu vo cc vng t trong sut giai onthc hink
hoch qun l dinh dng.
- Rung s hu:
Cung cp nhng thng tin sau y trong k hoch qunl dinh dng cho mi
rung s hu ca trang tri:
Din tch trng trt.
Din tch c th p dng dinh dng.
dc cao nht trongvng 150 m so vi b ca ngun nc
Rungc hoc khngc h thng thy li kin c.
Kt cu t v tng t chim u th.
C hoc khng c cc ging nc xung quanhrung
C hoc khng c ngun nc gn runghoc trong rung.

28
- Bn k hoch ng rung
Yu cu mt biu mu v bng k hoch ng rung cho mi rung ca trang
tri. Bn k hoch bao gmcc hp phnsau:
Ngi s hu rung
Cc khu vc ca rung, nu rung c nhiu khu vc th mi khu vc phi
ch r a imv ranh gii.
Xc nh h thng thy li
Cc c tnhsau phi c trong bn k hoch (ni cc c tnh ny khng c
th phi ch r cc c tnh ny cn phi b sung vo k hoch):
o V tr ca cc ngun nc.
o V tr cc vng t khngs dng cho nng nghip.
o V tr ca tt c cc ging nc trong vng 100 mxung quang
rung.
o dc cao nht trong vng 150 mso vi b ca ngun nc.
o Ch r yu cukhong cch ca cc ngun nc p ng cung
cp thng xuyn.
- Ly mu t v phn tch
4. Cc thc hnh canh tc
- Lun canh v nng sut
Yu cu cc thng tin sau cho mi rung trong k hoch qun l dinhdng:
Lun canh cy trng trong thi gian thc hin k hoch qun l dinh
dng.
Thi gian trng v thuhoch
Nng sut mong i ca cy trng trong thi gian thc hin k hoch.
Cc cy trng nm trc.
5. S dng dinh dng
- S dng phn bn thng mi
Xc nhr tt c cc loi phn bn thng mi (c dnglngv dng ht)
s dng trong sut qu trnh thc hin k hoch qunl dinh dng. Xc nhr
t l bn, cc phng php s dng v khi lngphn bncho mi ln s dng.
29
- S dng cc vt liu b tr
K hoch qun l dinh dngcn phi xc nh tt c cc vt liu b tr s
dngtrong sut qu trnh thc hink hoch:
Dng vt liu
T l s dng
Phng php s dng
Thi gian s dng
Tn sut s dng
6. T l s dng phn bn
Cn phi xc nh t l bn vo t ca cc vt liu cho tng mnh t, nhm
t ca trang tri. T l s dng ph thuc vo nhiu yu t: c imca t,
thng tin v cy trng v dinh dng ghi trong k hoch qun l dinhdng. T l
p dng phn bn cng phi cn i gia cn bng nng hc v cn bng ly i
bi cy trng.
Cn bng nng hc l lng phn bn d tiuca mt loi phn bn bn
vo t tr i nhu cu dinh dng ca cy trng.
Cn bng ly i bi cy trng l lng phn bn d tiuca mt loi phn
bn vo t tr i lng phn b ly i bi cy trngkhi thu hoch.
7. Thng tin v t
K hoch qun l dinh dng cn thit phi chng minh c c y
thng tin v t cho vic xc nh phn bn bn vo ng rung tt c cc loi
phn bn bn vo ngrung phi tun theo hng dn v khngc mt loi
phn bn no c bn qu mc.
3.3. Qun l nc
Kinthc v lnh vc ny bao gm: s dng nc, qun l m t, cht
lng nc v bo tn nc. Cc chuyn ny bao gmt vic to m t, vic
la chn cy trng ph hp vi vic s dng nc ncht lng nc v qun l
ti tiu. Phnny din t mi quan h cht ch gi sn xut nng nghip, m
t, s dng nc cho trng trt v chn nui, v ngun ti nguyn nc.
Sn xut cy trngph thuc vo qun l tt m t c vngt ch
ng nc ti hoc ph thuc nc ma (khng c h thng ti). Chn nui
30
cng cn nc sch cho sc khe v nng sut gia sc. Tuy nhin, trng trt v
chn nui cng tc ngxu n cht lng nc tr khi p dng cc thc hnh
tt v bo tn ngun nc.
Trong khun kh bi ging ny, chng ti gii thiu v phng php lp k
hochti nc cho cy trng.

3.3.1. Gii thiu
K hoch v thi gian v lng nc ti mbo cy trng sinh trng,
pht trin tt trong sut v sn xut. y l k hoch rt cn thit cho vic thc
hnhqunl trang tri hng ngy ca ch trang tri cc vng c ti tiu.
Thi gian ti nc hp l l mt quyt nh ch yu cho ch trang tri
nhm: p ngnhu cu nc ca cy trng hn ch tn tht nng sut do khng
hong nc, t hiu qu s dng nc ti cao nht v bo tn ngun ti nguyn
nc ca a phng, gimthiu ri ro timtngv d lng nitrat v thuc ha
hc bo v thc vt tc ng n cht lng nc ngm.
Ti nc hiu qu ch c th khi thng xuyn kim sot nc trong t,
tnh hnh pht trincy trng trn ng rung v d bo nhu cu nc ca cy
trng trong tng lai. Ti nc mun cho n khi cy trng b khng hong nc
hoc ti qu t nc u c th lmgimnng sut cy trng. Ti qu nhiu
nc dn n chi ph thy li cao, lng ph nc v tng s ri ro v vic thmcc
ha cht nng nghip vo vng t r cy phn b v nc ngm.
Mt s cng c xy dngk hoch ti nc: thm d t, cmng
m t, trm kh tng trn rung, ngi d tnh s dng nc ca cy trng, biu
mu kimtra cn bng nc hngngy ca t, chng trnh tnh ton cn bng
nc hngngy ca t, nh t vn...
3.3.2. Lp k hoch qun l ti
K hochqun l ti nhmkimsot cn bng nc trong t (tin n
ngng thiu ht nc) s dng cho k hoch ti tip theo. K hochny yu
cu ngi qun l kim sot sinh trng pht trin ca cy trng, hng ngy quan
trc nhit cao nht ca khng kh, c lng s dng nc hng ngy ca cy
trng, o lng ma hoc lng nc ti vo rung v tnh ton s thiuht mi
v nc trong t. tnh ton s thiu ht nc mi, ghi v lu tr d liu ca
s thay i hng ngy, s liu lin quan n cn bng nc trong t phi c
31
nghi vo biu mu c sn. Thi gian tt nht ly s liu l vo bui sng sau
khi o lng ma trn ng rung.
quyt nhthi gian ti, cnphi so snh s thiu ht nc trong t
ngy trc vi chin lc qunl nc ti cho cy trng, d tr nhu cu nc
ca cy trng v d bo thi tit.
Mt chin lc qun l nc ti phc tho k hoch ca cc nh qun l v
ti nc bao gmmc hn ch thiu ht nc trong t c th chp nhn c
i vi cc giai on sinh trng pht trin khc nhau ca cy trng.
Hiu qu ca k hoch ph thuc vo vic quan st v quan trc thng
xuyn v chnh xc ng rung ca ngi qun l. Khi c lng nc s dng
cho cy trng ph thuc vo nhiu yu t kh hu, thc hin k hoch thnh
cng th thng xuyn thm ng (3 7 ngy/1 ln) xc nh thiu ht nc
trong t hin c, sau so snh vi biu d on cn bng nc trong t. Nu
c s khc nhau th cn phi thay i biu d on cn bng nc vi s nh gi
trn ng rung. Ch khi s dng bng biu s dng nc cho cy trng, mt
tun sau cn phi iu chnh li cho ph hp vi giai on sinh trng, pht
trinca cy trng.
Nubt c nguyn nhn no gy nn biu cn bng nc trong t b gin
onv mt khong thi gian tri qua, ngi qun l c th bt u lp li biu
cn bng nc t u bt c lc no c k hoch ti nc trong tng lai.
Cn phi gi biu cn bng nc cho mi rung v c s khc nhau v t, cy
trng, ngy trng, lng ma v t l sinh trngca cy trng.
xy dng v thc hin mt h thng tnh ton nc c hiu qu th cn
phi hiu r mt s c imv ng rung v yu t lin quan gia t nc
cy trng.
3.3.3. Lng nc ti
Nuc th, lng nc ti nn t hn s thiuht nc trong t cung
cp ni cha nc ma. hu ht cc loi t, lng nc s dng ti u v v
vi tun trc khi sn phmchn ch khong30 50% s thiu ht nc trong t.
Thc hnh ny s to c hi ct tr nc ma v hnch dngchy khi c
ma.
32
hu ht t ct, cn ti khong 80 100 % so vi s thiu ht nc ca
t trong sut v. i vi vng t tht nng v trungbnhth ti lng nc l
t 50 -100 % so vi s thiu ht nc ca t, ty thuc vo kh nng ca h
thng bm ti.
3.3.4. Chin lc qun l ti nc
Ngi qun l trang tri xemxt mt s yut quyt nh khi no th ti
nc hp l ti u ha snphm. Nhiu trong s cc yut thay i theo s
sinh trng, pht trin ca cy trng. Sau y l mt s hng dn chung xem
xt pht trin mt chin lc qun l nc v thit lp cc mc hn ch thiu ht
nc trong t:
Thng xuyn mbo m t ph hp cho ht ny mm v cy con mi
trng. Nu t khng m th phi ti vng t c gieo ht hoc trng cy
con. Khi cy sinh trng, m t cng rt cnthit cho r pht trin, r cy s
khng pht trin khi t kh, d cht. Ti nc thc y pht trin r, tng kh
nng gi nc ma v gimri ro ra tri dinh dng. V d i vi ng, giai
on sinh trng sinh dng (t ny mm n 10 l) th mc thiu ht nc trong
t c th l 60 65 %. giai on ny, b r ch t 1/2 n 2/3 tim nng ca
cy trng. Ti nc gi mcho ng giai onny l thc y r pht trin su
hn, tng kh nng gi nc khi tri ma v gimri ro ra tri dinh dng.
Khi cy trnggn n giai on sinh trng ti hnhoc giai on c nhu
cu nc cao nht, cn phi xemxt mc gii hn thiu ht nc trong t
gimthiu ri ro khng p ng nhucu nc ca cy dn n tntht v nng
sut. i vi hu ht cy trng, trc khi vo giai on sinh trng ti hn (v d:
10 12 l i vi ng, bt u ra hoa i vi u tng) th mc gii hn thiu
ht nc trong t khong 30 40 %. Trong sut giai on sinh trngti hn
thng nhu cu nc cao, v vy trongchin lc qun l nc cn thit phi c
nh gi nhu cu nc trongkhong thi gian 2 - 3 ngy hn ch s khng
hong nc ca cy trng bt k phn no ca rung trc khi ti. V d, s
dng ti nc bng trc xoay trong vng 3 ngy mi c th ti ht rung, v
vy cn phi bit thiu ht nc s nh th no sau 3 ngy xc nh thi gian
ti nc tip theo. gimthiu s ra tri nc khi ma, cn phi thng
xuyn theo di d bo thi tit trong thi gian ti c k hoch ti nc hp l.
Khi cy trng gn n giai on chn hon ton, mc thiu ht nc trong
t c th tng cao nhng khng nh hng n cy trng. V d, i vi ng, khi
33
ng chn sp th mc gii hn thiu ht nc c th tng ln 60 70 % nhng
khng nh hng n nng sut.
K hochqun l nc ti l thit lp cn bng gia thiu ht nc trong
t v lng nc thc m h thng ti bnh thng c th cung cp. i vi cc
h thng ti cho mt loi cy trng hoc mt loi t m b hn ch bi nng lc
ca trm bm, cn phi c cc chin lc thay th chin lc qun l nc khi cn
thit nhmgimthiu ri ro khnghong nc ca cy trng.
3.4. Qun l dch hi
3.4.1. Cc khi nim
3.4.1.1. Dch hi
- Dch hi l tt c cc sinh vt gy tr ngi n hot ng v mong munca con
ngi.
- Dch hi l cc thc vt sng trn cn, di nc, cc ng vt, vi sinh vt sng
trn hoc trongcy trng, vt nui gy tn tht cho con ngi.
- Mt sinh vt c xeml mt dch hi khi mt giai on gy hi ca sinh vt
c s lng ln gy ra tn tht cho con ngi.

3.4.1.2. Qun l dch hi
- Qun l dchhi l mt qu trnh thu tp, phntch v s dng thng tin a
ra quyt nh hnh ng nhmgims tc ng ca chng qundchhi mt cch
c k hoch v phi hp, phi t c mt s cn i v li nhun vi chi ph ti
a cho vic thc hin cc hnh ng .

3.4.1.3. Qun l dch hi tng hp (IPM)

- IPM l mt chin lc da vo h sinh thi nhm ngn nga dch hi v s gy
hi ca chng mt cch lu di bng vic kt hp s dng cc bin pho k thut,
bao gm: Phng tr sinh hc, k thut canhtc, ging chng chu, thuc ha hc
(ch s dng sau khi kt qu iu tra cho thy l cn thit, mc ch l ch tiu dit
dch hi) ...Tt c cc bin php c p dng theo chiu hng gimti thiu ri
ro cho sc khe con ngi, vt c ch, vt khng gy hi v mi trng.
- IPM l mt h thng qun l dch hi c s lin kt gia mi trng v bin
ngchng qun ca cc loi dch hi, s dng tt c cc k thut hp l v cc
phng php c th nhm gim chng qun dch hi ngng khnggy hi kinh
t (FAO).
- IPM l mt lin kt cc bin php nh sinh hc, cng ngh sinh hc, ging cy
trng, canh tc, gimthiu vic s dng thuc ha hc tr dchhi (Lut Bo v
34
thc vt c).

3.4.2. C s khoa hc ca IPM
3.4.2.1. Ti sao phi thc hin IPM
Thuc ha hc bo v thc vt e da sc khe ca con ngi v mi
trng:
- Ngi s dng
- Ngi tiu dng
- Mi trng: t, ngun nc, h, khng kh cha d lng thuc BVTV
- Thc y s pht trin ca dch hi hin c v xut hin dch hi mi
- Pht trin tnh khng thuc ca dch hi
V vy cn phi c mt cch tip cn mi trong qun l dch hi, l IPM

3.4.2.2. Sinh thi hc trong IPM
+Ti sao phi nghin cu sinh thi trong IPM?
- Lch s ca IPM l lchs ca sinh thi ng dng
- Qun l dchhi thng da vo s pht hin nhngimyu v sinh thi ca
dch hi.
- C th qun l h sinh thi mt cch c la chn nhm gip cy trng gimtn
thng do dchhi gy ra
- Tng lai ca IPM da vo s tng cng vn dng tnh phc tp ca h sinh
thi.

+Thc hin nguyntc sinh thi trong IPM
- Mc ch phng nga gi mt chng qun di mc gy hi.
- Yu cunngcao kin thc, quanst, qunl.
- Cn em li nhiuli ch c chp nhn.
- Thng xuyn gip , t khi tha mn.

Cch tip cn s dng kin thc sinh thi trong IPM:
- Qun l dch hi trn c s sinh thi (EBPM).
- Farmscaping Ch yu l phngtr sinh hc. Farmscaping l mt h thng canh
tc tin n s gia tng v qun l a dng sinh hc nhm tng s lngsinhvt
c ch.
- S dngrngri h thng sn xut hu c

tng c bn ca IPM da trn c sinh thi:
- Hng qun l dch hi da trn vic m bo cn bng sinh thi
- S thay i qun l chtrng t loi n l n qu trnh, tng tc gia cc
loi.
35
Nguyn l c bn ca vic thc hin nguyn tc sinh thi trong IPM:
- Anton
- Bn vng
- Hiu qu/ c li nhun

3.4.3. c im v nguyn l ca IPM
3.4.3.1. c im ca IPM
- Da vo s hiu bit v dchhi v k th t nhin
- Gi mt chngqundchhi ngng thp
- Kt hp cc bin php ringl
- S hp nht ca h sinh thi
- Nghimngt v kinh t
- S dngbinphp phng tr ng lc

3.4.3.2. Nguyn l ca IPM
C 4 nguyn l ca IPM:

1. Trng cy khe
Cy khe l cy sinh trng, pht trin tt, v vy c kh nng chng chu c s
gy ha ca cc loi dchhi. Nhiu yut nh hng n sc khe ca cy:
Ging tt
Ht ging v cy gingtt
Lm t
Mt , khong cch
Ci to ph t
Qun l dinhdng
Qun l nc
Lun canh

2. Bo v thin ch
Bit thin ch v hiu v vai tr ca chngtrong vic khng ch dch hi bo v
ma mng.
Trnh s dng cc ha cht gy c cho thin ch. To iu kin cho thin ch
pht sinh, pht trin nh cung cp ngun thc n v ni cho thin ch bng cch
lun canh, xencanh

3. Thm ng thng xuyn
Trong IPM, ngi nng dnqun l cy trng ca h da vo thng tin v
tnh trngthc t ca ng rung. H khng s dnglch phunthuc nh k
phng tr dchhi. V vy nng dn phi thng xuyn thm ng :
36
iu tra thc trng ng rung t nht 1 ln/ 1tun (t, nc, cy trng, dch hi,
thin ch).
a ra quyt nhda vo thc trng ca ng rung.
Cc binphp trc tit khi cn thit (v d: thu trng, nh c)

4. Nng dn tr thnh chuyn gia
C kin thc thc hnh v cc c imca cy khe
C th xc nh c su, bnh hi, thin ch, hiu v vng i v quan h
gia dch hi v thin ch, v s lin quanca chng trong vic phng tr
dch hi
C th phn tch tnh trng ca ng rung v a ra quyt nh ph h
qun l dch hi
Thc hin cc bin php qun l ph hp
C th phn tchkinh t (n gin)
C th thit k v tin hnh th nghim hiu v gii quyt cc vn xut
hin trn rung
Tm kim thngtin
Lin lc, hp tc v chia s vi nng dnkhc


3.4.3.3. Nguyn tc ca IPM
- IPM l mt vn lin quan n nhiu lnh vc trong xem xt n hon cnh
sinh thi v kinh t x hi nh mt thc th nhm gi sn phmca h sinh thi
nngnghip bn vng.
- IPM tp trung vo vic kimsot s mt mt do dch hi gy ra, s dngcc yu
t hn ch, s dngchnlc cc k thut canh tc v gingcy trng.
- Cc binphp phng tr dch hi khng nh hng n kinh t v sinh thi. Tng
cng s dngcc bin php phi ha hc.
- Hiu thu o v quanh sinh thi trong cc h thng sn xut (cy trng, dch
hi v cc yu t nh hng n s pht trin ca chng.
- Hiu thu o v yu t kinh t trongmt h thng sn xut (t l mt mt, tim
nng th trng v gi c)
- Hiu thu o v cch c x ca ngi dn v vic quyt nh cc vn vn
ha x hi (s thchtruyn thng, cch c x vi s ri ro)
- Li cun ngi nng dn vo vic phn tch v gii quyt cc vn bo v thc
vt.
- Xy dng c cu v lut php v chnh sch v nng nghip cho mt chin lc
IPM bn vng (php lnh kimdch thc vt, thuc tr dchhi, chnh sch gi c.


37
3.4.4. Cc bin php s dng trong IPM
3.4.4.1. Bin php canh tc (Cultural Methods)
+Khi nim
- Thc hin cc bin php k thut canh tc nhm tng cng s sinh trng v
pht trin, nng sut cy trng, to iukinkhng thun li cho dch hi (ly lan,
sinh sn, sinh sng). Ch yu s dng phngdchhi.
- Cn hiu r v cy trng, sinh hc, sinh thi v s pht sinh ca dch hi c
bin php thchhp

+Mt s bin php:
- Lun canh:
- Xen canh
- iu chnh thi v gieo cy v thu hoch
- Lm t
- Bn phn
- Ti nc
- V sinh ngrung v dit tr c di
- Lmc, xi xo, bmngn, ta cnh, bc l
- Mt , khong cch, hnglung v cchb tr cy trng trn ng rung
- Khu cch ly, khu bo v, khu dnd

3.4.4.2. Bin php c gii, vt l (Physical and Mechanical Methods)
+Khi nim
Bin php c gii, vt l l bao gmcc k thut tiu dit cn trng mt
cch c gii hoc to ra cc ngn cn vt l trnh s ly lanca dch hi.

+Mt s bin php:
- Dng sc ngi v dng c th s
- Dng loi by b
- Hng ro ngn cn
- Bao qu
- Ph lung
- Che lung
- X l nhit
- iu chnh m
- S dngX v

3.4.4.3. Bin php sinh hc (Biological Control)
+Khi nim:
38
- Tc ng ca cc tc nhn sinh hc nh k sinh, bt mi, vt gy bnh lm hn
ch s pht trin ca mt loi khc
- Cc tc nhn sinh hc gm: Cn trng k sinh (Parasitoid), ng vt bt mi
(Predator), Vi sinh vt gy bnh v tuyn trng (Insect Pathology)

+ Cc phng php trong phng tr sinh hc:
- Phng php c in (Classical Biological Control): Nhp khu v thit lp thin
ch mi n ni c dchhi mi m cha c k th t nhin bn a.
- Bo tn (Conservation): To iu kin thun li cho thin ch sn c trn rung
sinh sngv sinh sn.
- Gia tng/thm vo (Augmentation): Nui v th thin ch vo ng rung nhm
b sung thin ch nhng ni khng th thit lp lu di loi thin ch .

3.4.4.4. Bin php ha hc (Chemical Methods)
+Khi nim:
- Thuc bo v thc vt l mt cht hoc hn hp cc cht c tc dng ngn nga,
tiu dit, xua ui, lm gimnh cc loi su hi, chut, tuyn trng, nm, c di
hoc bt c dng dch hi no; cc cht hoc hn hp cc cht s dng iu ha
sinh trng, cht gy rng l hoc cht gy kh (theo The Federal I nsecticide,
Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA))

+Nhng kh khn khi la chn v s dng thuc bo v thc vt:
S chn la v s dng l kh khn, do:
- Nhiu loi thuc
- Nhiu hot cht
- Phi bit r tn dch hi, giai on pht dc
- Phi xem xt c ch tc ng ca thuc i vi cy trng, sinh vt khnggy hi,
mi trng, ngi s dng
- Phi xc nh cc a imv yu t cnthit cmhoc hnch s dng mt
loi thuc. V d: trnghc, cng vin, cng trng, h, sng
- Thuc bo v thc vt phi c ng k c php s dng trn loi hng ha,
cy trng, thi gian sinh trng, pht trin ca cy
- Phi thng xuyn kimtra nhnmc nhms dng thuc hp php

+Bin php dng thuc ha hc c hiu qu
Thc hin 4 ng khi dng thuc ha hc:
1. ng thuc
2. ng nng , liu lng
39
3. ng cch
4. ng ni v ng lc

3.5. Qun l cht lng v an ton nng sn
3.5.1. Nguy c v nguyn nhn lm mt cht lng
Ri ro v cht lng l tt c cc c im ca mt sn phm m khng p
ng c yu cu ca khch hnghoc quy nhca chnhph. V d cht lng
sn phm khng p ng c yu cu ca khchhng v kch thc, mu sc,
chn, biu hin bn ngoi, mi v Sn phm c th khng p ng quy nh
kimdchca nc nhp khu bi v c mt loi dch hi hoc ghi sai nhn mc.
C 3 loi c trng cht lng: biu hin bn ngoi, cht lngbn trongv
cht lng timn.
- Biu hin bn ngoi: bao gm cc c im c th thy, v d nh mu sc, kch
thc, nhn, bnh hi, su hi, vt u, v bao b.

- Cht lng bn trong: bao gm cc c imkhng thy t bn ngoi m sn
phmcn phi ct ra hoc n xc nh phm cht. V d: mu sc, chc, x,
mi v, mi thm, bnh hi, su hi

- Cht lng ti m n: bao gm cc c im khng th thy, ngi hoc nm. V
d: gi tr dinh dng, thay i gene
Mt s c tnh cht lng c bn khch hng thngquan tmkhi mua cc
sn phm ti sng:
Khng c cc tn thng, h hng, vt u
Khng chn nu, mm qu hoc ho
Khng c d bn, d lng ha cht khng cho php v cc vt l.
Khng c mi v v l
Khng c dch hi thuc i tng kimdch
Cht lng sn phm c th b mt tt c cc khu trong sn xut, thu
hoch, x l sau thuhoch

+ Mt cht lng trong qu trnh sn xut
Cc thc hnhsn xut quyt nh cht lng vn c ca sn phm. Saukhi
thu hochsn phmth kh c th ci tin cht lng.
Thc hnh snxut nh hng n tt cc cc dng c trng cht lng:
- c im bn ngoi nh mu sc, kch c, hnh dng b nh hng do cc thc
hnhsn xut tc ng n sinh trng, pht trin ca cy trng nh qun l dinh
dng, xn ngn, ta cnh Biu hin bn ngoi cng c th b gimdo su bnh,
b xy xt c gii.
40
- Biu hin bn trong, cht lng n, gi tr dinh dng ca snphm b gimdo
khng hong nc, dinh dng cho cy trng khng ph hp v cy lp .

+ Mt cht lng khi thu hoch
thnh thc ca sn phmkhng ch nh hng n cht lngkhi thu
hoch m cn nh hng n tui th (seft life) ca sn phm. thnh thc
thng ni n mt giai on trong qu trnh sinh trng ca cy rau v qu. S
thnh thc ca sn phmtip tc cho n khi bt u gi ci v cht.
C th l rt kh quyt nh nng sn phmlc no thnh thc thu
hoch. Mt s loi cy trng, biuhin chn c th hin bng qu trnh pht
trin. Mt s cy trng khc, thi gianthu hoch c quyt nh theo ch quan
ca con ngi (khng c biu hin chn ca nng sn). thnh thc ph hp
nht tin hnh thu hoch l khi cy trnghon thnh sinh trngv pht trin
mbo cht lng sn phmthu hoch c khch hng chp nhn.
Hu ht sn phmtr nn gi ci v dn ncht sau khi thu hoch. Nu thu
hoch cc sn phm qu chn th s gi ci c th xut hin trc khi giao sn
phmcho khch hng. Nu thu hoch cc sn phm qu non th cc c trng nh
mu sc, kch thc, hnh dng, mi v, x s b gim.
Mt phn ca thnh thc ca cc loi qu thngphi tri qua mt qu
trnhchn. S chn lin quan n thay i cc c trng ca qu dn n tng tnh
c th n c. V d thay i mm, gim a xt, tanin, tng ng, tng mi
thm v thay i mu sc da. Mt s loi qu nh xoi, chui, c chua s thay
c th tip din sau khi thu hoch sn phm.

+ Mt cht lng trong qu trnh x l sau thu hoch
C rt nhiu nguynnhn gy mt cht lng snphm sau thu hoch. Cht lng
sn phmc th mt do qu trnhsinh hc thng thng, tuy xy ra chm nhng
lin tc, khngngng v c th do thc hnhx l khng tt.
Mt s nguynnhnchnh lmgim cht lng sn phm sau thu hoch:
Lm tng s gi ci
Mt nc
Vt thng c gii
Ri lonsinhl
Nhimbnh
Sinh trng v pht trin

3.5.2. Cc nguy c v ngun gy mt an ton nng sn
Nguy c v an ton thc phml cc cht c c tnh vt l, ha hc, sinh hc
gy cho nng sn tr nnri ro i vi sc khe ca ngi tiu dng.
C 3 nguy c i vi an ton thc phm: Ha hc, sinhhc, vt l.
41
Cc loi nng sn c th b nhim bn bi vic tip xc trc tip vi cc nguy
c trong sn xut hoc gin tip vi t, nc, thit b, vt liu, phn bn, t
nnb nhim.

+ Nguy c ha hc
Nhim bn ha cht trong nng sn ti c th xy ra mt cch t nhin hoc
c th do con ngi gy nn trong qu trnh sn xut, thu hoch, x l sau thu
hoch. Cc dng nhimbn ha cht l:
D lng ha cht nng nghip trong snphm vt qu ngng cho php.
Nhimbnphi ha cht nng nghip V d: du, nht, cht ty ra
Kimloi nng vt qu ngng cho php.
c t thc vt xut hin trongt nhin.
Cc tc nhn gy d ng.

+ Nguy c sinh hc
Thng thng nng sn phmcha nhiu loi vi sinh vt khc nhau. Mt s vi
sinh vt l nguyn nhn lmmt phm cht nng sn nh gy hi, thi, mt mu
Mt s loi khc th ch sinh sngtrong nng sn phmch khng gy mt phm
cht nngsn cng nh sc khe ca ngi s dng. Vi sinh vt gy bnh nh
hng n sc khe ca ngi tiudng bng cch k sinh, pht trin trong c th
ngi hoc tit ra cc c t.
Sinh vt gy bnh c th tmthy trnb mt nng sn hoc bn trong m
thc vt. Cc vt gy bnh thng gp l vi sinh vt (vi khun, virus) v k sinh.

Vi khun
Vi khun l nguyn nhn thng gp gy bnh tiu ha. S lng vi khun
cn thit gy bnh cho ngi l ty thuc vo loi vi khun, tui v iu kin
ngoi cnh. Ni chung, vi khun yu cu mt s dinh dng cn thit v mi
trng ph hp nh m cao v nhit m. Vi khun c th pht trin rt
nhanh trong thi gian ngn. Trongthi gian7 gi, mt t bo vi khun c th sn
sinh hn 1 triu t bo.
Mt s vi khun gy bnh thng gp c trong nng sn (c bit l rau, qu
ti) l:
Salmonella sp.
Escherichia coli (E. coli)
Shigella sp.
Listeria monocytogenes
Vi khun Listeria monocytogenes c th tmthy trong t v c th sng
trong t trongvng 60 ngy. Nng snnhimbn vi khun c th do tip xc vi
t trng, hoc cc cng c my mc v thng hng cha t b nhimkhun. Cc
42
vi khun khc nh Salmonella sp., E. coli v Shigella sp. tn ti trongcht thi ca
gia sc v ngi. Nngsn b nhimcc loi vi khun ny l do s dng phn
chung khngx l, ngun nc nhim, tip xc vi gia sc trongkhi sn xut,
vn chuyn v t cc hot ng th cng ca con ngi.

K sinh
K sinh l cc t chc sng bn trong c th sng khc (k ch). K sinh
khng th sng bn ngoi ng vt hoc con ngi nhng chng c th gy bnh
cho ngi v gia sc ngay c khi c s lng rt nh. Nng snc th l mt mt
xch to iu kin cho mt k sinh ly lan t k ch ny sang k ch khc (ng
vt ngi, ngi ngi). Cysts (bo xc), giai on ng ng ca k sinh, c
th tn ti trong t trongvng 7 nm, v d: Giardia.
K sinh thnggp trongnng snl:
Cryptosporidium
Cyclospora
Giardia

Virus
Virus khng th sinh snbn ngoi t bo sng v khng th pht trin bn
ngoi hoc bntrong nng sn. Tuy nhin nng sn c th l mt mt xch virus
ly lan t ng vt n ngi, hoc t ngi n ngi. Mt s lng nh virus
trongnng snc th gy bnh.
Virus c th xm nhp vo con ngi thng qua nng sn nhim virus:
Hepatitis A virus
Norwalk virus v Norwalk-like virus.

Cc ngui nhi m bn sinh hc
t
Nc
Phn chung
Nc cng thi
Con ngi
ng vt
Bi bn khng kh

+ Nguy c vt l
Nguy c vt l l cc vt th bn ngoi c th gy bnh hoc tn thng cho
ngi tiu dng. Nhimbn vt l c th xy ra trong qu trnh sn xut, thu
hoch v sau thu hoch.
Cc dng nguy c vt l c th:
43
- Cc vt th t mi trng: t, , que gy, ht c di
- Cc vt th t thit b, nh xng, thng ng (container): thy tinh, g, kim loi,
ni lng
- Cc vt th t hot ng ca con ngi: n trang, tc, cc vt dng c nhn

3.5.3. K hoch qun l cht lng v an ton nng sn
Xc nhcc thc hnhnhmqun l cht lng v an ton sn phmtrong
qu trnh sn xut, thu hoch v x l sau thu hoch trong mt k hoch cht
lng v an ton sn phmcho tng loi cy trng. K hoch qun l cht lng
v antonsnphmnhmkim sot cc nguy c lm gimcht lng v an ton
l khc nhau cho cc loi nng sn. K hoch bo gm cc k thut trng, thu
hoch, x l v vn chuyn sn phm. Ch trang tri cn phi xc nh cc k
thut cn thit v bt buc qunl cht lng v an tonnng snv m t cc
k thut trong mt k hoch chi tit.
Mt k hoch qunl cht lng v antoncn c cc thng tin c bn sau:
+ Bc tin hnh: cc bc tin hnh trng, thu hochv x l sau thu hoch
+ Nguy c mt cht lng v an ton: Tn tht v cht lng v an ton nng sn
xy ra khi thc hin khng ng cc bc tin hnh.
+Nguynnhngy mt cht lngv an ton nng sn: Lm sai bc tinhnh
g s dn n mt cht lng nng sn v anton nngsn?
+Cc thc hnh: cc phng php kimsot/thc hin, hot ng gim st cn
thit gim thiu s ri ro nguy c gimcht lng v anton nngsn xy ra.

3.6. Qun l cht thi v mi trng
3.6.1. Nguy c v mi trng
Nguy c mi trng l cc tc ng xu ca qu trnhsn xut, thu hochv
x l sau thu hoch cc nng sn phm i vi cc c tnh bn trong hoc bn
ngoi ca mi trng. C nhiu nguy c thng thng xy ra ng rung v
chung tri, mi nguy c c tnh cht khc nhau. Cn phi xemxt tnh hung c
bit ca mi c tnh khi qunl cc nguy c mi trng.
Cc bc kim sot nguy c mi trng nh sau:
1. Xc nh nguy c Ci g c th xy ra i vi cc c tnh bntrong v bn
ngoi ca mi trng nu mt vi hot ng tin hnh khng ng?
2. nh gi ri ro Ci g c th xy ra v hu qu ca vic xut hin nguy c?
3. Kim sot nguy c Nhng thc hnh nng nghip tt no c yu cu thc
hin ngn nga hoc gim mc thp nht s ri ro ca cc nguy c?
4. Gimst v xemst li cc nguy c Cc thc hnh nngnghip ang thc
hin c tt khng, c s thay i no dn n s hnh thnh nguy c mi?

44
3.6.2. Qun l nhim v cht thi
+ Xc nh cht thi v nhng cht gy nhim
- Tt c nhngsn phmthi t trang tri phi c lp danh mc v ghi chp lu
tr.
- Tt c nhngngun nhimtimtng (v d nh l d lngphn, khi thi t
cc thit b lmnng) phi c lp danh mc v ghi chp lu tr cho tt c cc
qu trnh sn xut trong trangtri.

+K hoch x l cht thi v nhim mi trng
- C mt k hoch bng vn bn hin hnh r rng v d hiu bao gmgimrc
thi, nhim, v ti ch rc thi.
- C cc bin php v hnh ng c th trang tri xc nhn rng mc tiu ca k
hoch x l rc thi v nhim c thc hin.
- Mt s t cc rc thi khngmong mun trong khu vc ch nh cng nh l rc
thi trongny l chp nhn c. Tt c cc lai rc khc phi c lmschs.
Cc khu vc ni sn phm c x l x l trong nh c lmsch t nht mt
ln trong ngy.
- Trang tri c nhng vng ch nh lu gi rc thi. Cc loi rc thi khc nhau
c phn loi v lu gi ring bit. Cc chai l ha cht dng ri c ra vi
nc, cn p v lu gi khuvc an ton cho n khi loi thi tr khi chng c
chuyn tr li cho nh phn phi.

3.6.3. Vn bo v mi trng

+nh hng ca vic sn xut nng nghip n mi trng
- C bin php hn ch ti a cc nh hngxuca cc hot ng sn xut nng
nghip n mi trng (nh xi mn t, lm t bc mu, cht ph rng...)
- C nhng hnh ng thit thc c thc hin bi ch trang tri hay mt nhm
cc ch trang tri lm li cho chng trnh bo v mi trng.

+Chnh sch bo v mi trng v bo tn thin nhin
- C cc k hoch bo tn a dngsinh hc v i sng hoang d. K hoch ny
mc vng hay quc gia v c thc hin trang tri.
- Ni dung v mc tiuca k hoch bo tn c thc hin ph hp vi nng
nghip bn vng v gim tc ng n mi trng.
- C nhng quan tm n k hoch bo tn thin nhin thc hinkimtra cc
iu kin, v tr, mc hin tica h ng thc vt trang tri t c th
lp k hoch bo tn.
45
- Trong k hoch bo tn thin nhin c bn danh sch cc iu u tin v cc
hnh ng cnthc hin iu chnh cc mi trngsng b hu hoi trang
tri.
- Trong k hoch bo tn thin nhin c bn danh sch cc iu u tin v cc
hnh ng cnthc hin nng cao mi trng sng cho h ng thc vt v
nng cao a dng sinh hc nu c th c trang tri.
- Nu c th lm c, c cc k hoch chuyn cc khu vc khngsn xut vo
trongvng bo tn t nhin bo tn h ng thc vt.
































46
BI 4

NGHIN CU V THC HIN MT CHNG TRNH ICM


4.1. Tin trnh nghin cu v thc hin mt chng trnh ICM
1) Xc nh vn kh khn v cngii quyt. Tm hiu tp qun canh tc v
bo v cy trng ca ngi dn a phng
2) Nghin cu tmra ci mi
- Nghin cu c bn
- Nghin cungdng
3) Chun b tp hun
- Chunb chng trnh tp hun cho nngdn
- Chunb chng trnh tp hun cho tp hun vin
4) M lp tp hun cho tp hunvin(ToT: Training of Trainer)
5) M lp tp hun cho nng dn (FFS: Farmer Field School)
6) Ph bin cho nng dn khc (Farmer to Farmer)
7) p dng vo thc tin sn xut ca nng h
8) nh gi nh hngca chng trnh:
- Kinh t
- X hi
- Mi trng
9) Trong qu trnh thc hin lun lun phi iu chnhcc tin trnh cho ph
hp vi thc t tng a phng, tng loi cy trng v lun c s nh gi kt
qu v pht hin ra cc vn mi cn gii quyt.

4.2. Khuyn nng cho ICM
4.2.1. Khi nim khuyn nng
- Khuynnngl g? Rt kh tr li chnh xc cu hi ny. cc ngn ng khc
nhauth s dng cc t c ngha khc nhau. Tuy nhinnhn chung thngs dng
t ting Anh M l extension
- T extension l c ngungc t truyn thngca cc trng i hc M
m rng cngvic v kin thc t nghin cu khoa hc ca cc trng i hc
n cc nhm bn ngoi.
47
- i vi tingAnhAnhth s dng t advisory work, c ngha l cng vic lin
quan n vic a ra nhng li khuyn cho mt vn c th.

Roling (1988) a ra nguyn l c bn ca khuyn nng:
- Khuyn nngl mt s can thip.
- Khuyn nngs dng truyn thng lmcng c gii thiu s thay i.
- Khuyn nngch c hiu qu bi s t nguyn thay i.
- Khuynnngnhn mnh v cch thc thc hin v kt qu t c khc nhau
m c th phnbit c vi s can thip khc.
- Khuyn nng c trin khai bi mt t chc, c quan.

4.2.2. Cc phng thc tip cn khuyn nng
4.2.2.1. Trn xung (top-down) v di ln (botton- up)
- Top-down: gii thiu k thut thmcanh xy dng bi cc nh nghin cu,
khuyn nng vin cho ngi dn
- Botton-up: ngi nng dn xc nh vn v yu cu s tr gip ca khuyn
nngvin, nh nghin cu

4.2.2.2. Truyn thng (Communication)
- Truyn thngl mt qu trnh chuyn ti thngtin t ngi gi n ngi nhn.
S dng truyn thng thay i hnh vi, iu ny ty thuc vo ngha thng tin
cn chia s gia ngi gi (khuyn nng vin) v ngi nhn (nng dn)
- Cc yut nh hng n truynthng
Vn ha: ngn ng, gi tr ang thnh hnh, kin, phong tc, tp qun
X hi: cu trc x hi v c cu lnh o ca cng ng, s can thip ca
chnh quynvo cng ng
Kinh t: tc ngkinht nh l kt qu ca s can thip, chi ph ca s can
thip

4.2.2.3. S hc (Learning)
- S hc l mt qu trnh xy ra trong no c c nhngthng tin v kinh
nghimmi. L mt qu trnh thay i kin thc, phn ng v k nng ca con
ngi. V vy rt quan trng trongkhuyn nng.
- Hiu qu ca vic hc ph thuc vo phng php gingdy, dng c hc tp,
tnh hp dn ca thng tin v kinh nghim, tp tnh ca ngi hc.

- Trit l ca s hc:
48
Nu ti nghe th ti s qun (If I hear it, I forgot it)
Nu ti thy th ti s nh (If I see it, I remember it)
Nu ti thc hnh th ti s hiu (I f I practise it, I understand it)

4.2.2.4. a ra quyt nh v thay i cch c x
- Thay i cc c x (behavior) l kt qu ca s thay i kin thc v thi .
Kin thc Thi / quan im Tp tnh/ cch c x


a ra quyt nh l yu t quan trngtrong sut qu trnh thay i thi .
Khuyn nng nh hng n s a ra quyt nh ca ngi nng dn. Mt
chng trnh khuyn nng cn phi can thip v gip ngi dn trong tt c cc
bc a ra quyt nh:
- Xc nh vn kh khn gp phi
- Xc nh nguyn nhn ca vn kh khn
- Cung cp cc gii php
- Gip nh gi nhng u v nhc im la chn cc gii php ph hp.
- Tp hun k nng
- Gip phn tch cc tc ng trongsut qu trnhnh gi

4.2.3. Cc phng php khuyn nng
4.2.3.1. Chuyn giao cng ngh (Transfer of Technology: ToT): m hnh ToT
Cch tip cn truyn thng ca khuyn nng l m hnh chuyn giao cng
ngh. M hnh ny c biuth bng ngthng nh sau:
Nghin cu Khuyn nng Nng dn

- Lin kt n gin
- Khng c phn hi
- Khng c hiu qu, c bit i vi nng dn ngho
Quanim
Phnng
Kin thc
Phn tch
Quyt nh
Hnhng/ c x
49

4.2.3.2. H thng tp hun v ving thm (Training and- Visit system: T&V)
M hnh tip cn khuyn nng c s dng rng ri nht. H thng ny c
Ngnhng Th gii gii thiu n hn 40 nc trn th gii.

- Thit lp mng li khuyn nngcc cp
- Thit lp khuyn nng vin cp x/ lng v cc nhmnng dnch cht
- Tp hun thng xuyn
- Ci thin linkt gia khuyn nng v nghin cu
- Ci tin ni dung k thut v hot ng khuyn nng
- Hot ng ngoi ng rungnhiu hn, nng dn d s dng hn.

4.2.3.3. Gio dc phi chnh quy (Non-formal Education)
- Nhn mnh lin h vic hc da vo kinh nghim vi vn ca cuc sng.
- Khuyn khch ngi hc gii quyt vn bng s tham d, t tin, t quyt,
cng nhau a ra quyt nh.
- Hot ng nhm l mt phn quan trng, ci thin kh nng hc v a ra quyt
nh.

4.2.3.4. Pht trin cng ngh c s tham gia (Paritipatory Technology
Development)
- Tr gip ngi dn lmth nghim: xc nh vn , thit k th nghim, tho
lun kt qu v a ra kt lun
- M hnh Farmer First: nh nghin cu v khuyn nng tr thnh ngi t chc
hc, cht xc tc v t vn, tm kim v cung cp gip nng dnhc t nng
dn khc.

4.2.4. c im ca khuyn nng ICM
ICM cn c kin thc su, rng v c trng cho tng vng, tngtrang tri c
th, nn yu cu k nng a ra quyt nh ca ngi nng dn. V vy vic
khuyn co cho ngi nng dn bng hnh thc quy trnh k thut c sn l khng
ph hp trong cngtc khuyn nng cho ICM. Thay v cc hng dn theo quy
nh v quy trnh c sncho tt c mi ngi nng dn, ICM yu cu mt s tip
Nghin cu Khuyn nng
cc cp
Khuyn nng
cp lng/x
Nng dn ch
cht
Nng dn khc
50
cn v sinh thi, tha mn cc nguyn l ca ICM.
4.2.4.1. Phng php khuyn nng
c im ca ICM (kinthc surng, c trng cho tng trang tri, phc
hp nhiu yut, yu cu thc hin/ hnh ng theo nhm, a ra quyt nh...)
yu cu mt phng thc khuyn nng cho nng dn pht trin k nng a ra
quyt nh. V vy, tp hun theo nhm trn ng rung l phng php khuyn
nngtt nht cho ICM.

4.2.4.2. Ni dung tp hun
pht trin k nng a ra quyt nh, cn cung cp cho ngi nngdn cc
kin thc v sinh thi, sinh l ca h thng sinh thi nng nghip. Hng ngy
ngi dn s dng cc kin thc ny trong thc t snxut ca h. Khi ngi dn
thng xuyn thc hnh trn ngrung th h s thunhn c cc kinthc v
kinh nghim m trc h cha c. Nhng kin thc thc v kinhnghimhin
c m ngi nng dn p dng vo vo thc t sn xut trn trang tri ca h s
c nng cao thng qua vic hc. Tp hun ngha l t cc kin thc hin c ca
ngi dn vo ni m chng ta cn ch cho h cc quan st v kinhnghimmi,
to c hi cho ngi dn nng cao c kin thc v kinh nghim bng vic cung
cp cc thng tin theo yu cu.
Ni dung ca tp hun ICM nn lin quan ncc vn hin xy ra trn ng
rung. Nn tp trung vo mt s vn mang tnh logic h thng nh cy trng,
dch hi, k th t nhin..., y l v d tt cho vic tip cn sinh thi. Quan st,
phntch, tho lun, a ra quyt nh v th nghim l cc ni dungch yu ca
tp hun ICM.

4.2.4.3. Tip cn tp hun
C nhiu cch tip cn khuyn nng nn cng c nhiu cch tip cn ICM.
Khng xem ngi nngdn nh l ngi nhn, ngi chp hnh cc khuyn co
mt cch th ng, m h l nhng ngi hc, cc chuyn gia ch ng trn ng
rung ca h. Qu trnh tp hun phi cung cp c hi cho ngi dnpht trin v
cngc kin thc v k nng thc hnh trn ng rung. Tp hun ICM khng
phi dingii trongphng hc m din ra trn ngrung trong sut c v sn
xut, trn tt c cc giai on sinh trng, pht trin ca cy trng, tp trung vo
cc vn xy ra trn ng rungv trao quyn t chc cho ngi dn. Phng
php tip cn gio dc phi chnh quy, trong nhn mnhhc qua th nghimv
hot ng nhml p ng c nhucu . Tp hun vin ch l ngi thc
51
y/ch dn hn l ngi thy gio.


4.3. Lp hc nng dn tr n ng rung v ICM (ICM FFS)
4.3.1. Khi nim v ICM FFS
L mt lp tp hun nng dn trn ng rung trong sut mt v snxut
- Hc qua kinh nghim thc hnh, hot ngv kinh nghimhng ngy
- Nng dn c khuynkhch khm ph v pht hin cho bn thn h
- 20 25 nngdn, lmvic theo nhmnh (5 ngi/ nhm)
- Sut mt v: chun b ging, lm t, gieo ht thu hoch
- Hng tun: t nht 1 bui/ tun
- Hc tp bngcchso snh rungICM vi rungnng dn
- Nghin cu trn ng rung
- Cc chuyn c bit (c nng dn la chn)
- Phn tch h sinh thi v tho lun nhm a ra quyt nh
- Phng php tp hun: khng chnh thc, ngi hc l trung tm, c s thamgia,
hc bng thc nghim.
- Tp hun vin hng cho ngi dn c hi hc tp kinh nghim, khng p t
trn xung.
ICM FFS tp trung vo sc khe ca mi trng, t, ht/cy ging, cy
trng. Mt cy trng khe c tim nng cho nng sut cao. t, ht/ cy ging,
mi trng khe s gip cy trngkhe v bn vng cho sn xut.
FFS ko i sut 1 v sn xut, cc hot ng thc hin theo cc giai on
sinh trng, pht trin ca cy trng v cc thc hnh qun l lin quan. Thi
kha biucho tp hun cn thit phi ph hp vi tng iukinc th.

4.3.2. Xy dng ICM FFS
4.3.2.1. Ni dung ca chng trnh tp hun ICM
Ni dungtp hun ICM cho cn b khuyn nng v cho nng dn khng ch
hn ch v cc phng php ring l phng tr dchhi hoc k thut canh tc,
m bao gm:
- Sinh l pht trin ca cy trng
- K thut trng cy khe v cho li nhun
- nh hng ca ging n qun l dch hi
- Qunl t v phn bn
- Qun l nc ti
- Sinh hc ca su, bnh hi v c di
- Thin ch ca su, bnh hi
52
- K nng quan st ngrung
- Thuc BVTV v mi trng
- Rc thi v mi trng
- K nng qun l kinh t
4.3.2.2. Hot ng ca ICM FFS
Mt bui hc ca ICM FFS c xy dng da trn nguyn tc ca 8 hot
ngsau:
1. Quan st ng rung(khong 30 pht)
2. V bc tranh sinh thi (5 pht)
3. Phn tch h sinh thi ng rung (30 pht)
4. Trnh by kt qu v tho lun (30 pht)
5. Phn tch kinh t (10 pht)
6. Quan st tp tnh ca cn trng(10 pht)
7. Hot ng nhm(10 30 pht)
8. Chuyn c bit (30 60 pht)

Mt s hot ng trn ch thc hinkhi cy trng t n giai on sinh trng
ph hp. Hc vinc th chn vic tin hnh th nghim trn ng rung FFS.
Cc th nghim c thit k bi ngi dn t u v.

4.3.3. Chun b cho lp ICM FFS
4.3.3.1. Cuc hp chun b
- Thng bo cho c cng ng bit v mc ch ca FFS, thc y h tham gia,
cung nhau xc nh hc vin thch hp
- C th m hi ngh ub xem cc kt qu ca lp hc trc
- Cung cp thng tin v gii thiu v ICM
- Chn hc vin
- Xc nh cc hot ng u tin
- Chun b k hochcho vic m lp FFS:
- Ngy v gi cho cc bui hc hng tun
- a imcho cc nghin cu ng rung
- Danhschhc vin
- Thi kha biuhng tuncho cc hot ng trongsut v
- Cc thit k cho cc th nghim ng rung
53
- Vn ti chnh

4.3.3.2. Chn hc vin
Mi lp hc thng c 20 25 hc vin. Hc vin thng c chn bi
chnh cng ng. Chn hc vin phi tin hnh vo bui gp mt u tin bi tt
c cc nng dn quan tmt cng ng .
Tiuchun ca hc vin:
- Nng dn trng cy trng t chc tp hun
- Hng th hc hi nhng vn mi
- Phi c kh nng tham gia FFS u n trong sut c v
- Sn sng ph bin nhng g h hc c cho nng dn khc
- Khng i hi phi bit ch

Nuph n c thamgia vo qu trnh sn xut th khuynkhch s thamgia
ca h vo lp hc.

4.3.3.3. Cc yu cu ca lp ICM FFS
- 1 - 2 tp hun vin thamgia TOT (c th l nngdn hoc cn b)
- C snrung trng
- Chunb: phn chung, phn ha hc, ging
- ung v n nh cho tng bui hc
- Ti liu hng dn tp hun
- Cc vt liu, dng c hc tp: bng, giy cc kh, bt x, gim, ti ni lng

4.3.4. Tin hnh thc hin lp ICM FFS
4.3.4.1. S h tr cho lp FFS
Mt tp hun vinca FFS l hn c mt gio vin hoc hng dn vin.
Tp hun vin ng vai tr nh mt ngi nngdn c kinh nghim, mt ngi
54
cht vn (t cu hi), mt nh t chc, mt iu phi vin
+Vai tr v nhimv ca tp hunvin:
- Xc nh kh khn trong canh tc lp k hoch cho cc ch .
- C ng c nng cao kh nng ca mnh v ca ngi khc.
- B tr rung iu tra v lm th nghim.
- Chun b cc ti liu cn thit cho cc ch c bit v hot ngnhm.
- Lun gii thch mc ch v cc bc tin hnh trc khi bt u mt hot
ng.
- iu tra v phn tch iu kin rung ICM vi hc vin, khuyn khchh
iu tra k bng a ra cu hi ph hp.
- Ging gii c h thng, t n gin n phc tp.
- Lmsi ni bui tho lun.
- Ch n s tham gia ca tt c hc vin, bo mkhng ai chi phi tho
lun, khuyn khch ngi ngi im lng tham gia tho lun.
- Trnh by kinv kinh nghim ca mnh khi hc vinkhng th tr li
cu hi ca chnhh.
- Nhc nh v mt thi gian.
- Lun tn trng mi hc vin v kin ca h.

+Nhng thi ca tp hunvincn tr qu trnh hc:
- Tp hun vin khng thch th, thiu kin nhn, khng tp trung.
- Gii thch s si hoc khngr rng.
- a ra cng vic khng r rng.
- a thng tin khng ng hoc khng chnh xc bi v khng mun tha nhn
mnh khng bit cutr li.
- S dng phng php, cc hot ng khng phhp.
- T chc khng tt, khng lmvic theo tng bc.
- Qun l thi gian khng tt.
55
- Chn ch v e ngi a ra quyt nh.
- Phn ng khng tt i vi hc vin.
- Dn hc vinvo th b.
- Thiu t tin.

4.3.4.2. Kim tra u kha v cui kha
Bui gp mt u tin v cui cng thngc cc bi kim tra nh gi
kin thc ca hc vin trc v sau khi thamgia FFS. Kim tra u kha cung cp
cho tp hun vin FFS cc thng tin c th s dng honthin chng trnh tp
hunph hp vi kin thc ca ngi nngdn thamgia lp hc. Kt qu kim
tra cui kha s ch ra s tin b ca hc vin trong sut v thamgia FFS.
Tp hunvinchun b 10 cu hi trc nghim cho mi bi kimtra. Cc cu
hi lin quan n cc vn gp phi trn ng rung ca a phng. Mi cu
hi hc vin chn tr li mt trongba p n nh sn. Nu c th, s dng mu
vt ti nh l cy b su bnh gy hi, triuchng do thiu dinh dng hoc mu
t lm p n. Vit cuhi v p n ln bng, t trn rung. Cu hi kim
tra u kha v cui kha nn c kh tng ng nhau v s dng ngn ng
a phng. Tho lun v chia s kt qu ca cc t kimtra gia cc hc vin.

4.3.4.3. Phn cng trong nhm
Huht cc hot ng ca FFS c thc hin theo nhm, khong 5 ngi/
nhm. Mi nhm t tho lunv phn cng cngvic cho mi ngi trong nhm.
Khng nn thay i thnh vin trong nhmtrong sut lp hc, tr khi c ngi
trongnhmngh hc v cn phi thay th ngi khc.

4.3.4.4. Th nghi m trn ng rung
Trong lp FFS, hc vin thc hin mt s thc nghim trn rung ICM FFS.
Mc ch ca hot ngny l pht trin k nng th nghim v cung cp cho hc
vin kinh nghim nh gi thc hnh ICM v cc hot nglin quan.
Khuyn khchhc vint thc hin cc thc nghim tr li cu hi ca
chnh bnthnh. Cc tp hun vin tr gip hc vinb tr th nghim ca chnh
h ngay trong cc bui hp mt u tin. Vic la chn ni dung cn th nghim
phi da trn th t u tin ca hc vin.

4.3.5. nh gi lp ICM FFS
xc nh immnh v im yu ca FFS trong sut mt v snxut th
cn phi thc hin vic nh gi lp hc bi chnh cc hc vin tham gia. nh
gi phi tp trung vo kt qu, qu trnh v nh hng:
- Kt qu: Kt qu ca vic ng dng ICM v tin hnh th nghimtrn rung ca
FFS l g?
56
- Tin trnh: Cc hot ng ca FFS nh hng nh th no ti vic hc ICM?
- nh hng: Hc vin c th t c nhng kt qu g nh tin hnh ICM
c hc FFS trn rung ca chnh h?

4.3.5.1. nh gi kt qu
Mc ch ca nh gi kt qu l nh gi hiu qu ca cng ngh ICM, c
bit i vi hc vin ang nghi ng v li ch ca ICM. nh gi cng nhmci
thincng ngh ICM v tintrinhc FFS. nh gi kt qu c thc hin bi
vic cn nng sut ca tt c cc th nghm, phn tch v nh gi s liu v
phntch hiu qu kinh t.
Cc nhmhc vintho lun v so snh nng sut gia cc th nghimv
a ra kt lunv th nghim , v so snh gia rung ICM v rung nng dn.
Tp hun vin thng t cc cu hi sau hng dn tho lun:
- Nng sut gia cc thc hnh qun l khc nhau nh th no? Thc hnh no
cho nng sut cao nht?
- Snphm v chi ph cho mi th nghim?
- Li rngca mi th nghim?
- Thc hnh no l d p dng? C nhng kh khn g?
- Tnh thch hp ca mi thc hnhvi h thng canh tc?

4.3.5.2. nh gi qu trnh
nh gi qu trnh l nh gi mc FFS p ng nhu cu v mong i ca
hc vin. Tiu ch nh gi bao gm:
- S lng cuc gp mt v s hc vinthamgia.
- Nguyn nhnhy b cuc gp mt v khng tham gia.
- S ph hp gi cc chuyn c bit FFS v cc vn gp phi a
phng.
- im mnh ca FFS: hot ng no l hp dn nht, hu ch nht?
- imyu ca FFS: hot ng no l km hp dn, kmhiu qu? Lm sao ci
thin? Ci g nn thm vo hoc bt i? Chng trnh tp hun nn ci tin nh
th no?
- Tp hun vin lmvic nh th no?
Kt qu ca nh gi tin trnh s gip cho tp hun vintrong vic lp k
hoch v thc hin ICM FFS tt hn.
4.3.5.3. nh gi nh hng
nh gi nh hng ca ICM FFS trong vic ci thin kin thc v k nng
ca ngi nng dn v tng cng kh nng ngdng cc kinthc vo thc
t sn xut ca chnh h.
C th s dng cc phng php nh gi nh: kim tra u kha v cui
kha, kin ca hc vin v s thnhcng v tht bi ca FFS trong cuc hp
57
nh gi, quan st trn ng rungca hc vin sau khi thamgia FFS, phng vn
hc vin hc FFS

4.3.6. Hu ICM FFS v thc hin ICM bn vng
Sau lp FFS, chng ta hy vng cc hc vin tip tc thc hin ICM trn ng
rung ca h, m rng ICM cho ngi khc. Trc khi kt thc FFS, cn phi
tho lun vi hc vin v k hoch p dng kin thc v k nng mi va hc
c. K hoch cho cc hot ngsau ICM FFS da vo nh ca cc hc vin
thamgia lp hc. Tuy nhin tp hun vin cng khuyn khch hc vin lu n
mt s hot ng sau:
- Thc hin ICM trn mi rung ring l
- Thc hin theo nhmyu cu hot ng chung
- Tip tc th nghim(c nhn hoc nhm) lmthch hp hng dn ICM
vi iu kin a phng.
- Ph bin cho nng dnkhc v hng dn ICM v phng php thc hin

ph bin ICM cho nng dn khc mt cch thun li th nn mi cc nng
dn khng tham gia vo lp ICM FFS, bao gmlnh o a phng trong v
ngoi ni t chc FFS, n tham gia thu hoch v nh gi rung FFS. Ti bui
hp, hc vin FFS c th trnh by nhng vn h hc c trongsut lp hc
FFS cho nng dn khc.













PHN THC HNH
58

BI 1

IU TRA TNH HNH SN XUT NNG H/ TRANG TRI SN XUT
NNG NGHIP


1.1. Mc ch
- Hiu r phng php iu tra tnhhnh snxut nngnghip ca a phng.
- Thuthp cc thng tin v d liuv thc trng sn xut nng nghip.
- Quan st v so snh cc m hnh sn xut nng nghip a phng. Xem xt u
v nhc imca cc m hnh.
- Thc hin cc phng php tip cn, phng vn ngi dn a phng thu
thp d liu.

1.2. Ni dung
- Gii thiu cc phng php iutra, kho st tnh hnh sn xut nng nghip ca
a phng, phng php phng vn ngi dn a phng v ghi chp s liu.
- Tmhiu phng php iu tra, thu thp thng tin, d liu, bao gmvic lp
bngcu hi ph hp cho tng i tng iu tra.
- Chun b a im iutra
- Tin hnh iu tra thu thp s liu v hot ng sn xut a phng.

1.3. C s vt cht cn thit
1.3.1. Phng tin: phng tin i li, phngseminar, a im iu tra...
1.3.1. Vt liu: giy, bt, s ghi chp, thc dy, bao b, vt, chai, l...









59
BI 2
PHN TCH, NH GI V XUT GII PHP PHT TRI N ICM

2.1. Mc ch
- Hiu r phng php phn tch s liu iu tra tnh hnh sn xut nng nghip
ca a phng.
- nh gi cc yut thun li, kh khn, nhng im yu v immnh trong
sn xut nng nghip ca a phng.
- a ra cc gii php c th s pht trin ICM cho a phng.

2.2. Ni dung
- Tng hp, phn tch s liu iu tra
- Vit bo co nh gi
- Trnh by bo co v tho lun

2.3. C s vt cht cn thit
2.3.1. Phng tin: phng seminar, my tnh, projector...
2.3.1. Vt liu: giy, bt, s ghi chp...



















60
BI 3
XY DNG CHNGTRNH LP ICM FFS

3.1. Mc ch
- Hiu r cc bc xy dng chng trnh lp ICM FFS.
- xut chng trnh tp hun v cc ni dung cho mi bui tp hun.
- nh gi tnh kh thi v cc yut thun li, bt li khi thc hin chng trnh
tp hun.

3.2. Ni dung
- Xy dng k hoch FFS bao gmcc hot ngchun b cho lp hc.
- Xy dng ni dung chng trnh cho c lp hc
- Xy dng ni dung cho mi bui hc
- nh gi lp hc
- K hoch cc hot ng huFFS

3.3. C s vt cht cn thit
3.3.1. Phng tin: phng seminar, my tnh, projector, bng bo co...
3.3.1. Vt liu: giy A0, A4, bt x cc mu, giy mu cc mu, s ghi chp,...














61
TI LIU THAM KHO



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