GiaoTrinhThamKhao TCPIPCanBan

TONG CONG TY CHlNH VlFN THONG VlFT NAM
HOC VlFN CONG NGHF CHlNH VlFN THONG

e-Learning
TAl tlF THAM kHAO
TCP/IP
CAN BAN
(danh cho Hoc vien khoa hoc TCP/IP can ban)
GlANG VlFN:
Th.S Nguyen Xuan Khanh
Trng khoa Vien thong 2
Hoc vien Cong nghe Bu chnh Vien thong

(Lu hanh noi bo)

TkNG TAM AO TAO CHlNH VlFN THONG 2
TF. HCM, tbang 10/2004
Li noi au
Theo xu hng pht trin mng vin thng ln NGN da trn nn tng IP th
vic ph cp cho cn b cng nhn vin ca Tng cng ty Bu chnh Vin thng
Vit Nam nhng kin thc c bn v b giao thc TCP/IP tr thnh mt nhu cu rt
cn thit.
Ti liu tham kho TCP/IP cn bn gii thiu cc ni dung cn bn ca b
giao thc TCP/IP. B cc ca ti liu c trnh by theo m hnh tham kho TCP/IP.
Mc d khng c phn nh r rng nhng ngi c c th thy qua tng chng
cc phn lp ca m hnh tham kho ny. Chng 1 gii thiu v TCP/IP, chng 2
lp truy cp mng, chng 3, 4, 6, 7 lp Internet, chng 5 lp vn chuyn. V t
chng 8 tr i trnh by cc giao thc lp ng dng.
Ti liu ny c trnh by theo mt trnh t thng nht cho tt c cc chng
nh sau: phn u s nu tm tt cc ni dung chnh s c trnh by trong chng,
tip theo l mc tiu m tc gi mun truyn t ti ngi c, cui cng l phn tm
tt v thc hnh (nu c). Ngoi ra, cn c phn thng tin thm cung cp nhng
thng tin b sung khc c lin quan n bi hc.
y l ti liu lu hnh ni b, dng ring cho hc vin ca kha hc TCP/IP
cn bn kha hc th nghim hnh thc o to e-Learning u tin do Trung tm
o to Bu chnh Vin thng 2 phi hp vi Trung tm o to Bu chnh Vin
thng 1 t chc. Ti liu ny c dch v bin son li da trn ni dung cun sch
nguyn bn ting Anh:
Teach Yourself TCP/IP in 24 Hours, Third Edition
Tc gi: Joe Casad
Nh xut bn: Sams PublishingPub
Ngy: 03/09/2003
S ISBN: 0-672-32565-9
S trang: 450
Trong qu trnh dch thut v bin son, nhm tc gi c nhiu c gng
m bo v mt cht lng ni dung cng nh hnh thc trnh by ca ti liu, nhng
chc chn cn rt nhiu iu thiu st, bt cp. Chng ti rt mong nhn c nhng
kin ng gp xy dng v cun ti liu ny qua a ch:
pttc2_elearning@yahoo.com
Xin chn thnh cm n.

TP. HCM, thng 10/2004

Nhom tac gia
CHU BIEN:
Th.S Nguyen Xuan Khanh Trng khoa Vien thong 2
Hoc vien Cong nghe Bu chnh Vien thong.
Cac cong tac vien:
TS. Nguyen Quang Trung
Trng Hoang Khanh
Nguyen Sy Hoang Anh
Le Th My Linh
Nguyen Ngoc Tram Anh
Nguyen Ngoc Chan
Vo Ngoc Quang
Nguyen c Thang

i
MC tC
Trang
Chng 1 TCP/IP lm vic nh th no................................................ 1
1.1 H thng giao thc TCP/IP........................................................................ 2
1.2 TCP/IP v m hnh OSI ............................................................................ 4
1.3 Cc gi d liu........................................................................................ 6
1.4 Xem qua hot ng mng TCP/IP .............................................................. 7
Chng 2 Lp truy cp mng.............................................................. 10
2.1 Cc giao thc v phn cng.................................................................... 11
2.2 Lp truy cp mng v m hnh OSI.......................................................... 12
2.3 Kin trc mng ..................................................................................... 13
2.4 nh a ch vt l ................................................................................ 14
2.5 Cu trc khung ..................................................................................... 15
2.6 Cc cng ngh LAN................................................................................ 16
2.6.1 Ethernet........................................................................................ 17
2.6.2 Token Ring .................................................................................... 19
2.6.3 FDDI............................................................................................. 20
2.7 Cc k thut truy cp mng khc ............................................................ 20
Chng 3 Lp Internet ....................................................................... 21
3.1 nh a ch v phn phi ...................................................................... 22
3.2 Giao thc Internet (IP)........................................................................... 24
3.2.1 Cc trng tiu IP ...................................................................... 26
3.2.2 nh a ch IP............................................................................... 28
3.2.3 Chuyn mt a ch nh phn 32 bit sang dng chm thp phn............. 30
3.2.4 Chuyn mt s thp phn sang mt octet nh phn ............................. 32
3.2.5 Cc lp D v E................................................................................ 34
3.2.6 Cc a ch IP c bit ..................................................................... 34
3.3 Giao thc phn gii a ch (ARP)............................................................. 35
3.4 Giao thc phn gii a ch ngc (RARP) ................................................. 36
3.5 Giao thc thng ip iu khin Internet (ICMP)........................................ 37
Chng 4 Phn mng con................................................................... 39
4.1 Cc mng con trong TCP/IP .................................................................... 40
4.2 Chuyn i mt Subnet Mask sang dng chm thp phn ........................... 43
4.3 Lm vic vi cc mng con ..................................................................... 45
4.4 nh tuyn tn min Internet khng phn lp............................................ 50
Chng 5 Lp vn chuyn .................................................................. 51
5.1 Gii thiu v lp vn chuyn................................................................... 52
5.2 Cc khi nim lp vn chuyn................................................................. 53
5.2.1 Giao thc hng kt ni v khng kt ni .......................................... 53

5.2.2 Cng v socket .............................................................................. 55
5.2.3 a hp/ Gii a hp........................................................................ 59
5.3 TCP v UDP.......................................................................................... 60
5.3.1 TCP: Giao thc truyn ti hng kt ni ............................................ 61
5.3.2 UDP: Giao thc truyn ti khng kt ni ............................................ 67
5.4 Mt lu v tng la (firewall) ............................................................. 69
Chng 6 Phn cng mng................................................................. 71
6.1 Mng c chia nh .............................................................................. 72
6.1.1 Bridge........................................................................................... 73
6.1.2 Hub.............................................................................................. 74
6.1.3 Switch .......................................................................................... 75
6.1.4 Router .......................................................................................... 77
6.2 nh tuyn trong TCP/IP ........................................................................ 78
6.2.1 Th no l mt b nh tuyn? ......................................................... 78
6.2.2 Gii thiu v nh tuyn .................................................................. 80
6.2.3 Bng nh tuyn............................................................................. 82
6.3 Chuyn i a ch mng (NAT)............................................................... 83
Chng 7 nh tuyn.......................................................................... 85
7.1 Gii thiu v nh tuyn trong TCP/IP ...................................................... 86
7.2 Tr li vn router.............................................................................. 86
7.2.1 Vi nt v chuyn tip IP (IP forwarding) ........................................... 87
7.2.2 nh tuyn trc tip v gin tip....................................................... 88
7.2.3 Cc thut ton nh tuyn ng........................................................ 90
7.3 nh tuyn trong nhng mng phc tp ................................................... 94
7.4 Kho st cc router ni .......................................................................... 96
7.4.1 Giao thc thng tin nh tuyn (RIP) ................................................. 97
7.4.2 Giao thc u tin ng i ngn nht (OSPF) ..................................... 98
7.5 nh tuyn khng phn lp (classless) ..................................................... 98
Chng 8 Phn gii tn .................................................................... 100
8.1 Th no l phn gii tn? ......................................................................101
8.2 Phn gii tn min s dng cc tp tin host .............................................102
8.3 Phn gii tn DNS................................................................................104
8.4 ng k mt min ...............................................................................109
8.5 Qun l DNS .......................................................................................110
8.5.1 Cu hnh my ch DNS ..................................................................111
8.5.2 Tp tin Zone.................................................................................111
8.5.3 Tp tin Zone truy vn ngc ...........................................................113
8.5.4 Nhng tin ch cho DNS..................................................................114
8.5.5 Kim tra phn gii a ch vi Ping ...................................................114
8.5.6 Kim tra phn gii a ch vi NSLookup ...........................................115
8.6 DNS ng ...........................................................................................116
8.7 Phn gii tn NetBIOS ..........................................................................117
8.8 Cc phng php phn gii a ch NetBIOS.............................................118
iii
8.8.1 Phng php phn gii da trn Broadcast....................................... 118
8.8.2 Phn gii tn dng cc tp tin LMHosts ............................................ 119
8.8.3 Phn gii tn: Dch v phn gii tn Internet trn Windows (WINS) ..... 121
8.9 Kim tra phn gii tn NetBIOS............................................................. 123
8.10 Nhng dch v phn gii tn khc .......................................................... 124
Chng 9 Giao thc cu hnh host ng -DHCP .................................125
9.1 Trng hp server cung cp a ch IP cho server .................................... 126
9.2 Th no l DHCP?................................................................................ 126
9.3 C ch lm vic ca DHCP .................................................................... 127
9.3.1 Trm chuyn tip.......................................................................... 128
9.3.2 Trng thi gian DHCP .................................................................. 129
9.4 Cu hnh DHCP ................................................................................... 129
9.4.1 Cu hnh DHCP Server trn Windows ............................................... 130
9.4.2 Cu hnh DHCP Server trn Linux.................................................... 134
Chng 10 Truyn tp tin v cc tin ch truy cp............................136
10.1 Giao thc truyn tp tin (FTP)............................................................... 137
10.2 Giao thc truyn tp tin bnh thng (TFTP)............................................ 140
10.3 Sao chp t xa (Remote Copy).............................................................. 141
10.4 Tch hp truy cp tp tin mng.............................................................. 142
10.5 Khi thng ip server (SMB) ............................................................... 143
Chng 11 Cc tin ch truy cp t xa ..............................................146
11.1 Telnet................................................................................................ 147
11.2 Tin ch Berkeley................................................................................. 149
11.3 Cc hng mi trong vic truy cp t xa................................................. 153
Chng 12 HTTP, HTML, v World Wide Web....................................155
12.1 World Wide Web l g? ......................................................................... 156
12.2 Kho st k hn v URL ....................................................................... 159
12.3 HTML................................................................................................. 161
12.4 HTTP ................................................................................................. 166
12.5 Cc k thut HTML tin tin.................................................................. 168
12.5.1 K thut HTML pha Server............................................................. 168
12.5.2 K thut HTML pha Client.............................................................. 171
12.6 XML .................................................................................................. 171
12.7 Cc cng ngh Web mi ....................................................................... 173
12.7.1 Web a phng tin...................................................................... 173
12.7.2 Cc giao dch Web ........................................................................ 174
12.7.3 Peer-to-Peer ................................................................................ 177
Chng 13 Email ..............................................................................179
13.1 Th in t l g? ................................................................................ 180
13.2 Th in t c dng nh th no? ......................................................... 180

13.3 Th in t hot ng nh th no? .......................................................182
13.4 Giao thc chuyn th n gin SMTP ......................................................185
13.5 Qu trnh ly th .................................................................................187
13.5.1 POP3 ...........................................................................................188
13.5.2 IMAP4..........................................................................................189
13.6 Cc b c th in t..........................................................................189
13.6.1 Pine.............................................................................................190
13.6.2 Eudora.........................................................................................191
13.6.3 Cc ng dng th in t tch hp ...................................................192
13.7 Th in t trn Web............................................................................193
13.8 Spam.................................................................................................194
Chng 14 Cc giao thc qun l mng........................................... 197
14.1 Giao thc qun l mng n gin SNMP ..................................................198
14.2 Khng gian a ch SNMP.......................................................................199
14.3 Cc lnh SNMP ....................................................................................201
14.4 Gim st t xa (RMON).........................................................................203
v
DANH SACH CAC HlNH
Trang
Hnh 1-1 Cc lp giao thc ca m hnh TCP/IP ........................................................ 3
Hnh 1-2 M hnh OSI 7 lp.................................................................................... 5
Hnh 1-3 mi lp, d liu c ng gi li vi phn tiu ca lp ..................... 6
Hnh 1-4 Xem qua h thng hot ng mng TCP/IP c bn ....................................... 8
Hnh 2-1 OSI v lp Truy cp mng ...................................................................... 13
Hnh 2-2 Lp Truy cp mng nh dng d liu cho mng vt l................................ 15
Hnh 2-3 Mt mng ethernet ng trc 10BASE-2 ................................................... 18
Hnh 2-4 Mt mng ethernet da trn hub 10BASE-T............................................... 18
Hnh 2-5 Mt Token Ring..................................................................................... 19
Hnh 3-1 Gateway nhn cc datagram c nh a ch n cc mng khc .............. 23
Hnh 3-2 Bn c th ni ra mng ca thit b bng cch nhn vo a ch .................... 25
Hnh 3-3 Trng tiu IP .................................................................................. 26
Hnh 3-4 H thng s thp phn........................................................................... 30
Hnh 3-5 H thng s nh phn............................................................................. 31
Hnh 3-6 ARP nh x cc a ch IP vo cc a ch vt l.......................................... 36
Hnh 4-1 Phn phi d liu n mt mng lp A...................................................... 40
Hnh 4-2 T chc mng phn phi hiu qu ....................................................... 41
Hnh 4-3 Mt cp a ch IP/subnet mask ............................................................... 42
Hnh 4-4 Phn phi cc bit a ch trong mt mng phn mng con so vi mng khng
phn mng con.................................................................................................. 42
Hnh 4-5 Cc datagram ang n trn mt mng phn mng con.............................. 43
Hnh 4-6 Mt mng lp B c phn mng con....................................................... 46
Hnh 4-7 Mt mng lp C c phn mng con....................................................... 47
Hnh 5-1 Mt giao thc hng kt ni.................................................................... 54
Hnh 5-2 Mt giao thc khng kt ni .................................................................... 54
Hnh 5-3 Mt a ch cng a d liu ti mt ng dng c th ................................. 55
Hnh 5-4 Trao i s hiu socket ngun v ch ...................................................... 56
Hnh 5-5 a hp v gii a hp ............................................................................ 59
Hnh 5-6 a ch socket nhn dng duy nht mt ng dng trn mt my ch c th ... 60
Hnh 5-7 Cc router chuyn tip ch khng x l d liu lp vn chuyn.................... 62
Hnh 5-8 nh dng d liu on TCP (segment)..................................................... 63
Hnh 5-9 Tiu v trng d liu ca datagram UDP ............................................. 68
Hnh 5-10 Minh ha mt tng la in hnh.......................................................... 70
Hnh 6-1 Mt thit b lc...................................................................................... 72
Hnh 6-2 Mt mng ethernet s dng hub.............................................................. 74

Hnh 6-3 Mt switch lin kt mi port vi mt a ch vt l...................................... 75
Hnh 6-4 Mt switch tch bit mi my tnh gim lu lng.................................. 76
Hnh 6-5 Mt my tnh a kt ni hot ng nh mt router..................................... 78
Hnh 6-6 nh tuyn trong mt mng phc tp....................................................... 79
Hnh 6-7 Tin trnh nh tuyn ............................................................................. 81
Hnh 6-8 Bng nh tuyn.................................................................................... 82
Hnh 6-9 Mt thit b chuyn i a ch mng........................................................ 83
Hnh 7-1 Tin trnh chuyn tip IP ........................................................................ 88
Hnh 7-2 Mt router kt ni 2 phn on mng c th nh tuyn trc tip ti mi phn
on ................................................................................................................ 89
Hnh 7-3 Mt router phi thc hin nh tuyn gin tip nu n phi chuyn tip cc
datagram sang nhng mng khng kt ni trc tip vi n ...................................... 89
Hnh 7-4 S cp nht trong nh tuyn vector khong cch...................................... 93
Hnh 7-5 Kin trc router trn internet .................................................................. 95
Hnh 8-1 Phn gii tn host ................................................................................102
Hnh 8-2 Mt my ch DNS cung cp dch v phn gii tn min cho mng ...............105
Hnh 8-3 Trong cc mng ln hn, my ch DNS lin lc vi nhau cung cp dch v
phn gii a ch ...............................................................................................105
Hnh 8-4 Khng gian tn min DNS......................................................................106
Hnh 8-5 S gn ng ca DNS.......................................................................107
Hnh 8-6 Tin trnh phn gii a ch ....................................................................108
Hnh 8-7 p ng NSLookup...............................................................................116
Hnh 8-8 Cp nht DNS ng..............................................................................117
Hnh 8-9 Ni dung ca tp tin LMHosts.................................................................121
Hnh 8-10 Phn gii tn NetBIOS-WINS................................................................122
Hnh 9-1 Hp thoi DHCP Manager's Create Scope .................................................131
Hnh 9-2 Hp thoi Options DHCP: Scope .............................................................132
Hnh 9-3 Hp thoi DHCP Options: Global .............................................................133
Hnh 9-4 Hp thoi IP Address Array Editor...........................................................134
Hnh 9-5 Phm vi ..............................................................................................134
Hnh 10-1 Bt u mt phin lm vic FTP............................................................138
Hnh 10-2 Lnh ls.............................................................................................139
Hnh 10-3 SMB v chng giao thc TCP/IP............................................................144
Hnh 11-1 Telnet server v client.........................................................................148
Hnh 11-2 Vo v ra mng vi Telnet ...................................................................148
Hnh 11-3 Tin trnh truy cp tin cy trn Unix ......................................................150
Hnh 12-1 Mt Web site l mt h thng hp nht gia trang v cc lin kt..............157
Hnh 12-2 Nhp URL trong hp a ch ca trnh duyt window ................................158
vii
Hnh 12-3 Cc URLtng i to kh nng di ng cho Website .............................. 161
Hnh 12-4 Mt v d v trang Web n gin.......................................................... 164
Hnh 12-5 M rng v d easy! ........................................................................... 165
Hnh 12-6 Mt m hnh server-side scripting ........................................................ 169
Hnh 12-7 Mt m hnh giao dch Web c trng................................................... 176
Hnh 12-8 Mt my tnh ng k dch v peer-to-peer vi a ch v danh sch ti nguyn
ca n. Cc my tnh khc truy cp cc ti nguyn ny thng qua mt kt ni trc tip
..................................................................................................................... 178
Hnh 13-1 Tin trnh phn phi email .................................................................. 183
Hnh 13-2 Cc server chuyn tip thng tng hiu sut ca tin trnh phn phi th 184
Hnh 13-3 Dch v SMTP v dch v ly th phi c sp xp c truy cp vo hp
th................................................................................................................. 188
Hnh 13-4 Ca s chnh ca Eudora Light ............................................................. 191
Hnh 13-5 Cu hnh cc ty chn trong Eudora Light.............................................. 192
Hnh 13-6 Mt virus th in t.......................................................................... 193
Hnh 13-7 Cc Spammer c th dng server khng b nghi ng v khng c bo v
gi cc thng ip ca h .................................................................................. 195
Hnh 13-8 t server SMTP ng sau bc tng la v ngn cm cc yu cu SMTP, bo
v server khi s li dng ca spammer .............................................................. 196
Hnh 14-1 Mt cng SNMP gm c mt hoc nhiu cc thit b gim st v tp hp cc
node............................................................................................................... 198
Hnh 14-2 Mt chng trnh tc nhn ang chy ti cc node xa gi thng tin ti thit
b gim st mng v nhn cc yu cu thay i cc thit lp cu hnh...................... 199
Hnh 14-3 Mt phn nh ca MIB........................................................................ 200

DANH SACH CAC ANG
Trang
Bng 2-1 Cng ngh mi trng truyn dn Ethernet .............................................. 18
Bng 3-1 Cc gii hn a ch cho cc mng lp A, B v C........................................ 29
Bng 3-2 Chuyn mt a ch nh phn sang dng chm thp phn ........................... 32
Bng 4-1 Subnet Mask dng du chm thp phn v dng nh phn.......................... 48
Bng 5-1 Cc cng TCP ph bin.......................................................................... 56
Bng 5-2 Cc cng UDP ph bin ......................................................................... 58
Bng 12-1 Lc URL......................................................................................159
Bng 12-2 Mt vi th HTML quan trng...............................................................162
Bng 12-3 Cc thuc tnh th <FONT>.................................................................165
Bng 12-4 Cc v d v cc vng tiu HTTP ......................................................167
Bng 13-1 Mt s vng quan trng trong tiu th in t...................................181
Bng 13-2 Cc lnh SMTP Client..........................................................................185
Bng 13-3 Mt s hi p ca SMTP Server ..........................................................185

Trung tm o to Bu chnh Vin thng 2 1
Chng 1 TCP/IP lm vic nh th no

Trong chng ny, bn s tm hiu cc vn sau :
Cc lp giao thc TCP/IP
M hnh OSI
Cc giao thc TCP/IP tng tc nh th no
TCP/IP l mt h thng (hay h) cc giao thc, v mt giao thc l mt h thng
cc lut v cc th tc. Phn ln phn cng v phn mm ca cc my tnh truyn thng
vi nhau theo cc lut truyn thng TCP/IP m ngi dng khng cn quan tm mt cch
chi tit. Tuy nhin, s hiu bit v cch thc lm vic ca TCP/IP l cn thit nu bn
mun thng sut v vic cu hnh v cc vn g ri m bn s gp phi vi cc mng
TCP/IP.
Chng ny m t h thng giao thc TCP/IP v cho thy cc thnh phn ca
TCP/IP lm vic vi nhau nh th no truyn v nhn d liu qua mng.
Kt thc chng ny bn s c th :
M t cc lp ca h thng giao thc TCP/IP v nhim v ca cc lp.
M t cc lp ca m hnh giao thc OSI v gii thch mi quan h gia cc lp
OSI v TCP/IP nh th no.
Gii thch cc tiu (header) ca giao thc TCP/IP v d liu c ng gi
vi phn thng tin tiu mi lp ca chng giao thc nh th no.
Tn ca gi d liu mi lp ca chng TCP/IP.
Tho lun v cc giao thc TCP, UDP, IP v chng lm vic vi nhau nh th
no thc hin cc chc nng TCP/IP.
CHONG
1
TCF/lF tAM VlFC
NH THF NAO
2 Chng 1. TCP/IP lm vic nh th no
1.1 H thng giao thc TCP/IP
Trc khi xem xt cc thnh phn ca TCP/IP, chng ta im li cc chc nng ca
mt h thng giao thc.
Mt h thng giao thc, chng hn nh TCP/IP m nhim cc chc nng sau :
Chia cc thng ip (message) thnh cc on d liu c th qun l v
truyn qua mi trng truyn mt cch hiu qu.
Giao tip vi phn cng tng thch mng.
nh a ch: My tnh truyn phi c kh nng a d liu n ng my
tnh nhn. V my tnh nhn cng phi c kh nng nhn ra mt thng ip
l truyn cho n.
nh tuyn d liu n mng con ca my tnh ch, cho d mng con ca
my tnh ngun v my tnh ch khng thuc cng mt loi mng vt l.
Thc hin kim sot li, iu khin lung v bo nhn: i vi truyn thng
tin cy, cc my tnh truyn v nhn phi c kh nng nhn dng, sa li v
iu khin lung d liu.
Nhn d liu t mt ng dng v truyn n vo mng.
V ngc li, nhn d liu t mng v truyn n n mt ng dng.
thc hin cc chc nng trn, TCP/IP c xy dng da trn thit k
module. H thng giao thc TCP/IP c chia thnh cc thnh phn ring bit c lp
chc nng vi nhau v mt l thuyt. Mi thnh phn m nhn mt phn ca tin
trnh truyn thng.
u im ca thit k module l gip cho nh cung cp d dng tch hp phn
mm giao thc vi phn cng c th v cc h iu hnh. V d, lp Truy cp mng -
Network Access layer (nh bn s hc trong chng 2, Lp truy cp mng) gm
cc chc nng lin quan n kin trc LAN c th, nh Token Ring hay Ethernet. Da
vo thit k module ca TCP/IP, mt nh cung cp nh Microsoft khng phi xy
dng mt gi phn mm khc hn hon ton gia cc mng TCP/IP Token Ring v
TCP/IP Ethernet. Cc lp trn khng b nh hng; ch c lp Truy Cp Mng l phi
thay i.
H thng giao thc TCP/IP c phn ra thnh cc thnh phn theo lp, mi
phn thc hin cc nhim v ring bit (xem hnh 1-1). M hnh ny, hay chng giao
thc ny, c t nhng ngy u xy dng TCP/IP, v i lc n c gi l m hnh
TCP/IP. Cc lp TCP/IP chnh thc v cc chc nng ca n c m t trong
hnh sau :

Hnh 1-1 Cc lp giao thc ca m hnh TCP/IP
Lp ng dung
Lp van chuyen
Lp Internet
Lp truy cap mang

So snh cc chc nng trong danh sch vi cc nhim v c lit k pha trn
trong chng ny, bn s thy cc nhim v ca h thng giao thc c phn b vo
cc lp nh th no.
Thng tin thm
M hnh bn lp c th hin trong hnh 1-1 l mt m hnh chung cho vic m t hot
ng mng TCP/IP, nhng n khng phi l mt m hnh duy nht. V d, m hnh ARPAnet
(RFC 871) m t ba lp : lp Giao tip mng (Network Interface layer), lp Host-to-Host,
lp Mc x l/ Cc ng dng (Process-Level/ Applications layer). Cc m t khc ca
TCP/IP l m hnh nm lp, vi cc lp Vt l (Physical) v Lin kt d liu (Data Link)
tng ng vi lp Truy cp mng ( ph hp vi m hnh OSI). Vn c mt s m hnh
khc khng c lp Truy cp mng (Access Network layer) hay lp ng dng (Application
layer), v cc lp ny hay thay i v kh nh ngha hn cc lp trung gian.
Tn ca cc lp cng c th thay i. Cc tn lp ARPAnet vn xut hin trong mt
s cuc tho lun v TCP/IP, v lp Internet i khi c gi l lp Lin mng
(Internetwork layer) hay lp Mng (Network layer).
Cun sch ny s dng m hnh bn lp, vi cc tn lp c th hin trong
hnh 1-1.
Lp Truy cp mng (Network Access layer) Cung cp mt giao tip vi
mng vt l. Cc nh dng d liu cho mi trng truyn v cc a ch d
liu cho mng con (subnet) c da trn cc a ch phn cng vt l. Cung
cp kim sot li cho d liu phn b trn mng vt l.
Lp Internet (Internet layer) Cung cp chc nng nh a ch lun l,
c lp phn cng m nh d liu c th di chuyn gia cc mng con c
cc kin trc vt l khc nhau. Cung cp chc nng nh tuyn gim lu
lng v h tr phn b dc theo Lin mng (internetwork). (Thut ng
Lin mng ni n mt mng ln hn, lin kt gia cc LAN). Lin kt cc
a ch vt l (s dng lp Truy cp mng) vi cc a ch lun l.
Lp Vn chuyn (Transport layer) Cung cp chc nng iu khin
lung, kim sot li v cc dch v bo nhn cho lin mng. Hot ng nh
l mt giao tip cho cc ng dng mng.
Lp ng dng (Application layer) Cung cp cc ng dng cho vic x
l s c mng, truyn tp tin, iu khin t xa, v cc hot ng Internet.
Lp ny cng h tr cho Cc giao tip lp trnh ng dng (Application
Programming Interfaces - APIs) cho php cc chng trnh vit trn mt
mi trng iu hnh c th truy cp mng.
Cc chng sau s m t chi tit hn cc hot ng mi lp ca giao thc
TCP/IP ny.
Khi phn mm giao thc TCP/IP chun b mt on d liu truyn qua mng,
mi lp ca my pht s thm thng tin iu khin lin quan vi lp tng ng trn
my nhn. V d, lp Internet ca my tnh gi s thm mt phn tiu vi mt s
thng tin c ngha lin quan n lp Internet ca my tnh s nhn thng ip. Tin
trnh ny thng c xem l qu trnh ng gi (encapsulation). u nhn, cc
phn tiu ny s c loi b khi d liu c a ln cc lp bn trn.
Thng tin thm
Thut ng lp (layer) c s dng trong ton ngnh cng ngh my tnh cho cc mc
thnh phn giao thc nh c th hin trong hnh 1-1. Thng tin tiu trong cc lp
c gn vo d liu khi n i qua cc thnh phn ca chng giao thc. (Bn s hiu r
hn v iu ny phn cui ca chng ny). D th no th thut ng lp cng ch l
mt iu g mang tnh n d.
1.2 TCP/IP v m hnh OSI
Cng ngh kt ni mng c mt m hnh 7 lp chun cho kin trc giao thc mng
c gi l m hnh Lin kt cc h thng m (Open Systems Interconnection - OSI).
M hnh OSI l mt n lc ca t chc tiu chun th gii ISO (International
Standards Organization), mt t chc tiu chun quc t, nhm tiu chun ha thit k
cc h thng giao thc mng lm tng tnh lin kt v truy cp m n cc chun
giao thc cho cc nh pht trin phn mm.
V TCP/IP ra i v pht trin trc khi c kin trc chun OSI nn TCP/IP
hon ton khng tun theo m hnh OSI. Tuy nhin, hai m hnh c nhng mc tiu
tng t nhau, v c s nh hng ln nhau gia cc nh thit k cc tiu chun ny
nn chng c a ra vi tnh tng thch no . M hnh OSI rt c nh hng
trong s pht trin ca cc giao thc, v hin nay thut ng OSI p dng cho TCP/IP
l kh ph bin. Hnh 1-2 cho thy mi quan h gia 4 lp chun TCP/IP v m hnh
OSI 7 lp. Ch rng m hnh OSI chia cc nhim v ca lp ng dng thnh 3 lp :

lp ng dng (Application), lp Trnh by (Presentation) v lp Phin (Session). OSI
tch cc hot ng ca lp Giao tip mng (Network Interface) thnh mt lp Lin kt
d liu (Data Link) v mt lp Vt l (Physical). Vic chia lp nh hn ny lm tng
s phc tp, nhng cng lm tng tnh linh hot cho cc nh pht trin bng vic a
cc lp giao thc n nhiu dch v c th hn.
Hnh 1-2 M hnh OSI 7 lp

By lp ca m hnh OSI bao gm cc lp sau :
Lp Vt l (Physical layer) - Chuyn i d liu thnh chui cc xung in
hay tng t s thc s truyn qua mi trng truyn v quan st vic
truyn d liu.
Lp Lin kt d liu (Data Link layer) Cung cp mt giao tip vi b
tng thch mng (network adapter), duy tr cc lin kt lun l cho mng
con.
Lp Mng (Network layer) - H tr vic nh a ch lun l v nh tuyn.
Lp Vn chuyn (Transport layer) Cho php kim sot li v iu khin
lung trong lin mng.
Lp Phin (Session layer) - Thit lp cc phin lm vic gia cc ng dng
truyn thng trn cc my tnh truyn thng.
Lp Trnh by (Presentation layer) Chuyn i d liu sang nh dng
chun; qun l vic m ha v nn d liu.
Lp ng dng (Application layer) Cung cp mt giao tip mng cho cc
ng dng; h tr cc ng dng mng cho vic truyn tp tin, truyn
thng ....
iu quan trng cn phi nh l m hnh TCP/IP v m hnh OSI l cc tiu
chun da trn m thc hin. Thc t th TCP/IP thng khng tng ng hon
ton vi cc m hnh trong hnh 1-1 v hnh 1-2, s tng ng hon ho trong
hnh 1-2 cng l mt vn trong cc cuc tho lun trong cng ngh.
Ch rng cc m hnh OSI v TCP/IP hu nh tng t nhau cc lp quan
trng l lp Vn chuyn v lp Internet (c gi l lp mng trong m hnh OSI).
Cc lp ny cha cc thnh phn phn bit v c th nhn dng c ca h thng
giao thc, v khng phi ngu nhin m cc h thng giao thc i khi c t tn l
cc giao thc lp Vn chuyn v lp Mng ca chng. Nh bn s thy cc chng
sau ca ti liu ny, b giao thc TCP/IP gm TCP, mt giao thc lp Vn chuyn, v
IP, mt giao thc lp Internet/ Mng.
1.3 Cc gi d liu
iu quan trng cn nh v chng giao thc TCP/IP l mi lp ng mt vai tr trong
ton b qu trnh truyn thng. Mi lp i hi cc dch v cn thit thc hin vai
tr ca n. Khi truyn, d liu i xuyn qua tng lp ca chng giao thc t trn
xung di, mi lp s c mt s thng tin thch hp gi l tiu (header) gn vo
d liu, to thnh n v d liu giao thc PDU (Protocol Data Unit) ca lp tng
ng. Khi PDU c a xung cc lp thp hn, n li tr thnh d liu i vi lp
ny v li c ng gi cng vi phn tiu ca lp ny.
Tin trnh ny c th hin trong hnh 1-3. Khi gi d liu n my nhn th
ti y s c mt tin trnh ngc li. Khi d liu i ln qua tng lp ca chng giao
thc th cc lp s b phn tiu tng ng v s dng phn d liu.
Hnh 1-3 mi lp, d liu c ng gi li
vi phn tiu ca lp

Lp Internet trn my nhn s s dng thng tin trong phn tiu lp Internet.
Lp Vn chuyn s s dng thng tin trong phn tiu lp Vn chuyn. mi lp,
gi d liu di dng thch hp s cung cp thng tin cn thit cho lp tng ng
trn my nhn. Bi v mi lp m nhn nhng chc nng khc nhau nn nh dng
ca gi d liu c bn th rt khc nhau mi lp.
Thng tin thm
Gi d liu mi lp c dng khc nhau, v mi lp n c mt tn khc nhau. Cc tn
ca cc gi d liu c to ra mi lp nh sau :
Gi d liu c to ra lp ng dng c gi l thng ip (message).
Gi d liu c to ra lp Vn chuyn do s ng gi thng ip lp ng dng, c
gi l mt on (segment) nu l giao thc TCP ca lp Vn chuyn. Nu gi d liu
n t giao thc UDP ca lp Vn chuyn, n c gi l datagram.
Gi d liu lp Internet, ng gi on ca lp Vn chuyn, c gi l mt
datagram.
Gi d liu lp Truy cp mng c gi l khung (frame), n ng gi mt
datagram ca lp Internet v c th chia nh mt datagram thnh nhiu khung. Khung
ny sau c chuyn thnh lung cc bit lp con thp nht ca lp Truy cp
mng.
1.4 Xem qua hot ng mng TCP/IP
Thi quen m t cc h thng giao thc di dng cc lp ca chng ni chung l ph
bin. H thng phn lp cho php ta hiu bit su sc h thng giao thc, v khng th
m t TCP/IP m khng gii thiu kin trc phn lp ca n trc. Tuy nhin, vic ch
tp trung vo cc lp giao thc cng ch l nhng m phng.
Trc ht, vic ni v cc lp giao thc hn l chnh cc giao thc a ra thm
cc khi nim tru tng cho mt vn m bn thn n rt tru tng. Th hai,
vic ghi thnh tng khon cc giao thc khc nhau ging nh cc tiu trong cc ch
ln hn ca mt lp giao thc c th gy nn suy ngh sai lm l tt c cc giao
thc u c tm quan trng nh nhau. Trn thc t, mc d mi giao thc ng mt
vai tr, nhng hu ht cc tnh nng ca b TCP/IP c th ch c m t di dng
mt s cc giao thc quan trng nht ca n. Vic xem xt cn cnh cc giao thc
quan trng ny i khi c ch hn l m t h thng phn lp phn trc ca chng
ny.
Hnh 1-4 m t hot ng ca h thng mng giao thc TCP/IP c bn. D
nhin trong gi giao thc hon chnh s c thm cc giao thc v cc dch v b sung.
Hnh 1-4 Xem qua h thng hot ng mng TCP/IP c bn

Kch bn c bn nh sau :
1. D liu truyn t mt ng dng TCP/IP, hay t mt giao tip chng trnh
ng dng mng, qua mt cng TCP hay UDP n mt trong hai giao thc
lp Vn chuyn (TCP hay UDP). Cc chng trnh c th truy cp mng
qua TCP hay UDP, ph thuc vo cc yu cu ca chng trnh.
TCP/IP l mt giao thc hng kt ni. Nh bn s hc trong
chng 5, Lp Vn chuyn cc giao thc hng kt ni cung cp
cho ta kh nng iu khin lung v kim sot li tinh xo hn cc
giao thc khng kt ni. TCP thc hin vi mt n lc ht sc ln
bo m vic truyn d liu trn mng. TCP tin cy hn UDP, nhng
vic b sung kim tra li v iu khin lung c ngha l TCP chm
hn UDP.

UDP l mt giao thc khng kt ni. N nhanh hn TCP, nhng
khng tin cy. i vi UDP, cc chc nng kim tra li c chuyn
cho cc ng dng thc hin.
2. on d liu c chuyn xung lp Internet, giao thc IP cung cp
thng tin nh a ch lun l v ng gi d liu vo mt datagram.
3. Datagram IP vo lp Truy cp mng, ti y n i qua cc thnh phn phn
mm c thit k giao tip vi mng vt l. Lp Truy cp mng to mt
hay nhiu khung d liu sau a vo mng vt l. Trong trng hp ca
mt h thng mng LAN nh l ethernet, khung c th cha thng tin a
ch vt l c c t cc bng tm kim v cc bng ny c duy tr nh
cc giao thc ARP v RARP lp Internet. (ARP, giao thc phn gii a ch
- Address Resolution Protocol, chuyn i cc a ch IP thnh cc a ch
vt l. RARP, giao thc phn gii a ch ngc - Reverse Address
Resolution Protocol, chuyn i cc a ch vt l thnh cc a ch IP).
4. Khung d liu c chuyn thnh mt lung cc bit truyn trn mi
trng mng.
D nhin, c v s cc chi tit m t lm th no mi giao thc thc hin cc
nhim v ca n. V d, TCP cung cp kh nng iu khin lung nh th no, ARP
v RARP nh x cc a ch vt l sang cc a ch IP nh th no, v IP lm th no
bit c phi gi datagram ti u n mt mng con khc? Cc cu hi ny
c sng t cc chng sau ca ti liu. Bn cng s hc nhiu hn v cc giao
thc TCP/IP v v cc tin trnh c m t trong chng ny cc chng sau.
Tm tt
Trong chng ny, bn hc v cc lp ca chng giao thc TCP/IP v cc lp ny c
quan h vi nhau nh th no. Bn cng hc m hnh TCP/IP kinh in quan h vi
m hnh hot ng mng OSI 7 lp nh th no. mi lp trong chng giao thc, d
liu c ng gi di dng hu dng nht cho lp tng ng pha nhn. Chng ny
tho lun tin trnh ca vic ng gi thng tin tiu mi lp giao thc v phc tho
cc dng thut ng c s dng mi lp m t gi d liu. Cui cng, bn xem
qua cc hot ng h thng giao thc TCP/IP nh th no t vic xem xt mt s cc
giao thc quan trng nht : TCP, UDP, IP, ARP v RARP.

10 Chng 2. Lp truy cp mng
Chng 2 Lp truy cp mng

a ch vt l
Khung Ethernet
Cc cng ngh LAN
phn nn ca chng giao thc TCP/IP l lp Truy cp mng, n l tp hp cc
dch v v cc c t cung cp v qun l truy cp n phn cng mng. Trong chng
ny bn s hc v cc nhim v ca lp Truy cp mng v lp Truy cp mng quan h
vi m hnh OSI nh th no. Chng ny cng xem xt mt s cng ngh mng vt l
thng dng trong lp Truy cp mng.
Gii ngha lp Truy cp mng
Tho lun v mi quan h gia lp Truy cp mng ca TCP/IP v m hnh hot
ng mng OSI
Gii thch mt kin trc mng
Lit k cc ni dung ca mt khung Ethernet
Nhn dng cc phng thc m Ethernet, Token Ring, v FDDI s dng cho
vic iu khin truy cp n mi trng truyn.
CHONG
2
tOF
TkY CAF MANG

2.1 Cc giao thc v phn cng
Lp Truy cp mng l lp kh gii thch nht v a dng nht trong cc lp ca
TCP/IP. Lp Truy cp mng qun l tt c cc dch v v cc chc nng cn thit
chun b d liu cho mng vt l. Cc nhim v ny bao gm :
Giao tip vi b tng thch mng (card mng) ca my tnh.
Phi hp vic truyn d liu vi cc quy c ca phng thc truy cp
thch hp. Bn s bit r hn v cc phng thc truy cp trong phn sau
ca chng ny.
nh dng d liu vo mt n v c gi l mt khung v chuyn i
khung thnh lung cc xung in hoc tng t i qua mi trng
truyn.
Kim tra li trong cc khung n.
Thm thng tin kim tra li vo cc khung i my tnh nhn c th kim
tra cc li ca khung.
Bo nhn cc khung d liu v truyn li cc khung nu khng nhn c
bo nhn.
D nhin, pha nhn cng phi thc hin vic nh dng cc khung nhn c
bi my tnh m n c nh a ch.
Lp Truy cp mng nh ngha cc th tc giao tip vi phn cng mng v
truy cp mi trng truyn. Trong lp Truy cp mng ca TCP/IP, bn c th thy s
tc ng qua li phc tp gia phn cng, phn mm v cc chi tit k thut mi
trng truyn. Khng may, c nhiu loi mng vt l khc nhau m u c nhng quy
c ring ca chng, v bt k mng vt l no cng c th to thnh nn tng cho lp
Truy cp mng. Bn s hc v cc loi mng vt l ny sau trong chng ny. Mt s
v d bao gm :
Ethernet
Token ring
FDDI
PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol, thng qua modem)
Wireless networks
Thng tin thm
Khng phi mi my tnh hot ng mng u trn mt LAN. Phn mm truy cp mng
cng c th h tr cho nhng th khc vi b thch hp mng chun v cp LAN. Mt trong
nhng gii php thng dng l mt kt ni modem n mt mng xa, nh l kt ni bn
thit lp khi bn quay s vo mt nh cung cp dch v Internet (ISP). Cc chun giao thc
modem nh l Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) v Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) cung cp
truy cp mng cho chng giao thc TCP/IP thng qua mt kt ni modem.
iu ng mng l lp Truy cp mng hu nh hon ton v hnh i vi
ngi s dng. B phn iu khin b tng thch mng, kt hp vi cc thnh phn
mc thp quan trng ca h iu hnh v phn mm giao thc, qun l hu ht cc
thao tc c giao cho lp Truy cp mng, v ngi dng ch cn thc hin mt s
bc cu hnh n gin. Cc bc thao tc ny ang ngy cng tr nn n gin do
cc tnh nng plug-and-play ca cc h iu hnh ngy cng c nng cao.
Khi bn c ht chng ny, nh rng vic nh a ch IP c tho lun
trong cc chng 1, 3 v 4 l hon ton bng phn mm. H thng giao thc yu cu
cc dch v b sung phn phi d liu qua mt h thng LAN c th v i ngc
ln qua b tng thch mng ca mt my tnh ch. Cc dch v ny hot ng trong
phm vi ca lp Truy cp mng.
Thng tin thm
iu ng quan tm l do tnh a dng, tnh phc tp, v tnh v hnh ca lp Truy cp
mng m mt s tc gi loi n ra khi cc cuc tho lun ca TCP/IP. Thay vo ch
cp cc driver LAN thuc v lp Truy cp mng l cc phn ca chng giao thc di lp
Internet.Quan im ny cng ng, tuy nhin lp Truy cp mng thc s l mt b phn
ca chng giao thc TCP/IP, v khi tho lun v cc tin trnh truyn thng mng th khng
th khng cp n n.
2.2 Lp truy cp mng v m hnh OSI
Nh chng 1, TCP/IP lm vic nh th no cp, TCP/IP c lp vi m
hnh hot ng mng 7 lp OSI, nhng m hnh OSI thng c s dng nh l mt
khun mu cho vic tm hiu v cc h thng giao thc. Thut ng OSI v cc khi
nim c bit ph bin trong cc cuc tho lun ca lp Truy cp mng v m hnh
OSI cung cp cc qu trnh phn nh hn cho phm tr rng ca truy cp mng. Cc
qu trnh phn nh ny to ra thm mt vi hot ng bn trong lp ny. M hnh OSI
c nh hng vi cc nh cung cp mng my tnh, v xu hng hin nay hng v
cc chun a giao thc nh l NDIS v ODI (c tho lun phn sau) lm
ni bt nhu cu thut ng thng dng m m hnh OSI cung cp.
Nh hnh 2-1 cho thy, lp Truy cp mng TCP/IP rt ph hp vi cc lp Vt
l v Lin kt d liu OSI. Lp Vt l OSI m nhim vic chuyn khung d liu
thnh lung cc bit ph hp vi mi trng truyn. Ngha l, lp Vt l OSI qun l
v ng b cc xung in v xung tng t to thnh truyn thng thc s. u
nhn, lp Vt l tp hp cc xung ny li thnh mt khung d liu.

Hnh 2-1 OSI v lp Truy cp mng

Lp Lin kt d liu OSI thc hin hai chc nng ring bit v c phn nh
vo hai lp con tng ng sau :
iu khin truy cp mi trng truyn - Media Access Control (MAC) -
Lp con ny cung cp mt giao tip vi b tng thch mng. B iu khin
b tng thch mng, trn thc t thng c gi l b iu khin MAC,
v a ch phn cng c ghi vo tm th xng sn xut thng c
xem l a ch MAC.
iu khin lin kt lun l - Logical Link Control (LLC) - Lp con ny
thc hin cc chc nng kim tra li cho cc khung c phn phi trn
mng con v qun l cc lin kt gia cc thit b ang giao tip trn mng
con.
Thng tin thm
Trong cc thc thi giao thc mng thc, s khc bit gia cc lp ca cc h thng TCP/IP
v OSI tr nn rc ri hn bi s pht trin ca c t giao tip b iu khin mng
(Network Driver Interface Specification_NDIS) v c t Giao tip lin kt d liu m
(Open Data-Link Interface_ODI). NDIS (c pht trin bi Microsoft v 3Com Corp.) v
ODI (c pht trin bi Apple v Novell) c thit k cho mt chng giao thc n
(nh TCP/IP) s dng nhiu b tng thch mng v cho mt b tng thch mng s
dng nhiu giao thc lp trn. iu ny thc s lm cho cc giao thc lp trn c th
khng l thuc h thng truy cp mng, tng cng thm chc nng cho mng nhng
ng thi cng to ra thm s phc tp trong vic tho lun mt cch c h thng cc
thnh phn ca phn mm quan h vi nhau cc lp thp hn.
2.3 Kin trc mng
Trong thc t, khi ni n khi nim mng cc b th ngi ta thng quan tm kin
trc LAN hay kin trc mng ch khng phi cc lp giao thc. (i khi mt kin trc
mng c xem nh l mt loi LAN hay mt cu trc lin kt (topology) LAN). Mt
kin trc mng, nh ethernet, cung cp mt gi cc c t chi phi truy cp mi
trng, nh a ch vt l, v s tng tc ca cc my tnh vi mi trng truyn
thng. Khi bn quyt nh chn mt kin trc mng, bn ang quyt nh v mt phc
tho cho lp truy cp mng.
Mt kin trc mng l mt thit k cho mng vt l v mt tp hp cc c t
nh ngha cc truyn thng trn mng vt l . Cc chi tit truyn thng ph thuc
vo cc chi tit vt l, v th cc c t thng i cng vi nhau thnh mt gi hon
chnh. Cc c t ny bao gm cc vn nh sau :
Phng thc truy cp - Mt phng thc truy cp l mt tp cc lut nh
ngha cc my tnh s chia s mi trng truyn thng nh th no. trnh
cc ng d liu (data collision), cc my tnh phi tun theo cc lut ny
khi truyn d liu.
nh dng khung d liu Datagram - mc IP t lp Internet c ng
gi trong mt khung d liu vi mt nh dng c nh ngha trc. D
liu trong phn tiu phi cung cp thng tin cn thit phn phi d
liu trn mng vt l. Bn s hc nhiu hn v cc khung d liu trong phn
sau ca chng ny.
Loi cp (cable) - Loi cp s dng cho mt mng c nh hng trn cc
thng s thit k no nh l cc c tnh in ca lung bit c truyn
bi b tng thch.
Cc lut i cp Cc giao thc, loi cp, v cc c tnh in truyn dn c
nh hng n chiu di ti a v ti thiu ca cp v cc chi tit k thut
kt ni cp.
Cc chi tit nh l loi cp v loi b ni khng phi l nhim v trc tip ca
lp Truy cp mng, nhng thit k cc thnh phn phn mm ca lp Truy cp
mng, cc nh pht trin phi tha nhn mt tp c th cc c im ca mng vt l.
Do , phn mm truy cp mng phi i cng vi thit k phn cng c th.
2.4 nh a ch vt l
Nh bn hc trong chng trc v cc khi nim TCP/IP c bn, lp Truy cp
mng cn phi gn lin vi a ch IP lun l c cu hnh thng qua phn mm giao
thc vi a ch vt l c nh thc s ca b tng thch mng. a ch vt l c
ghi vo card mng x nghip sn xut. Cc khung d liu truyn qua LAN phi s
dng a ch vt l ny xc nh cc b tng thch ngun v ch, nhng a ch
vt l di dng (48 bit trong trng hp s dng ethernet) khng c thn thin vi
con ngi. Ngoi ra, vic m ha a ch vt l cc mc giao thc cao hn lm nh

hng n kin trc module linh hot ca TCP/IP, n i hi cc lp trn duy tr cc
chi tit vt l lin quan.
TCP/IP s dng Giao thc phn gii a ch (Address Resolution
Protocol_ARP) v Giao thc phn gii a ch ngc (Reverse Address Resolution
Protocol_RARP) lin kt cc a ch IP vi cc a ch vt l ca cc b tng thch
mng trn mng cc b. ARP v RARP cung cp mt lin kt gia cc a ch IP lun
l m ngi dng nhn thy v cc a ch phn cng (thc s khng th trng thy
c) c dng trn LAN.
Bn s hc v ARP v RARP trong Chng 3, Lp Internet.
2.5 Cu trc khung
Phn mm lp Truy cp mng nhn mt datagram t lp Internet v chuyn i d
liu n dng ph hp vi cc c t ca mng vt l (xem hnh 2-2). V c nhiu
dng mng vt l nn c nhiu nh dng cho d liu lp Truy cp mng, v khng
d dng m t chi tit tt c cc nh dng ny.
Hnh 2-2 Lp Truy cp mng nh dng d liu cho mng vt l

Chng ta ly v d trong trng hp s dng ethernet (kin trc thng dng
nht trong cc kin trc LAN) minh ha nhng g xy ra lp Truy cp mng. Khi
phn mm ethernet nhn mt datagram t lp Internet, n thc hin cc bc sau :
1. Chia d liu lp IP thnh cc on nh, nu cn, chuyn chng vo cc
vng d liu ca cc khung ethernet. Kch thc tng cng ca mt khung
ethernet phi t 64 byte n 1.518 byte (khng bao gm phn m u).
2. Gi cc on d liu vo cc khung. Mi khung bao gm d liu cng nh
thng tin khc m cc b tng thch mng trn ethernet cn x l
khung. Mt khung ethernet IEEE 802.3 bao gm cc phn sau :
Phn m u (Preamble): Mt chui tun t cc bit dng nh du bt u
ca khung (8 byte, byte cui l byte 1 nh ra im bt u khung).
a ch nhn (Recipient address): a ch vt l 6 byte (48 bit) ca b tng
thch mng s nhn khung.
a ch ngun (Source address): a ch vt l 6 byte (48 bit) ca b tng
thch mng gi khung i.
Chiu di (Length): Mt trng 2 byte (16 bit) cho bit kch thc ca trng
d liu.
D liu (Data): D liu c truyn cng vi khung.
Kim tra chui khung (Frame Check Sequence - FCS): Mt gi tr kim tra
tng 4 byte (32 bit) cho khung. FCS thng dng kim tra truyn thng d liu,
my tnh gi tnh ton mt gi tr Kim tra d vng (Cyclical Redundancy Check -
CRC) cho khung v m ha gi tr CRC trong khung. My tnh nhtn sau s
tnh ton li CRC v kim tra trng FCS xem cc gi tr c tng ng hay
khng. Nu cc gi tr khng tng ng, mt vi d liu mt hay b thay i
trong qu trnh truyn thng, trong trng hp khung s c truyn li.
3. Truyn khung d liu n cc thnh phn mc thp hn tng ng vi lp
Vt l ca OSI chuyn khung thnh lung bit v gi n trn mi trng
truyn.
Cc b tng thch mng khc nhn khung v kim tra a ch ch. Nu a ch
ch tng ng vi a ch ca b tng thch mng, phn mm b tng thch x l
khung n v chuyn d liu n cc lp cao hn ca chng giao thc.
Thng tin thm
IEEE 802.3 khng phi l tiu chun ethernet duy nht. Tiu chun Ethernet II, c s
dng bi mt s nh cung cp, c mt nh dng khung hi khc.
2.6 Cc cng ngh LAN
Cc kin trc mng thng dng nht :
Ethernet
Token Ring
Thng tin thm
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers) a ra mt tp cc tiu chun cho
cc kin trc LAN. Mc d Token Ring v Ethernet u c pht minh trc cc tiu chun
IEEE, cc c t IEEE cho IEEE 802.3 (ethernet) v IEEE 802.5 (Token Ring) hin nay cung
cp cc chun c lp vi nh sn xut cc cng ngh LAN quan trng ny.
Cc phn sau s kho st ethernet v token ring chi tit hn, cng vi k thut
LAN khc l FDDI.

2.6.1 Ethernet
Ethernet v nhng ngi anh em mi hn ca n Fast Ethernet v Gigabit Ethernet l
cc cng ngh LAN thng dng nht c s dng hin nay. Ethernet tr nn ph
bin v gi c phi chng ca n; cp Ethernet khng t v d ci t. Cc b tng
thch mng Ethernet v cc thnh phn phn cng Ethernet cng tng i r.
Trn cc mng ethernet, tt c cc my tnh chia s mt mi trng truyn
thng chung. Ethernet s dng mt phng thc truy cp c gi l a truy cp cm
nhn sng mang (Carrier Sense Multiple Access) vi D tm ng (Collision
Detect) - CSMA/CD quyt nh khi no mt my tnh c th truyn d liu trn
mi trng truy cp. S dng CSMA/CD, tt c cc my tnh quan st mi trng
truyn thng v ch n khi tuyn truyn thng sn sng th mi truyn. Nu hai my
tnh c gng truyn cng mt lc th s xy ra ng . Cc my tnh s dng li, ch
mt khong thi gian ngu nhin, v th truyn li.
CSMA/CD c th c so snh vi giao thc hot ng trong mt phng hp
gm nhng ngi lch s. Mt ngi no mun ni trc ht anh ta lng nghe
xc nh xem c ngi no khc hin ang ni khng (y l cm nhn sng mang -
Carrier Sense). Nu hai ngi bt u ni cng lc, c hai s pht hin ra vn ,
ngng ni, v ch trc khi ni tip (y l D tm ng - Collision Detect).
Ethernet truyn thng lm vic tt trong trng hp ti bnh thng nhng t l
ng s cao khi mc s dng tng. Mt s bin th mi ca ethernet, c th bao
gm cc hub thng minh hoc switch, h tr cho cc mc lu lng cao hn. Bn s
hc nhiu hn v cc hub v switch trong Chng 6, Phn cng mng.
Ethernet c kh nng hot ng trong nhiu loi mi trng khc nhau. Cc
mng Ethernet tiu biu hot ng cc tc bng tng c s 10Mbps hay
100Mbps. Cc h thng Ethernet 1000Mbps (Gigabit) hin nay sn sng v c th
sm tr nn ph bin. Bng 2-1 lit k cc thut ng c s dng xc nh mi
trng cp, cc tc v cc khong cch ti a. Ethernet khng dy cng ang tr
nn ph bin. Cc mng ethernet ng trc 10BASE-2 v 10BASE-5 tng rt ph
bin. Hnh 2-3 cho thy mt mng 10BASE-2 ng trc. Ch rng cc my tnh
c gn vo mt cp n hot ng nh mi trng truyn thng chia s. Trong
nhng nm gn y, cc bin th ethernet khc nhau da trn hub nh l 10BASE-T
(xem hnh 2.4) v ang tr nn rt ph bin. Trn mt mng 10BASE-T, cc my
tnh c gn v mt hub trung tm. 10BASE-2 v 10BASE-T xem ra c th khc
nhau, nhng bn trong chng u l ethernet.
Hnh 2-3 Mt mng ethernet ng trc 10BASE-2

Hnh 2-4 Mt mng ethernet da trn hub 10BASE-T

Bng 2-1 Cng ngh mi trng truyn dn Ethernet
Tn cng ngh Mi trng truyn dn Tc hot ng Khong cch ti a
10BASE-2 ng trc mnh 10 megabits 185 m
10BASE-5 ng trc dy 10 megabits 500 m
10BASE-T CAT3 hoc CAT5 UTP 10 megabits 100 m
10BASE-F Cp quang 10 megabits 2,000 m
100BASE-TX CAT 5 UTP hoc STP 100 megabits 100 m
100BASE-FX Cp quang 100 megabits 2,000 m
Kin trc ethernet linh hot thm ch thch hp vi hot ng mng khng dy.
Ethernet khng dy ang tr nn ph bin, v s tr nn ph bin hn na trong nhng
nm sp ti khi phn cng mng pht trin h tr cho cuc cch mng khng dy. Bn
c th t hi lm th no mt kin trc qu tp trung trong vic c t cc loi, chiu
di, v cu hnh cp ca Ethernet li c th hot ng trong mi trng khng dy.

Khi ngh v Ethernet th ta thy bn cht thng tin qung b kh tng thch vi h
thng khng dy c c tnh l truyn dn t do v lu ng.
2.6.2 Token Ring
K thut Token Ring s dng mt khi nim hon ton khc hn vi Ethernet trong
quy trnh truy cp mi trng. Phng thc truy cp ny c gi l chuyn token.
Vi phng thc truy cp chuyn token, cc my tnh trn LAN c kt ni
vi nhau sao cho d liu c truyn vng quanh mng trong mt vng lun l (xem
hnh 2-5). Vic cu hnh token ring i hi cc my tnh phi c ni vo mt hub
trung tm c gi l MAU hay MSAU. Hnh 2-5 c th trng khng ging mt
vng, nhng MSAU c ni sao cho d liu truyn t mt my tnh n my k theo
cch thc di chuyn vng quanh. Cc my tnh truyn mt gi iu khin c bit
c gi l mt token vng quanh mng. Ch my tnh gi token mi c th truyn
mt thng ip ln vng.
Hnh 2-5 Mt Token Ring

Token ring v k thut th phc tp hn ethernet, v n bao gm mt s cc
chn on v sa li c thit lp sn bn trong v c th h tr cho vic khc phc
s c mng. Ngoi ra, v d liu c truyn c th t hn, trong token ring khng
xy ra trng hp ti nng. Hu nh mi th lin quan n token ring u t tin hn
ethernet khi so snh gia chng cp, cc card mng, v cc thnh phn khc
cng vy.
Token ring in hnh hot ng tc 4Mbps hoc 16Mbps. N cng c th
hot ng tc 100Mbps.
Token ring khng cn ph bin trong nhng nm gn y, mc d vy cu
trc lin kt dng vng trong Token Ring vn c s dng trong cc k thut nh
cao nh FDDI, m bn s hc trong phn sau.
2.6.3 FDDI
Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) l mt k thut LAN t tin dng hai vng
cp quang. Mt vng c xem nh l vng chnh v vng th hai thay th vng
chnh nu xy ra s c. FDDI s dng mt phng thc truy cp chuyn token tng
t nh token ring.
Ging nh token ring, FDDI cng c kh nng d tm v sa li . Trong mt
vng FDDI hot ng thng thng, token lun truyn bi mi my. Nu khng thy
token trong thi gian ti a lun chuyn quanh mt vng, th c ngha l xy ra mt
vn g , chng hn nh t cp.
Cp si quang c s dng vi FDDI c th cho php ti mt lng d liu
rt ln trn cc khong cch ln.
2.7 Cc k thut truy cp mng khc
Cc k thut LAN cng nh l ethernet rt ph bin, nhng c nhiu cch khc kt
ni cc my tnh. Bt k k thut hot ng mng no cng phi c mt s cch thc
chun b d liu cho mng vt l, v do bt k k thut TCP/IP no cng phi c
mt lp Truy cp mng. Nh cp trc y, mt modem l mt cch thc khc
h tr cho mt kt ni mng. Cc k thut WAN (Wide are network) h tr cc kt ni
hot ng trn cc khong cch ln hn nhng thng tc truyn thng thp hn.
Cc kt ni WAN i hi phn cng ring, v ta c th on c, n cng i hi
phn mm ring bit lp Truy cp mng. Bn s hc nhiu hn v cc k thut
WAN trong Chng 6, Phn cng mng.
Tm tt
Trong chng ny, bn hc v lp Truy cp mng, l lp a dng nht v c th cho
l phc tp nht trong chng giao thc TCP/IP. Lp Truy cp mng nh ngha cc th tc
giao tip vi phn cng mng v truy cp mi trng truyn. C nhiu loi kin trc
LAN v do c nhiu dng lp Truy cp mng. Chng ny cng m t cc ni dung
ca khung ethernet v ni ngn gn v ethernet, token ring, v FDDI.

Chng 3 Lp Internet

a ch IP
Tiu IP
ARP
ICMP

Nh bn hc trong phn trc, cc my tnh trn mt on mng n nh mt
ethernet LAN c th thng tin vi nhau s dng cc a ch vt l sn c lp Truy cp
mng. Sau , lm th no mt thng ip email t Carolina n California v n chnh
xc ch ca n? Nh bn s hc trong chng ny, cc giao thc lp Internet cung cp
vic phn phi vt ra ngoi mng con. Chng ny tho lun cc giao thc lp Internet
quan trng nh IP, ARP v ICMP.

Gii thch mc ch ca IP, ARP v ICMP
Gii thch mt network ID v mt host ID l g
Gii thch mt octet l g
Chuyn mt a ch dng du chm thp phn sang dng nh phn tng ng
ca n
Chuyn mt a ch IP nh phn 32 bit sang dng du chm thp phn
M t cc ni dung ca mt tiu IP
Gii thch mc ch ca a ch IP
Xc nh cc trng network ID v host ID ca cc a ch lp A, B v C.

CHONG
3
tOF
lNTFkNFT
22 Chng 3. Lp Internet
3.1 nh a ch v phn phi
Nh bn hc trong Chng 2, Lp Truy cp mng, mt my tnh thng tin vi
mng thng qua mt thit b giao tip mng nh mt card tng thch mng. Thit b
giao tip mng c mt a ch vt l duy nht v c thit k nhn d liu gi n
a ch vt l . a ch vt l ny c ghi vo card mng khi n c ch to. Mt
thit b nh mt card ethernet khng bit bt k chi tit no ca cc lp giao thc bn
trn. N khng bit a ch IP ca n v cng khng bit mt khung n c gi n
Telnet hay l FTP. N ch lng nghe cc khung ang ti, ch mt khung c a ch l
a ch vt l ca chnh n, v chuyn khung ngc ln trn chng giao thc.
S phi hp a ch vt l ny lm vic rt tt trn mt on LAN ring bit.
Mt mng ch bao gm mt t my tnh trn mt mi trng lin tc c th hot ng
m khng cn g khc ngoi cc a ch vt l. D liu c th chuyn trc tip t b
tng thch mng ny n b tng thch mng kia m ch cn s dng cc giao thc
mc thp lin quan vi lp Truy cp mng. (Giao thc NetBEUI khng th nh tuyn
l mt giao thc c hot ng trong kt ni mng n gin ny).
Khng may, trn mt mng nh tuyn khng th phn phi d liu bng a
ch vt l. Cc th tc tm ra ch n dng cho vic phn phi bng a ch vt l li,
khng hot ng c thng qua giao tip router. Cho d chng c thc hin c th
vic phn phi bng a ch vt l s cng knh v a ch vt l c nh ghi vo trong
th mng khng cho php bn p t mt cu trc lun l trn khng gian a ch.
V th TCP/IP s lm cho a ch vt l tr nn v hnh v thay vo n t
chc mng theo mt s nh a ch phn cp v lun l. S nh a ch lun l
c duy tr bi giao thc IP lp Internet. a ch lun l c gi l a ch IP. Mt
giao thc lp Internet khc c gi l Giao thc phn gii a ch (Address
Resolution Protocol - ARP) hnh thnh tp hp mt bng nh x cc a ch IP vo cc
a ch vt l. Bng ARP ny l lin kt gia a ch IP v a ch vt l.
Trn mt mng nh tuyn (xem hnh 3-1), phn mm TCP/IP s dng chin
lc sau gi d liu trn mng :
1. Nu a ch ch trn cng mt on mng nh my tnh ngun, my tnh
ngun gi gi trc tip n ch. a ch IP c phn gii sang mt a ch
vt l s dng ARP v d liu c hng ti b tng thch mng ch.
2. Nu a ch ch trn mt on mng khc vi my tnh ngun, cc tin
trnh sau bt u :

a. Datagram c a ti gateway. Gateway l mt thit b trn on
mng cc b m c th chuyn tip mt datagram n cc on mng
khc. (Nh bn s hc trong chng 6, Phn cng mng, v
chng 7, nh tuyn, mt gateway c bn l mt router). a ch
gateway c phn gii sang a ch vt l s dng ARP, v d liu
c gi n b tng thch mng ca gateway.
b. Datagram c nh tuyn qua gateway n mt on mng mc cao
hn (xem hnh 3-1) tin trnh c lp li. Nu a ch ch nm
trn on mng mi ny, d liu c chuyn n ch ca n. Nu
khng, datagram c gi n mt gateway khc.
c. Datagram i qua chui cc gateway n an mng ch, a ch
IP ch c nh x n mt a ch vt l s dng ARP v d liu
c hng n b tng thch mng ch.
Hnh 3-1 Gateway nhn cc datagram c nh a ch
n cc mng khc
195.121.131.8
191.18.16.8
195.121.131.9
Internet
Gateway
Thong iep en
195.121.131.8
en ch
Thong iep en
195.18.16.8
(a ch IP cho moi
giao tiep mang)
en
Gateway

Do , phn phi d liu trn mt mng nh tuyn phc tp, cc giao thc lp
Internet do phi c th :
Xc nh c bt k my tnh no trn mng.
Cung cp mt phng tin xc nh khi no mt thng ip phi c
truyn qua mt gateway.
Cung cp mt phng tin xc nh on mng ch c lp sao cho
datagram s i qua cc router n ng on mng mt cch hiu qu.
Cung cp mt phng tin chuyn i a ch IP lun l ca my tnh
ch sang mt a ch vt l d liu c th c phn phi n b tng
thch mng ca my tnh ch.
Trong chng ny bn s hc v h thng nh a ch IP quan trng, v bn s
s bit lm th no m TCP/IP phn phi cc datagram trn mt mng phc tp vi
cc giao thc IP v ARP ca lp Internet. Bn cng s hc v giao thc ICMP ca lp
Internet, l giao thc cung cp chc nng d li v x l s c.
3.2 Giao thc Internet (IP)
Giao thc Internet Internet Protocol (IP) cung cp mt h thng nh a ch c phn
cp, c lp phn cng v a ra cc dch v cn thit cho vic phn phi d liu trn
mt mng nh tuyn phc tp. Mi b tng thch mng trn mt mng TCP/IP c
mt a ch IP duy nht.
Thng tin thm
Cc m t ca TCP/IP thng ni v mt my tnh c mt a ch IP. Mt my tnh i khi
c xem l c mt a ch IP bi v hu ht cc my tnh ch c mt b tng thch mng.
Tuy nhin, cc my tnh vi nhiu b tng thch mng cng ph bin. V d, mt my tnh
hot ng nh mt router hay mt my ch proxy, phi c nhiu hn mt b tng thch
mng v do c nhiu hn mt a ch IP. Thut ng host thng c s dng cho thit
b mng kt hp vi mt a ch IP.
Vi nhiu h iu hnh, n cng c th n nh nhiu hn mt a ch IP vo mt b
tng thch mng n.
Cc a ch IP trn mng c t chc sao cho bn c th ch ra c v tr ca
host - mng hay mng con ni host c tr - bng cch nhn vo a ch (xem hnh 3-2).
Ni cch khc, mt b phn ca a ch hi ging mt m ZIP, v mt b phn a ch
hi ging a ch ng ch ra v tr chnh xc bn trong vng .

Hnh 3-2 Bn c th ni ra mng ca
thit b bng cch nhn vo a ch

Ta c th d dng nhn vo hnh 3-2 v ni, Mi a ch bt u vi
192.132.134 phi trong to nh C. Tuy nhin, mt my tnh i hi c s phn bit
vi cc my khc. a ch IP do c chia thnh hai phn :
o nh danh mng (network ID).
o nh danh host (host ID).
Ngi s hu mng cng c th t ra thm mt mc phn cp a ch bng
cch gn mt nh dnh mng con (subnet ID). Bn s hc nhiu hn v cc mng con
v cc nh danh mng con trong Chng 4, Phn mng con.
Thng tin thm
Hc chng ny v chng 4, bn s khng thc s thnh tho v k thut nh a ch
IP cho n khi bn hc v cc nh danh mng con.
Khi bn hc phn sau ca chng ny, phn module IP ca phn mm giao thc c
th xc nh t a ch chnh n, phn no l nh danh mng v phn no l nh
danh host.
3.2.1 Cc trng tiu IP
Mi datagram IP bt u vi mt tiu IP. Phn mm TCP/IP trn my tnh ngun
to ra tiu IP. Phn mm TCP/IP ch s dng thng tin c gi trong phn tiu
IP x l datagram. Tiu IP cha mt lng thng tin ln, bao gm cc a ch
IP ca cc my tnh ngun v ch, chiu di ca datagram, s phin bn IP, v cc ch
dn c bit cho cc router.
Thng tin thm
c thm thng tin v cc tiu IP, xem RFC 791.
Kch thc ti thiu ca mt tiu IP l 20 byte. Hnh 3.3 cho thy cc ni
dung trn tiu IP.
Hnh 3-3 Trng tiu IP

Cc trng tiu trong hnh 3-3 nh sau :
Phin bn (Version) - Trng 4 bit ny xc nh phin bn ca IP ang c s dng.
Phin bn hin hnh ca IP l 4. Kiu gi tr nh phn cho 4 l 0100.
IHL (Internet Header Length - chiu di tiu Internet) - Trng 4 bit ny cho bit
chiu di ca tiu IP tnh theo cc s 32 bit. Chiu di tiu nh nht l 5 t
32 bit. Mu gi tr nh phn ca 5 l 0101.
Loi dch v (Type of Service) - IP ngun c th ch nh thng tin nh tuyn c
bit. Mt s router b qua trng Loi dch v ny. Mc d hin nay vi s xut hin
ca cc cng ngh cht lng dch v QoS Quality of Service, trng ny c
quan tm nhiu hn. Mc ch chnh ca vng 8 bit ny l phn cp u tin ca
cc datagram khi i qua cc router. Hin nay trng ny thng ch c gn ton
gi tr 0.

Chiu di tng cng (Total length) - Trng 16 bit ny xc nh chiu di ca
datagram IP tnh bng octet. Chiu di ny bao gm tiu IP v vng ti tin.
Nhn dng (Identification) - Trng 16 bit ny l mt s tun t tng c gn vo
cc thng ip c gi t IP ngun. Khi mt thng ip c gi n lp IP v n
qu ln so vi mt datagram, IP phn on thng ip thnh nhiu datagram, t vo
cc datagram cng mt s nhn dng. S ny c s dng u nhn tp hp cc
datagram ny li thnh thng ip ban u.
Cc c (Flags) - Trng Flags xc nh cc kh nng phn on c th. Bit u tin
khng c s dng v lun c gi tr l 0. Bit tip theo c gi l c DF (Dont
Fragment). C DF bo hiu c cho phn on (gi tr = 0) hay khng (gi tr = 1). Bit
tip theo l c MF (More Fragments), ni vi u nhn l cn nhiu phn on na
ang n. Khi MF c gn bng 0, khng cn phn on no cn truyn hay
datagram cha bao gi b phn on.
di ca phn on (Fragment Offset) - Trng 13 bit ny l mt gi tr s c
gn cho mi phn on lin tip nhau. IP ch s dng fragment offset ti hp li
cc phn on theo th t thch hp. Gi tr offset tm thy y biu din gi tr
di l mt s cc n v 8 byte.
Thi gian sng (Time to Live) - Trng bit ny xc nh lng thi gian tnh theo
giy hay s chng router hop m datagram c th tn ti hoc i qua trc khi b hy.
Mi router kho st v lm gim trng ny t nht l 1, hoc s giy m datagram b
tr hon bn trong router. Datagram b hy khi trng ny t gi tr 0.
Mt chng (hop) hay mt chng router (router hop) tng quan vi mt router m mt
datagram i qua trn ng n ch ca n. Nu mt datagram i qua 5 router trc
khi n ch ca n c coi l cch 5 chng (hop) hay 5 chng router (router hop).
Giao thc (Protocol) - Trng giao thc 8 bit xc nh giao thc s nhn phn ti tin
ca datagram. V d mt datagram vi nhn dng giao thc l 6 (00000110) c
chuyn ngc ln chng giao thc n module TCP. Sau y l mt s gi tr giao
thc thng dng :
Tn giao thc Nhn dng giao thc
ICMP 1
TCP 6
UDP 17
Kim tra li tiu (Header Checksum) - Trng ny gi mt gi tr 16 bit c tnh
ton kim tra tnh hp l ca ring phn tiu . Trng ny c tnh ton li
mi router khi gim trng TTL.
a ch IP ngun (Source IP Address) - Trng 32 bit ny gi a ch ca ngun ca
datagram.
a ch IP ch (Destination IP Address) - Trng 32 bit ny gi a ch ch ca
datagram v c IP ch s dng bi kim tra s phn phi chnh xc.
Cc ty chn IP (IP Options) - Trng ny h tr mt s thit t tiu ty s
dng cho vic kim tra, g ri vo an ton. Cc ty chn bao gm Strict Source Route
(mt ng i ring qua mt s router nht nh m datagram phi theo), Internet
Timestamp (mt mu tin cc nhn thi gian mi router) v cc gii hn an ton.
m (Padding) - Trng cc ty chn IP c chiu di bin i. Trng Padding cung
cp cc bit 0 b sung chiu di tng cng ca phn tiu l bi s chnh xc ca
32 bit. (Phn tiu phi kt thc sau mt t 32 bit bi v trng IHL o chiu di
phn tiu theo cc t 32 bit).
IP Data Payload - Trng ny cha d liu d nh giao n TCP hoc UDP (trong
lp Vn chuyn), ICMP hay IGMP. Lng d liu c th bin thin n hng ngn
byte.
3.2.2 nh a ch IP
Mt a ch IP l mt a ch nh phn 32 bit. a ch 32 bit ny c phn chia thnh
4 on 8 bit c gi l cc octet. Con ngi khng thoi mi khi lm vic vi cc a
ch nh phn 32 bit hay ngay c cc octet nh phn 8 bit, v th a ch IP hu nh lun
biu din di dng chm thp phn. Di dng chm thp phn, mi octet c gn
mt s thp phn tng ng. 4 gi tr thp phn (4 x 8 = 32 bit) sau c phn bit
bng cc du chm. 8 bit nh phn c th i din cho bt k s nguyn no t 0 n
255, v th cc an ca mt a ch chm thp phn l cc s thp phn t 0 n 255.
C l bn thy cc v d v cc a ch IP chm thp phn trn my ca bn, trong
ti liu ny, hoc trong cc ti liu TCP/IP khc. Mt a ch IP chm thp phn trng
nh sau : 209.121.131.14.
Mt phn ca a ch IP c s dng cho nh danh mng, v mt phn ca
a ch c s dng cho nh danh host. S phc tp ca a ch IP l phn nh danh
mng bin i. Hu ht cc a ch ri vo cc lp a ch sau :
Cc a ch lp A 8 bit u tin ca a ch IP c s dng cho nh danh
mng. 24 bit cui cng c s dng cho nh danh host.
Cc a ch lp B 16 bit u tin ca a ch IP c s dng cho nh danh

Cc a ch lp C 24 bit u tin ca a ch IP c s dng cho nh danh
Cng nhiu bit th s t hp bit s ln hn. Ta c th thy, nh dng lp A
cung cp mt s nh cc nh danh mng v mt s ln cc nh danh host cho mi
mng. Mt mng lp A c th h tr khong 2
24
, hay 16.777.216 host. Ngc li, mt
mng lp C ch c th cung cp s nh dng host hay s lng host t (khong 2
8
, hay
256), nhng nhiu nh dng mng hn.
Bn c th ngc nhin lm th no mt my tnh hay mt router bit mt a ch
IP l a ch lp A, lp B hay lp C. Cc nh thit kt TCP/IP a ra cc lut a
ch sao cho c th nhn bit c lp ca mt a ch ca n. Mt vi bit u ca a
ch nh phn s cho bit a ch ny l mt a ch lp A, lp B hay lp C (xem
bng 3-1). Cc lut nhn dng lp a ch nh sau :
Nu a ch nh phn 32 bit bt u vi 1 bit 0, a ch l mt a ch lp A.
Nu a ch nh phn 32 bit bt u vi cc bit 10, a ch l mt a ch lp B.
Nu a ch nh phn 32 bit bt u vi cc bit 110, a ch l mt a ch lp C.
S a ch ny d dng chuyn sang k hiu chm thp phn bi v cc lut
ny c nh hng n gii hn dy cc gi tr a ch cho s hng u tin trong nh
dng du chm thp phn. V d, v mt a ch lp A phi c mt bit 0 tn cng bn
tri trong octet u tin, s hng u tin trong mt a ch chm thp phn lp A
khng th cao hn 127. Bn s hc nhiu hn v vic chuyn cc s nh phn sang
thp phn phn sau ca chng ny. Bng 3-1 cho thy cc dy a ch cho cc
mng lp A, B v C. Ch rng mt vi dy a ch IP c s dng cho cc mc
ch c bit. Bn s hc nhiu hn v cc a ch IP c bit trong phn sau ca
chng ny.
Bng 3-1 Cc gii hn a ch cho cc mng lp A, B v C
Lp a ch
a ch nh phn
phi bt u vi
S hng u tin ca a ch
chm thp phn phi l
Cc a ch loi b
A 0 0 n 127 10.0.0.0 n
10.255.255.255
127.0.0.0 n
127.255.255.255
B 10 128 n 191 172.16.0.0 n
172.31.255.255
C 110 192 n 223 192.168.0.0 n
192.168.255.255
Thng tin thm
Cc c t Internet cng xc nh cc a ch dnh ring lp D v lp E. Bn s hc v cc
a ch lp D v lp E trong phn sau ca chng ny.
Ngi s hu mng c th chia mng thnh cc mng con nh hn c gi l
cc subnet. Vic phn mng con v c bn mn mt s bit ca nh danh host to
cc mng b sung trong mng. Nh bn c th on, cc mng lp A v B, vi cc
khng gian a ch nh danh host ln, gip m rng vic phn chia mng con. Vic
phn mng con cng c s dng trn cc mng lp C. Bn s hc nhiu hn v vic
phn mng con trong Chng 4, Phn mng con.
Thng tin thm
V mt l thuyt, mi my tnh trn Internet phi c mt a ch IP duy nht. Trong thc
t, cc my tnh trn mng Internet vn c th hot ng c vi cc a ch IP khng
ng k hoc khng duy nht nh cc thit b Chuyn i a ch mng (Network Address
Translation - NAT). Bn s hc nhiu hn v cc thit b NAT trong chng 6, Phn
cng mng.
3.2.3 Chuyn mt a ch nh phn 32 bit sang dng chm thp phn
Cc s nh phn tng t nh cc s thp phn, ch khc l tha s nhn khi
tnh gi tr l 2 thay v 10, v cc ch s cng ch c hai gi tr 0 v 1, thay v t 0 n
9 nh s thp phn. Nh hnh 3-4 cho thy, mt s nguyn thp phn bt u vi ch
s tn cng bn phi, v mi ch s k tip sang tri c gi tr l bi s 10
n
vi n l
v tr ca ch s (n=0 i vi ch s tn cng bn phi). Gi tr ca s thp phn l
tng ca cc gi tr ca cc v tr thp phn. V d, gi tr ca s thp phn 126.325
c xc nh nh sau : (1 x 10
5
) + (2 x 10
4
) + (6 x 10
3
) + (3 x 10
2
) + (2 x 10
1
) + (5 x
10
0
) = 126.325.
Hnh 3-4 H thng s thp phn
V

t
r

1
0
0
.
0
0
0
V

t
r

1
0
.
0
0
0
V

t
r

1
.
0
0
0
V

t
r

1
0
0
V

t
r

1
0
V

t
r

1
1 2 6
,
3 2 5
1 x 100.000 = 100.000
2 x 10.000 = 20.000
6 x 1.000 = 6.000
3 x 100 = 300
2 x 10 = 20
5 x 1 = 5
126.325
Giong nhau

Mt s nguyn nh phn cng bt u bng bit thp nht ( tn cng bn phi).
Mi ch s nh phn k tip sang tri l bi s 2
n
, vi n l v tr ca ch s nh phn
(n=0 i vi ch s tn cng bn phi) (xem hnh 3-5).
Hnh 3-5 H thng s nh phn
V

t
r

1
2
8
V

t
r

6
4
V

t
r

3
2
V

t
r

1
6
V

t
r

8
V

t
r

4
1 0 1 1 0 1
1 x 128 = 128
0 x 64 = 0
1 x 32 = 32
1 x 16 = 16
0 x 8 = 0
1 x 4 = 4
1 x 2 = 2
1 x 1 = 1
183
Giong nhau
V

t
r

2
V

t
r

1
1 1
10110111
2
= 183
10

Thng tin thm
Cc my tnh lm vic vi cc s nh phn v mt mu bit 1 v 0 tng ng d dng vi cc
trng thi on v off s dng trong mch s.
xc nh gi tr thp phn tng ng ca mt gi tr nh phn, cng tt c
cc gi tr v tr ca bt k bit no c gi tr 1. Nh rng a ch IP bao gm 4 octet m
mi octet phi c chuyn sang dng thp phn mt cch c lp. Sau y l mt v
d cho thy lm th no chuyn mt a ch IP nh phn 32 bit sang nh dng chm
thp phn.
Chuyn a ch nh phn 01011001 00011101 11001100 00011000.
1. Trc ht chia a ch thnh cc octet 8 bit:
Octet 1: 01011001
Octet 2: 00011101
Octet 3: 11001100
Octet 4: 00011000
2. Chuyn mi octet thnh mt s thp phn. Tin trnh ny c minh ha
trong bng 3-2.
3. Vit ra cc gi tr thp phn tng ng theo th th t tri sang phi, phn
bit cc gi tr ny bng cc du chm.
Bng 3-2 Chuyn mt a ch nh phn sang dng chm thp phn
Octet Gi tr nh phn Tnh ton Gi tr thp phn
1 01011001 1+8+16+64 89
2 00011101 1+4+8+16 29
3 11001100 4+8+64+128 204
4 00011000 8+16 24
a ch dng du chm thp phn l: 89.29.204.24
Bn c th xem thm cc v d ca cch chuyn i ny trong phn Thc hnh
cui chng ny.
Thng tin thm
Bn c th s dng phn mm Calculator ca h iu hnh Windows chuyn i gia s
nh phn sang v s thp phn. Chn mc View v chn Scientific. Nt ty chn Bin chuyn
my tnh sang ch nh phn. Nt ty chn Dec chuyn s tr li ch thp phn.
3.2.4 Chuyn mt s thp phn sang mt octet nh phn
Tin trnh chuyn i mt s thp phn sang nh phn l mt tin trnh ngc
li tin trnh c th hin trong hnh 3-5. Nu bn cn chuyn mt a ch chm thp
phn sang a ch nh phn 32 bit, chuyn mi s ring bit trong a ch sang mt
octet nh phn v sau ni cc octet ny li. Th tc sau cho thy lm th no
chuyn i s thp phn 207 sang mt octet nh phn:
Thng tin thm
Th tc ny gi nh bn bt u vi mt s thp phn biu din mt octet a ch IP. Nu
s m bn ang chuyn cao hn 255, bn s cn m rng gi tr v tr nh phn c th
hin trong hnh 3-5 bng cch thm vo cc v tr bit cao hn v phng theo th tc ny
vi cc gi tr cao hn (256, 512, 1024 )
chuyn s thp phn 207 sang mt octet nh phn, theo cc bc sau :
1. So snh s thp phn bn mun chuyn (trong trng hp ny l 207) vi s
128. Nu s thp phn ln hn hay bng 128, tr 128 v ghi gi tr 1. Nu s
thp phn nh hn 128, tr 0 v ghi gi tr 0.
207 > 128
207 128 = 79
Ghi gi tr 1 thay th cho 128.
Kt qu l : 1

2. Ly kt qu t bc 1 (79 trong trng hp ny) v so snh vi gi tr 64.
Nu s thp phn ln hn hay bng 64, tr i 64 v ghi gi tr 1. Nu s thp
phn nh hn 64, tr 0 v ghi gi tr 0.
79 > 64
79 64 = 15
Ghi 1 thay th cho 64.
Kt qu l : 11
3. Ly kt qu t bc 2 ( y l 15) v so snh n vi s 32. Nu s thp
phn ln hn hay bng 32, tr 32 v ghi gi tr 1. Nu s thp phn nh hn
32, tr 0 v ghi gi tr 0.
15 < 32
15 0 = 15
Ghi 0 thay th cho 32
Kt qu l : 110
4. So snh kt qu t bc 3 vi s 16. Nu s ln hn hay bng 16, tr 16 v
ghi gi tr 1. Nu s nh hn 16, tr 0 v ghi gi tr 0.
15 < 32
15 0 = 15
Ghi 0 thay th cho 16
Kt qu l : 1100
5. So snh kt qu bc 4 vi s 8. Nu s thp phn ln hn hay bng 8, tr
8 v ghi gi tr 1. Nu s thp phn nh hn 8, tr 0 v ghi gi tr 0.
15 > 8
15 8 = 7
Ghi 1 thay th cho 8
Kt qu l : 11001
6. So snh kt qu ca bc 5 vi s 4. Nu s thp phn ln hn hay bng 4,
tr 4 v ghi gi tr 1. Nu s thp phn nh hn 4, tr 0 v ghi gi tr 0.
7 > 4
7 4 = 3
Ghi 1 thay th cho 4
Kt qu l : 110011
7. So snh kt qu ca bc 6 vi s 2. Nu s thp phn ln hn hay bng 2,
tr 2 v ghi gi tr 1. Nu s thp phn nh hn 2, tr 0 v ghi gi tr 0.
3 > 2
3 2 = 1
Ghi 1 thay th cho 2
Kt qu l : 1100111
8. Nu kt qu bc 7 l 1, ghi gi tr 1. Nu gi tr bc 7 l 0, ghi gi tr
0.
1 = 1
Ghi gi tr 1
Kt qu cui cng : 11001111
By gi bn chuyn xong s thp phn 207 sang gi tr nh phn tng ng ca n
l 11001111.
3.2.5 Cc lp D v E
Nh bn hc phn trc ca chng ny, cc c t IP cng cung cp cc a ch
lp D v lp E.
Hu ht cc truyn thng TCP/IP u l host-to-host (gi t mt my tnh
ngun n mt my tnh ch) hay qung b (broadcast) - gi n tt c cc my tnh
trn on hay mng. Mt khc, cc a ch lp D c s dng cho truyn a hng
(multicasting). Mt multicast l mt thng ip n gi n mt mng con ca mng.
4 bit u tin bn tri ca mt a ch mng lp D lun bt u vi dng nh phn
1110, tng ng vi cc s thp phn t 224 n 239.
Thng tin thm
Giao thc qun l nhm Internet (The Internet Group Management Protocol _IGMP) l mt
giao thc lp Internet s dng phng thc truyn a hng vi a ch lp D.
Cc RFC Internet a ra mt s a ch multicast c nh truyn a hng. y
l ni dung nng cao nn khng c trnh by trong ti liu ny. Cc mng lp E
c xem l cc mng th nghim. Thng thng chng khng c dng trong bt
k mi trng sn xut no. 5 bit bn tri u tin ca mt mng lp E lun bt u
vi mu nh phn 11110, tng ng vi cc s thp phn t 240 n 247.
3.2.6 Cc a ch IP c bit
Mt s a ch IP c ngha c bit khng c gn cho cc host ring bit. Mt nh
danh host vi tt c cc bit bng 0 m ch n chnh mng ang xt (chuyn n chnh
n). V d, a ch IP 129.152.0.0 ch n mng lp B vi nh danh mng l 129.152.
Mt nh danh vi tt c cc bit bng 1 biu th mt a ch qung b -
broadcast. Mt broadcast l mt thng ip gi n tt c cc host trn mng. a ch
IP 129.152.255.255 l a ch broadcast ca mng lp B vi nh danh mng 129.152.
(Ch rng dng thp phn 255 tng ng vi octet nh phn ton 1 (11111111)).
a ch 255.255.255.255 cng c th c dng broadcast trn mng.
Cc a ch bt u vi 127 l cc a ch loopback. Mt thng ip c nh
a ch loopback c gi bi phn mm TCP/IP cc b n chnh n. a ch
loopback c dng kim tra xem phn mm TCP/IP c hot ng khng. a ch
loopback 127.0.0.1 thng c s dng nht.

RFC 1597 cng dnh ring mt vi dy a ch IP cho cc mng ring. Vi gi
nh l cc dy a ch ring ny khng c kt ni vo Internet, v th cc a ch
ny khng l duy nht. Trn th gii hin nay, cc dy a ch n ny thng c s
dng cho mng c bo v, nm sau cc thit b chuyn i mng :
10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255
172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255
192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255
Bi v cc dy a ch ring ny tch bit vi phn a ch cn li, ton b dy
a ch ny c th c s dng trong bt c mng no m khng s trng lp a ch
gia cc mng. Mt nh qun l mng s dng cc a ch ring ny s c nhiu khng
gian a ch phn chia mng con hn, v nhiu a ch c th gn hn. Xem chng
6, Phn cng mng bit thm v cc thit b chuyn i mng.
3.3 Giao thc phn gii a ch (ARP)
Nh bn hc phn trc trong chng ny, cc my tnh trn mt mng cc b s
dng giao thc lp Internet c gi l Giao thc phn gii a ch - Address
Resolution Protocol (ARP) nh x cc a ch IP vo cc a ch vt l. Mt host
phi bit a ch vt l ca b tng thch mng ch gi bt k d liu no n n.
V l do ny, ARP l mt giao thc rt quan trng. Tuy nhin, TCP/IP c thc hin
theo cch thc sao cho ARP v tt c cc chi tit ca vic chuyn i a ch hu nh
v hnh i vi ngi s dng. B tng thch mng c xc nh bi a ch IP ca
n. a ch IP phi c nh x n mt a ch vt l mt thng ip n ch ca
n. (Xem chng 2, Lp truy cp mng).
Mi host trn mt on mng duy tr mt bng trong b nh c gi l bng
ARP hay b nh nhanh ARP (ARP cache). ARP cache lin kt cc a ch IP ca cc
host khc trn on mng vi cc a ch vt l (xem hnh 3-6). Khi mt host cn gi
d liu n mt host khc trn on, host kim tra bng ARP xc nh a ch vt l
ca ni nhn. Bng ARP c hnh thnh mt cch t ng. Nu a ch nhn d liu
hin khng c lit k trong bng ARP, host gi mt broadcast c gi l mt
khung yu cu ARP (xem hnh 3-6).
Hnh 3-6 ARP nh x cc a ch IP vo cc a ch vt l

Khung yu cu ARP cha a ch IP cha c phn gii. Khung yu cu ARP
cng cha a ch IP v a ch vt l ca host gi yu cu. Cc host khc trn on
mng nhn yu cu ARP, v host c a ch IP cha phn gii hi p bng cch gi
a ch vt l ca n n host gi yu cu. nh x a ch IP v a ch vt l c
thm vo bng ARP ca host yu cu.
Thng thng, cc mc trong bng ARP s ht hn sau mt khong thi gian
nh trc. Khi thi gian sng ca mt mc ARP kt thc, mc s b loi b khi
bng. Tin trnh phn gii bt u li thi im k khi m host cn gi d liu n
a ch IP ca mc b loi b.
3.4 Giao thc phn gii a ch ngc (RARP)
RARP l vit tt ca Reverse ARP (Giao thc phn gii a ch ngc). RARP tri
ngc vi ARP. ARP c s dng khi bit a ch IP nhng khng bit a ch vt l.
RARP c s dng khi bit a ch vt l nhng khng bit a ch IP. RARP thng
c s dng kt hp vi giao thc BOOTP khi ng cc trm lm vic khng c
a.
BOOTP (boot PROM) Nhiu b tng thch mng c mt khe cm trng
thm mt mch tch hp c gi l mt Rom boot. Chng trnh bootPROM bt u
ngay khi my tnh c bt ngun. N ti mt h iu hnh vo my tnh bng cch

c t mt my ch mng thay v mt a cc b. H iu hnh c ti ti thit b
BOOTP c cu hnh trc mt a ch IP c th.
3.5 Giao thc thng ip iu khin Internet (ICMP)
D liu gi n mt my tnh xa thng i qua mt hay nhiu router; cc router ny
c th gp phi mt s vn trong vic gi thng ip n ch cui cng ca n.
Cc router s dng cc thng ip ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) thng
bo cho IP ngun v cc vn ny. ICMP cng c dng cho cc chc nng chn
on v x l s c khc.
Cc thng ip ICMP thng dng nht c lit k y. C mt s t cc tnh
hung khc to ra cc thng ip ICMP nhng tn sut xut hin ca chng kh thp.
Echo Request v Echo Reply - ICMP thng s dng trong qu trnh kim
tra. Khi mt k thut vin s dng lnh ping kim tra kt ni vi mt
host khc, anh ta ang s dng ICMP. Ping gi mt datagram n mt a
ch IP v yu cu my tnh ch p tr li d liu gi trong mt datagram
hi p. Cc lnh thc s ang c s dng l ICMP Echo Request v
Echo Reply.
Source Quench - Nu mt my tnh ang gi mt lng ln d liu n
mt my tnh xa, lng d liu ny c th lm trn ngp router. Router c
th s dng ICMP gi thng ip Source Quench n IP ngun yu
cu n gim tc truyn d liu.
Destination Unreachable - Nu mt router nhn mt datagram khng th
giao n ch c, ICMP tr v mt thng ip Destination Unreachable
n IP ngun. Mt l do m router khng th phn phi thng ip l mng
ngng lm vic v thit b hng hoc ang c bo tr.
Time Exceeded - ICMP gi thng ip ny n IP ngun nu mt datagram
b hy do TTL = 0. iu ny cho thy rng ch cch kh nhiu hop so vi
gi tr TTL hin ti, hoc c cc vn trong bng nh tuyn lm cho
datagram b lp lin tc qua cng mt nhm cc router.
Mt vng lp nh tuyn xy ra khi mt datagram lp vng lin tc qua cng
cc router v khng bao gi n ch ca n. Gi s 3 router c t Los Angeles,
San Francisco, v Denver. Router Los Angeles gi cc datagram n San Francisco,
router San Francisco gi chng n Denver, v router Denver gi chng tr li Los
Angeles. Datagram b kt trong vng lp v s xoay vng lin tc qua 3 router ny cho
n khi TTL = 0. Vng lp nh tuyn l iu khng mong mun, nhng i khi n
cng xut hin, c th do nh qun tr mng t cc mc nh tuyn tnh trong mt
bng nh tuyn.
Fragmentation Needed - ICMP gi thng ip ny nu n nhn mt
datagram vi bit Don't Fragment c thit lp v nu router cn phn on
datagram chuyn tip n n router k tip hay ch.
Tm tt
Trong chng ny bn hc v cc giao thc lp Internet l IP, ARP, RARP v ICMP. IP
cung cp mt h thng nh a ch c lp phn cng phn phi d liu trn mng.
Bn hc v cc nh dng a ch IP nh phn v chm thp phn v v cc lp a ch
IP A, B, C, D v E. Bn cng hc v ARP, mt giao thc phn gii cc a ch IP sang
cc a ch vt l. RARP ngc vi ARP, mt my tnh khng c a s dng giao thc
ny truy vn mt my ch v a ch IP ca chnh n. ICMP l mt giao thc s dng
cho cc chn on v kim tra.
Thc hnh
Chuyn cc octet nh phn sau sang cc s thp phn tng ng ca chng.
00101011 Kt qu = 43
01010010 Kt qu = 82
11010110 Kt qu = 214
10110111 Kt qu = 183
01001010 Kt qu = 74
01011101 Kt qu = 93
10001101 Kt qu = 141
11011110 Kt qu = 222
Chuyn cc s thp phn sau sang cc octet nh phn tng ng ca chng.
13 Kt qu = 00001101
184 Kt qu = 10111000
238 Kt qu = 11101110
37 Kt qu = 00100101
98 Kt qu = 01100010
161 Kt qu = 10100001
243 Kt qu = 11110011
189 Kt qu = 10111101
Chuyn cc a ch IP 32 bit sau sang dng chm thp phn.
11001111 00001110 00100001 01011100 Kt qu = 207.14.33.92
00001010 00001101 01011001 01001101 Kt qu = 10.13.89.77
10111101 10010011 01010101 01100001 Kt qu = 189.147.85.97

Chng 4 Phn mng con

Phn mng con
Cc mt n mng con
K hiu CIDR
Vic phn mng con l mt tin trnh chia mt khi cc a ch IP c gn cho
mt mng lp A, B hoc C thnh cc khi a ch nh hn. Chng ny cho thy nhu cu
v li ch ca vic phn mng con, cng nh cc bc v cc th tc bn phi tun theo
to ra mt mt n mng con.
Kt thc chng ny, bn s c th :
Gii thch cc mng con v cc siu mng c s dng nh th no
Gii thch li ch ca vic phn mng con
Pht trin mt mt n mng con cho nhu cu cng vic
M t siu mng v k hiu CIDR.

CHONG
4

FHAN MANG CON
40 Chng 4. Phn mng con
4.1 Cc mng con trong TCP/IP
H thng lp a ch c m t trong Chng 3, Lp Internet, cho php tt c cc
host c th xc nh nh danh mng trong mt a ch IP v gi mt datagram n
ng mng. Tuy nhin, vic xc nh mt on mng bng nh danh mng lp A,B
hay C ca n c mt s gii hn. Gii hn chnh ca h thng lp a ch l n khng
cung cp bt k s phn chia lun l no vng khng gian a ch di mc mng.
Hnh 4-1 cho thy mt mng lp A. Nh m t trong chng trc, cc
datagram n chnh xc gateway v truyn vo khng gian a ch 99.0.0.0. Tuy nhin,
bc tranh ca vn s phc tp hn khi bn xem xt lm th no phn phi
datagram khi n i vo khng gian a ch 99.0.0.0. Mt mng lp A c phm vi trn
16 triu nh danh host. Mng ny c th bao gm hng triu host, ng i y l
mt con s rt ln trong phm vi mt mng con n l.
Hnh 4-1 Phn phi d liu n mt mng lp A

phn phi hiu qu trn mt mng ln, khng gian a ch c th c phn
nh thnh cc on mng nh hn (xem hnh 4-2). Vic phn on thnh cc mng
vt l ring bit lm tng dung lng ton b ca mng v do lm cho mng c th
s dng phn khng gian a ch nhiu hn. Trong trng hp thng thng, cc
router phn tch cc on trong khng gian a ch cn mt s ch nh v ni phn
phi d liu. Chng khng th dng nh danh mng v mi datagram gi n mng c

cng nh danh mng (99.0.0.0). Mc d c th t chc khng gian a ch bng nh
danh host, nhng mt gii php nh vy s rt cng knh, khng mm do v hon
ton khng thc t trn mt mng vi 16 triu host. Gii php thc t duy nht l phn
chia khng gian a ch no bn di nh danh mng cc host v cc router c
th da trn a ch IP cho bit on mng no c th nhn phn phi.
Hnh 4-2 T chc mng phn phi hiu qu

TCP/IP cung cp mt cp t chc lun l th hai bn di nh danh mng
thng qua mt khi nim c gi l subnet. Mt subnet (mng con) l mt phn chia
lun l khng gian a ch mng. Cc router c th phn phi mt datagram n mt
a ch subnet trong mng (thng tng ng vi mt on mng), v mt khi
datagram n subnet, n c th c phn gii thnh mt a ch vt l s dng ARP
(xem chng 3, Lp Internet).
Bn c th hi a ch subnet ny t u, v tt c 32 bit ca a ch IP c s
dng cho nh danh mng v nh danh host. Cu tr li l cc nh thit k TCP/IP
cung cp mt phng tin mn mt s bit t nh danh host to ra mt a ch
subnet. Mt thng s c gi l mt n subnet cho bit bao nhiu a ch c s
dng cho nh danh subnet v bao nhiu cn li cho nh danh host tht s.
Ging mt a ch IP, mt mt n mng con (subnet mask) l mt s nh phn
32 bit. Cc bit ca subnet mask c sp xp theo mt dng thc cho bit nh dng
subnet ca a ch IP m mt n ny kt hp. Hnh 4-3 cho thy mt cp a ch
IP/subnet mask. Mi v tr bit trong subnet mask i din cho mt v tr bit trong
a ch IP.
Hnh 4-3 Mt cp a ch IP/subnet mask

Subnet mask s dng mt bit 1 cho mi bit trong a ch IP thuc nh danh
mng v nh danh subnet. Subnet mask s dng mt bit 0 ch nh bt k bit no
trong a ch IP thuc nh danh host. Bn c th ngh subnet mask nh l mt bn
s dng c a ch IP. Hnh 4.4 cho thy s phn phi cc bit a ch trong mt
mng c phn mng con so vi mt mng khng c phn mng con.
Hnh 4-4 Phn phi cc bit a ch trong mt mng
phn mng con so vi mng khng phn mng con

Cc bng nh tuyn s dng trong cc router v cc host trn mt mng phn
mng con s cha thng tin v subnet mask cng vi mi a ch IP. (Bn s hc nhiu

hn v nh tuyn trong chng 7, nh tuyn). Nh hnh 4-5 cho thy, mt
datagram ang ti c nh tuyn n mng s dng trng nh danh mng xc
nh bi lp a ch (xem chng 3, Lp Internet). Khi datagram n mng ny, n
c nh tuyn n phn on thch hp s dng nh danh subnet. Sau khi n phn
on, nh danh host c s dng phn phi datagram n ng my tnh.
Hnh 4-5 Cc datagram ang n trn mt mng phn mng con

4.2 Chuyn i mt Subnet Mask sang dng chm thp phn
Nh qun l mng thng gn mt subnet mask cho mi host nh mt phn cu hnh
TCP/IP. Nu host nhn mt a ch IP thng qua DHCP (xem chng 9, Giao thc
cu hnh host ng - DHCP), DHCP server c th gn mt subnet mask cng vi a
ch IP.
Cc subnet mask phi c tnh ton cn thn v phi phn nh t chc bn
trong ca mng. Tt c cc host trong mt subnet phi c cng nh danh subnet v
subnet mask. hiu qu cho ngi s dng, subnet mask thng c biu din
bng k hiu chm thp phn tng t nh k hiu s dng cho mt a ch IP.
Bn hy nh li phn trc, subnet mask l mt s nh phn 32 bit. Bn c th
chuyn subnet mask nh phn sang mt a ch chm thp phn s dng k thut
chuyn i a ch c m t trong chng 3, Lp Internet. Mt subnet mask
thng d chuyn i sang dng chm thp phn hn mt a ch IP. Cc bit subnet
mask i din cho nh danh mng ca a ch IP v nh danh subnet l cc bit 1. Cc
bit i din cho nh danh host ca a ch IP l cc bit 0. iu ny c ngha l (vi
mt s ngoi l him c) tt c cc bit 1 u bn tri v cc bit 0 u bn phi. Bt
k octet ton bit 1 no trong subnet mask s mang gi tr 255 (nh phn 11111111)
trong subnet mask chm thp phn. Bt k octet ton bit 0 no s mang gi tr 0 (nh
phn 00000000) trong subnet mask. V th subnet mask thng thng c dng sau :
11111111111111111111111100000000
c th hin di dng k hiu chm thp phn nh sau 255.255.255.0. Tng t
nh vy, subnet mask
11111111111111110000000000000000
c th hin di dng chm thp phn l 255.255.0.0.
Nh bn c th thy, rt d xc nh gi tr chm thp phn tng ng ca
subnet mask chia ct a ch theo gii hn octet. Tuy nhin, mt s subnet mask khng
chia a ch thnh cc octet. Trong trng hp , bn ch n gin xc nh gi tr
thp phn tng ng ca octet hn hp ny (octet cha c bit 1 v bit 0).
chuyn mt subnet mask nh phn sang k hiu chm thp phn, theo cc
bc sau :
1. Chia subnet mask thnh cc octet bng cch vit subnet mask nh phn 32 bit
thnh cc nhm di dng cc octet :

11111111.11111111.11110000.00000000
2. i vi mi octet ton 1, ghi gi tr 255. i vi mi octet ton 0, ghi gi tr 0.
3. Chuyn i octet hn hp sang thp phn s dng k thut chuyn i nh phn
c cp trong chng 3, Lp Internet. Kt qu l tng tt c cc gi tr v
tr bit (xem hnh 3-5).
4. Vit a ch chm thp phn cui cng :
255.255.240.0
Trong hu ht trng hp, subnet mask chm thp phn ny l gi tr bn s nhp vo
trong qu trnh cu hnh TCP/IP cho my tnh.

4.3 Lm vic vi cc mng con
Subnet mask xc nh bao nhiu bit sau nh danh mng s c dng cho nh danh
subnet. nh danh subnet c th c chiu di bin i, ty thuc vo gi tr m bn
chn cho subnet mask. Khi nh danh subnet ln hn th t bit dng cho nh danh host
hn. Ni cch khc, nu mng ca bn c nhiu subnet, s host ca bn s b gii hn
t hn trn mi subnet. Nu bn c mt t subnet v ch i hi mt s bit cho nh
danh subnet, bn c th c nhiu host trn mt subnet.
Thng tin thm
Ch rng lp a ch cng xc nh bao nhiu bit c th dng cho nh dng subnet.
Mt n
11111111111111111110000000000000
ch ra 19 bit cho nh danh mng v nh danh subnet. Nu mt n ny c s dng vi
mt a ch lp B (c nh danh mng 16 bit), ch 3 bit c th dng cho vic phn chia
mng con. Vi cng mt n ny s dng vi mt a ch lp A (c nh danh mng 8 bit);
11 bit c th dng cho vic phn chia mng con.
Vic n nh cc nh danh subnet (phn nh mt subnet mask) da trn cu
hnh mng ca bn. Gii php ti u l b tr mng ca bn trc v xc nh s v v
tr ca cc on mng, sau gn cho mi on mt nh danh subnet. Bn s cn
s bit subnet gn cho mi subnet mt nh danh subnet duy nht. Nu c th, bn
nn dnh mt s nh danh subnet cho vic m rng mng sau ny.
Mt v d n gin ca vic phn chia mng con l mt mng lp B m octet
th ba (phn th ba trong a ch IP chm thp phn) c dnh ring cho s subnet.
Trong hnh 4-6, mng 129.100.0.0 c chia thnh 4 mng con. Cc a ch IP trn
mng c subnet mask l 255.255.255.0, cho bit nh danh mng v subnet mask gm
3 octet ca a ch IP. V a ch l mt a ch lp B (xem chng 3, Lp Internet),
hai octet u tin trong a ch hnh thnh nh dng mng. Do , Subnet A trong
hnh 4-6 do c cc thng s sau :
Hnh 4-6 Mt mng lp B c phn mng con

nh danh mng : 129.100. 0. 0
nh danh subnet : 0. 0.128. 0
Cc nh danh host khng c gn cc gi tr ton 1 hoc ton 0. Do ,
cu hnh c hin th trong hnh 4.6 do c th h tr 254 subnet v 254 a ch
cho mi subnet. y l mt gii php rt thc t min l bn khng c hn 254 a ch
trn mt subnet v c mt a ch mng lp B.
Thng khng cn phi gn ton b mt octet cho nh dng subnet. V d trn
mt mng lp C, nu bn gn ton b mt octet cho nh danh subnet, bn s khng
cn bit no dnh cho nh danh host. Thm ch trn mt mng lp B, bn c th khng
s dng ton b mt octet cho nh danh subnet, bi v bn c l cn nhiu a ch host
cho hn 254 host trn mt subnet. Cc lut phn chia mng con khng i hi bn
phi t nh danh subnet vo mt octet. Khi nim mt nh danh subnet khng nm
trong gii hn ca mt octet th d hnh dung trong dng nh phn nhng li tr nn
hi kh hiu khi bn tr v dng chm thp phn.
Xem xt mt mng lp C phi c chia thnh cc subnet nh. Cc lut nh
a ch lp cho ta 8 bit sau nh danh mng s dng cho nh danh subnet v nh
danh host trong mng lp C. Bn c th ch nh 3 trong s cc bit ny lm nh danh
subnet s dng subnet mask sau :
11111111111111111111111111100000

5 bit cn li s dng cho nh dng host. 3 bit ca nh danh subnet cho ta 8
mu bit c th. Nh cp t trc, cc lut phn chia mng con chnh thc khng
cho php cc dng ton 1 v ton 0 trong cc nh danh subnet (mc d nhiu router
thc s h tr vic gn cc nh danh subnet ton 1 hay ton 0). Trong bt c trng
hp no, cu hnh ny c th cho 6 subnet nh. 5 v tr bit cn li ca nh danh host
cho ta 32 mu bit kt hp. Loi tr mu ton 0 v ton 1, mi subnet c th c 30 host.
biu din subnet mask ny di dng chm thp phn, theo th tc m t
trong phn trc :
Thm cc du chm nh du bin ca octet:
1. 11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000
2. Vit gi tr 255 cho mi octet ton 1. Chuyn i octet hn hp sang thp phn :
128+64+32=224
Dng chm thp phn ca subnet mask ny l 255.255.255.224
Gi s bn bt u t cc host trn mng c phn mng con ny (xem hnh 4-7).
V mng ny l mt mng lp C, 3 octet u tin s nh nhau cho tt c cc host.
c c octet th t ca a ch IP, ch n gin vit nh danh subnet v nh danh
host di dng nh phn theo cc bit tng ng ca chng. V d trong hnh 4-7,
trng nh danh subnet cho Subnet C c mu bit l 011. V mu ny tn cng bn
tri ca octet, cc v tr bit ca nh danh subnet thc s l mu 01100000, ngha l s
subnet l 96. Nu nh danh host l 17 (nh phn l 10001), octet th t l 01110001,
c chuyn sang 113. Do , a ch IP ca host ny do s l 212.114.32.113.
Hnh 4-7 Mt mng lp C c phn mng con

Bng 4-1 cho thy cc gi tr tng ng dng nh phn ca cc subnet mask. Bng ny
cho thy tt c cc mu subnet mask hp l. Ct m t trong bng 4-1 cho bit c bao nhiu
bit 1 b sung theo sau cc bit 1 trong mt n mc nh ca lp tng ng. Cc bit mt n ny
dnh cho nh danh subnet. V d, mt n lp A mc nh c 8 bit 1; hng cho thy hai bit mt
n ngha l 8 bit cng thm 2, hay tng cng l 10 bit 1 trong subnet mask.
Bng 4-1 Subnet Mask dng du chm thp phn v dng nh phn
M t
Dng du chm
thp phn
Mu nh phn
Lp A
Mt n mc nh
255.0.0.0 11111111 00000000 00000000 00000000
1 bit subnet
255.128.0.0 11111111 10000000 00000000 00000000
2 bit subnet
255.192.0.0 11111111 11000000 00000000 00000000
3 bit subnet
255.224.0.0 11111111 11100000 00000000 00000000
4 bit subnet
255.240.0.0 11111111 11110000 00000000 00000000
5 bit subnet
255.248.0.0 11111111 11111000 00000000 00000000
6 bit subnet
255.252.0.0
11111111 11111100 00000000 00000000
7 bit subnet
255.254.0.0 11111111 11111110 00000000 00000000
8 bit subnet
255.255.0.0 11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000
9 bit subnet
255.255.128.0 11111111 11111111 10000000 00000000
10 bit subnet
255.255.192.0 11111111 11111111 11000000 00000000
11 bit subnet
255.255.224.0 11111111 11111111 11100000 00000000
12 bit subnet
255.255.240.0 11111111 11111111 11110000 00000000
13 bit subnet
255.255.248 0 11111111 11111111 11111000 00000000
14 bit subnet
255.255.252.0 11111111 11111111 11111100 00000000
15 bit subnet
255.255.254.0 11111111 11111111 11111110 00000000
16 bit subnet
255.255.255.0 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000
17 bit subnet
255.255.255.128 11111111 11111111 11111111 10000000
18 bit subnet
255.255.255.192 11111111 11111111 11111111 11000000
19 bit subnet
255.255.255.224 11111111 11111111 11111111 11100000
20 bit subnet
255.255.255.240 11111111 11111111 11111111 11110000
21 bit subnet
255.255.255.248
11111111 11111111 11111111 11111000
22 bit subnet
255.255.255.252 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111100
Lp B

M t
Dng du chm
thp phn
Mu nh phn
Mt n mc nh
255.255.0.0 11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000
1 bit subnet
255.255.128.0 11111111 11111111 10000000 00000000
2 bit subnet
255.255.192.0 11111111 11111111 11000000 00000000
3 bit subnet
255.255.224.0 11111111 11111111 11100000 00000000
4 bit subnet
255.255.240.0 11111111 11111111 11110000 00000000
5 bit subnet
255.255.248.0 11111111 11111111 11111000 00000000
6 bit subnet
255.255.252.0 11111111 11111111 11111100 00000000
7 bit subnet
255.255.254.0 11111111 11111111 11111110 00000000
8 bit subnet
255.255.255.0 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000
9 bit subnet
255.255.255.128 11111111 11111111 11111111 10000000
10 bit subnet
255.255.255.192 11111111 11111111 11111111 11000000
11 bit subnet
255.255.255.224 11111111 11111111 11111111 11100000
12 bit subnet
255.255.255.240 11111111 11111111 11111111 11110000
13 bit subnet
255.255.255.248 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111000
14 bit subnet
255.255.255.252 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111100
Lp C
Mt n mc nh
255.255.255.0 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000
1 bit subnet
255.255.255.128 11111111 11111111 11111111 10000000
2 bit subnet
255.255.255.192 11111111 11111111 11111111 11000000
3 bit subnet
255.255.255.224 11111111 11111111 11111111 11100000
4 bit subnet
255.255.255.240 11111111 11111111 11111111 11110000
5 bit subnet
255.255.255.248 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111000
6 bit subnet
255.255.255.252 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111100
Thng tin thm
Mt s mu trong bng 4.1 khng thc t lm, v ch c dnh cho cc mc ch minh
ha. V d, mt mng lp C vi 6 bit subnet ch c 2 bit dnh gn cho cc nh dng
host. Vi 2 bit ny, a ch ton 1 (11) c ch nh cho broadcast, v a ch ton 0 (00)
khng c s dng. Do , subnet ny ch gii hn cho 2 host.
4.4 nh tuyn tn min Internet khng phn lp
Cc a ch lp A khng cn, v cc a ch lp B th nhanh chng b cn kit .
Nhiu a ch lp C vn cn, nhng khng gian a ch nh ca mt mng lp C (ti
a 254 host) l mt gii hn nghim trng trong cuc chy ua nng cao s lng thu
bao ca cc nh cung cp dch v Internet (ISPs). C th cp mt dy cc a ch mng
lp C cho mt mng cn hn 254 a ch. Tuy nhin, vic x l nhiu mng lp C ny
nh l cc thc th ring r khi chng cng mt ni ch lm ri cc bng nh tuyn
mt cch khng cn thit.
nh tuyn tn min Internet khng phn lp (Classless Internet Domain
Routing - CIDR) l mt k thut cho php mt khi cc nh danh mng c xem
nh l mt thc th n trong bng nh tuyn. CIDR nhm mt dy cc nh danh
mng vo mt mc a ch n s dng mt khi nim c gi l supernet mask.
Bn c th ngh v mt supernet mask nh l mt th g ngc li vi mt subnet
mask. Thay v ch nh cc bit thm vo nhn dng mng, supernet mask thc ra
tch cc bit khi nh danh mng. Do , cc a ch trong dy c nhn dng bi cc
bit a ch mng m cc mng trong dy cng c nh nhau. V d, mt ISP c th c
cp tt c cc a ch lp C trong dy
204.21.128.0 (11001100000101011000000000000000)
n 204.21.255.255 (11001100000101011111111111111111).
Trong trng hp ny, cc a ch mng ging nhau chnh xc n bit th 17
bt u t bn tri. Supernet mask do s l
11111111111111111000000000000000, tng ng vi mt n chm thp phn
l 255.255.128.0.
Khi a ch ny c nhn din bng cch s dng a ch thp nht trong dy
theo sau bi supernet mask. Mt dng thng thng ca cp a ch/mask CIDR cho
thy s bit mt n sau a ch vi mt du phn cch (/) gia a ch v mt n. Do ,
dy CIDR trong v d trc s c vit l 204.21.128.0/17.
D nhin, vic nh a ch CIDR ch c th c s dng nu cc router trn
mng h tr n.
Tm tt
Vic phn chia mng con thm mt cp trung gian cho cu trc nh a ch IP, cung cp
mt phng tin nhm cc a ch IP trong khng gian a ch di nh danh mng.
Vic phn chia mng con l mt tnh nng thng thng trn cc mng c nhiu on vt
l tch bit bi cc router.

Chng 5 Lp vn chuyn

Cc giao thc hng kt ni v khng kt ni.
Cng v socket
TCP
UDP
Lp vn chuyn cung cp mt giao tip cho cc ng dng mng, b sung tnh
nng kim tra li, iu khin lung v xc thc cc lu thng trn mng. Chng ny
trnh by mt s khi nim quan trng ca lp vn chuyn v gii thiu qua hai giao thc
TCP v UDP.
Nm c cc nhim v c bn ca lp vn chuyn
Gii thch c s khc nhau gia giao thc hng kt ni v khng kt ni
Gii thch c vic cc giao thc lp vn chuyn cung cp mt giao tip cho
cc ng dng mng qua cc cng v socket nh th no
Trnh by c s khc nhau gia TCP v UDP
Nhn bit cc trng trong phn tiu TCP
M t c TCP m v ng kt ni nh th no
M t c TCP sp xp tun t v bo nhn cho cc d liu truyn nh
th no
Nhn bit cc trng to thnh tiu UDP.

CHONG
S
tOF
VAN CHYFN
52 Chng 5. Lp vn chuyn
5.1 Gii thiu v lp vn chuyn
Nh trnh by trong chng 3 v chng 4, lp Internet TCP/ IP bao hm y
cc giao thc c bn, cung cp thng tin a ch cn thit d liu c th c
truyn trn mng. Tuy nhin, vic gn a ch v nh tuyn ch l mt phn ca bc
tranh tng th. Cc nh pht trin TCP/IP bit rng cn phi c mt lp cao hn lp
Internet c th kt hp vi IP bng cch b sung nhng tnh nng cn thit.
C th hn, h mong mun cc giao thc lp vn chuyn c th cung cp:
Mt giao tip cho cc ng dng mng ngha l, mt con ng cc ng
dng c th truy cp vo mng. Nhng nh thit k mong mun d liu khng
ch c truyn n my ch m phi truyn n c nhng ng dng ring
bit ang chy trn my ch.
Mt c ch a hp/ gii a hp. Trong trng hp ny, a hp c ngha l cho
php d liu t cc ng dng v cc my tnh khc nhau c truyn n cng
ng dng tng ng trn my nhn. Hay ni cch khc, lp vn chuyn phi c
kh nng h tr ng thi nhiu ng dng mng v qun l lung d liu n
lp Internet. u nhn, lp vn chuyn phi c kh nng nhn d liu t lp
Internet v chuyn ln cc ng dng. Kh nng ny c gi l gii a hp v
n cho php nhiu ng dng mng c th c chy ng thi trn mt my
tnh, nh duyt web, mail v chia s tp tin. Mt kha cnh khc ca kh nng
a hp/ gii a hp l mt ng dng n l c th thc hin c nhiu kt ni
ng thi vi cc my tnh khc nhau.
Kim tra li, iu khin lung v xc thc. H thng giao thc cn phi c mt
lc tng qut c th m bo d liu c truyn ng gia cc my.
Yu t cui cng (kim tra li, iu khin lung v xc thc) thu ht s nghin
cu nhiu nht. Nhng yu cu v m bo cht lng lun cn i gia cc vn v
li ch v chi ph. H thng m bo cht lng phc tp cho php tng kh nng
thnh cng trong vic phn phi qua mng, nhng km theo ta phi tr gi v lu
lng tng cao v thi gian x l chm hn. i vi nhiu ng dng th vic m bo
ny khng nht thit phi c. Do , lp vn chuyn cung cp hai cch truy cp
mng, mi cch u c s giao tip v tnh nng a hp/ gii a hp cn thit cho cc
ng dng, nhng li m bo cht lng theo hai cch tip cn khc nhau, l:
Transport Control Protocol (TCP) c kh nng iu khin lung v kim sot li
bao qut m bo d liu c phn phi thnh cng. TCP l giao thc hng kt
ni.

User Datagram Protocol (UDP) c kh nng kim tra li n gin v c thit k
thay th cho TCP khi tnh nng iu khin li ca TCP khng cn thit. UDP l
giao thc khng kt ni.
Chng ta s tm hiu k hn v cc giao thc hng kt ni v khng kt ni
cng nh v TCP v UDP trong phn sau ca chng.
5.2 Cc khi nim lp vn chuyn
Trc khi kho st chi tit v TCP v UDP th cn phi nm qua mt s khi nim
quan trng sau:
Giao thc hng kt ni v khng kt ni.
Cng v socket.
a hp hay cn gi l ghp.
Nhng khi nim ny ht sc cn thit c th hiu c hot ng ca lp
vn chuyn. Bn s hc v nhng khi nim ny trong phn sau.
5.2.1 Giao thc hng kt ni v khng kt ni
p ng mc m bo cht lng thch hp cho bt k tnh hung no, nhng
nh pht trin a ra hai giao thc mng:
Giao thc hng kt ni thit lp v duy tr mt kt ni gia cc my tnh c
lin lc vi nhau cng nh theo di trng thi ca kt ni trong sut qu
trnh truyn thng. Hay ni cch khc, mi gi d liu truyn trong mng u
phi c bo nhn, v my gi phi lu li thng tin trng thi ca gi m
bo mi gi d liu c nhn thnh cng hoc truyn li nu cn thit. Sau khi
kt thc vic truyn, nhn d liu th my gi v my nhn s ng kt ni.
Giao thc khng kt ni gi datagram mt chiu n my ch v khng quan
tm n vic thng bo cho my ch bit rng d liu ang trn ng
truyn. Ngc li, my ch nhn d liu v cng khng quan tm n vic
phn hi thng tin trng thi cho my gi.
Hnh 5-1 m t hai ngi ang i thoi theo hng c kt ni. Tt nhin h
khng th th hin y tnh phc tp ca truyn thng s m ch n gin m t
khi nim ca giao thc hng kt ni.
Hnh 5-1 Mt giao thc hng kt ni

Hnh 5-2 cho thy nu dng giao thc khng kt ni th d liu s c truyn
nh th no.
Hnh 5-2 Mt giao thc khng kt ni

5.2.2 Cng v socket
Lp vn chuyn ng vai tr nh mt giao tip gia cc ng dng mng vi mng v
a ra mt phng php gi d liu n t mng cho cc ng dng c th. Trong h
thng TCP/IP, cc ng dng c th gi d liu qua giao thc TCP hay UDP bng cch
s dng s hiu cng. Mt cng l mt a ch ni c xc nh trc hay ng vai
tr nh l mt con ng t ng dng n lp vn chuyn v t lp vn chuyn ngc
v ng dng (xem hnh 5-3). Chng hn nh mt my khch lin lc vi mt ng
dng FTP trn my ch qua cng 21 ca giao thc TCP.
Hnh 5-3 Mt a ch cng a d liu ti
mt ng dng c th

Tip cn st hn lc nh v ng dng c th ca lp vn chuyn th ta s
thy d liu TCP v UDP thc s c gi ti mt socket. Mt socket l mt a ch
bao gm IP v s hiu cng. Chng hn nh, socket 111.121.131.141.21 tham chiu
n cng 21 ca my tnh c a ch IP l 111.121.131.141.
Hnh 5-4 trnh by cch my tnh s dng TCP trao i thng tin v socket khi
chng thit lp mt kt ni.
Hnh 5-4 Trao i s hiu socket ngun v ch

V d sau s trnh by r hn v cch mt my tnh truy cp vo mt ng dng
trn my ch thng qua socket:
1. My tnh A khi to kt ni n mt ng dng trn my tnh B qua mt
cng ph bin. Mt cng ph bin l mt s hiu cng ch nh n mt ng
dng c th c quy nh bi ICANN. Bng 5-1 v bng 5-2 lit k mt
vi cng TCP v UDP ph bin. Kt hp vi a ch IP, cng ph bin tr
thnh a ch socket ch cho my A. Ngoi ra, phi c mt trng d liu
no trong yu cu thit lp kt ni bo cho my B bit phi s dng s
hiu socket no khi gi d liu v A. chnh l a ch socket ngun ca
my tnh A.
2. My tnh B nhn c yu cu t my tnh A thng qua mt cng ph bin
v s hi p thng tin qua a ch socket ngun ca my A. Socket ny tr
thnh a ch ch ca cc bn tin c gi t ng dng trn my tnh B v
ng dng trn my tnh A.
Bng 5-1 Cc cng TCP ph bin
Dch v S hiu cng TCP M t ngn gn
tcpmux
1 a hp dch v cng TCP
compressnet
2 Tin ch qun l
compressnet
3 Tin ch nn
echo
7 Ting di
discard
9 Hu b hoc null
systat
11 Ngi dng
daytime
13 Ngy gi
netstat
15 Trng thi mng
qotd
17 Trch dn trong ngy

chargen
19 Pht sinh k t
ftp-data
20 D liu giao thc truyn ti tp tin
ftp
21 iu khin giao thc truyn ti tp tin
telnet
23 Kt ni mng u cui
smtp
25 Giao thc truyn mail n gin
nsw-fe
27 H thng ngi dng NSW
time
37 My ch thi gian
name
42 My ch tn host
domain
53 My ch tn min (DNS)
nameserver
DHCP
67 Giao thc cu hnh host ng
gopher
70 Dch v tm kim Gopher
rje
77 Li vo cng vic t xa
finger
79 Tm ngi dng trn mng
http
80 Dch v WWW
link
87 Lin kt TTY
Supdup
95 Giao thc SUPDUP
hostnames
101 Server tn host sri-nic
iso-tsap
102 ISO-TSAP
x400
103 Dch v mail X.400
x400-snd
104 Gi mail X.400
pop
109 Giao thc POP
pop2
109 Giao thc POP 2
pop3
110 Giao thc POP 3
portmap
111
sunrpc
111 Dch v SUN RPC
auth
113 Dch v xc thc
sftp
115 Giao thc truyn tp tin bo m
path
117 Dch v UUCP path
uucp-path
117 Dch v UUCP path
nntp
119 Giao thc truyn ti tin tc mng ngi
dng
nbsession
139 Dch v phin NetBIOS
NeWS
144 Tin tc
tcprepo
158 Th vin TCP
Bng 5-2 Cc cng UDP ph bin
Dch v S hiu cng UDP M t ngn gn
echo
7 Ting vng
discard
9 Hu b hoc null
systat
11 Ngi dng
daytime
13 Ngy gi
netstat
15 Trng thi mng
qotd
17 Trch dn trong ngy
chargen
19 Pht sinh k t
time
37 My ch thi gian
name
42 My ch tn host
domain
nameserver
bootps
67 Dch v giao thc Bootstrap/DHCP
bootpc
68 My khch giao thc Bootstrap/DHCP
tftp
69 Giao thc truyn tp tin n gin
portmap
111
sunrpc
111 Dch v SUN RPC
ntp
123 Giao thc thi gian mng
nbname
137 Tn NetBIOS

Dch v S hiu cng UDP M t ngn gn
nbdatagram
148 NetBIOS datagram
sgmp
153
snmp
161 Giao thc qun l mng n gin
snmp-trap
162 By giao thc qun l mng n gin
5.2.3 a hp/ Gii a hp
H thng gn a ch socket lm cho TCP v UDP c th thc hin mt nhim v quan
trng khc ca lp vn chuyn: a hp v gii a hp. Nh m t phn trc, a
hp, hay ghp, l k thut t hp nhiu ngun u vo thnh mt u ra duy nht, v
gii a hp, hay tch, l vic nhn d liu t mt ngun duy nht ri phn phi cho
nhiu u ra.
Hnh 5-5 a hp v gii a hp

K thut a hp/ gii a hp lm cho cc lp thp hn ca m hnh TCP/IP x
l d liu m khng quan tm n ng dng no khi to d liu . Tt c cc lin
kt vi ng dng u c gii quyt lp vn chuyn, theo , d liu i v n t
lp Internet ch l mt lung n, c lp vi ng dng.
Cha kho ca k thut a hp/gii a hp l a ch socket. V a ch socket
bao gm IP v s hiu cng nn n cung cp kh nng nhn dng mt ng dng c th
ang chy trn mt my tnh c th. Hnh 5.6 m t hot ng ca mt my ch
Telnet. Tt c my khch u s dng cng ph bin TCP 23 lin lc vi my ch
v socket ch ca mi my khch l duy nht. Tng t nh vy, tt c cc ng dng
chy trn my ch Telnet cng u s dng a ch IP ca my ch, nhng ch c dch
v Telnet l s dng a ch socket, gm a ch IP ca my ch v cng TCP 23.
Hnh 5-6 a ch socket nhn dng duy nht mt ng dng
trn mt my ch c th

5.3 TCP v UDP
Nh cp phn trc ca chng, TCP l mt giao thc hng kt ni, cung
cp kh nng iu khin li v iu khin lung bao qut. UDP l giao thc khng kt
ni vi chc nng iu khin li n gin hn nhiu. C th ni rng, TCP m bo
tin cy v UDP m bo v tc . Nhng ng dng c h tr cc phin lm vic
tng tc nh Telnet hay FTP th c khuynh hng s dng TCP, trong khi nhng ng
dng c th t kim tra li hoc khng quan trng vn kim tra li th c khuynh
hng s dng UDP.
Mt nh pht trin phn mm xy dng mt ng dng mng c th la chn
TCP hay UDP lm giao thc vn chuyn. Cn phi lu l cc k thut iu khin
n gin ca UDP l hn ch. V trc ht, t m bo v cht lng khng c ngha l
cht lng km. Nhng phn iu khin v kim tra b sung ca TCP nhn chung l
khng cn thit i vi nhiu ng dng. Trong trng hp vic iu khin li v iu
khin lung l cn thit th cc nh pht trin thng u tin tch hp nhng chc nng
iu khin ny vo trong chnh ng dng d dng tu bin theo nhng yu cu c
th v do h thng s dng UDP cho vic truy cp mng. Nhng dch v c
xy dng trn nn UDP nh dch v li gi th tc t xa (RPC) c th h tr nhiu
ng dng tin tin v phc tp, nhng nhng ng dng phi m trch iu khin
li v iu khin lung hiu qu hn khi s dng TCP.

5.3.1 TCP: Giao thc truyn ti hng kt ni
Chng ny m t cch tip cn hng kt ni ca TCP trong truyn thng. TCP
cn c mt s tnh nng quan trng khc cn ch :
X l nh hng lung TCP x l d liu trong mt lung. Hay ni cch
khc, mt thi im, TCP c th chp nhn d liu mt byte hn l mt khi
d liu c nh dng trc. TCP chia d liu thnh nhiu on c chiu di
khc nhau trc khi chuyn qua lp Internet.
Sp xp li th t - Nu d liu n khng theo th t, TCP phi c kh nng
sp xp li d liu theo ng th t ban u.
iu khin lung - Chc nng iu khin lung ca TCP m bo vic truyn
d liu khng b sai hoc b trn qu dung lng my nhn. Vic ny c bit
c ch trng trong iu kin mi trng thay i vi nhiu s khc bit v
tc x l ca CPU v kch thc b m.
Th t u tin v s bo mt - Mc u tin v bo mt c th c thit lp
cho cc kt ni TCP. Tuy nhin, nhiu trnh thc thi TCP khng cung cp
nhng tnh nng ny.
ng kt ni an ton - vic ng kt ni ca TCP cng c thc hin cn thn
nh lc khi to kt ni. Chc nng ny m bo tt c cc on d liu c
gi v nhn trc khi kt ni b ng.
TCP cn a ra mt h thng phc tp cc thng bo v bo nhn h tr cu
trc hng kt ni. Phn sau y s kho st k hn v nh dng d liu TCP, s
truyn d liu TCP v cc kt ni TCP. Bn cht k thut ca phn ny l xem xt tnh
phc tp thc s ca TCP. Vic tho lun v TCP cn nhn mnh thm rng mt giao
thc khng ch dng li vic nh dng d liu m l mt h thng cc tin trnh
tng tc v cc th tc c xy dng thc hin nhng mc ch xc nh.
Nh kho st chng 1, nhng h thng giao thc phn lp nh TCP/IP
thc hin vic trao i thng tin ngang cp, gia mt lp trn my gi vi lp tng
ng trn my nhn. Hay c th hn, lp truy cp mng ca my gi lin lc vi lp
truy cp ca my nhn, lp Internet ca my gi lin lc vi lp Internet ca my
nhn, v tng t i vi cc lp khc.
Phn mm TCP lin lc vi phn mm TCP trn my m n mun thit lp kt
ni. Trong bt k cuc tho lun no v TCP, khi ni My tnh A thit lp kt ni vi
my tnh B th c ngha l phn mm TCP trn my A thit lp kt ni vi phn mm
TCP trn my B, c hai u ang hot ng nhn danh ng dng cc b. S phn bit
tinh t ny mang li nhng tho lun hp dn xung quanh khi nim xc thc
im cui.
Cn nhc li rng cc im cui chu trch nhim xc thc nhng s lin lc
trong mng TCP (im cui l nhng nt mng c gng thc hin s lin lc tri vi
nhng im trung gian l nt chuyn tip bn tin). Trong tnh hung lin mng, thng
thng, d liu c chuyn t subnet ngun n subnet ch qua cc router. a s
nhng router ny hot ng lp Internet bn di lp vn chuyn. (Chng ta s tm
hiu k hn v router chng 7, nh tuyn). im quan trng l cc router
khng lin quan g vi thng tin lp vn chuyn. N ch n gin chuyn tip d
liu lp TCP ng trong cc datagram IP gn thng tin tiu v gi cc datagram
theo ng ng i ca n. Thng tin iu khin v xc thc c m ha trong
cc on d liu TCP (segment) ch c s dng bi phn mm TCP ca my ch.
Vic ny lm tng tc nh tuyn trong mng TCP/IP (v cc router khng tham gia
vo trnh t m bo cht lng rt t m ca TCP) v lm cho TCP c th thc hin
y vai tr ca n bng cch cung cp vic gim st kt ni trong hot ng mng.
Hnh 5-7 Cc router chuyn tip ch khng x l d liu
lp vn chuyn

5.3.1.1 nh dng d liu TCP
nh dng tiu TCP c cho hnh 5-8. S phc tp ca cu trc ny cho thy
s phc tp ca TCP v cc tnh nng ca n.

Hnh 5-8 nh dng d liu on TCP (segment)
o di
phan d
lieu

Trong , ngha cc trng d liu c m t c th nh sau:
Cng ngun (Source Port 16 bit) - S hiu cng c ch nh cho ng dng
trn my ngun.
Cng ch (Destination Port 16 bit) - S hiu cng c ch nh cho ng dng
trn my ch.
S tun t (Sequence Number 32 bit) - S th t ca byte u tin trong on
d liu c th khi c SYN c gi tr khc 1. Nu gi tr c SYN l 1 th trng s
tun t cha s th t ban u (ISN), c s dng ng b cc s th t v
khi th s th t ca octet u tin s ln hn gi tr trong trng s tun t 1
n v, tc l ISN+1.
S bo nhn (Acknowledgment Number 32 bit) - S hiu bo nhn ca on.
Trng ny c gi tr l s th t k tip m my nhn mong mun nhn c, hay
ni cch khc, l s th t ca byte cui cng nhn c cng vi 1.
di phn d liu (Data offset 4 bit) - Trng ny bo cho phn mm TCP
trn my nhn bit c phn tiu c kch thc bao nhiu, cng c ngha l d
liu c bt u t v tr no. di d liu c biu din bng mt s nguyn
cc t 32bit.
Dnh ring (Reserved 6 bit) - Trng ny s c d phng cho s pht trin
ca TCP trong tng lai v c gi tr l 0.
Cc c iu khin (Control flags - mi c 1 bit) Cc c ny cung cp nhng
thng tin quan trng v on d liu, gm:
URG - Nu c gi tr 1, th on d liu cn c x l ngay v trng con
tr khn c xt n.
ACK - Nu c gi tr 1, th trng s bo nhn c xem xt.
PSH - Nu c gi tr 1, phn mm TCP s y ton b d liu c gi theo
mt lung n ng dng nhn.
RST - Nu c gi tr 1, kt ni s c thit lp li.
SYN - Nu c gi tr 1, th cc s tun t s c ng b, nh du s bt
u mt kt ni.
FIN - Nu gi tr bng 1, th c ngha l my tnh gi truyn ht d liu.
C ny c s dng ng mt kt ni.
Ca s (Window 16 bit) - Mt tham s c s dng trong iu khin lung.
Ca s xc nh dy cc s tun t pht sau s tun t bo nhn sau cng m my
gi c th truyn i m khng ch bo nhn.
Kim tra li (Checksum 16 bit) - Trng ny c s dng kim tra tnh
ng n ca on d liu. My nhn thc hin tnh ton kim tra li trn ton b
on d liu nhn c ri so snh vi gi tr c lu trong trng ny. Vic tnh
ton kim tra li cng bao gm phn tiu gi (pseudo-header) vi thng tin gn
a ch IP. Xem thm phn tiu gi UDP phn sau ca chng.
Con tr khn (Urgent Pointer 16 bit) Con tr di ch n s tun t nh
du s bt u ca thng tin khn trong vng d liu.
Tu chn (Options) Xc nh mt trong cc tp thit lp tu chn.
m (Padding) Cc bit 0 c thm vo (nu cn thit) m bo d liu
c bt u ng gii hn 32 bit.
D liu (Data) - Phn d liu c truyn trong on.
TCP yu cu tt c cc trng d liu phi c qun l cht ch, bo nhn v
xc thc khi c truyn trn mng. Phn sau s cho thy lm th no phn mm TCP
s dng nhng trng ny qun l cc nhim v gi v nhn d liu.
5.3.1.2 Cc kt ni TCP
Mi th trong TCP u xy ra ng cnh kt ni. TCP gi v nhn d liu thng qua
mt kt ni, bao gm vic yu cu, m v ng kt ni theo tp lut ca TCP.
Nh cp phn trc ca chng, mt trong nhng mc ch ca TCP l
a ra mt giao tip ng dng c th truy cp c mng. Giao tip c cung
cp thng qua cc cng TCP, v thc hin mt kt ni qua cc cng ny th giao
tip TCP n ng dng phi c m. TCP h tr hai trng thi m sau:
M b ng (Passive open) - Mt tin trnh ng dng bo cho TCP bit n ang
chun b nhn cc kt ni n thng qua mt cng TCP. Do , cu ni gia TCP
vi ng dng c m ch mt yu cu kt ni n.
M ch ng (Active open) Trng thi ny xy ra khi mt ng dng yu cu
TCP khi to mt kt ni vi mt my tnh khc. Thc t, TCP cng c th khi
to mt kt ni ti mt my tnh khc ang trng thi m ch ng, l trng
hp c hai my tnh u ang c gng m mt kt ni.

Thng thng, mt ng dng mong mun nhn cc kt ni, chng hn nh FTP
server, th t cng TCP ca n trng thi m b ng. Trn my khch, trng thi
TCP ca FTP client hu nh c ng cho n khi ngi dng khi to mt kt ni
n FTP server, khi trng thi ca my khch l m ch ng. Sau , phn mm
TCP ca my tnh c trng thi m ch ng (client) sau khi to vic trao i cc
bn tin thit lp mt kt ni. S trao i thng tin , thng c gi l s bt tay
3 chiu (three-way handshake), s c tho lun k hn phn sau ca chng.
Client l my tnh gi yu cu hay nhn cc dch v t my tnh khc
trn mng.
Server l my tnh cung cp cc dch v cho nhng my tnh khc trn mng.
TCP gi nhng on d liu c chiu di khc nhau, bn trong mt on, mi
byte d liu c ch nh mt s tun t. My nhn phi gi mt bn tin bo nhn
cho mi gi nhn c vi s th t bo nhn l s th t ca byte cui cng trong gi
nhn cng thm 1. Do , c th ni truyn thng TCP l mt h thng truyn v bo
nhn. cc trng s tun t v s bo nhn ca phn tiu TCP (c trnh by
phn trc) gip cho phn mm TCP cp nht u n trng thi ca kt ni.
S th t ca mi byte ring bit khng c xt. Thay vo , trng s tun
t phn tiu ch lu s th t ca byte u tin ca d liu trong on.
C mt ngoi l trong tp lut ny. Nu s phn on d liu xy ra lc bt u
kt ni (xem phn bt tay 3 chiu - three-way handshake phn sau ca chng ny),
th trng s tun t s cha gi tr ISN, c gi tr nh hn 1 n v so vi s tun t
ca byte u tin trong on (byte u tin c gn s tun t l ISN+1).
Nu on c nhn thnh cng, my nhn s dng trng s bo nhn
thng bo cho my gi bit c byte no c nhn thnh cng. Trng s bo
nhn trong bn tin bo nhn c gn gi tr l s tun t ca byte cui cng trong gi
c nhn cng vi 1. Hay ni cch khc, trng s bo nhn cho bit s tun t k
tip m my tnh chun b nhn.
Nu mt bn tin bo nhn khng c nhn trong khong thi gian cho php th
my gi s truyn li d liu, bt u vi byte lin sau byte c bo nhn
cui cng.
5.3.1.3 Thit lp mt kt ni
h thng tun t/ bo nhn hot ng ng n, cc my tnh phi ng b cc s
tun t ca n. Hay ni cch khc, my tnh B phi bit c s tun t ban u (ISN)
m my tnh A s dng. V my tnh A cng phi c bit s ISN m my B s s
dng truyn d liu.
S ng b cc s tun t ny c gi l s bt tay ba chiu (three-way
handshake). S bt tay ny xy ra khi bt u mt kt ni TCP. Ba bc ca s bt tay
gm:
1. My tnh A gi mt on d liu vi:
SYN = 1
ACK = 0
S tun t = X (X l gi tr ISN ca my tnh A)
My tnh m ch ng (my A) gi mt on d liu vi c SYN c gi tr 1
v c ACK c gi tr 0. SYN l vit tt ca t ng b (synchoronize). C ny thng
bo ang c gng m mt kt ni. Phn tiu ca on u tin ny cn cha s tun
t ban u (ISN), c s dng nh du s bt u cc s tun t ca d liu m
my A s truyn. Byte u tin c truyn n my tnh B s c s tun t l ISN+1.
2. My tnh B nhn on d liu ca my tnh A v hi p mt on d liu c
cc gi tr:
SYN = 1 (vn cn trong pha ng b)
ACK = 1 (trng s bo nhn s cha 1 gi tr)
S tun t = Y, vi Y l gi tr ISN ca my B.
S bo nhn = M+1, trong M l gi tr s tun t ca byte sau trong on
nhn c t my tnh A.
3. My tnh A gi li mt on d liu cho my B thng bo chp nhn gi tr ISN
ca B vi:
SYN = 0
ACK = 1
S tun t = s tun t k tip trong chui (M+1)
S bo nhn = N+1 , vi N l s tun t ca byte sau cng trong on nhn
c t my B.
Sau 3 bc bt tay, kt ni s c m v cc thnh phn TCP s thc hin vic
gi, nhn d liu c s dng lc tun t/ bo nhn nh m t phn trc ca
chng.

5.3.1.4 iu khin lung TCP
Trng ca s (window) trong phn tiu TCP cung cp k thut iu khin lung
cho kt ni. Mc ch ca trng ca s l lm cho my gi khng gi d liu qu
nhiu v qu nhanh, d lm mt d liu v tc x l d liu n ca my nhn c
th khng nhanh bng tc truyn ca my gi. Phng php iu khin lung c
s dng bi TCP c gi l phng php ca s trt. My nhn s dng trng ca
s (cng c gi l trng kch thc b m) xc nh tp cc s tun t sau s
tun t c bo nhn sau cng m my gi c php truyn. My gi khng th
truyn vt qu kch thc ny cho n khi n nhn c bo nhn kt tip.
5.3.1.5 ng mt kt ni
Khi n thi im ng kt ni, my tnh ng, gi s l A, s t mt on d liu
(segment) c gi tr c FIN l 1 vo hng i. Sau , ng dng s chuyn sang trng
thi ch kt thc (fin-wait). Trong trng thi ny, phn mm TCP ca my A vn tip
tc nhn v x l cc on d liu trong hng i nhng khng gi thm bt k d
liu no. Khi my tnh B nhn c on d liu FIN, n s hi p bo nhn cho
FIN, gi cc on d liu cn li, v bo cho ng dng cc b l FIN c nhn.
My B gi mt on d liu FIN cho my A, my A bo nhn, v kt ni c ng.
5.3.2 UDP: Giao thc truyn ti khng kt ni
UDP n gin hn nhiu so vi TCP, n khng thc hin bt k phng thc no
c lit k trong phn trc. Tuy nhin, c mt vi ch v UDP m chng ta nn
quan tm ti.
u tin, mc d i lc UDP c m t l khng c kh nng kim tra li,
nhng thc t, n vn c kh nng thc hin vic kim tra li n gin. Ni ng hn,
kh nng kim tra li ca UDP c gii hn. Bn thn datagram UDP cng c gi tr
checksum m my nhn c th s dng kim tra tnh ng n ca d liu (thng
thng vic kim tra checksum l mt tu chn v c th c v hiu trn my nhn
tng tc x l d liu n). Datagram UDP cng c mt tiu gi (pseudo-
header) cha a ch ch ca datagram, v l phng tin kim tra nhng
datagram b truyn sai a ch. Nu my UDP nhn mt datagram c truyn n mt
cng khng hot ng hoc khng c xc nh th n s gi mt bn tin ICMP bo
cho my ngun bit rng khng n c cng.
Th hai, UDP khng sp xp li d liu nh TCP. Vic sp xp li th t d
liu l rt quan trng trong nhng mng ln, nh Internet do cc on d liu i theo
nhng ng khc nhau v c tr hon khc nhau trn cc b m ca router. Trong
cc mng cc b, vic thiu tnh nng ny ca UDP vn c th m bo c tin
cy d liu.
Thng tin thm
Vi thit k khng kt ni, UDP tr thnh giao thc c la chn khi qung b d liu
trong mng. Qung b l trng thi m mt bn tin c tt c cc my tnh trong cng
mt subnet nhn v x l. Cn phi bit rng, nu my tnh ngun ng thi m mt kt
ni TCP cho mi cc my tnh trong cng subnet gi mt bn tin broadcast n gin, th
hiu sut mng c th s b gim ng k.
Mc ch chnh ca giao thc UDP l chuyn cc datagram ln lp ng dng.
Bn thn UDP rt n gin nn cu trc tiu ca n cng khng phc tp. RFC 768
m t giao thc ny ch trong 3 trang. Nh cp phn u, UDP khng thc
hin vic truyn li nhng datagram b lai b hoc b hng, khng sp xp cc
datagram nhn c theo trt t, khng loi b cc datagram trng, khng bo nhn
cho cc datagram nhn, v cng khng thc hin qu trnh thit lp hoc ngt kt
ni. UDP l k thut c cc chng trnh ng dng s dng gi v nhn
datagram m khng cn mt kt ni TCP no. Cc ng dng c th cung cp bt k
hay tt c nhng chc nng ny nu n cn thit cho mc ch ca ng dng.
Phn tiu ca UDP gm 4 trng 16 bit. Hnh 5.9 trnh by tiu cu trc
ca mt datagram UDP.
Hnh 5-9 Tiu v trng d liu ca datagram UDP

Datagram UDP gm cc trng sau:
Cng ngun (Source Port) - trng ny chim 16 bit u tin ca phn tiu UDP.
N cha s hiu cng UDP ca ng dng gi datagram. Gi tr cha trong trng
cng ngun c ng dng nhn s dng lm a ch tr v khi n gi mt hi p.
Trng ny l mt tu chn v ng dng gi cng khng nht thit phi gi km s
hiu cng ca n. Nu ng dng gi khng s dng gi tr cng ny, th n s thay th
bng 16 bit 0. R rng, nu khng c a ch cng ngun, th ng dng nhn s khng
th no hi p c. Tuy nhin, trong trng hp gi mt bn tin snmr-trap th chc
nng ny c s dng v l bn tin mt hng v n khng cn hi p.
Cng ch (Destination Port) - 16 bit - cha a ch cng m phn mm UDP ca my
nhn s dng phn phi datagram ny.

Chiu di (Length) - trng 16 bit ny cha thng tin chiu di tnh theo n v octet
ca datagram UDP. Chiu di ny gm c phn tiu UDP v phn d liu. V phn
tiu UDP gm c 8 octet nn gi tr ti thiu ca trng ny l 8.
Kim tra li (checksum) - trng 16 bit ny c s dng xc nh datagram no
b sai lch trong qu trnh truyn. Gi tr kim tra li l kt qu ca mt php tnh c
bit c thc hin trn chui d liu nh phn. i vi UDP, gi tr ny c tnh
ton da trn mt tiu gi, tiu UDP, phn d liu UDP v c th c nhng octet
0 c thm vo chiu di ca d liu a vo tnh tng li l mt s chn cc
octet. Gi tr kim tra li c to ra ngun v c kim tra li ch cho php
ng dng my khch c th xc nh c datagram c b sai hay khng.
Bi v phn tiu thc ca UDP khng c a ch IP ngun v ch nn rt c
th datagram b phn phi sai my tnh hoc sai dch v. Phn d liu c s dng
tnh ton kim tra li l mt chui cc gi tr c trch ra t tiu IP hay cn gi l
tiu gi. Tiu gi cung cp thng tin a ch IP ch my tnh nhn c th xc
nh c datagram no b truyn sai a ch.
5.4 Mt lu v tng la (firewall)
Tng la l mt h thng bo v mng cc b khi b tn cng bi nhng ngi dng
khng c php ang c gng truy cp vo mng cc b t mng ton cu (Internet).
Tng la l mt thut ng Internet, l mt my tnh c trang b rt nhiu chc
nng v cng c nhiu nh ngha v n. Chng ny s trnh by mt s chc nng
chnh ca tng la.
Mt chc nng quan trng ca tng la l ngn chn vic truy cp n nhng
cng TCP v UDP c bit. Thc t, i khi tng la (firewall) li l mt ng t, c
ngha l chn ng truy cp n mt cng.
V d, khi to mt phin Telnet vi my ch (server), my khch (client)
phi gi mt yu cu n a ch cng ph bin (well-known) ca Telnet, l cng
TCP 23. (Telnet l mt tin ch cho php my khch c vai tr nh mt u cui ca
my ch. Chng ta s nghin cu k hn v telnet chng 10, Truyn tp tin v
cc tin ch truy cp). Vic s dng telnet tri php c th dn n s khng an ton
trong bo mt. tng tnh bo mt, my ch c th c cu hnh ngng vic s
dng cng 23 cho dch v Telnet; lm c vic , my ch c th n gin l
khng tip tc chy ng dng Telnet; nhng gii php ny cng ngn cn c nhng
ngi dng trong mng cc b s dng dch v Telnet. Mt gii php khc l ci t
mt tng la (hnh 5-10) v cu hnh chn nhng truy cp vo cng 23. Kt qu l
nhng ngi dng trong mng cc b, bn trong tng la, vn truy cp t do n
cng TCP 23 trn my ch. Nhng ngi dng t Internet, bn ngoi mng cc b,
khng truy cp c cng TCP 23 ca my ch, do , khng th xm nhp vo my
ch qua dch v Telnet. Trong thc t, ngi dng t Internet khng th s dng
Telnet truy cp n bt k my tnh no bn trong mng cc b.
Hnh 5-10 Minh ha mt tng la in hnh

Hnh 5-10 minh ha vic s dng Telnet v cng TCP 23. Tng la c th
ngn chn bt k hay ton b nhng truy cp n cc cng lm nguy hi n kh nng
bo mt. Nhng ngi qun tr mng thng ngn chn cc truy cp n tt c cc
cng ngoi tr nhng cng thc s cn thit, nh cng x l cc email n. C nhiu
thit b th hin s c mt ca cng ty trn Internet, nh my ch web (web server),
c t bn ngoi tng la sao cho truy cp n thit b Internet ny s khng tr
thnh nhng truy cp tri php n mng cc b.
Thng tin thm
Tng la c th ngn chn nhng ngi dng bn ngoi truy cp vo cc dch v bn
trong mng cng nh ngn nhng ngi dng bn trong truy cp cc dch v bn ngoi
mng.
Tm tt
Chng ny trnh by mt s chc nng c bn ca lp vn chuyn ca chng giao
thc TCP/IP. Chng ta kho st cc giao thc hng kt ni v khng kt ni, a hp
v gii a hp, cng v socket. Chng ny cng gii thiu v cc giao thc lp vn
chuyn, TCP v UDP, cng nh m t mt s chc nng quan trng ca TCP v UDP.
Chng ta cng bit c TCP thc hin s chng thc u cui nh th no, tm
hiu v nh dng d liu, iu khin lung, khc phc li ca TCP v c th tc bt tay
ba chiu (three-way handshake) m mt kt ni. Chng ny cng trnh by v
nh dng ca phn tiu UDP.

Chng 6 Phn cng mng

Cu (Bridge)
B tp trung dy (Hub) v b chuyn mch (Switch)
B nh tuyn (Router)
K thut chuyn i a ch mng (Network Address Translation)
Ngoi my tnh v dy ni, hu nh tt c cc mng d l nh nht u c nhng
thit b b sung thc hin vic kt ni, gim lu lng v tng hiu sut mng. Mt
vi thit b, chng hn nh b nh tuyn (router) v b chuyn mch (switch), c s
dng chia nh mng. Mt s thit b khc, nh hub, li tng tnh thun tin kt ni
trong cc mng ethernet. Switch l thit b cng tng t hub nhng c thm mt s tnh
nng ca bridge. Chng ny kho st v nhng thit b mng quan trng v cng nh
cc chc nng ca n trong mng TCP/IP.
Gii thch ti sao nhng nh qun tr mng li chia nh mng
M t bridge
M t router
M t hub
M t switch
Gii thch s khc nhau gia nh tuyn tnh v ng.

CHONG
6

FHAN CNG MANG
72 Chng 6. Phn cng mng
6.1 Mng c chia nh
Nh cp chng trc, cc phng thc truy cp mng nh CSMA/CD (i
vi ethernet) v token passing (token ring) c thit k cho nhng mng c s lng
my tnh hn ch. Mt mng ln phi cung cp nhng phng tin lc v nh hng
lu lng trnh trnh trng qu ti. V th, nhng mng ln thng c chia thnh
nhiu on mng nh hn. Mi on mng c tch bit vi cc mng khc bng
mt s thit b lc. Nu a ch ngun v ch u thuc cng mt on mng th thit
b lc s khng cho php d liu c truyn ra mng ln hn (hnh 6.1). Trong thc
t, vic phn on mng ngn chn mt phn lu lng ng k, v cc my tnh kh
gn nhau (cng mt phn on). Hu nh cng chia s thng tin vi nhau trn cng 1
phn on nhiu hn l ra khi phn on mng ny. Chng hn nh hai my tnh
trong cng mt vn phng c th u n trao i tp tin, chia s my in v thnh
thong lin lc vi mt my tnh th ba mt ni khc ca ta nh.

Hnh 6-1 Mt thit b lc
Thit b lc lu lng (nh trong hnh 6.1) i khi c gi l thit b kt ni, mc d
cm t ny thnh thong c s dng m t mt thit b khng c chc nng lc nh
repeater. Mc ch chnh ca cc thit b kt ni gm:
iu khin lu lng: Nh cp phn trc, mt mng ln cn phi c
mt phng tin lc v tch ly lu lng mng.
Kt ni: Cc thit b kt ni c th kt ni cc mng vt l khng cng dng (nh
ethernet vi token ring). Mt s thit b cng chuyn i giao thc cn c th kt
ni gia mt mng s dng giao thc ny vi mt mng s dng giao thc khc
(nh mt mng NetWare s dng giao thc IPX/SPX c th kt ni vi mng
Internet s dng giao thc TCP/IP).
Gn a ch phn cp: Mt lc gn a ch chng hn nh h thng gn a
ch IP (xem chng 3, Lp Internet, v chng 4, Phn mng con) cung

cp mt h thng phn phi phn cp, theo , a ch mng nh l mt con ng
v a ch host l mt ngi nh trn con ng . Vic phn on mng l mt
biu th vt l ca khi nim gn a ch lun l ny.
Phc hi tn hiu: Cc thit b kt ni c th phc hi tn hiu mng do c th
tng ti a kch thc cp ca mng.
Hin nay c rt nhiu loi thit b kt ni, tt c u c vai tr qun l lu
lng trong mng TCP/IP. Phn sau y s kho st v cc thit b :
Bridges
Hubs
Switches
Routers
6.1.1 Bridge
Bridge l mt thit b kt ni thc hin nhim v lc v chuyn tip cc gi tin theo
a ch vt l. Bridge hot ng lp lin kt d liu (data link) trong m hnh OSI
(c m t chng 2, Lp truy cp mng, trong phn Lp truy cp mng
TCP/IP). Trong nhng nm gn y, bridge tr nn t ph bin v s c mt ca nhiu
thit b mng a nng nh switch. Tuy nhin, s n gin ca bridge l mt im khi
u tt cho qu trnh kho st cc thit b kt ni mng.
Mc d bridge khng phi l mt b nh tuyn, nhng n vn c bng nh
tuyn phn phi thng tin. Bng nh tuyn da trn a ch vt l ny khc hn v
n gin hn nhiu so vi bng nh tuyn c m t phn sau ca chng ny.
Mt bridge lng nghe cc on mng m n kt ni vo v xy dng thnh mt
bng nh tuyn cho bit nhng a ch vt l no th thuc on mng no. Khi d
liu c truyn trn mt trong nhng phn on mng, bridge kim tra a ch ch
ca d liu v tra cu bng nh tuyn. Nu a ch ch thuc on mng m bridge
nhn d liu ny th n s b qua . Cn nu a ch ch thuc mt on mng khc th
bridge s chuyn tip d liu n on mng thch hp. Nu a ch ch khng c
trong bng nh tuyn th bridge s chuyn tip d liu n tt c cc on mng ngoi
tr on mng m n nhn c d liu.
Thng tin thm
Cn phi nh rng nhng a ch vt l ca phn cng c bridge s dng th khc vi
nhng a ch IP lun l.
Bridge l mt thit b khng t v tng l mt phng tin lc lu lng ph bin trong
cc mng cc b (LAN), c s dng tng s lng my tnh tham gia vo mng. V
bridge ch s dng nhng a ch vt l lp truy cp mng v khng quan tm n a ch
lun l trong phn tiu ca IP datagram nn n khng hu ch kt ni cc mng khc
loi. Bridge cng khng tham gia vo vic nh tuyn IP v cc lc phn phi ang
c s dng chuyn tip d liu trong nhng mng ln nh mng Internet.
6.1.2 Hub
Cho n mt vi nm trc y, nhiu mng ethernet vn cn s dng mt m hnh
kt ni cc my tnh bng mt si cp ng trc lin tc. Vi nm gn y, m hnh
mng ethernet s dng hub loi 10BASE-T tr nn ph bin rng ri. Hu ht cc
mng ethernet hin nay u s dng mt switch hay hub lm trung tm kt ni cc
my tnh trong mng (hnh 6.2).

Hnh 6-2 Mt mng ethernet s dng hub
Nh cp chng 2, Lp truy cp mng, khi nim ethernet c gn
cho tt c cc my tnh cng chia s mi trng truyn dn. Mi s truyn dn u
c cc b tng thch mng (adapter) lng nghe. Mt ethernet hub nhn d liu t
mt cng v pht i tt c cc cng cn li (xem hnh 6.2). Hay ni cch khc, mng
hot ng ging nh trng hp tt c cc my tnh c kt ni vi nhau bng mt
ng dy lin tc. Hub khng lc hoc nh tuyn d liu m thc hin vic nhn v
truyn li cc tn hiu.
Mt trong nhng l do chnh ca s pht trin cc mng ethernet s dng hub l
nhm lm n gin ho h thng dy ni trong mng. Mi my tnh c kt ni vi
hub thng qua mt dy n. Mt my tnh c th d dng tch ra v kt ni li. Trong
mt vn phng, thng thng cc my tnh c gom thnh nhng nhm nh, khi ,
mt hub c th p ng c vic ny v thc hin vic kt ni n cc hub khc
nhng phn mng khc nhau. Vi vic tt c cc si cp c kt ni n mt thit b
n l, cc nh cung cp sm nhn ra nhng c hi i mi. Nhng hub phc tp
c gi l hub thng minh cng bt u xut hin. Cc hub thng minh ny c
nhiu tnh nng b sung nh kh nng pht hin mt ng truyn b li v kha mt
cng (port).

6.1.3 Switch
Mt mng ethernet c xy dng vi hub phi i mt vi mt tr ngi ln: hiu
sut ca mng cng gim khi lu lng cng tng. Mt my tnh khng th truyn d
liu nu ng truyn khng ri. Hn na, mi thit b tng thch mng phi nhn v
x l tt c cc frame c trn ethernet. T hn ch , mt phin bn thng minh ca
hub, c gi l switch, c pht trin gii quyt vn ny. V c bn, switch
cng tng t nh hub c m t trong hnh 6.2. Mi my tnh cng kt ni n
switch bng mt ng dy n l. Tuy nhin, switch thng minh hn hub trong vic
gi d liu nhn c t mt cng. Hu ht cc switch lin kt vi mi cng bng a
ch vt l ca thit b tng thch mng kt ni vi cng (hnh 6.3). Khi mt my
tnh lin kt vi mt cng thc hin vic truyn mt frame, switch kim tra a ch
ch ca frame v gi n n cng c lin kt vi a ch ch . Hay ni cch khc,
switch ch gi frame n thit b cn nhn n. Cc thit b tng thch ti cc my tnh
khng phi kim tra li cc frame c truyn trn mng. Switch gim c nhng s
truyn dn khng cn thit v do n tng c hiu sut s dng mng.

Hnh 6-3 Mt switch lin kt mi port vi mt a ch vt l
Cn lu rng, loi switch c m t trn ch hot ng vi a ch vt l
(xem chng 2, Lp truy cp mng), khng phi a ch IP. Switch khng phi l
b nh tuyn (router). Thc ra switch tng t nh bridge, hay chnh xc hn, n
ging nh gm nhiu bridge c tp trung trong mt thit b. Switch tch bit mi s
kt ni mng ca n ch c d liu n hay i t my tnh u cui ca kt ni i
vo ng dy (hnh 6.4).

Hnh 6-4 Mt switch tch bit mi my tnh gim lu lng
Hin nay c rt nhiu b chuyn mach (switch) ang lu hnh, nhng ch c hai
phng php chuyn mch ph bin l:
Cut-through: Theo phng php ny, switch thc hin vic chuyn tip frame
ngay khi c a ch ch .
Lu tr v chuyn tip (Store and forward): Switch nhn y frame mi
thc hin vic chuyn tip. Phng php ny lm chm tin trnh truyn, nhng
i khi n li tng hiu sut tng th v n lc c nhng phn mnh v nhng
frame v ch.
Trong nhng nm gn y, switch tr nn rt ph bin. Cc mng LAN ln
thng s dng mt s cc switch kt ni vi nhau c s phn lp t c hiu
qu ti a.
Switch lm nn mt cuc cch mng ln vi nhng s u t khng l
nghin cu v cng ngh lc v chuyn tip d liu. Ngy nay, cc nh cung cp xem
nh ngha switch c bn trn ch l mt trng hp c bit trong s mt danh mc
ln cc loi switch. Theo cc nh cung cp, v mt tng qut th switch l mt thit b
a ra nhng quyt nh chuyn tip da trn nhng thng tin trong phn tiu giao
thc. Nhng switch phc tp hn cn c th hot ng c nhng lp giao thc
cao hn, do , s quyt nh chuyn tip cng s da trn nhiu loi thng s hn.
Theo cch tip cn tng qut hn v chuyn mch, cc thit b c phn loi
da trn lp giao thc OSI cao nht m n c th hot ng. Tham kho hnh 1.2
hiu thm v mi quan h gia cc lp giao thc OSI vi cc lp TCP/IP. Cc lp
thng c nh s t di ln. Theo , switch hot ng lp lin kt d liu ca
m hnh OSI, c gi l switch lp 2. Nhng switch c kh nng chuyn tip d liu
da trn thng tin a ch IP lp mng ca m hnh OSI c gi l switch lp 3

(cng c th xem switch lp 3 l mt loi b nh tuyn (router). Chng ta s tm hiu
v router phn sau ca chng).
Cc switch lp 4 c th chuyn tip d liu da trn ni dung tiu lp vn
chuyn. Nh kho st chng 5, Lp vn chuyn, lp vn chuyn cha thng
tin v s hiu cng ca dch v lin kt vi ng truyn. Mt switch c kh nng c
c s hiu cng th c th xc nh c dch v hoc ng dng ang thc hin vic
truyn, nhn d liu. C th hn, mt switch lp 4 c th xc nh c cc d liu
n c nh tuyn n mt web server, mail server hay telnet server. Vi kh nng
ny, cc switch lp 4 c th kt hp vi mt s nhim v nh cn bng ti, iu khin
truy nhp hay u tin lu lng mng p ng tiu chun cht lng dch v.
Tip tc kho st nhng switch phc tp hot ng nhng lp cao ca chng
giao thc OSI. Nh cp chng 1, TCP/IP lm vic nh th no, m hnh
TCP/IP khng chia nh vai tr ca lp cao nh vic phn thnh cc lp phin, lp
trnh by, lp ng dng ca m hnh OSI. Tuy nhin cc dch v ging nhau u c
thc hin lp ng dng ca TCP/IP. S chuyn mch lp 7, i khi cn c gi
l s chuyn mch lp 4-7 hoc 5-7, c c tt c cc thng tin c m ha trong
nhng phn tiu ca chng giao thc v c th phn chia lu lng theo phin, theo
ng dng hay theo giao tip.
Tt nhin, mt thit b c th thc hin nhiu chc nng th kh nng qu ti
cng ln. S chuyn mch giao thc lp cao s khng tr thnh hin thc nu khng
c cc phn cng mi hn, tc x l nhanh hn, v trong tnh trng mng thng
thng, i khi nhng thit b tinh vi ny li khng cn thit so vi s phc tp v chi
ph ca n. Tuy nhin, trong nhng trng hp khc, chc nng cn bng ti ca
nhng switch lp cao c th em li nhiu li ch v chi ph v tng hiu sut s dng
mng.
6.1.4 Router
Router l mt thit b lc lu lng da trn a ch lun l, n hot ng lp
Internet (lp mng trong m hnh OSI) c s dng a ch IP trong phn tiu ca
lp Internet.
Router l mt thnh phn rt quan trng ca bt k mng TCP/IP c ln no.
Khng c router th mng Internet cng tr nn v hiu. Trn thc t, mng Internet s
khng bao gi pht trin mnh m nh ngy nay nu khng c s pht trin ca router
v cc giao thc nh tuyn TCP/IP.
Mt mng ln, chng hn nh mng Internet, c rt nhiu router cung cp nhiu
ng i t nt mng ngun n nt mng ch. Cc router hot ng c lp nhng
h thng phi m bo d liu phi c nh tuyn chnh xc v hiu qu trong qu
trnh hot ng lin mng.
Router phc tp hn nhiu so vi bridge. Router thay i thng tin tiu lp
truy nhp mng khi n truyn d liu t mt mng ny sang mng khc, do , router
c th kt ni cc loi mng khc nhau. Rt nhiu router cn lu li c nhng thng tin
chi tit v ng i ngn nht c tnh ton da trn khong cch, bng thng v thi
gian truyn (chng ta s kho st mt s giao thc nh tuyn phn sau ca chng).
6.2 nh tuyn trong TCP/IP
nh tuyn trong TCP/IP l mt ch c trnh by trong RFC 162 v c th c
vit thnh nhiu cun sch. iu ng ni v nh tuyn TCP/IP l kh nng lm vic
chnh xc v hiu qu ca n. Mt ngi dng c th s dng trnh duyt Internet v
kt ni n mt my tnh Trung Quc hay Phn Lan m khng phi chuyn tip yu
cu qua hng lot thit b trn th gii. Cho d l mt mng nh, router vn ng vai
tr ht sc quan trng trong vic iu khin lu lng v m bo tc truyn ti a.
Phn ny trnh by mt s khi nim quan trng c th hiu c s nh tuyn
trong TCP/IP.
6.2.1 Th no l mt b nh tuyn?
Cch tt nht m t mt b nh tuyn, hay router, l tm hiu v hnh dng v hot
ng ca n. Mt router n gin nht trng ging nh mt my tnh vi 2 b tng
thch mng. Nhng router ban u thc cht l nhng my tnh vi 2 hay nhiu b
tng thch (c gi l cc my tnh a kt ni). Hnh 6.5 trnh by mt my tnh a
kt ni hot ng nh mt router.

Hnh 6-5 Mt my tnh a kt ni hot ng nh mt router

u tin, cn ch rng, a ch IP tng ng vi b tng thch ch khng
phi vi my tnh. My tnh hnh 6.5 c 2 a ch ng vi 2 b tng thch. Trn
thc t, hai b tng thch ny c th thuc 2 subnet IP khc nhau, tng ng vi hai
mng vt l khc nhau. Trong hnh 6.5, phn mm giao thc trn my tnh a kt ni
c th nhn d liu t phn on A, kim tra a ch IP, nu n thuc phn on B,
phn mm s thay th phn tiu lp truy cp mng bng phn tiu c cha a
ch vt l ca phn on B v chuyn d liu sang phn on B. Trong trng hp n
gin ny, my tnh a kt ni hot ng tng t nh mt router.
hiu c ton b mng hot ng th no, cn nm nhng vn sau:
Router c nhiu hn 2 cng (b tng thch) v c th kt ni vi nhiu hn 2
mng. Theo , s quyt nh chuyn tip d liu cng tr nn phc tp hn v
s lng ng i cng tng theo.
Mi mng kt ni vi router c kt ni vi nhiu mng khc. Hay ni cch
khc, router bit c a ch mng ca nhng mng m n khng kt ni trc
tip v router phi c chin lc chuyn tip d liu c a ch mng nh th.
Mt mng gm nhiu router th d liu c nhiu ng i khc nhau v mi
router phi c phng thc la chn ng i hp l.
Cu hnh n gin trong hnh 6.5 kt hp vi ba vn phc tp trn cho
thy ci nhn chi tit hn v vai tr ca router (hnh 6.6).

Hnh 6-6 nh tuyn trong mt mng phc tp

Trong nhng mng ngy nay, phn ln cc router khng phi l cc my tnh a
kt ni. Mt thit b chuyn dng trong nh tuyn s c hiu qu cao hn nhiu. Thit
b nh tuyn c thit k t bit thc hin hiu qu cc chc nng nh tuyn,
trong khi mt my tnh thun ty cng khng m bo c ton b cc chc nng
ny.
6.2.2 Gii thiu v nh tuyn
Vic xy dng mt b nh tuyn n gin c m t phn trc, v phn ny,
vai tr ca n c trnh by tng qut hn vi nhng im lu sau:
1. Router nhn d liu t mt trong nhng mng kt ni vi n.
2. Router chuyn d liu nhn c ln lp Internet. Hay ni cch khc, router
b i phn tiu lp truy cp mng v ti hp li (nu cn thit) datagram
IP.
3. Router kim tra a ch ch trong phn tiu IP. Nu a ch ch thuc
mng gi d liu n th router b qua d liu ny (d liu c th n
ch v n c truyn trn mng ca my tnh ch).
4. Nu ch n ca d liu l mt mng khc th router s tra cu trong bng
nh tuyn bit c phi chuyn tip d liu n u.
5. Sau khi router xc nh c kt ni no s nhn d liu, n s chuyn d
liu xung lp truy cp mng truyn tip qua kt ni .
Tin trnh nh tuyn c m t hnh 6.7. Bng nh tuyn c m t
bc 4 l mt nhn t cc k quan trng, n cng vi giao thc xy dng bng nh
tuyn l hai du hiu c trng ca router. Hu nh mi s tho lun v router u
xoay quanh vn lm th no router xy dng c bng nh tuyn v lm th no
cc giao thc nh tuyn tp trung c thng tin nh tuyn ca mt tp cc router
trong mt h thng nht.


Hnh 6-7 Tin trnh nh tuyn
C hai loi nh tuyn c t tn da trn cch m n thu thp c thng tin
bng nh tuyn, l :
nh tuyn tnh: i vi loi nh tuyn ny, ngi qun tr mng phi
nhp cc thng tin nh tuyn bng tay.
nh tuyn ng: i vi loi ny, bng nh tuyn c xy dng mt
cch t ng da trn nhng thng tin c c t vic s dng cc giao
thc nh tuyn.
nh tuyn tnh c th c ch trong mt vi trng hp, nhng i vi mt h
thng m ngi qun tr mng phi nhp tt c thng tin nh tuyn bng tay th cng
c mt s hn ch nht nh. Trc ht, nh tuyn tnh khng thch hp vi nhng
mng ln c hng trm tuyn ng. Th hai, vic nh tuyn tnh, cho d l i vi
mt mng nh nht, vn i hi s u t kh nhiu v thi gian ca ngi qun tr
mng, khng nhng ch to ra m cn phi cp nht thng xuyn nhng thng tin
nh tuyn. Tng t nh vy, mt router tnh khng th p ng c nhng thay i
rt nhanh trong mng, chng hn nh trong trng hp mt router b hng.
Thng tin thm
Hu ht cc router ng u cho php ngi qun tr tu chn nh tuyn ng v
cu hnh mt ng i tnh n mt a ch c th. Nhng ng i tnh c
cu hnh nh th i lc c s dng g ri mng. Trong nhng trng hp
khc, ng i tnh c s dng tng tc kt ni hoc chia s lu lng
mng.
6.2.3 Bng nh tuyn
Trc khi kho st cc giao thc nh tuyn ng, chng ta cn nm c mt s khi
nim quan trng. Vai tr ca bng nh tuyn v cc yu t khc ca lp Internet l
phn phi d liu n mng cc b thch hp. Khi d liu n mng cc b, cc giao
thc truy cp mng s xem xt s phn phi ca n. Do , bng nh tuyn khng cn
lu tr cc a ch IP c th m ch cn lu li a ch mng (xem li chng 3, Lp
Internet, chng 4, Phn mng con v a ch my v a ch mng trong mt a
ch IP c th).
Ni dung ca mt bng nh tuyn c bn c trnh by trong hnh 6.8. Mt
bng nh tuyn cn phi nh x a ch mng ch trong datagram vi a ch IP ca
chng k tip - im dng tip theo ca datagram trn ng i ca n. Cn lu
rng, bng nh tuyn c s phn bit gia nhng mng kt ni trc tip vi router v
nhng mng c kt ni gin tip qua nhng router khc. Chng tip theo cng c
th l mng ch (nu n kt ni trc tip) hoc ch l mt router trn ng i n
mng ch. Trong hnh 6.8, cng giao tip ca router l cng m router s dng
chuyn tip d liu.

Hnh 6-8 Bng nh tuyn
Mc chng k tip trong bng nh tuyn l cha kho hiu c nh tuyn
ng. Trong mt mng phc tp, c th c rt nhiu ng i n mt ch c th, v
router phi xc nh c chng k tip ca nhng ng i ny l g. Mt router nh
tuyn ng s da trn nhng giao thc nh tuyn a ra quyn nh ny.

Thng tin thm
Mt my ch (host), ging nh mt router, cng c th c mt bng nh tuyn nhng v
n khng thc hin cc chc nng nh tuyn nn bng nh tuyn ca n khng phc tp.
Nhng my tnh ny thng s dng mt router mc nh hoc gateway mc nh.
Gateway mc nh l mt router s nhn datagram nu datagram khng phn phi c
trong mng cc b hoc n mt router khc.
6.3 Chuyn i a ch mng (NAT)
Nh chng ta thy, cc thit b mng ngy cng tr nn phc tp. Mt tin b mi
l s xut hin ca cc router thc hin chc nng chuyn i a ch mng (NAT).
Mt thit b NAT s lm n i nhng chi tit ca mng cc b v che du s tn ti
ca mng cc b. Hnh 6.9 m t mt NAT trong mng Internet. Thit b NAT c v
tr nh l mt gateway kt ni cc my tnh trong mng cc b vi Internet. ng sau
thit b NAT, mng cc b c th s dng bt k khng gian a ch no. N cng
khng nht thit phi s dng cc a ch Internet c ch nh v lc ny, mng cc
b khng phi l mt phn ca Internet. Thit b NAT hot ng nh mt s u quyn
ca mng cc b trn mng Internet. Khi mt my tnh cc b c gng thc hin kt
ni n mt a ch Internet, thit b NAT s thc hin s kt ni . Tt c cc gi tin
nhn c t Internet u c chuyn i theo lc a ch ca mng cc b v
sau c chuyn tip n my tnh khi to kt ni.

Hnh 6-9 Mt thit b chuyn i a ch mng
Mt thit b NAT s lm tng tnh bo mt ca mng bi v n c th ngn chn
s tn cng t bn ngoi vo mng cc b. i vi mng bn ngoi, thit b NAT
ging nh mt my n c kt ni Internet. Nu k tn cng bit c a ch ca
mt my trong mng cc b, hn cng khng th m mt kt ni n mng cc b v
s gn a ch cc b c lp vi khng gian a ch ca Internet. Mt thit b NAT
cng s tit kim c s lng a ch Internet cn thit cho mt t chc. Ch c thit
b NAT mi c truy cp t Internet. Tnh kinh t ca vic tit kim c t a ch
Internet v kh nng bo mt ca mng ring lm cho thit b NAT tr nn rt ph
bin trong cc mng cc b v mng intranet.
Thng tin thm
Bo mt l mt vn khng n gin, ngay c vic bo mt bng thit b NAT cng b e
do. Mt s thit b NAT cho php ngi qun tr c th truy cp c t Internet v tnh
nng ny d gy ra nguy him cho mng bn trong nu n khng c qun l cht ch.
Mt thit b NAT l mt hnh thc ca mt my ch u quyn (proxy server). My ch u
quyn l mt my tnh hot ng i din cho cc my tnh khc. Theo , nhng my tnh
ny s c lp vi Internet v my ch u quyn m nhim vai tr lin lc vi mng bn
ngoi cng nh thc hin vic truyn, hi p cho cc my tnh thch hp bn trong mng
cc b.
Tm tt
Chng ny kho st mt s thit b mng ph bin. Chng ta tm hiu r hn v
bridge, hub v switch. Chng k tip s trnh by k hn v vn nh tuyn trong
mng TCP/IP.

Chng 7 nh tuyn

Chuyn tip IP
nh tuyn trc tip v gin tip
Cc giao thc nh tuyn
Trnh by c s chuyn tip IP v cch thc hot ng ca n
Phn bit c nh tuyn vector khong cch (distance vector) v nh tuyn
trng thi lin kt (link state)
Nm c vai tr ca nhng router li, router ni, router ngoi
Hiu c cc giao thc nh tuyn ni ph bin: RIP v OSPF.

CHONG
7

]NH TYFN
86 Chng 7. nh tuyn
7.1 Gii thiu v nh tuyn trong TCP/IP
C s h tng xy dng nhng mng ton cu nh mng Internet s khng th hot
ng nu khng c cc router. TCP/IP c thit k hot ng trn router v mi s
tm hiu v TCP/IP s khng hon thin nu khng tm hiu v hot ng ca router.
Nh chng ta kho st chng trc, mt router tham gia vo tin trnh lin lc
phc tp vi nhng router khc trn mng xc nh c ng i tt nht cho mi
ch n. Trong chng ny, chng ta s tm hiu v router, bng nh tuyn v cc
giao thc nh tuyn.
7.2 Tr li vn router
Chng ta cng bit c vai tr ca router l chuyn tip datagram da trn a ch
IP. Do , c th ni router l mt thit b mng thc hin s nh v IP nh tho
lun chng 3, Lp Internet. Hnh 6.2 minh ha router ging nh mt my
tnh vi nhiu card mng c kt ni vi nhiu phn on mng. Khi router nhn
c mt datagram t mt trong cc cng ca mnh, n s phn tch datagram
xc nh a ch IP ch. Nu a ch ch thuc cng phn on mng vi a ch
ngun th khng cn thc hin vic chuyn tip d liu v router s b qua datagram
. Nu a ch ch thuc mt phn on mng khc, router s chuyn tip datagram
theo thng tin c xy dng trong bng nh tuyn.
Router tr nn rt cn thit v nhng l do sau:
Router cung cp k thut phn phi quan trng cho vic gn a ch IP (xem
chng 3, Lp Internet v chng 4, Phn mng con). H thng phn
cp hiu qu v thch hp cho cc mng v cc mng con i hi phi c nhng
thit b mng thc hin vic nh tuyn datagram da trn a ch IP.
Router thc hin vic lc lu lng, do mi host khng phi theo di nhng
bn tin c gn a ch n mt host khc. Nh kho st chng 6,
Phn cng mng, switch cng lc lu lng, nhng a s switch u s
dng a ch vt l do khng hiu qu trong nhng mng ln.
Router che du c nhng chi tit ca mng vt l. V vic chuyn tip IP xy
ra bn trn lp truy cp mng nn cc router c th kt ni c vi nhng
mng khng cng loi. Mt my tnh trong mt mng ethernet LAN
Connecticut c th lin lc vi mt my tnh trong mt mng token ring LAN
Istabul cho d nhng b tng thch mng ca 2 loi mng ny khng tng
thch vi nhau.

Tht kh c th trnh by mi ch v router m ch gi gn vng mt
chng. Nhng hnh nh v nhng m t i khi c n gin ho ngi c d
dng nm bt khi nim. Trong khi , nhng li ch thc s ca router c th hin
r nhng mng ln, a dng v nh tuyn ng, ni m mt nhm cc router lin
tc chia s thng tin gi ng truyn thng sut.
7.2.1 Vi nt v chuyn tip IP (IP forwarding)
C host v router u c bng nh tuyn nhng bng nh tuyn ca host th n gin
hn nhiu so vi ca router. Bng nh tuyn ca mt my tnh n c th c 2 dng:
mt l l trnh mng cc b v hai l l trnh mc nh ca nhng gi tin khng th
phn phi trong mng cc b. Thng tin nh tuyn n gin ny cng chuyn
mt datagram n ch ca n. Trong phn sau ca chng, chng ta s bit c vai
tr ca router phc tp hn nhiu.
Nh tm hiu chng 3, Lp Internet, phn mm TCP/IP s dng ARP
phn gii a ch IP thnh a ch vt l bn trong mng cc b. Nhng nu a ch
IP khng nm bn trong mng cc b th iu g s xy ra ? Nh gii thch
chng 3, nu a ch IP khng thuc mng cc b, th my tnh s gi datagram n
mt router. n y, vn bt u tr nn phc tp hn. Phn tiu IP (hnh 3.3)
ch lit k a ch IP ch v ngun. N khng ch trng lu li a ch ca cc
router trung gian thc hin vic chuyn tip cc datagram n ch. Cn lu rng
tin trnh chuyn tip IP tht ra khng gn a ch ca router vo phn tiu ca IP
m thay vo , my host chuyn datagram v a ch IP ca router xung lp truy cp
mng, , phn mm giao thc s s dng mt tin trnh tra cu ring gi km
datagram trong mt frame ri phn phi n router. Hay ni cch khc, a ch IP ca
datagram ch n host nhn d liu. a ch vt l ca frame c s dng chuyn
tip datagram n router trong mng cc b l a ch ca cng giao tip trn router.
C th tm tt tin trnh ny nh sau:
1. Khi mt host mun gi mt datagram, n kim tra li bng nh tuyn ca mnh.
2. Nu datagram khng phn phi c trong mng cc b, my host s trch ra trong
bng nh tuyn a ch IP ca router lin kt vi a ch ch (trong trng hp host
ny ang nm trong mt mng cc b th a ch IP ca router cng ging nh i ch
ca gateway mc nh). Sau , a ch IP ca router c phn gii thnh a ch vt
l bng giao thc ARP.
3. Tip theo, datagram (c nh tuyn n host xa) c chuyn qua lp truy cp
mng cng vi a ch vt l ca router nhn.
88 Chng 7. nh tuyn
4. B tng thch mng ca router s nhn frame v lc ny a ch vt l ch ca frame
chnh l a ch vt l ca router.
5. Router m frame v chuyn datagram ln lp Internet.
6. Router kim tra a ch IP ca datagram. Nu a ch IP khp vi a ch ca router,
d liu s c chnh router nhn. Cn nu khng khp, router s kim tra bng nh
tuyn ca n tm ra ng i thch hp vi a ch ch ca datagram v chuyn
tip datagram .
7. Nu datagram khng th phn phi c trn bt k phn on mng no lin kt vi
router, router s gi datagram n mt router khc v tin trnh s lp li (quay li
bc 1) cho n khi router cui cng c th phn phi trc tip datagram n
host ch.

Hnh 7-1 Tin trnh chuyn tip IP
Tin trnh chuyn tip d liu c m t bc 6 l mt c trng quan trng
ca router. Lu rng nu mt thit b c 2 card mng th hot ng vn khng ging
router. Nu thit b khng c phn mm h tr chuyn tip IP th d liu s khng th
truyn t giao tip ny sang mt giao tip khc. Khi mt my tnh khng c cu
hnh nh tuyn IP nhn c mt datagram c ch n l mt my tnh khc th n s
b qua datagram .
7.2.2 nh tuyn trc tip v gin tip
Nu mt router ch kt ni vi 2 mng con th bng nh tuyn ca n s rt n gin.
Theo hnh 7.2, router c kt ni vi tt c cc mng con v n s khng bao gi bit
c mt a ch IP khng kt hp vi mt cng ca n. Hay ni cch khc, router ny
c th nh tuyn trc tip bt k datagram no.


Hnh 7-2 Mt router kt ni 2 phn on mng c th nh tuyn
trc tip ti mi phn on
Tip tc kho st mt mng phc tp hn hnh 7.3. Trong trng hp ny,
router A khng kt ni vi phn on 3 v s khng tm thy phn on 3 nu khng
c mt vi h tr. Trng hp ny c gi l nh tuyn gin tip. Hu ht cc mng
nh tuyn ph thuc vo mc nh tuyn gin tip no . Mt mng ln c th c
hng t router, trong khng c nhiu hn mt hoc hai mng kt ni trc tip ti
mi on mng. Chng ta s xem xt nhng mng nh th ny phn sau ca chng.
By gi, mt cu hi c t ra hnh 7.3 l: Lm th no router A tm thy phn
on 3? v lm th no router A bit c phi chuyn nhng datagram c a ch ch
l phn on 3 sang router B ch khng phi l router C.

Hnh 7-3 Mt router phi thc hin nh tuyn gin tip
nu n phi chuyn tip cc datagram sang nhng mng
khng kt ni trc tip vi n
C hai cch router bit c cc l trnh gin tip l:
T ngi qun tr h thng.
T nhng router khc.
Hai tu chn ny tng ng vi hai phng php nh tuyn tnh v ng
c trnh by chng 6, Phn cng mng. Mt l ngi qun tr h thng c
th nhp cc ng i trc tip vo bng nh tuyn. Cch ny l nh tuyn tnh. Mt
cch khc l router B c th thng bo cho router A v phn on 3, v y chnh l
nh tuyn ng. Vic nh tuyn ng mang li nhiu li ch thit thc. u tin, n
khng cn s u t v nhn s. Th hai, n sn sng p ng vi nhng thay i ca
mng. Nu mt mng mi c kt ni vi router B, router B c th thng bo vi
router A v s thay i ny.
90 Chng 7. nh tuyn
Trong khi , nh tuyn tnh c th mang li hiu qu i vi nhng mng
nh, n gin v c nh. N c th chp nhn c i vi mt mng n gin nh
hnh 7.3, nhng khi s lng router tng, nh tuyn tnh tr nn khng thch hp. S
lng ng i s tng ln rt nhiu khi thm mt phn on vo mng. Quan trng
hn, s nh hng ca ng i tnh trong mt mng ln c th dn n nhng ng
i di, thiu hiu qu, thm ch c th b lp.
Lu rng chng ta c th cu hnh nh tuyn tnh hnh 7.3 theo cch mc
nh. Trong trng hp , router A s khng thy c phn on 3. N ch c th
chuyn bt k datagram c a ch m n khng bit n router B v router B s quyt
nh hot ng tip theo. Cn nhc li rng trng hp ny c th thc hin c d
dng trong nhng mng nh nh trong hnh 7.3. Tuy nhin, l trnh mc nh l mt
ng i tnh v vic cu hnh cc ng i mc nh cho cc router trong mt mng
phc tp th d mc phi mt s hn ch ca nh tuyn tnh lm gim hiu sut mng.
V nhng l do ny m cc router hin i s dng mt dng nh tuyn
ng no . Cc router kt ni vi nhau chia s thng tin v cc phn on mng,
cc ng i, v mi router xy dng mt bng nh tuyn ca mnh bng cch s
dng nhng thng tin c c trong tin trnh lin lc ny. Phn sau y s m t v
c ch hot ng ca nh tuyn ng.
Thng tin thm
Router i khi cn s dng kt hp c nh tuyn ng v nh tuyn tnh. Ngi qun tr
h thng c th cu hnh mt vi ng i tnh v ch nh nhng ng i khc c nh
tuyn ng. Nhng ng i tnh i lc cn c s dng p lu lng i theo mt
ng c nh. Chng hn, mt ngi qun tr h thng c th cu hnh cc router lu
lng i theo mt ng truyn c bng thng rng.
7.2.3 Cc thut ton nh tuyn ng
Nhng router trong cng mt nhm thc hin vic trao i thng tin y v h
thng mng mi router c th xy dng mt bng nh tuyn m t nhng con
ng cho cc datagram i n mt phn on mng c th. iu g gip cho cc
router thc hin vic truyn thng mt cch chnh xc ? Mt router xy dng bng
nh tuyn ca n nh th no ? Chng ta c th khng nh rng hot ng ca router
hon ton da trn bng nh tuyn. Hin nay c rt nhiu giao thc nh tuyn ang
c s dng nhng chng ta c th phn loi cc giao thc ny thnh hai phng
thc nh tuyn sau:
nh tuyn vector khong cch (distance vector).
nh tuyn trng thi lin kt (link state).
Nhng phng php ny c hiu nh l nhng cch khc nhau lin lc v
thu thp cc thng tin nh tuyn. Phn sau y s tho lun v nh tuyn vector

khong cch v trng thi lin kt. V tip theo , chng ta s kho st v hai giao
thc nh tuyn s dng hai phng php ny l: RIP (giao thc nh tuyn vector
khong cch) v OSPF (giao thc nh tuyn trng thi lin kt).
Thng tin thm
Vector khong cch v trng thi lin kt l hai lp giao thc nh tuyn v s thc hin
thc s ca mi giao thc cn c nhiu chi tit v chc nng b sung hn na. Nhiu
router cng h tr cc kch bn khi ng, cc mc nh tuyn tnh, v nhng chc nng
khc m t nh tuyn vector khong cch hoc trng thi lin kt.
7.2.3.1 nh tuyn vector khong cch
nh tuyn vector khong cch (cn c gi l nh tuyn Bellman-Ford) l mt
phng php nh tuyn n gin, hiu qu v c s dng trong nhiu giao thc
nh tuyn. N tng chim u th trong cng ngh nh tuyn v hin vn cn kh
ph bin, mc d gn y, nhiu phng php nh tuyn phc tp (nh nh tuyn
trng thi lin kt) c pht trin rng ri.
Vector khong cch c thit k gim ti a s lin lc gia cc router
cng nh lng d liu trong bng nh tuyn. Bn cht ca nh tuyn vector khong
cch l mt router khng cn bit tt c cc ng i n cc phn on mng - n ch
cn bit phi truyn mt datagram c gn a ch n mt phn on mng i theo
hng no. Khong cch gia cc phn on mng c tnh bng s lng router m
datagram phi i qua khi c truyn t phn on mng ny n phn on mng
khc. Router s dng thut ton vector khong cch ti u ho ng i bng cch
gim ti a s lng router m datagram i qua. Tham s khong cch ny chnh l s
chng phi qua (hop count).
Thng tin thm
Phng php nh tuyn c gii thiu chng 6 chnh l phng php nh tuyn
vector khong cch.
nh tuyn vector khong cch hot ng nh sau :
1. Khi router A khi to, n nhn bit cc phn on mng m n kt ni trc tip
v lu li cc phn on mng ny trong bng nh tuyn ca n. Gi tr hop
count ca mi phn on mng c kt ni trc tip l 0 v datagram s khng
phi truyn qua bt c router no khi i t A n mt phn on mng kt ni
trc tip.
2. nh k, router s nhn c mt bng bo co trng thi ca mi router k
cn. Bng ny lit k mi phn on mng m router k cn bit c v gi tr
hop count n mi phn on .
92 Chng 7. nh tuyn
3. Khi router A nhn c bng bo co t router k cn, n tch hp nhng thng
tin nh tuyn mi vo bng nh tuyn ca n nh sau:
A. Nu router B bit c phn on mng m hin ti cha c trong bng
nh tuyn ca router A th router A s thm phn on mng ny vo
bng nh tuyn ca n. ng i n phn on mng mi ny l router
B, ngha l, nu router A nhn mt datagram c a ch l phn on mi
ny th n s chuyn tip datagram n router B. Gi tr hop count
ca phn on mi ny bng gi tr hop count ca n i vi router B
cng vi 1, v router A xa phn on mi hn router B mt chng.
B. Nu router B lit k mt phn on c trong bng nh tuyn ca
router A th router A cng mt vo gi tr hop count mi nhn c t B
v so snh gi tr hop count mi ny vi gi tr hop count c trong bng
nh tuyn. Nu ng i qua B tt hn (t chng hn) ng i m
router A bit trc th router A s cp nht li bng nh tuyn ca
n v xem router B l ng i ca nhng datagram c a ch ch l
phn on mng ang xt.
C. Nu gi tr hop count ca ng i qua B n phn on mng ang xt
(gi tr hop count nhn c t B cng vi 1) ln hn gi tr hop count
ang c trong bng nh tuyn ca A th ng i qua B s khng c
s dng. Router A vn tip tc s dng ng i c lu trong bng
nh tuyn ca n.
Vi mi chu k cp nht, router c c mt bc tranh hon chnh hn v
mng hin ti. Thng tin v cc ng i c lan truyn dn trn mng. Gi s khng
c g thay i trn mng th router vn bit c nhng ng i hiu qu nht n
tng phn on mng.
Mt v d v s cp nht ca phng php nh tuyn vector khong cch c
trnh by trong hnh 7.4. Lu rng, trong v d ny, nhng cp nht khc xy ra v
c router A v B u bit v nhng mng m n khng trc tip kt ni. Trong trng
hp ny, router B c mt ng i hiu qu hn n phn on mng 14, v vy,
router A phi cp nht bng nh tuyn ca n gi d liu n on mng 14 qua
router B. Router A c ng i tt hn n on mng 7, do , bng nh tuyn s
khng c g thay i cho con ng ti mng 7.

6

Hnh 7-4 S cp nht trong nh tuyn vector khong cch
Thng tin thm
Nhng ch n c lit k trong hnh 7.4 (mng 1, mng 2, ) hoc l
mng IP hoc l mng con IP, tu tng trng hp.
7.2.3.2 nh tuyn trng thi lin kt
nh tuyn vector khong cch l mt phng php thch hp nu ta gi nh hiu qu
ca ng i ph thuc vo s lng router m datagram phi i qua. Gi s ny l
mt im khi u kh tt, tuy nhin, trong mt vi trng hp th iu ny li tr nn
qu n gin. Theo , nh tuyn vector khong cch khng ph hp lm i vi mt
mng ln gm rt nhiu router. Khi , mi router phi duy tr mt mc trong bng
nh tuyn cho mi ch, v cc mc ny n thun ch cha cc gi tr vector v hop
count. Router cng khng th tit kim nng lc ca mnh khi bit nhiu v cu trc
mng. Hn na, ton b bng gi tr khong cch v hop count phi c truyn gia
cc router cho d hu ht cc thng tin ny khng thc s cn thit trao i gia cc
router. Cc nh nghin cu my tnh bt u t ra nhiu cu hi v cui cng nh
94 Chng 7. nh tuyn
tuyn trng thi lin kt c ra i t nhng tho lun ny. nh tuyn trng thi
lin kt hin nay l thay th chnh cho nh tuyn vector khong cch.
Bn cht ca nh tuyn trng thi lin kt l mi router s xy dng bn trong
n mt s cu trc mng. nh k, mi router cng gi ra mng nhng thng ip
trng thi. Nhng thng ip ny lit k nhng router khc trn mng kt ni trc tip
vi router ang xt v trng thi ca lin kt. Cc router s dng cc bn tin trng thi
nhn c t cc router khc xy dng s mng. Khi mt router chuyn tip d
liu, n s chn ng i n ch tt nht da trn nhng iu kin hin ti.
Giao thc trng thi lin kt i hi nhiu thi gian x l trn mi router,
nhng gim c s tiu th bng thng, bi v mi router khng cn thit phi gi
ton b bng nh tuyn ca mnh. Hn na, Router cng d dng theo di li trn
mng v bn tin trng thi t mt router khng thay i khi lan truyn trn mng
(ngc li, i vi phng php vector khong cch, gi tr hop count tng ln mi khi
thng tin nh tuyn i qua mt router khc).
7.3 nh tuyn trong nhng mng phc tp
Phn ln chng ny u tp trung vo trng hp ch c mt router hoc mt nhm
router n l. Trn thc t, mt vi mng ln gm c c hng trm router. Mng
Internet th gm c hng ngn router. Trong nhng mng ln nh mng Internet th
vic tt c cc router cng chia s nhng thng tin cn thit h tr cc phng php
nh tuyn nh m t trn l rt kh kh thi. Nu mt router phi bin son v x
l cc thng tin nh tuyn cho mi router trn Internet th lu lng mng v kch
thc ca bng nh tuyn s sm b qu ti. Nhng thc t, mi router trn Internet
khng cn thit phi bit nhng thng tin v cc router khc. Mt router trong mt
phng mch Istabul c th hot ng lin tc trong nhiu nm m khng phi bit
nhng thng tin v mt router khc ti cng ty sn Lima, Peru. Nu mng c t
chc hiu qu th hu ht cc router ch cn trao i thng tin giao thc nh tuyn vi
nhng router k cn.
Trong h thng mng ARPAnet, mt nhm cc router li hot ng nh mt
mng xng sng (backbone) trung tm lin kt cc mng ring l c cu hnh v
qun l t tr. Nhng router li bit c mi mng cho d n khng cn phi bit v
mi mng con. Mi datagram ch cn tm thy c ng i n mt router li th n
c th n c bt k mt v tr no trong h thng. Nhng router trong cc mng
nhnh ca li khng cn bit v cc mng khc trn th gii m ch cn bit gi d
liu gia chng v lm th no n cc router li.
H thng ny c m phng nh h thng trong hnh 7.5. Nhng router li
trong mng trc truyn cc bn tin gia cc mng vi nhau. Kt ni vi mng li l

nhng mng c qun l c lp c gi l cc h thng t tr (autonomous
system). Mt h thng t tr c th l mt mng ca mt t chc hay cng ty, v trong
thi gian gn y, n cn l mt h thng mng c kt ni Internet qua mt nh
cung cp dch v (ISP). Ngi s hu h thng t tr s qun l cc chi tit v cu hnh
ca cc router trong h thng. Nhng router ni nm bn trong h thng t tr chia s
thng tin v xy dng nhng bng nh tuyn hon chnh m t thit k bn trong ca
mng. Mt bn tin c gn a ch n mt mng khc s c chuyn tip sang h
thng li. Nhng router ngoi (exterior) cng khng km phn quan trng. Router
ngoi c ch nh trao i thng tin vi nhng mng khc. Do , lng thng
tin lin mng router bn trong mng ang xt c gim i v ch c nhng router
ngoi mi thc hin s trao i thng tin nh tuyn ra khi phm vi mng ang xt.

Hnh 7-5 Kin trc router trn internet
Mi loi router s dng mt giao thc v thut ton khc nhau xy dng
bng nh tuyn. Chng ta s tm hiu k hn v nhng giao thc nh tuyn ny
phn sau ca chng. Trc ht, cn phn bit nhng loi router sau:
Router li (Core Router) Router li lu tr thng tin y v nhng router li
khc. V c bn, bng nh tuyn ca n l s v tr cc h thng t tr kt ni vo
mng li. Nhng router li khng x l nhng thng tin chi tit ca cc router bn
trong h thng t tr. N c th s dng cc giao thc nh tuyn nh Gateway-to-
Gateway Protocol (GGP) hay gn y l giao thc nh tuyn SPREAD.
Router ngoi (Exterior Router) Router ngoi khng phi l nhng router li thc
hin s trao i thng tin nh tuyn gia cc mng t tr. N duy tr nhng thng tin
nh tuyn ca n v nhng mng t tr ln cn nhng khng c mt s v mt
mng lin kt hon chnh. Nhng router ngoi thng s dng giao thc nh tuyn
EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol). Hin nay, giao thc EGP nguyn bn li thi,
96 Chng 7. nh tuyn
nhng nhng giao thc nh tuyn mi c s dng trong cc router ngoi vn
thng da trn EGP. Mt phin bn giao thc EGP ang s dng hin nay l BGP
(Border Gateway Protocol). Mt router ngoi cng phi tham gia vo h thng t tr
ca n nh mt router ni thng thng.
Router ni (Interior Router) - Nhng router nm bn trong h thng t tr cng chia s
thng tin nh tuyn c gi l nhng router ni. Nhng router ny s dng mt lp
cc giao thc nh tuyn gi l IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol). Tiu biu trong cc
giao thc ny l giao thc thng tin nh tuyn - RIP (Routing Information Protocol)
v giao thc u tin ng i ngn nht OSPF (Open Shortest Path First). Chng ta
s tm hiu k hn v RIP v OSPF phn sau ca chng ny. Nhng ngi qun l
mng t tr s thit k cu hnh cc router trong mng v la chn giao thc nh
tuyn thch hp.
Mt iu quan trng cn ch l cc router bn trong mt trong cc mng t tr
cng c th c mt cu hnh phn cp. Mt h thng t tr ln c th bao gm nhiu
nhm router ni v cc router ngoi chuyn thng tin nh tuyn gia cc nhm ni
ny. Cc nh qun l ca h thng t tr ny c ton quyn thit k mt cu hnh router
lm vic trn mng ny v ty chn cc giao thc nh tuyn.
Thng tin thm
Ngy nay, h thng Internet tr nn rt phc tp, ngay c mng li ARPAnet c
m t trn cng ch l mt trng hp rt n gin. Mng li Internet c minh
ho nh mt m my dy t vi mt mng t tr mt u v mt mng t tr
khc m nhnh sang cc mng khc.
7.4 Kho st cc router ni
Nh tm hiu phn trc, nhng router ni hot ng trong mt h thng t
tr.Mt router ni phi bit c ton b cc phn on mng kt ni vi cc router
khc trong cng nhm vi n, nhng khng cn phi bit cc thng tin v mng bn
ngoi h thng t tr. Rt nhiu giao thc nh tuyn ni ang c sn. Mt ngi qun
tr mng phi chn mt giao thc nh tuyn ni thch hp vi iu kin ca mng v
tng thch vi phn cng mng. Phn sau s tho lun k hn v nhng giao thc
nh tuyn ni quan trng:
Giao thc thng tin nh tuyn (RIP)
Giao thc u tin ng i ngn nht (OSPF)
RIP l mt giao thc vector khong cch v OSPF l giao thc trng thi lin
kt. Mi giao thc cn c nhng vn v chi tit khc m khng c cp trong
cc phng php phn trc.

Thng tin thm
Hu ht cc router hin nay u h tr nhiu giao thc nh tuyn khc nhau.
7.4.1 Giao thc thng tin nh tuyn (RIP)
RIP l mt giao thc vector khong cch, xc nh ng i ti u da trn hop count
(xem li phn nh tuyn vector khong cch trong chng ny). RIP c pht
trin ti i hc California, Berkeley v ln u tin c s dng ph bin trong cc
phin bn BSD ca h iu hnh Unix. Mc d dng nh RIP ang li thi nhng n
vn l mt giao thc nh tuyn ph bin v hin vn ang c s dng rng ri. S
xut hin ca phin bn RIP II khc phc c mt s hn ch ca RIP I. Nhiu
router hin nay c h tr c RIP I v RIP II.
Thng tin thm
RIP c thc thi trn h thng Unix v Linux di dng daemon nh tuyn. Nh
m t phn trc, RIP (giao thc vector khong cch) i hi cc router phi
lng nghe nhng bn tin v ng i v hop count t cc router khc. Nhng
thnh phn tham gia vo RIP c phn thnh hai lp: ch ng v b ng. Mt
nt RIP ch ng l mt router tham gia vo tin trnh trao i d liu vector
khong cch. Thnh phn RIP ch ng gi bng nh tuyn ca n cho nhng
router khc v lng nghe nhng bn cp nht t nhng router . Mt thnh phn
RIP b ng lng nghe cp nht ca cc router khc nhng khng phn tn bng
nh tuyn ca n. Mt nt RIP b ng tiu biu l mt my host thng thng
(cn nhc li rng host cng cn c bng nh tuyn).
Khi tm hiu v nh tuyn vector khong cch phn trc, bn c l t hi
nhng g s xy ra khi hop count nhn c c ln bng vi gi tr hop count tn
ti trong bng nh tuyn. Trong trng hp ca RIP, nu hai ng i khc nhau n
cng mt ch c cng gi tr hop count th ng i c sn trong bng nh tuyn
s c tip tc s dng. iu ny trnh c nhng dao ng v ng i khng cn
thit c th pht sinh khi mt router thay i lin tc mt mc trong bng nh tuyn
c lin quan n hop count.
Mt router s dng RIP s pht tn bn tin cp nht theo chu k 30 giy, ng
thi n cng yu cu bn tin cp nht ngay sau . Ging nh nhng giao thc vector
khong cch khc, RIP hot ng c hiu qu trong nhng mng n nh. Nu s
lng router tng, nhiu vn s bt u pht sinh do hi t chm ca cc bng
nh tuyn. V l do ny, RIP a ra mt gii hn v s lng hop ti a tnh t
router u tin n router ch. Gi tr hop count gii hn ny l 15. Ngng ny
gii hn kch thc ca mt nhm router, nhng nu cc router c sp xp phn cp
th n c th m rng kch thc ca nhm ln hn 15 hop.
98 Chng 7. nh tuyn
Mc d phng php vector khong cch khng c bit quan tm n tc
ng truyn v loi mng vt l, RIP vn cho php ngi qun tr mng la chn
ng i bng cch nhp cc gi tr hop count ln cho nhng l trnh khng hiu qu.
Giao thc RIP thun tu c thay th dn dn bi nhng giao thc nh tuyn
mi hn, chng hn nh OSPF, m chng ta s tm hiu trong phn k tip.
7.4.2 Giao thc u tin ng i ngn nht (OSPF)
OSPF l giao thc nh tuyn ni c pht trin gn y v dn dn thay th RIP
trong rt nhiu mng. l mt giao thc nh tuyn trng thi lin kt, xut hin ln
u tin vo nm 1989 trong RFC 1131 v lin tc c cp nht. RFC 2328 m t
OSPF phin bn 2 v mt vi RFC sau thm vo nhng phn thay i v b
sung ca OSPF.
Mi router trong mt nhm router OSPF c gn mt s nhn dng router. S
nhn dng ny l a ch IP cao nht kt hp vi router (nu router s dng giao tip
loopback, s nhn dng router s l a ch loopback cao nht. Xem chng 3, Lp
Internet hiu thm v a ch loopback).
Nh chng ta tm hiu trong phn u ca chng, cc router trng thi lin
kt xy dng mt s a hnh mng bn trong. Nhng router khc s dng s nhn
dng router nhn bit mt router nm trong mng. Mi router u biu din mng
theo dng hnh cy m bn thn n l gc. Cy mng ny c gi l cy ng dn
ngn nht (SPT Shortest Path Tree). Nhng ng dn qua mng cng chnh l
nhng ng nhnh qua SPT. Router tnh ton chi ph cho mi l trnh. Chi ph ny c
th gm cc thng s s lng cc router v cc tham s khc, chng hn nh tc
v tin cy ca lin kt.
7.5 nh tuyn khng phn lp (classless)
Nh chng ta kho st chng 3 v chng 4, h thng nh tuyn TCP/IP c
thit k xung quanh khi nhim a ch mng, ph thuc vo cc lp a ch (A,B hoc
C) ca IP. V chng 4, h thng lp a ch c mt s hn ch, i khi li l mt
phng php thiu hiu qu nu ch nh mt khi a ch cho mt nh cung cp n
l. nh tuyn min Internet khng phn lp (Classless Internet Domain Routing -
CIDR) cung cp mt phng php khc gn a ch v xc nh cc ng i
(xem mc nh tuyn min Internet khng phn lp chng 4). H thng CIDR
xc nh mt host thng qua mt cp a ch/mt n, v d: 204.21.128.0/17. S mt n
tng trng cho s lng cc bit a ch lin kt vi a ch mng. H thng CIDR a
ra phng php nh tuyn hiu qu hn nu giao thc nh tuyn c h tr n. CIDR
gim c nhng thng tin cn thit phi truyn gia cc router v n cho php router

thay th nhiu lp mng bng mt thnh phn duy nht. Nhng giao thc gn y,
chng hn nh OSPF hoc BGP4 c h tr cch gn a ch khng phn lp, nhng
nhng giao thc khc, nh RIP, li khng h tr CIDR.
Tm tt
Chng ny gip chng ta tip cn gn hn vi nh tuyn. Chng ta kho st v cc
phng php nh tuyn: vector khong cch v trng thi lin kt. Chng ta cng
tm hiu v chuyn tip IP, cc router li, router ngoi, router ni. Cui chng, chng ta
cng kho st v hai giao thc nh tuyn ni: RIP v OSPF.
100 Chng 8. Phn gii tn
Chng 8 Phn gii tn

Phn gii tn host
DNS
NetBIOS
Trong chng 1, TCP/IP lm vic nh th no?, chng ta bit v phn gii
tn, mt k thut hiu qu lin kt mt tn min dng chui k t vi a ch IP 32
bit. Tin trnh phn gii tn nhn vo mt tn ca my tnh v phn gii tn thnh a ch
tng ng. Trong chng ny chng ta s nghin cu v tn host, tn min v tn min
y (FQDNs - fully qualified domain names). Chng ta cng nghin cu v mt h
thng phn gii tn NetBIOS s dng rng ri trong mng Microsoft.
Gii thch c ch lm vic ca phn gii tn
Gii thch s khc nhau gia tn host (hostname), tn min (domain name) v
tn min y (FQDN)
M t phn gii tn host
M t phn gii tn DNS
M t phn gii tn NetBIOS.
CHONG
8

FHAN GlAl TFN

8.1 Th no l phn gii tn?
Vo thi im pht trin ban u ca TCP/IP, ngi dng nhn thy nh a ch IP ca
mi my tnh trn mng l mt vic kh khn . Ngi dng ti cc trung tm nghin
cu s khng thi gian nh my A ti ta nh s 6 c a ch 100.12.8.14 hoc
100.12.8.18. Cc chuyn gia my tnh nghin cu mt cch mi thc hin nhim
v mt cch t ng. Mi ln ngi lp trnh ghi ra mt tn host th my tnh s
quan tm ti vic chuyn trc tip tn ra a ch IP tng ng. H thng tn host
c pht trin sm vi TCP/IP. Trong h thng ny, mi my c n nh mt tn
gm mt chui k t gi l tn host (hostname). Nu h iu hnh mun bit mt tn
tng ng vi a ch IP no, h iu hnh truy vn mt tp tin host (xem hnh 8.1).
Tp tin host bao gm mt danh sch cc mi kt hp gia tn host-vi-a ch IP. Nu
mt tn m nm trong danh sch cc tn host th my tnh s c ra c a ch IP
tng ng vi tn . My tnh thay th mi tn host trong cu lnh bng a ch IP
tng ng v thc thi cu lnh.
H thng tp tin host lm vic tt trong cc mng cc b nh. Nhng h thng
ny lm vic khng hiu qu trong cc mng ln. Cc kt hp host-v-a ch ch lu
trong mt tp tin n l v hiu qu tm kim s gim khi tp tin c m rng. Trong
mng dng ARP c mt tp tin gi l hosts.txt lu tr mt danh sch lin kt tn-v-
a ch, v ngi qun tr cc b phi lin tc cp nht tp tin host.txt theo trng thi
mng hin hnh. Hn na, khng gian tn host bn cht l phng. Mi nt u ngang
nhau,v h thng phn gii tn khng tn dng c tnh hiu qu ca cu trc phn
cp ca khng gian a ch IP. Ngay c khi cc k s ca mng ARP c th gii quyt
c cc vn ny, th h thng tp tin host vn khng lm vic c vi mng ln
hn vi hng triu nt ging nh Internet. Cc k s bit n s cn thit ca h
thng phn gii tn phn cp.
Trch nhim phn gii tn c phn b cho mt nhm cc server phn gii tn
t bit. Mi server ny lu tr mt bng cc kt hp tn_vi_a ch. Nhng
my tnh khc trn mng c th truy vn cc server ny v thng tin nh x gia
tn-v-a ch IP.
Cp quyn phn gii tn cc b cho cc nh qun tr cc b. Ni cch khc,
thay v duy tr mt bn sao tp trung ca tt c cp tn-v-a ch, chng ta cho
nh qun tr mng A phn gii tn cho mng A, v nh qun tr mng B cu
hnh phn gii tn cho mng B. Theo cch , cc c nhn chu trch nhim v
bt c s thay i no trn mt mng, cng c trch nhim m bo nhng thay
i ny c phn nh trong c s h tng phn gii tn.


Hnh 8-1 Phn gii tn host
Nhng yu t trn dn n h thng tn min (DNS). DNS l phng php
phn gii tn s dng trn Iternet v l ngun gc ca cc tn Internet ph bin nh
www.unixreview.com v www.slashdot.org. Nh chng ta s thy trong chng
tip theo, DNS chia khng gian tn thnh tng cp gi l min. Tn min c th bao
gm tn host v n c gi l tn min y (FQDN). V d: Mt my tnh vi tn
maybe trong min whitehouse.gov s c FQDN l maybe.whitehouse.gov.
Chng ny m t phn gii tn host v phn gii tn DNS. Chng ta cng s
bit v NetBIOS, mt trong nhng h thng phn gii tn min ph bin s dng trn
mng Microsoft.
8.2 Phn gii tn min s dng cc tp tin host
Nh chng ta bit trong phn trc, mt tp tin host l mt tp tin cha mt bng
gm cc kt hp tn host v a ch IP. Phn gii Tn host c pht trin trc
DNS nhng cch phn gii ny hin nay vn c s dng trong mt s mng, c
bit l cc mng nh khng cn thm cc chi ph cho qu trnh iu hnh DNS. Mt
vi mng s dng tp tin host cho vic tm kim cc b v DNS cho truy vn t xa,
nh truy cp Internet. Cu hnh phn gii tn host cho mng nh thng rt n gin.
H iu hnh h tr TCP/IP nhn ra tp tin host v s dng n cho vic phn gii m
khng cn s can thip hoc l rt t t ngi dng. Chi tit ca qu trnh cu hnh rt
khc nhau, ph thuc vo hon cnh.

Cc bc cu hnh DHCP tng qut nh sau:
1. n nh mt a ch IP v mt tn host cho mi my tnh.
2. To mt tp tin host nh x a ch IP v tn host ca mi my tnh. Tp tin host
thng c tn l hosts, kt hp thm phn m rng, n c tn l hosts.txt.
3. t tp tin host mt v tr xc nh trn mi my tnh. V tr khc nhau ty thuc
vo h iu hnh.
Tp tin host bao gm nhiu mc, mi mc tng ng cho mi host m my tnh
cn lin lc, n cho php ta nhp vo a ch IP tng ng vi tn host, FQDN, hoc l
nhng bit danh khc. Thng thng tp tin host lun cha mt a ch loopback,
127.0.0.1. a ch loopback c s dng cho vic chun on TCP/IP v i din
cho chnh my . Phng php ny qun l IP tnh, ngha l sau khi nhp vo th a
ch phi c thay i bng tay.
Sau y l mt v d cho bit tp tin host s nh th no (a ch IP ca h
thng pha bn tri, theo sau bi tn host v mt ch thch b sung v mc ny):
127.0.0.1 localhost #this machine
198.1.14.2 bobscomputer #Bob's workstation
198.1.14.128 r4downtown #gateway
Khi mt ng dng ca my tnh cn phn gii tn sang a ch IP, h thng u
tin so snh tn ring ca n vi tn yu cu. Nu khng trng, h thng s xem trong
tp tin host c tn ca my tnh trong danh sch hay khng. Nu c, a ch IP c tr
v cho my tnh cc b, v ARP c thc hin xc nh a ch phn cng tng
ng ca a ch IP ny. V sau lin lc gia hai my tnh c thit lp.
Nu bn ang s dng tp tin host cho vic phn gii tn, c mi thay i trong
mng th bn phi chnh sa tp tin host cho mi my tnh. Bn c th s dng mt s
chng trnh chnh sa vn bn chnh sa tp tin host. Trn h thng Unix, s dng
Vi, Pico, hoc l Emacs; trn Windows, s dng Notepad; trn DOS, s dng Edit.
Mt vi h thng cng cung cp cng c cu hnh TCP/IP v tng tc vi giao din
ngi dng chnh sa tp tin host.
Khi bn to v chnh sa tp tin host, phi m bo cc iu sau:
a ch IP phi t bn tri v cch bit vi tn host t nht mt hoc nhiu khong
trng.
Cc tn phi cch bit t nht mt khong trng.
Nhng tn b sung t trn mt dng n s l b danh cho tn u tin.
Tp tin c duyt (bi my tnh) t trn xung di. a ch IP u tin so trng s
c s dng. Khi tm thy mu tin trng, qu trnh tm kim dng li.
Bi v c ch tm t trn xung di, nn bn nn t nhng tn s dng thng
xuyn pha trn danh sch. N c th gip bn tng tc x l.
Cc ch gii c t bn phi ca k t #.
Ghi nh rng tp tin host l tnh; bn phi thay i bng tay mi khi a ch IP thay
i.
Cu hnh khng ng tp tin host (li chnh t trong tp tin host) c th gy ra vn
cho vic phn gii a ch. Nu mt a ch sai c tr v cho ng dng qua tin trnh
phn gii a ch, ng dng s khng hot ng ng chc nng.
Mc d FQDNs c cho php lm vic vi tp tin host, vic s dng chng trong tp
tin host c th gy ra vn kh khn cho nh qun tr trong vic chun on li.
Ngi qun tr cc b iu khin tp tin host th khng cn iu khin vic phn phi
a ch IP v tn host cho cc mng xa. Do , nu mt server xa c gn mt a
ch IP mi, v FQDN trong tp tin host cc b khng c cp nht, th tp tin host
vn tip tc ch ti a ch IP c.
Mt tp tin host l mt phng thc rt hiu qu v l cch n gin qun l
vic phn gii tn trong mng TCP/IP nh. Cn mt vi chi tit khc ty thuc vo h
iu hnh. Bn c th tra cu ti liu ca nh sn xut bit thm chi tit.
8.3 Phn gii tn DNS
Ngi thit k DNS mc ch mun trnh vic cp nht tp tin phn gii cho mi my
tnh. Thay vo DNS t d liu phn gii trn mt hoc vi server c bit. My
ch DNS cung cp vic phn gii tn min cho mng (xem hnh 8.2). Nu mt my
tnh trn mng bt gp mt tn m n khng phn gii c, n s gi truy vn n
server tm a ch IP tng ng vi tn . Nu my ch DNS c a ch, n gi a
ch tr li cho my tnh yu cu. My tnh sau s dng a ch IP thay cho tn host
v thc thi cu lnh. Khi c mt s thay i xy ra cho mng (v d nh c mt my
tnh mi hoc c mt s thay i tn), ngi qun tr mng ch vic thay i cu hnh
DNS (trn my ch DNS). Thng tin mi s c gi tr cho bt k my tnh no khi
to truy vn my ch DNS. My ch DNS c th ti u ha vic tm kim v c th h
tr c s d liu ln hn so vi vic tm trn tp tin host cng knh.
Mt my ch DNS th hin trn hnh 8.2 cung cp nhiu thun li hn cho vic
phn gii tn so vi phng php dng tp tin host. Ngi ta s dng mt chun cu
hnh DNS n cho mt mng cc b v mang n nhiu hiu qu hn trong vic s
dng ti nguyn mng. Tuy nhin, cu hnh th hin trn hnh 8.2 vn cha gii quyt
c vn qun l phn quyn trong mt cu trc h tng mng ln. Ging nh
trong trng hp dng tp tin host, cu hnh trong hnh 8.2 s khng ph hp cho mt

mng khng l nh Internet. Name server trong hnh 8.2 khng th t chc hiu qu
vi c s d liu gm mt mc cho mi host trn Internet, v c s d liu ny s rt
ln, khng th lm c. Bt c ai cu hnh cho cc server s phi bit mi thay i
trn Internet lin quan n bt k host no bt k ni u trn th gii. Mt gii php
tt hn, l chng ta cho mi vn phng hoc c quan cu hnh mt name server
ring cho mnh hot ng nh trong hnh 8.2 v sau cung cp phng tin cho cc
server ni chuyn vi nhau (xem hnh 8.3).
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Hnh 8-2 Mt my ch DNS cung cp dch v phn gii tn min cho
mng

Hnh 8-3 Trong cc mng ln hn, my ch DNS lin lc vi nhau
cung cp dch v phn gii a ch
Trong s ny, khi mt DNS client gi mt yu cu phn gii ti name server, name
server s lm cc cng vic sau :
Nu name server tm thy yu cu a ch trong c s d liu ring ca n, n s ngay
lp tc gi yu cu ti client.
Nu name server khng tm thy a ch trong cc bn ghi ca ring n, n s truy vn
cc name server khc tm a ch v gi a ch cho client.
Bn c th thc mc tn server u tin no m name server lin h khi bt u
tin trnh truy vn tm ra a ch.
Tht ra, tin trnh ny kt hp cht ch vi vic thit k khng gian tn min
DNS. Ghi nh rng DNS khng lm vic trc tip vi tn host. Nh m t trong
cc chng trc, DNS lm vic vi tn min y (FQDNs). Mt FQDN bao gm
mt tn host v mt tn xc nh min.
Khng gian tn DNS l mt s sp xp a cp cc min (Hnh 8.4). Mt min
l mt tp hp cc my tnh thuc cng mt t chc c tn ging nhau phn chung
ca khng gian tn (c ngha l cng mang chung tn min). Ti nh cao nht ca cy
DNS l mt nt gi l gc (root). Gc i khi th hin di dng du chm (.), mc
d k t tht s ca gc l k t null. Cp di gn nht ca gc l mt nhm cc tn
min c gi l min cp cao (TLD Top Level Domain). Hnh 8.4 th hin mt s
TLD cho khng gian tn ni ting nht trn th gii l Internet. Mc trn cng tn
min bao gm cc tn min quen thuc nh .com, .org, v .edu , cng nh tn min
cc quc gia, nh l .us (M), .uk (Anh), .fr (Php), v .jp (Nht Bn).

Hnh 8-4 Khng gian tn min DNS
Thng tin thm
Nhm cc tn min cp cao c cng b gn y gm .biz, .coop, .info, v.museum.
Di mi tn min cp trn cng l mt cp khc ca min (trong trng hp
ca Internet) c qun l bi cc cng ty, c quan, hoc t chc. Tn cc c quan
nm pha trc cc tn min trn cng. V d, trong hnh 8.5, i hc DeSade c tn

min DeSade.edu. T chc c thm quyn vi tn min c th to mt hoc nhiu tn
min nh ph thm. Ti mi mc, tn ca min cc b l phn trc ca tn min cha.
V d, vn phng lo vic gii tr ca DeSade c tn min flames.DeSade.edu (ch ra
trong hnh 8.5) v phng tip khch (thng c sinh vin gi vi tn "dungeon") c
tn min dungeon.flames.DeSade.edu. Trong mi trng hp th h thng DNS h tr
ti 127 mc tn min, nhng mt tn min qu di s khng thun tin khi s dng.

Hnh 8-5 S gn ng ca DNS
Thng tin thm
Nu nh bn lm vic nhiu vi Internet, bn c th thy cc tn min m rng nhiu cp
(nh trong hnh 8.5) th thng khng ph bin. Cc Website, c bit ng nht l.com,
thng c tham kho qua tn min ca t chc vi www lm phn m u:
www.ibm.com. Tuy nhin, lu rng mt Website c th c phc v bi mt server n
hoc mt nhm cc server ti mt v tr. Cc tn min a cp c th gp thng xuyn
trong trng hp truy cp ti nguyn trn cc my ca mt t chc ln tri rng trn nhiu
v tr. TLD trong khu vc cng cng (.gov) c khuynh hng to ra cc tn c nhiu cp.
Tn min th hin mt chui cc min i t nh ca cy xung. Name server
trong min sams.com s lu gi cc thng tin phn gii tn cho mi host nm trong
sams.com. Vi thm quyn vi tn min , server c th y quyn vic phn gii a
ch tn min con cho mt server khc. V d, server c thm quyn vi tn min
sams.com c th y quyn tn min con edit.sams.com cho mt name server khc. Cc
mu tin phn gii tn cho tn min con edit.sams.com c th nm trn name server
c y quyn trn tn min con . Thm quyn cho vic phn gii a ch thc hin
thng qua cy, v nh qun tr s hu mt tn min c th iu khin nh x tn-vi-
a ch ca host trong min .
Khi mt host trn mng cn a ch IP, n thng gi truy vn quy ti server
gn nht. Truy vn ny c ni dung, "hy ch cho ti a ch IP lin kt vi tn ny
hoc ch cho ti ni tm ra chng." Nu name server khng th tm ra a ch trong s
cc mu tin ring ca n, n s khi to tin trnh truy vn mt name server khc
tm ra a ch. Tin trnh ny th hin nh trong hnh 8.6. Name server A s dng mt
qu trnh truy vn lp i lp li nh vy tm ra a ch. Truy vn lp li gi cho
name server k tip "hoc l gi cho ti a ch IP hoc l cho ti mt manh mi ti
c th tm ra n."
Tin trnh phn gii a ch DNS c din ra nh sau (ch ra trong hnh 8.6):
Host1 gi mt truy vn ti name server A hi v a ch IP lin kt vi tn min
trog.DogInStarlight.marines.mil.
Name server A kim tra trong cc mu tin ca n xem n c th p ng yu
cu khng. Nu server A c a ch, n s tr li ia ch cho Host1.
a ch IP cua trog.DogInStarlight.marines.mil?
Th lai vi
Name Server C
a ch IP cua
trog.DogInStarlight.marines.mil?
marines.mil
Th lai vi
Name Server D
a ch IP cua trog.DogIn...?
a ch IP: 192.134.14.21
a

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h

I
P
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1
9
2
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1
3
4
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1
4
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2
1

Hnh 8-6 Tin trnh phn gii a ch

Nu name server A khng c a ch, n s bt u tin trnh tm a ch. Name
server A lp li yu cu phn gii a ch cho server B, name server trn cng phn
gii cho min .mil, hi xem a ch lin kt vi tn trog.DogInStarlight.marines.mil.
Name server B s khng p ng c yu cu , nhng n c th gi cho
name server A a ch ca server C, name server ca marines.mil.
Name server A gi li yu cu phn gii a ch ti server C, name server C s
khng p ng c yu cu , nhng n c th gi cho name server A a ch ca
server D, name server ca DogInStarlight.marines.com.
Name server A li lp li yu cu ny ti server D, name server D tm a ch
tng ng vi host trog.DogInStarlight.marines.mil v gi a ch ny cho server A .
Server A sau gi a ch ny cho Host1.
Host1 s thc hin qu trnh kt ni vi host trog.DogInStarlight.marines.mil.
Qu trnh ny xy ra hng ngn ln(nu khng ni l hng triu ln) mi ngy
trn Internet. Biu n gin ny khng th hin ht c cc tnh cht phc tp
khc ca mng hin i, bao gm a ch cache, DHCP, v DNS ng. Tuy nhin,
chc nng ca lin kt cc mng TCP/IP ph thuc vo hnh thc phn gii a ch
DNS ny.
Mt iu quan trng cn ghi nh l mng khng yu cu phi c mi name
server ring cho mi node trn cy tn min. Mt name server c th x l nhiu min
v ngc li nhiu server phc v cho mt min.
8.4 ng k mt min
Internet ch l mt v d ca khng gian tn min DNS. Bn khng cn phi kt ni
vo Internet s dng DNS. Nu bn khng kt ni vo Internet, bn khng phi lo
lng v vic ng k tn min ring ca bn. Tuy nhin, cc cng ty mun s dng
mt tn min ring (nh l BuddysCars.com) phi ng k tn vi ni c thm
quyn cp tn min. ICANN l c quan qun l vic ng k tn min, nhng n y
quyn cho cc nhm khc qun l ng k cc TLD c th khc. Dch v ng k tn
min phc v cho TLD c lit k di y.
.com, .org, v .net - Mt s cng ty c thm quyn cung cp dch v phn gii
tn min cho cc tn min cp cao ph bin nh .com, .org, v .net . Xem
website ICANN ti http://www.icann.com.
.gov - Tn min .gov dnh ring cho c quan chnh ph lin bang M. Cc tn
ca bang v chnh quyn a phng nm trong mt nhch ca TLD U.S. Dch v
ng k cho tn min .gov nm ti http://www.registration.fed.gov.
.mil - Tn min .mil trc thuc qun i M. Dch v ng k ti
http://www.nic.mil.
8.5 Qun l DNS
Khi thc hin DNS trong mng, bn nn chn t nht mt server c trch nhim lu tr
tn min ca bn. N c coi nh l server tn min chnh ca bn, n s ly thng
tin v cc vng m n qun l t cc tp tin cc b. Bt c thay i no cho tn min
ca bn u thc hin trn server ny.
Rt nhiu mng cng c mt hoc nhiu server d phng, hoc l name server
th cp. Nu bt c chuyn g xy ra cho server chnh, my ny s tip tc thc hin
cng vic thay cho server chnh. Server th cp ly thng tin t tp tin zone ca server
chnh. Khi s trao i thng tin ny thc hin, n c xem nh mt sj chuyn zone.
Loi server th ba c gi l caching-only server (server ch m). Cache l
mt phn ca b nh my tnh, lu gi cc d liu c yu cu truy cp thng
xuyn. Vi mt caching-only server, n p ng cc truy vn t client trn mng cc
b cho cc yu cu phn gii tn. N truy vn my ch DNS khc v tn min v cc
my tnh cung cp dch v nh Web v FTP. Khi n nhn thng tin t my ch DNS,
n lu thng tin vo b nh cache ca n c th s dng li trong trng hp thng
tin ny c yu cu ln na.
Caching-only server c my tnh client trong mng cc b s dng phn
gii tn. Nhng my ch DNS khc trn Internet s khng bit chng v do s
khng truy vn chng. y l cch gim ti cho cc server. Vic duy tr mt
caching-only server khng phc tp trong trng hp bn c mt site t xa v my
tnh client phn gii tn v khng cn g nhiu hn na.
Cache c cu hnh trc vi cc a ch IP ca 9 my ch DNS mc gc.
Nu my tnh truy cp Internet qua mt router, n s sn sng lm vic. My tnh
client c th bao gm a ch IP ca my ch DNS ny trong danh sch th t tm
kim ca chng, v my ch DNS s bt u p ng yu cu bng vic lin lc vi
my ch DNS khc v t ng thm cc mu tin vo b nh cache ca n.
Thng tin thm
DNS phi c thc hin nh l mt dch v hoc mt daemon chy trn my
my ch DNS. Cc Server Windows c sn dch v DNS, nhng mt s cc nh
qun tr mng li a thch s dng DNS ca cc cng ty khc. Th gii Unix c
mt s la chn trong vic thc hin DNS, nhng la chn ph bin nht l h
thng tn min Internet Berkeley (BIND).

8.5.1 Cu hnh my ch DNS
Mt nhm cc host DNS trong cu hnh tp hp cc my ch DNS c gi l zone.
Trong mt mng n gin, mt zone c th l mt min DNS hon chnh. Ly v d,
tn min punyisp.com c th c coi nh mt zone duy nht cu hnh DNS.
Trong nhng mng phc tp, cu hnh DNS cho mt min con i khi c y quyn
cho mt zone khc phc v cho min con . y quyn zone cho php cc nh qun
tr mng c s hiu bit trc tip hn v mt mng con qun l cu hnh DNS cho
mng con . V d, nh qun tr DNS cho tn min cocacola.com c th y quyn
cu hnh DNS ca tn min con dallas.cocacola.com cho mt zone iu khin bi
nh qun tr DNS Dallas, ngi c th quan st cht ch mi host trong
dallas.cocacola.com.
Bn c th hi s khc bit gia zone v min l g? Mt iu cn lu l
ngoi s khc nhau kh thy v ng ngha (mt domain l mt s chia nh khng gian
tn v mt zone l mt tp hp cc host). Cc khi nim zone v domain hon ton
khng tng ng vi nhau. c phn ny cn ghi nh cc iu sau:
Cc thnh vin trong mt min con cng l thnh vin trong min cha. Ly v d, host
trong dallas.cocacola.com cng nm trong cocacola.com. Nhng tri ngc li,
nu mt zone ca dallas.cocacola.com c y quyn, mt host trong
dallas.cocacola.com th khng phi l thnh phn ca zone cocacola.com.
Nu mt min con khng c y quyn mt cch r rng, n khng yu cu mt
zone phn bit v n gin c gp chung trong tp tin zone ca min cha.
Chi tit ca vic y quyn zone DNS ph thuc trn ng dng my ch DNS.
By gi cn nh rng, zone th hin tp cu hnh ca mt nhm cc my ch DNS v
host, v nh qun tr DNS c th y quyn cc phn trong khng gian tn min cho cc
zone khc qun tr c hiu qu hn.
8.5.2 Tp tin Zone
Nh trong phn trc, zone DNS l mt n v qun tr i din cho mt tp hp cc
my tnh trong mt phn khng gian tn min DNS. Cu hnh DNS ca mt zone lu
tr trong mt tp tin zone. My ch DNS s truy cp cc thng tin trong tp tin zone
p ng cho cc truy vn v a ra cc yu cu. Mt tp tin zone l mt tp tin text
vi mt cu trc chun. Ni dung ca tp tin zone bao gm nhiu mu tin ti nguyn.
Mi mu tin ti nguyn nm trn mt dng cung cp cc thng tin hu ch v cu hnh
DNS. Mt vi loi mu tin ti nguyn ph bin:
SOA - (Start of Authority). Mu tin SOA cho bit Name server c thm quyn
i vi zone .
NS - (Name Server). Mu tin NS cho bit Name Server ca zone. Mt zone c
th c nhiu name server (v do c nhiu bn ghi NS) nhng ch c mt mu
tin SOA cho name server c thm quyn.
A - Mu tin A nh x tn DNS vi a ch IP.
PTR - Mu tin PTR nh x a ch IP vi tn DNS.
CNAME - CNAME l mt tn ngn hp l. Mu tin CNAME nh x mt b danh vi
mt tn host thc th hin bi mu tin A .
Do , tp tin zone s cho my ch DNS bit:
My ch DNS c thm quyn i vi Zone.
Cc my ch DNS (thm quyn v khng thm quyn) trong zone
Cc nh x tn DNS sang a ch IP trong zone
B danh (tn khc) ca host trong zone
Cc loi mu tin ti nguyn khc cung cp thng tin v cc ch nh mail
servers (mu tin MX), nh x IP sang tn DNS (mu tin PTR), v cc dch v ni ting
(mu tin WKS). Mt tp tin zone c dng nh sau:
@ IN SOA boris.cocacola.com. hostmaster.cocacola.com. (
201.9 ; serial number incremented with each
; file update
;
3600 ; refresh time (in seconds)
1800 ; retry time (in seconds)
4000000 ; expiration time (in weeks)
3600) ; minimum TTL
IN NS horace.cocacola.com.
IN NS boris.cocacola.com.
;
; Host to IP address mappings
;
localhost IN A 127.0.0.1
chuck IN A 181.21.23.4
amy IN A 181.21.23.5
darrah IN A 181.21.23.6
joe IN A 181.21.23.7
bill IN A 181.21.23.8
;
; Aliases
;
ap IN CNAME amy
db IN CNAME darrah
bu IN CNAME bill

Ghi ch rng mu tin SOA bao gm mt vi tham s iu khin tin trnh cp
nht d liu zone t server chnh sang cc server th cp. Ngoi s serial cho bit
phin bn ca chnh tp tin zone, cn c mt s tham s th hin mt s thng tin sau :
Thi gian lm ti (Refresh time) L khong thi gian nh k my ch DNS th
cp s truy vn server chnh cp nht thng tin.
Thi gian th li (Retry time) L khong thi gian i th li nu qu trnh
cp nht khng thnh cng.
Thi gian ht hn (Expiration time) Gii hn thi gian m server th cp cn lu
mt mu tin m khng c cp nht li.
Thi gian sng ti thiu (Minimum TTL) Thi gian sng mc nh ca cc mu
tin zone.
Phn bn phi ngoi cng ca mu tin SOA l a ch email ca ngi chu trch
nhim cho zone . Thay th du chm u tin bng k hiu @ hnh thnh
mt a ch email.
V d trn l mt trng hp n gin nht ca tp tin zone. Nhng tp tin ln
hn c th bao gm hng trm mu tin a ch v nhng mu tin t ph bin khc th
hin nhng kha cnh khc ca cu hnh. Tn ca tp tin zone v trong mt vi nh
dng c th khc nhau tu thuc vo phn mm my ch DNS. V d trn l dng
BIND (Berkeley Internet Name Domain) thng dng, mt dng name server ph bin
nht trn Internet.
Mt iu cn nh rng, vic thc hnh cu hnh cc dch v bng cch thao tc
cc tp tin vn bn ang gim dn i. Rt nhiu chng trnh ng dng my ch DNS
cung cp giao din ngi dng che du i cc thng tin chi tit v tp tin zone.
DNS ng (m t trong chng ny) cn cung cp mt cch khc m khng
cn ti cc chi tit v cu hnh.
8.5.3 Tp tin Zone truy vn ngc
Mt loi tp tin zone khc rt cn thit cho vic phn gii DNS l tp tin truy vn
ngc. Tp tin ny c s dng khi client cung cp a ch IP v yu cu tn host
tng ng. Trong a ch IP, phn bn tri nht l phn chung v phn bn phi nht l
phn ring. Trong khi trong tn min th ngc li: phn bn tri nht l phn ring
v phn bn phi nh l com hoc edu, l phn chung. to tp tin zone ngc bn
phi o ngc a ch mng phn chung v phn ring c cng th t nh trong
tn min. Ly v d, zone cho mng 192.59.66.0 s c tn 66.59.192.in-
addr.arpa.
Mi mu tin trong tp tin ny lun c host ID theo sau bi.in-addr.arpa.
Phn in-addr m ch a ch o ngc, v phn arpa xc nh mt mc domain trn
cng khc v l ARPAnet mng tin thn ca Internet.
Thng tin thm
Cc mng lp A v B c tn zone o ngc ngn hn, do chng cha t bit a ch
mng hn. V d, trong mng lp A 43.0.0.0, c zone o ngc s l 43.in-
addr.arpa. Trong mng lp B 172.58.0.0, c zone o ngc l 58.172.in-
addr.arpa.
8.5.4 Nhng tin ch cho DNS
Bn c th s dng bt c tin ch mng no h tr phn gii tn kim tra xem
mng ca bn ang phn gii tn ng hay khng. Mt trnh duyt Web, mt FTP
client, mt Telnet client, hoc lnh Ping c th cho bn bit hot ng ca qu trnh
phn gii a ch. Nu bn c th kt ni ti mt ti nguyn s dng a ch IP ca n
nhng khng th kt ni vi ti nguyn khi s dng hosname hoc FQDN, th l
li do vic phn gii a ch.
Nu my tnh ca bn s dng mt tp tin hosts v cng s dng DNS, hy nh
v hiu hoc tm thi i tn tp tin host tm thi khi bn kim th DNS. Ngc li
rt kh xc nh mt tn c phn gii bi tp tin hosts hoc do DNS. Phn sau s
m t cch s dng lnh Ping kim tra DNS. Phn tip theo s m t tin ch
NSLookup, dng cho vic cu hnh DNS v sa li.
8.5.5 Kim tra phn gii a ch vi Ping
Mt tin ch n gin v hu ch l lnh Ping dng kim tra cu hnh DNS. Ping
gi mt tn hiu sang mt my tnh khc v i tr li. Nu tr li n, bn s bit hai
my tnh kt ni. Nu bn bit a ch IP ca my xa, bn c th ping my tnh
bng a ch IP:
ping 198.1.14.2
Nu lnh thnh cng, bn s bit my tnh ca bn c kt ni vi my t xa
bng a ch IP nh trn khng.
By gi c gng th ping my xa bng tn DNS:
ping williepc.remotenet.com

Nu bn ping my tnh xa bng a ch IP nhng khng th ping bng tn
DNS, b phn phn gii a ch c th lm vic khng ng. Nu bn c th ping bng
tn DNS, th bn c th an tm v b phn gii tn ang lm vic tt.
8.5.6 Kim tra phn gii a ch vi NSLookup
Tin ch NSLookup cho php bn c th truy vn cc my ch DNS v xem thng tin
v cc mu tin ti nguyn ca n, v n hu ch trong vic sa li DNS. Cng c
NSLookup hot ng hai ch :
Ch x l theo l - Trong ch ny, bn khi ng NSLookup v nhp
vo cc tham s. NSLookup thc hin yu cu theo tham s nhp vo, hin th
kt qu v sau dng li.
Ch tng tc - Trong ch tng tc, bn khi ng NSLookup m
khng cn nhp vo cc tham s. NSLookup sau s yu cu bn nhp cc
tham s. Khi bn nhp tham s, NSLookup thc hin yu cu, hin th kt qu
v sau tr v ch dng lnh, v i bn nhp cc tham s k tip. Hu ht
cc nh qun tr s dng ch tng tc bi v n thun tin cho vic thc
hin mt chui cc hot ng.
NSLookup c mt s la chn m rng. Mt vi la chn c bn lit k di
y s cho bn bit s v cch lm vic ca NSLookup.
chy NSLookup trong ch tng tc, g vo nslookup trong ch
dng lnh.
Nh trn hnh 8.7, NSLookup p ng vi tn v a ch IP ca my ch DNS
m NSLookup ang hin ti s dng, ly v d
Default Server: dnsserver.Lastingimpressions.com
Address: 192.59.66.200
>

K t (>) l du nhc ca NSLookup.
NSLookup c khong 15 thng s m bn c th thay i nh hng ti
cch lm vic ca NSLookup. Mt vi thng s thng c s dng c lit k
di y:
?; v help Nhng lnh ny s dng xem danh sch cc lnh ca
NSLookup
server Lnh ny xc nh my ch DNS truy vn.
ls Lnh ny dng lit k danh sch cc tn trong min (th hin phn
gia ca hnh 8.7).
ls -a Lnh ny lit k danh sch cc tn hp php v b danh trong mt
min, trong hnh 8.7.
ls -d Lnh ny lit k danh sch cc mu tin ti nguyn (th hin gn
phn gn cui ca hnh 8.7).
set all Lnh ny hin th cc gi tr thng s hin ti.

Hnh 8-7 p ng NSLookup
NSLookup khng gii hn trong vic xem thng tin t my ch DNS ca bn;
bn c th xem thng tin t bt c server no. Nu bn l mt nh cung cp dch v
Internet(ISP), bn nn dnh cc a ch IP cho t nht hai my ch DNS.
NSLookup c th s dng a ch IP khc hoc l tn min khc. Bn c th
chuyn ti my ch DNS khc bng lnh server theo sau bi a ch IP hoc FQDN.
Ly v d, kt ni NSLookup vo server gc E, bn c th nhp server
192.203.230.10. Sau gn nh bn c th nhp bt c tn min no, v d nh l
samspublishing.com, v xem a ch IP c ng k cho tn min . Nhng chc
rng hu ht cc my ch DNS thng mi v cc server gc s t chi lnh ls, bi
v chng c th to ra lu lng khng l hoc r r thng tin an ton.
8.6 DNS ng
DNS, nh c m t pha trc, n c thit k cho trng hp c s kt hp c
nh (hoc bn c nh) gia tn host v a ch IP. Trong cc mng ngy nay (bn s
xem trong cc chng k tip), a ch IP thng c thit k ng. Hay ni cch

khc, mt a ch IP mi c n nh cho mt my tnh qua giao thc cu hnh host
ng DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol). iu c ngha l nu nh
my tnh ng k vi DNS v c th truy cp bng tn host ca n th my ch DNS
phi bng cch no bit c i ch m my tnh ang s dng. S s dng rng
ri cu hnh a ch IP ng bt buc cc nh sn xut DNS phi p ng theo yu
cu. Mt vi s thc hin IP (gm BIND) cho php cp nht ng cc mu tin
DNS. Trong kch bn in hnh (hnh 8.8), DHCP server phn pht mt a ch IP cho
mi client v sau client cp nht a ch mi ca n cho my ch DNS. Chng ta s
tm hiu thm v DHCP trong chng 9, "Giao thc cu hnh host ng - DHCP"

Hnh 8-8 Cp nht DNS ng
8.7 Phn gii tn NetBIOS
NetBIOS l mt API v l h thng phn gii tn do IBM pht trin u tin v by
gi tr ln ph bin trong cc mng Microsoft Windows. Tn NetBIOS l tn ca
my tnh m bn n nh cho my tnh Windows ca bn. Tn my tnh NetBIOS c
s dng nhn din cc my tnh trong Explorer v My Computer. NetBIOS c
pht trin cho cc mng khng s dng TCP/IP. H thng tn NetBIOS tht ra l mt
b phn khng cn thit trong cc mng TCP/IP bi v tn NetBIOS c vai tr cng
ging nh host name. Microsoft ang c gng lm gim vai tr NetBIOS trong
Windows 2000/XP v c l s tip tc pht trin phn gii tn min TCP/IP trong
tng lai. Ti thi im vit ti liu ny c l cng l lc ngi ta cn nhc li h
thng phn gii NetBIOS. Mc d vy, nh hng ca NetBIOS i vi h thng my
tnh vn cn ln n ni cc cuc hi tho v vn phn gii tn s khng trn vn
nu khng c mt s lu tm no n NetBIOS.
Bi v NetBIOS hot ng thng qua broadcast, ngi dng trong cc mng
nh khng phi quan tm n vn cu hnh phn gii NetBIOS. Trong cc mng
ln, NetBIOS phc tp hn. Nhng mng ln s dng NetBIOS name servers c
gi l WINS server dng cho vic phn gii tn NetBIOS. Bn cng c th cu hnh
mt tp tin LM Hosts tnh (tng t vi tp tin hosts trong DNS) cho vic phn gii.
Nhng phn tip theo s tm hiu k hn qu trnh phn gii a ch NetBIOS.
8.8 Cc phng php phn gii a ch NetBIOS
Trong mng TCP/IP, mc ch sau cng ca phn gii tn NetBIOS l cung cp a
ch IP cho cc tn NetBIOS. Tn NetBIOS l mt tn n c th di ti 15 k t, nh
l Workstation1, HRServer, v CorpServer. NetBIOS khng cho php trng tn trong
mt mng.
Thng tin thm
V mt k thut th tn NetBIOS c 16 k t. Tuy nhin, k t th 16 c dng
bi ng dng nm bn di, v thng th ngi dng khng th cu hnh trc
tip. Nhng k t ny s ni n trong phn sau ca chng ny. Tn NetBIOS,
ging nh tn host, dng cu trc phng, bi v khng c s phn cp hoc kh
nng m rng tn. Trong cc phn tip theo, bn s xem xt mt s cch phn
gii tnNetBIOS vi a ch IP tng ng ca chng:
Da trn Broadcast
Da trn LM Hosts
Da trn WINS
8.8.1 Phng php phn gii da trn Broadcast
Mt trong nhng cch phn gii c thc hin qua broadcast. Broadcast xy ra khi
mt my tnh thng tin ti mi my tnh khc trong phn on mng ca n, khi n
cn bit a ch ca mt my tnh c th. Mi my trong phn on s lng nghe
broadcast, nhng ch mt my xc nh trong lnh broadcast l phn hi li yu cu
ny. Phng php phn gii tn ny gi l phn gii B-Node, n lm vic tt trong
mi trng mng LAN, nhng khng lm vic c trong cc mng m rng ra khi
mng LAN, bi v router s chn li cc broadcast ny.
Thng tin thm
Broadcast c th gy ra lu lng trn mng ln, do n c th gy ra tc
nghn trn mng. Routers c th gii hn s tc nghn bng cch khng
chuyn tip cc broadcast ti phn cn li ca mng. Tin trnh phn gii tn
bng broadcast th n gin v khng yu cu cu hnh thm no c th s
dng. Ch n gin ci t mt card mng v phn mm mng TCP/IP trn h
iu hnh Window cho php s dng broadcast xc nh cc my khc thng
qua vic s dng phn gii NetBIOS.

8.8.2 Phn gii tn dng cc tp tin LMHosts
H thng Windows c th phn gii tn NetBIOS sang a ch IP s dng tp tin
LMHosts. Tp tin LMHost tng t vi tp tin hosts (m t trong phn trn ca
chng ny). Mt tp tin LMHosts lin kt tn NetBIOS vi a ch IP. a ch IP
c lit k ct bn tri ca tp tin, tng ng vi tn ca my tnh pha phi cch
nhau t nht mt khong trng; cc ch thch c th t trong tp tin bng cch t
chng sau du #. LMHosts yu cu nh x tnh a ch IP vi tn NetBIOS. Trn mi
my tnh khc nhau c ring mt tp tin LMHosts. Bn phi cu hnh bng tay tp tin
LMHosts ny. Nu mt my tnh mi c thm vo mng, cc my tnh khc s
khng th tm ra n thng qua tp tin LMHosts cho n khi mt mc cho my tnh
c b sung bng tay vo mi tp tin LMHosts.
Trn mt mng ch gm mt phn on, mt tp tin LMHosts thng khng
cn thit, bi v my tnh trn mng c th phn gii tn NetBIOS thng qua
broadcast. (Trong mt s trng hp, LMHosts c th c s dng lm tng tnh
hiu qu trong cc h thng khng broadcast.) Trn cc mng ln bao gm nhiu hn
mt phn on, broadcast khng th dng phn gii tn vt qua pha bn kia ca
router. Trong trng hp ny, my tnh phi thc hin chc nng phn gii tn
NetBIOS s dng hoc l LMHosts hoc l WINS server (m t trong phn sau).
Trong mt vi trng hp, LMHosts rt hu ch ch ra li i ti b iu khin
domain nm trn phn on mng khc nhau. (B iu khin tn min l cn thit cho
vic chng thc trong mi trng Windows hot ng da trn domain.)
Trong h thng Windows, tp tin LMHosts c bao gm trong Microsoft
TCP/IP. Microsoft cng bao gm cc tp tin LMHosts mu c tn LMHosts.sam. Bn
c th chnh sa tp tin LMHosts.sam, nhng phi b phn m rng .sam tp tin c
th thc hin c.
Thng tin thm
LM trong LMHosts xut pht t Microsoft's LAN Manager,mt sn phm km theo
Windows NT.
Sau y l mt v d c bn ca tp tin LMHosts:
192.59.66.205 marketserv #tp tin server for marketing department
192.59.66.206 marketapp #application server for marketing
192.59.66.207 bobscomputer #bob's workstation
Nhng tn NetBIOS thng xuyn c phn gii s lu trong cache. Cache l
mt phn ca b nh my tnh lu tr nhng d liu thng xuyn c yu cu v
sn sng truy cp. Bt c khi no mt ngi dng c gng nh v mt my tnh c
th, h thng lun lun tra cu trong cache trc khi tm kim trong tp tin LMHosts.
Nu khng tm thy mt s so trng no, cc mu tin trong LMHosts c th c
duyt p ng yu cu. Tin trnh ny c th tn nhiu thi gian khi c nhiu mu
tin trong LMHosts, do tng tc x l bn nn cho cc mu tin thng xuyn s
dng np vo b nh cache trc bng cch thm vo t kha #PRE (xem hnh 8.9).
Tp tin LMHosts c duyt qua ton b cc dng ny mt ln khi mng khi ng,
do hiu qu th cc dng c t kha #PRE thng c t vo phn cui ca
LMHosts. Cc dng ny ch cn c duy nht mt ln nn vic t n phn cui ca
tp tin s lm gim i kh nng duyt qua chng nhiu ln.
Thng tin thm
Bn c th s dng tin ch NBTStat xem v thao tc trn cache ca NetBIOS. xem
ni dung trong cache, g nbtstat c ti ch dng lnh.
Vic duy tr cc tp tin tnh nh host v LMHosts th rt kh bi cc tp tin ny
nm trong cc my tnh c lp v khng c s tp trung. Tp tin LMHosts gii quyt
vn trn bng cch s dng t kha #INCLUDE, theo sau bi ng dn n cc tp
tin LMHosts trn cc my khc. Vi t kha ny, tp tin LMHosts cc b c th thm
vo v tr ca tp tin LMHosts trn server c s dng bi cc my cc b. iu ny
cho php cc chnh sa c thc hin trn tp tin LMHosts ca server, vi cc thay
i t pha ngi dng.
Nu c nhiu mc #INCLUDE, chng cn t gia hai t kha #BEGIN
ALTERNATE v #END ALTERNATE, th hin trong hnh 8.9.
Nh cp trong phn trc, LMHosts c th s dng xc nh v tr b
phn iu khin min trn phn on khc ca mng. T kha #DOM cho bit mu tin
th hin b phn iu khin tn min.


Hnh 8-9 Ni dung ca tp tin LMHosts
8.8.3 Phn gii tn: Dch v phn gii tn Internet trn Windows (WINS)
WINS c to ra nhm gii quyt cc thiu st trong LMHosts ging nh DNS c
to ra khc phc hn ch ca cc tp tin hosts. Khi mt client mun c a ch IP
ca mt my tnh, n truy vn server WINS ly thng tin.
Thng tin thm
WINS c Microsoft pht trin v thng thng c gi l NBNS (NetBIOS Name
Server). NetBIOS name server m t trong RFCs 1001 v 1002.
WINS duy tr mt c s d liu v cc tn NetBIOS c ng k cho nhiu
loi i tng khc nhau, bao gm ngi dng, my tnh dch v chy trn my tnh
v nhm lm vic. Tuy nhin, thay v cc mu tin trong c s d liu ny c trong
cc tp tin vn bn c son tho bng tay, th trong WINS ging nh trong DNS,
cc my tnh client ng k ng tn v a ch IP ca n vi server WINS khi n khi
ng.
WINS server nhn v p ng li cc yu cu phn gii tn NetBIOS (xem
hnh 8.10). Nu mt WINS server trong hnh 8.10 trng c v ging nh my ch
DNS trong hnh 8.2, l bi v WINS server thc hin phn gii tn NetBIOS ging
nh my ch DNS phn gii tn min. Tuy nhin, khng gian tn min phng
NetBIOS khng tin li bng k thut phn gii phn cp trong DNS.

Hnh 8-10 Phn gii tn NetBIOS-WINS
Thng tin thm
Microsoft gii thiu mt hnh thc tch hp gia DNS/WINS vi Windows NT 4, m hnh
ny cung cp vic phn gii tn min DNS trong cc mng ln kt hp vi phn gii
NetBIOS t ng. S tch hp hn na gia DNS vi NetBIOS trong mi trng th mc
tch cc Windows 2000 lm cho tnh cht ny tr ln khng cn thit.
cu hnh my tnh Windows s dng WINS, bn nhp vo a ch IP ca
mt (hoc hai) WINS server trong th WINS Address Property hoc hp thoi TCP/IP
Properties. Sau khi hon tt v my tnh c khi ng li, th n s tr thnh
WINS client.
Khi mt my client WINS khi ng sau khi cu hnh s dng WINS, cc tin
trnh xy ra tip theo nh sau:
Khi ng dch v - Khi my tnh khi ng li, nhiu loi dch v khc nhau
c khi ng, mt vi dch v cn bit cc my tnh khc.
Yu cu ng k - c th bit cc my tnh khc trn mng, dch v ny phi
t ng k. Mt WINS client ng gi tn NetBIOS v a ch my tnh trong yu cu
ng k tn, v yu cu ng k c gi cho server WINS. Ngay khi nhn c yu
cu ng k, WINS kim tra trong c s d liu xem tn ny ng k hay cha.
Nu tn cha c, WINS thm mt cp tn NetBIOS v a ch IP vo c s
d liu v gi li mt p ng ng k xc nhn yu cu ng k thnh cng. Nu
tn NetBIOS yu cu tn ti trong c s d liu ca WINS, WINS kim tra my
tnh ng k hin hnh bng cch gi mt thng ip cho a ch IP ng k.
Nu my tnh c ng k hin hnh p ng li, th n s gi mt bn tin khng xc
nhn NAK (Negative Acknowledgement) cho my tnh ang c gng ng k tn. Nu

my tnh ng k hin hnh khng p li, WINS cho php thc hin ng k v ghi
ln ng k trc.
Hp ng thu Gi s my tnh thnh cng trong vic ng k tn NetBIOS
v dch v vi WINS, nhng tn ny c xem nh c thu. Thc ra, n c
ngha l my tnh c php s dng tn NetBIOS trong mt khong thi gian
thng l 6 ngy. Client thng thng lm mi li hp ng thu trong khong thi
gian bng 50% tng thi gian thu, hoc trong trng hp ny l 3 ngy.
Trong phn trc, chng ta cp n k t th 16 ca tn NetBIOS khng
c cu hnh bi ngi dng. Trong qu trnh ng k WINS, server WINS s ni
thm k t th 16 vo tn, k t no l da trn loi dch v m my tnh ang c gng
ng k trc khi t n vo c s d liu. Gia cc tn my tnh, tn nhm my tnh,
v tn cc dch v, thng thng mi my tnh c 5 n 10 mu tin ng k trong c
s d liu WINS.
Mt v d khc ca tin trnh phn gii tn WINS, gi s mt ngi dng trn
mt my tnh s dng mt trnh tin ch, v d nh Network Neighborhood kt ni
vi mt my tnh khc trn mng. Khi c mt yu cu truy vn tn, bao gm c tn
NetBIOS mong mun, yu cu c xy dng bi chng trnh ng dng v c gi
cho server WINS. Khi WINS nhn c yu cu, n truy vn c s d liu tm
ng k. Nu tn yu cu tm thy, WINS tr v a ch IP tng ng. Sau khi my
tnh client c a ch IP ca my yu cu, client by gi c th kt ni trc tip.Mt
tnh cht tt ca WINS l n lm vic vi c hai mng cc b v my xa v c th
tch hp vi DNS.
8.9 Kim tra phn gii tn NetBIOS
Bn c th kim tra phn gii tn NetBIOS bng cch da trn cc tin ch s dng
NetBIOS. Mt trong nhng cch l kim tra bng lnh Net view, n cho php bn xem
tn cc im dng chung trn server. (Nh rng im dng chung l th mc ni my
tnh client c th kt ni vi my tnh khc xem hoc trao i tp tin.) thc hin
kim tra ny, chn my tnh c mt hoc nhiu im chia s. Ti ch dng lnh, g
net view // tn my tnh
Vi tn my tnh l tn ca my tnh bn chn. Nu net view c kh nng
phn gii tn my tnh sang a ch IP, bn s thy tn cc im dng chung lit k
trong lnh u tin v p ng. Bn cng c th s dng lnh Ping kim tra phn
gii tn NetBIOS. Trong hu ht cc h thng Windows nu phn gii tn NetBIOS
lm vic tt, bn c th Ping my tnh bng tn NetBIOS. V d, nu my tnh c tn
l Shirley, bn c th s dng lnh sau
ping Shirley
v nhn c p ng.
8.10 Nhng dch v phn gii tn khc
DNS v NetBIOS l nhng dch v tn ph bin trn mng TCP/IP, nhng chng
khng phi l phng php duy nht. Dch v thng tin mng(Network Information
Service _NIS) l dch v thng tin pht trin bi Sun Microsystems cung cp dch v
phn gii host-sang-IP. NIS ph bin trn mng Solaris(v cc mng khc trn nn
tng Unix) nhng gn y ang gim s nh hng do Sun a chung DNS hn.
Tm tt
Phn gii tn cho php s dng cc tn d nh t cho cc my tnh thay cho a ch
IP. Chng ny m t phn gii tn host thng qua DNS. Bn cng hc v h thng phn
gii tn NetBIOS s dng trong mng Microsoft.

Chng 9 Giao thc cu hnh host ng -DHCP

Phn phi a ch ng
DHCP
Cu hnh DHCP
Giao thc cu hnh host ng (DHCP) cho php my tnh nhn c cu hnh
TCP/IP mt cch t ng. Mt DHCP server c th cu hnh mt DHCP client vi a ch IP
address v subnet mask. DHCP client cng c th nhn nhng cu hnh khc t DHCP,
nh l a ch IP hoc l gateway mc nh, my ch DNS, v WINS server. Trong
chng ny bn s hc th no l DHCP, c ch lm vic ca DHCP, ti sao n quan
trng, v trong trng hp no n hu ch nht.
M t DHCP v nhng tin ch n mang li
M t tin trnh lin quan n hp ng DHCP client v a ch IP
Gii thch phm vi ca DHCP
M t tin trnh cu hnh DHCP server.
CHONG
9

GlAO THC CA HlNH HOST ONG
DHCF
126 Chng 9. Giao thc cu hnh host ng - DHCP
9.1 Trng hp server cung cp a ch IP cho server
Mi my tnh nh ta nghin cu trong cc chng trc, phi c mt a ch IP
hot ng trn mng TCP/IP. H thng a ch IP u tin c thit k cho iu kin
rt hp l l mi my tnh c cu hnh trc mt a ch IP. iu kin ny c gi
l nh v IP tnh. Mi my tnh s bit a ch IP ca n ngay khi khi ng v c th
s dng mng ngay tc khc. a ch IP tnh lm vic tt trong cc mng nh v t
thay i, nhng trong cc mng ln hn d c tnh trng thay i v cu hnh li cc
thnh phn trong h thng (nh khi mt my tnh mi gn vo v ra khi mng), th
a ch IP tnh c mt vi hn ch.
Cc thiu st chnh ca a ch IP tnh:
Thm cu hnh - Mi client phi c cu hnh c lp. Mt thay i trong
khng gian a ch hoc mt tham s khc no (nh l a ch my ch DNS)
cng a n vic client phi thay i li cu hnh.
Thm a ch - Mi my tnh s dng mt a ch IP ngay c khi n khng c
trn mng.
Gim tnh linh hot - Mt my tnh phi cu hnh li bng tay khi n c gn
vo mt mng con khc.
khc phc cc hn ch ny, ngi ta a ra mt h thng nh a ch IP
khc s dng giao thc DHCP cp pht a ch IP theo yu cu. DHCP c pht
trin trn mt giao thc c trc l BOOTP, n c s dng ch yu cho cc my
tnh khi ng khng cn a. (Cc my tnh ny nhn c h iu hnh t mng khi
khi ng.) DHCP tr nn ngy cng ph bin trong nhng nm gn y bi v n
gim c s lng a ch IP cn cung cp cho mt mng v s pht trin ca cc
mng ln v ng.
9.2 Th no l DHCP?
DHCP l mt giao thc c s dng phn phi ng cc tham s cu hnh TCP/IP
cho cc my tnh. DHCP l mt tiu chun c m t trong RFC 1531. Nhng RFCs
khc1534, 1541, 2131, v 2132nhm cung cp cho cc nh sn xut nhng s
thc hin DHCP mt cch t trng v ni bt. Mt DHCP server c th cho client
DHCP mt s thit lp TCP/IP, nh l a ch IP, subnet mask, v my ch DNS.
Bi v DHCP server thc hin phn phi a ch IP, ch c DHCP server mi
c cu hnh a ch IP. Tham s duy nht m bn cn cu hnh cho client l thng s
client nhn c thng tin a ch IP t server. Phn cu hnh cn li c thc
hin pha server. Nu c s thay i cu hnh TCP/IP no trong mng, ngi

qun tr mng ch cn cp nht li DHCP server, m khng phi cp nht li cc client
bng tay.
Hn na, mi client s nhn mt hp ng thu a ch trong thi gian hn
nh. Nu client khng cn s dng a ch khi hp ng thu ht hn, a ch c
th cp pht cho cc client khc. iu ny cho php s lng a ch IP cn cho mt
mng c th nh hn s lng my c trong mng.
DHCP c bit quan trng trong hon cnh ngy nay, nhiu nhn vin mng
my tnh xch tay di chuyn gia cc vn phng ca mt cng ty ln. Nu mt my
tnh xch tay c cu hnh mt a ch IP tnh th n phi cu hnh li mi ln nhn
vin di chuyn v cm my vo mng khc. Nu my tnh c cu hnh nhn c
a ch IP thng qua DHCP, my tnh xch tay s t ng nhn tan b cu hnh
TCP/IP mi ln ngi dng kt ni vi mng c mt DHCP server.
9.3 C ch lm vic ca DHCP
Khi mt client DHCP khi ng, phn mm TCP/IP c np vo b nh v bt u
hot ng. Tuy nhin, bi v TCP/IP vn cha c a ch IP, nn n cha c kh nng
nhn v gi cc gi. TCP/IP ch c th truyn v lng nghe broadcast. Kh nng c th
lin lc bng broadcast l nn tng cho DHCP lm vic. Tin trnh hp ng a ch IP
t DHCP server c th lit k trong bn bc sau y:
1. DHCPDISCOVERDHCP client khi to tin trnh bng cch qung b mt
gi ti cng UDP 68 (s dng cho my ch BOOTP v DHCP). Gi u tin
ny c gi l bn tin DHCP Discover, n s yu cu bt c DHCP server no
nhn c gi thc hin vic cu hnh. Gi DHCP discover gm rt nhiu
trng, nhng mt vng quan trng nht cha a ch vt l ca DHCP client.
2. DHCPOFFER Mt DHCP server c cu hnh cung cp hp ng a ch
cho mng m client c tr s p ng li mt gi tn l DHCP offer v gi n
di dng qung b ti my a ra DHCP discover. Thng ip qung b ny
c gi ti cng UDP 67 v bao gm a ch vt l ca client, a ch vt l v
a ch IP ca DHCP server, cng nh gi tr a ch IP v subnet mask cung
cp cho DHCP client.
Thng tin thm
Trong trng hp DHCP client nhn c nhiu DHCP offer, gi s nh trong mng c
nhiu DHCP server vi kh nng p ng cho DHCP client mt IP address. Trong hu ht
cc trng hp, DHCP client chp nhn DHCP offer n u tin.
3. DHCPREQUEST Client chn mt DHCP offer, xy dng mt gi DHCP
request v qung b gi ny. Gi DHCP request ny bao gm a ch IP ca
server pht ra DHCP offer v a ch vt l ca DHCP client. DHCP request
ny thc hin hai cng vic c bn. u tin n bo cho DHCP server c
chn rng client yu cu DHCP server n nh cho n mt a ch IP (v nhng
thng tin cu hnh khc). Th hai, n thng bo cho cc DHCP server khc l
DHCP offer ca chng khng c chp nhn.
4. DHCPACK Khi DHCP server c chn nhn c gi DHCP request, n
s xy dng gi cui cng ca tin trnh hp ng. Gi tin ny l DHCP ack
(vit tt ca acknowledgement). DHCP ack bao gm a ch IP v subnetmask
cho DHCP client. DHCP client cng c th c cu hnh mt cch ty chn
thm a ch IP ca gateway mc nh, nhiu my ch DNS, v mt hoc hai
WINS server. Ngoi cc thng tin v a ch IP, DHCP client c th nhn thm
cc thng tin cu hnh nh loi NetBIOS (thay i ty theo cch phn gii tn
NetBIOS).
DHCP cn c 3 trng quan trng khc dng ch ra khong thi gian. Mt
trng cho bit di ca hp ng. Hai trng thi gian khc l T1 v T2, c s
dng khi client mun lm ti li hp ng. Vic s dng ca ba trng ny s c
gii thch sau.
9.3.1 Trm chuyn tip
Nu c hai DHCP client v DHCP server cng nm trong mt phn on mng, tin
trnh x l din ra chnh xc nh trong phn m t pha trc. Nu DHCP client v
DHCP server nm trn cc mng khc nhau chia ct bi mt hoc nhiu router, tin
trnh tr ln phc tp hn. Router thng thng khng chuyn tip broadcast ti cc
mng khc. DHCP c th lm vic c, mt b phn trung gian phi c cu
hnh phc v cho tin trnh DHCP. B phn trung gian c th l mt host khc trn
cng mt mng vi DHCP client, nhng thng l chnh router. Trong trng hp
ny, tin trnh thc hin chc nng trung gian c gi l trm chuyn tip BOOTP
hoc DHCP.
Trm chuyn tip c cu hnh mt a ch IP c nh v cng cha a ch
ca DHCP server. Bi v trm chuyn tip c mt a ch IP c cu hnh, chng c
th gi v nhn gi trc tip vi DHCP server. Bi v trm chuyn tip nm cng pha
vi client, n c th lin lc vi DHCP client thng qua broadcast.
Trm chuyn tip lng nghe broadcast trn cng UDP 68; khi trm chuyn tip
nhn ra mt DHCP request, n truyn li yu cu cho DHCP server. Khi trm chuyn
tip nhn c phn hi t DHCP server, phn hi ny s c broadcast li trong

phn on mng cc b. ngn gn nhng gii thch trn y b mt vi chi tit
trong thc hin, nhng n cng th hin c bn cht thc hin ca trm chuyn tip,
mun c thm thng tin, bn c th c trong RFC 1542.
Thng tin thm
Khng phi router no cng cung cp chc nng trm chuyn tip BOOTP/DHCP. Kh nng
ca router c ni n trong RFC 1542.
9.3.2 Trng thi gian DHCP
DHCP client thu a ch IP t DHCP server trong mt khong thi gian c nh, thi
gian ny c cu hnh trn DHCP server. Cc gi tr thi gian T1 v T2 gi trong bn
tin DHCP ack c s dng trong tin trnh lm mi li hp ng. Gi tr T1 bo cho
Client khi no nn thc hin tin trnh lm mi li hp ng thu ca n. T1 thng
c t l na thi gian thu thc t. Gi s v d sau cho hp ng trong khong
thi gian 8 ngy.
Bn ngy sau khi hp ng, client gi DHCP request ngh lm mi li hp
ng thu a ch IP ca n vi DHCP server. Gi s DHCP server ang cn trn
mng, hp ng s c lm mi li vi DHCP ack. Khng ging nh DHCP request
v ack trong cc tin trnh trc bao gm 4 bc, hai gi ny khng broadcast m l
c gi i trc tip. iu ny thc hin c bi v by gi c hai my tnh c a
ch thc.
Nu DHCP server khng p li khi DHCP client a ra yu cu ti 50% thi
gian hp ng (4 ngy), client s tip tc lm mi hp ng khi ti 75% thi gian hp
ng (6 ngy). Nu yu cu ny cng tht bi, DHCP client c th li ln 3 thi
im 87.5% (7 ngy). Ti thi im ny DHCP client chp nhn lm li hp ng nu
DHCP server gi tr li gi. Nu nh DHCP khng c kh nng lm mi li hp ng
trong 87.5% thi gian ca hp ng, thi gian T2 bt u c nh hng. Thi gian T2
cho php DHCP client bt u broadcast yu cu cho bt c DHCP server no. Nu
nh DHCP client khng c kh nng lm mi li hp ng hoc ly c hp ng
mi t mt DHCP server khc trong thi gian ht hn ca hp ng, client phi dng
s dng a ch IP v cc hot ng TCP/IP trn mng.
9.4 Cu hnh DHCP
DHCP client nhn c gi thng tin cu hnh t DHCP server. Nhng thng tin ny
bao gm a ch IP v cc cu hnh khc. Bn phi cu hnh bng tay DHCP server vi
cc thng tin a ch TCP/IP m khng cn lm vi client. Bn cu hnh DHCP vi
mt khi hoc mt khong a ch IP c th m bo cho cc yu cu hp ng. Mi
khi a ch IP c gi l phm vi DHCP. Mi phm vi DHCP bao gm mt khi a
ch c th c s dng trn mt phn on mng.
9.4.1 Cu hnh DHCP Server trn Windows
Chng ta s nghin cu cc thng tin cn thit cu hnh DHCP. Windows NT
Server l mt v d tt cho vic cu hnh DHCP server. Phin bn mi nht ca
Windows, nh Windows 2000 Server v Windows 2003, c cng cc cng c cu hnh
DHCP. Cc bc sau s m t lm sao ci t DHCP server. Nu bn tng ci t
DHCP trn mng th bn nn c thm cc thng tin km theo. iu quan trng l
khng ch Windows mi cu hnh c DHCP server. Chng ta cng c th thy cc
Unix/Linux cng c cc DHCP server trn mng.
cu hnh DHCP server trn Windows NT, lm theo 3 bc sau:
1. Ci t dch v DHCP.
2. Chuyn n cng c DHCP Manager bng cch chn Start, Programs, Administrative
Tools, DHCP Manager. Cng c DHCP Manager (Cc b) xut hin. Ti y c mt
mc c nh nhn Local Machine; nu nh double-click vo mc ny, mt k t
pha tri c hai gi tr + v -. m bo mc Local Machine hin th k t -, n xc
nhn mc ny c m rng.
3. Chn Scope, Create t menu. Bn s c hp thoi Create Scope - (Local), th hin trn
hnh 9.1. Trng Start Addtress v End Address xc nhn hai im u v kt thc
ca khi a ch m bn cho php DHCP server iu khin. Trong hnh 9.1, bn c th
nhn thy a ch bt u 192.59.66.10 v kt thc l 192.59.66.254. Nu bt c a ch
IP no nm trong dy a ch ny c gn tnh cho mt thit b no , th bn phi
loi chng ra khi phm vi ny chng khng gn ng cho cc my tnh khc. Nu
khng c th gy ra truy cp a ch gia cc my tnh trong mng. Trong v d ny,
chnh DHCP server c cu hnh tnh vi a ch IP 192.59.66.200; bn c th thy
a ch ny c loi tr v khng nm trong phm vi.


Hnh 9-1 Hp thoi DHCP Manager's Create Scope
Thng tin thm
Khng cn cu hnh phm vi vi tt c cc a ch IP cho php ca mng hoc mng con.
Nu lm nh th bn phi m bo khng c s ng chm vi a ch IP ca router hoc
ca cc thit b c cu hnh a ch IP tnh trn mng.
4. Cu hnh trng Subnet Mask thch hp. Nu bn mun, bn c th thay i thi gian
hp ng v to cc mc trong trng Name v Comment. Chui k t bn nhp vo
trong hai trng ny ch c s dng cho mc ch qun tr.
Sau khi bn hon thnh, chn nt OK ng hp thoi Create Scope (Local)
v hin th hp thoi DHCP Manager. Hp thoi DHCP Manager xc nhn phm vi
c to thnh cng nhng vn cha hot ng. Hp thoi ny s hi bn mun kch
hot n khng. Bn c th chn Yes hoc nt No. Nu bn mun thm cc thng s
khc nh a ch IP ca gateway hoc my ch DNS, thng thng bn chn khng
kch hot
Thng tin thm
Thng hai (hoc nhiu hn) DHCP servers c cu hnh lm vic trn mt mng. DHCP
server b sung cung cp kh nng chu li cho mng v cho php DHCP client ly c hp
ng mi khi mt DHCP server khng hot ng. Tuy vy cn m bo cc server hot
ng c lp v khng dng chung cc thng tin lin quan n cc a ch IP cho thu. V l
do , khng cu hnh nhiu DHCP server vi cc phm vi a ch chng ln nhau. Ngc li
chc chn s xy ra vn hai DHCP client c cu hnh cng mt a ch IP dn n s
c cho mng. Mt vi h iu hnh, nh l Windows, s thng bo cho bn khi kim tra
thy trng lp a ch.
Thng thng nu bn mun DHCP server cu hnh cho DHCP client vi nhiu
thng s cu hnh hn, bn cnh a ch IP v subnet mask. Trong Windows NT,
DHCP Options cho php bn thm vo mt s cc nhim cu hnh khc. Nhng
nhim ny c hai mc. Mt mc cu hnh thit lp cc nhim phm vi, chng c
dng cu hnh cc tham s thay i t phm vi ny sang cc phm vi khc. Mc
cu hnh th hai l cc nhim ton cc c dng cu hnh cho cc tham s, p
dng cho tt c cc phm vi.
cu hnh thng s phm vi trong Windows NT, thc hin cc bc sau:
1. Chn DHCP Options, Scope t DHCP Manager. Hp thoi DHCP Options: Scope
xut hin.
2. T danh sch Unused Options, chn nhim bn mun p dng mc phm vi.
Trong trng hp ny, 003 Router, c chn v thm vo s xut hin trong danh
sch Active Options.
3. Click vo nt Value m rng hp thoi cho n xut hin nh trong hnh 9.2.

Hnh 9-2 Hp thoi Options DHCP: Scope
4. Sau khi hp thoi c m rng, chn nt Edit Array v thm vo a ch IP cho
gateway. Mc nh sau khi mi nhim mc phm vi c nhp v cu hnh, bn
c th chn OK ng hp thoi DHCP Options: Scope.
Bn s dng nhim ton cc cu hnh cc tham s khng thay i gia cc
phm vi. V d, cc my tnh trn mi phn on mng thng cng s dng chung

cc a ch ca cc IP my ch DNS. V l do ny, cc a ch IP ca cc my ch
DNS thng c cu hnh thng qua nhim ton cc.
cu hnh cc nhim ton cc trong Windows NT, thc hin cc bc sau:
1. Chn DHCP Options, Global t DHCP Manager. Hp thoi DHCP Options:
Global xut hin.
2. T danh sch Unused Options, chn nhim m bn mun p dng mc ton
cc. Trong trng hp ny, 006 DNS Servers c chn v thm vo, v xut
hin trong danh sch Active Options.
3. Click vo nt Value m rng hp thoi nh trong hnh 9.3.
4. Sau khi hp thoi c m rng, chon nt Edit Array. Hp thoi IP Address
Array Editor xut hin,nh trong hnh 9.4. IP Address Array Editor c s
dng nhp nhiu a ch IP, trong trng hp c nhiu my ch DNS.
5. Thm vo a ch IP cho my ch DNS. Sau khi cc nhim ton cc c
nhp v cu hnh, bn c th chn OK ng hp thoi DHCP Options:
Global.
Vo lc ny, bn cu hnh mt phm vi DHCP vi cc nhim . Bn phi
kch hot phm vi trc khi DHCP server c th bt u cho DHCP client trn mng
ny thu a ch IP.

Hnh 9-3 Hp thoi DHCP Options: Global

Hnh 9-4 Hp thoi IP Address Array Editor
kch hot mt phm vi, chn phm vi kch hot, chn Scope, v sau
chn Activate t menu, th hin nh trong hnh 9.5. DHCP c cu hnh v kch
hot v bt u cho cc client DHCP thu a ch IP. Bn c th kim tra xem server
c hot ng thnh cng hay khng bng cch khi ng my tnh DHCP client v s
dng lnh ipconfig hoc winipcfg vi thng s Release v Renew

Hnh 9-5 Phm vi
9.4.2 Cu hnh DHCP Server trn Linux
H thng Linux cung cp dch v DHCP thng qua dhcpd (DHCP daemon). Cc lnh
ci t dhcpd ty thuc vo cc nh sn xut. Thng tin cu hnh DHCP c lu
trong tp tin /etc/dhcpd.conf.
Tp tin /etc/dhcpd.conf cha thng tin cu hnh a ch IP m DHCP
daemon s phn phi cho client. /etc/dhcpd.conf cng cha cc thit lp la chn

nh a ch broadcast, tn min, a ch my ch DNS, v a ch ca cc router. Sau
y l mt v d ca tp tin /etc/dhcpd.conf:
default-lease-time 600;
max-lease-time 7200;
option domain-name "macmillan.com";
option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0;
option broadcast-address 185.142.13.255;
subnet 185.142.13.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
range 185.142.13.10 185.142.13.50;
range 185.142.13.100 185.142.13.200;
}
Tm tt
DHCP cung cp mt cch thc n gin cu hnh a ch IP v nhng thit lp cu hnh
khc cho my tnh client. N rt hu ch khi c s thay i xy ra; v d, nu bn thay
i ISP, bn cn thay i mc my ch DNS. Nu nh cng ty c 5000 my cu hnh
bng tay, tri rng trn 10 v tr th vic thay i s rt tn km v tiu tn nhiu thi
gian. Do , vi mt DHCP server bn c th thc hin thay i mt cch hiu qu bng
cch n gin thay i mt nhim Global / Scope. C mi ln DHCP client cn lm mi
li a ch IP, n s nhn c cc a ch IP ca cc my ch DNS mi. Trong chng
ny, bn c hc v cch lm vic ca DHCP. Bn cng hc v cu hnh cho cc
phm vi v cch thc cu hnh v ci t DHCP trn server Windows NT.
136 Chng 10. Truyn tp tin v cc tin ch truy cp
Chng 10 Truyn tp tin v cc tin ch truy cp

FTP v TFTP
RCP
NFS
SMP
Mt trong nhng li ch ln nht ca TCP/IP l n cung cp mi trng rt linh
ng trong nhiu kiu h thng khc nhau c th thng tin vi nhau. Khng ph thuc
vo phn cng v h iu hnh ang s dng, hai host trn mng TCP/IP c th lin lc
vi nhau nu chng s dng cng giao thc. Thng thng th cc host ny cn s dng
cc tin ch truy cp c bit.
Truy cp v truyn tp tin thng c s dng nhiu nht trong bt c mng
no. TCP/IP bao gm hai giao thc c s dng t bit cho vic truyn v truy cp tp
tin. Hu ht cc h iu hnh u cung cp cc tin ch c thit k tn dng cc
giao thc ny. Chng ny nghin cu v ba tin ch truyn c in: Giao thc truyn
tp tin FTP (File Transfer Protocol), giao thc truyn tp tin thng thng TFTP (Trivial
File Transfer Protocol), v giao thc sao chp t xa rcp (Remote Copy). Chng ta s
nghin cu lm sao tch hp truyn tp tin vi cc h iu hnh hin i qua cc giao
thc nh Network Tp tin System (NFS) v Server Message Block (SMB).
Gii thch mc ch v vic s dng FTP
Khi to phin lm vic FTP v s dng cc lnh FTP cho vic xem cc cu trc
th mc xa, truyn tp tin, to v xa cc th mc
Gii thch mc ch v vic s dng ca TFTP
S dng cc lnh truyn tp tin s dng TFTP
Gii thch mc ch v vic s dng lnh rpc
Gii thch mc ch v vic s dng NFS v SMB.
CHONG
10

TkYFN TAF TlN VA
CAC TlFN lCH TkY CAF

10.1 Giao thc truyn tp tin (FTP)
Giao thc truyn tp tin File Transfer Protocol (FTP) l mt giao thc c s dng
rng ri cho php truyn tp tin gia hai my tnh trn mng TCP/IP. Mt ng dng
truyn tp tin (thng c gi l ftp) s dng giao thc FTP truyn tp tin. Ngi
dng chy ng dng FTP client trn mt my, v mt my khc chy chng trnh
FTP server nh ftpd (FTP daemon) trn my Unix/Linux, hoc mt dch v FTP trn
trn cc h iu hnh khc. Rt nhiu chng trnh FTP client s dng ch dng
lnh, ngoi ra cn c cc phin bn FTP client mi vi giao din ha. FTP c s
dng chnh truyn tp tin, mc d n c th thc hin cc chc nng khc nh to
th mc, xa th mc, lit k cc tp tin.
Trong th gii Unix, mt daemon l mt tin trnh chy ngm (khng th hin
trn mn hnh) v thc hin mt dch v khi dch v c yu cu. Mt daemon cng
c gi l dch v trong th gii Windows.
FTP s dng giao thc TCP v nh vy n hot ng thng qua mt phin lm
vic hng kt ni, tin cy gia my tnh client v server. FTP daemon tiu chun(trn
server) lng nghe cc yu cu t client trn cng TCP 21. Khi mt client gi mt yu
cu, kt ni TCP c khi to (xem chng 5, "Lp vn chuyn"). Sau ngi
dng t xa c FTP server chng thc v mt phin lm vic bt u. Phin lm vic
FTP trc y da trn trn vn bn yu cu ngi dng tng tc thng qua ch
dng lnh. nh lnh bt u v kt thc phin FTP, lt qua cu trc th mc
xa, v ti ln hay ti v cc tp tin. Cc chng trnh FTP client mi da trn GUI
(giao din ngi dng ha) a ra mt giao din ha lt trn cc th mc v
di chuyn cc tp tin.
Thng tin thm
FTP cng c s dng rng ri trn World Wide Web, v giao thc FTP c tch hp
vi hu ht trnh duyt Web. i khi trong khi bn ang ti tp tin t trnh duyt Web, bn
c th gp thng bo a ch URL bt u vi ftp://.
Trong hu ht cc my tnh, bn bt u phin lm vic FTP trong ch vn
bn bng cch nh vo ftp theo sau bi tn host hoc a ch IP ca FTP server. FTP
sau i bn nhp ID v mt khu, chng c FTP server s dng xc nh xem
bn c thm quyn truy cp hay khng v quyn hn ca bn l g. V d, ti khon
ngi dng bn ng nhp c th ch c quyn quyn ch c hoc va c va ghi.
Rt nhiu FTP server c th cho truy cp t do v cho php bn ng nhp vo vi ID
l anonymous. Khi mt ti khon anonymous c s dng, bn c th nhp bt c
mt khu no. Tuy vy, ngi ta thng ly a ch email lm mt khu. Khi FTP
server khng c nh chia s cng ng, server s cu hnh khng cho php
anonymous truy cp. Trong trng hp ny, bn phi nhp ID ngi dng v mt khu
c th truy cp h thng. Nh qun tr server FTP s thit lp v cung cp ID ngi
dng v mt khu.
Rt nhiu FTP client cho php bn nhp cc lnh trn Unix hay DOS. Cc lnh
thc s ty thuc vo cc phn mm client ang dng. Khi bn chuyn tp tin s dng
FTP, bn phi xc nh vi FTP loi tp tin m bn mun di chuyn; cc dng chnh l
dng nh phn hay m ASCII. Chn ASCII khi loi tp tin bn mun chuyn dng
vn bn n gin. Chn nh phn khi tp tin bn mun chuyn mt tp tin chng
trnh, tp tin word hay cc tp tin ha. Ch chuyn tp tin mc nh l ASCII.
C th thy rng c nhiu FTP server chy trn h iu hnh Unix v Linux. Do
trong cc h iu hnh dng Linux c s phn bit gia ch hoa v ch thng, nn
bn phi nh chnh xc tn tp tin. Th mc hin hnh trn my tnh cc b l ni
bn bt u chy phin lm vic FTP, v l v tr mc nh cho vic truyn tp tin ti
hoc i.
Sau y l danh sch cc lnh FTP thng dng v phn gii thch cc lnh.
ftp - Lnh ftp c s dng bt u chng trnh FTP client. Bn c th
nhp ftp theo sau bi a ch IP hoc tn min. Trong hnh 10.1 mt phin
FTP lm vic vi rs.internic.net c bt u bng cch nh lnh ftp
rs.internic.net. Nh bn thy, c nhiu thng tin c tr v.

Hnh 10-1 Bt u mt phin lm vic FTP
Dng u tin cho bit bn kt ni. Hai dng c 220 ng trc v tt c
cc dng nm gia l mt thng ip ng nhp c a ra cho tt c cc ngi dng

ng nhp. Dng k tip s hi bn ID ngi dng; y l anonymous. Dng bt u
vi 331 l mt thng ip h thng yu cu bn nhp a ch email dng lm mt
khu. Mt con s lun lun i trc mt thng ip h thng. Nh bn c th nhn
thy dng cui, mt khu khng hin th khi nh vo.
user - Lnh user c s dng thay i ID ngi dng v mt khu trong
phin lm vic hin ti. Bn s c du nhc nhp ID ngi dng v mt
khu mi, ging nh khi bn s dng lnh ftp. Lnh ny c tc dng ging
nh thot FTP v bt u li vi mt ngi dng mi.
help - Lnh help hin th cc lnh ftp c gi tr trn FTP client.
ls hoc dir - Lnh ls hoc ls -l trong Unix/Linux hoc lnh dir trong Windows
lit k cc ni dung trong th mc. p ng cho cc lnh ny s lit k danh
sch cc tn tp tin v th mc trong th mc hin hnh trn FTP server. Kt
qu ca lnh ls th hin trong hnh 10.2. Gia hai thng ip h thng (cc
dng ny bt u bi 150 v 226) l ni dung th mc hin ti, lit k mi tp
tin v cc th mc con trong th mc lm vic hin ti. Lnh ls -l th tng t
lnh ls nhng c lit k thm cc thng tin b sung nh cho php c, vit v
ngy to tp tin.

Hnh 10-2 Lnh ls
pwd - Lnh pwd in ra tn ca th mc lm vic hin hnh. y l th mc
trn my xa ch khng phi trn my cc b.
cd - Lnh cd thay i th mc lm vic hin hnh trn FTP server.
mkdir - Lnh mkdir trong Unix/Linux to th mc trn FTP server trong th
mc lm vic hin hnh. Lnh ny khng cho php trong cc phin lm vic
anonymous FTP.
rmdir - Lnh Unix rmdir c th di chuyn cc th mc trn FTP server t
th mc hin ti. Lnh ny khng cho php trong cc phin lm vic
anonymous FTP.
binary - Lnh binary chuyn FTP client t ch truyn ASCII mc nh sang
ch truyn nh phn. Ch nh phn hu ch khi chuyn cc tp tin nh
phn nh cc chng trnh v cc tp tin ha, s dng cc lnh get, put,
mget, v mput.
ascii - Lnh ascii chuyn FTP client t ch truyn nh phn sang ch
truyn ASCII.
type - Lnh type hin th ch hin ti cho vic chuyn tp tin (ASCII hay
Binary).
status - Lnh status hin th thng tin v cc thit lp khc nhau trn FTP
client. Cc thit lp ny bao gm ch (nh phn hoc ASCII) v cc thng
ip h thng khc.
get - Lnh get ly tp tin t FTP server ti FTP client. S dng lnh get theo
sau bi tn tp tin s copy cc tp tin t FTP server ti th mc hin ti trn
FTP client. Nu lnh get theo sau bi hai tn tp tin, tn th hai s l tn tp
tin mi t trn client. Nu bn qun khng nhp tn th hai, FTP s lun
nhc bn.
mget - Lnh mget ging nh lnh get ngoi tr n cho php bn ly c
nhiu tp tin.
put - Lnh put truyn tp tin t FTP client ti FTP server. S dng lnh put
theo sau bi mt tn tp tin s copy tp tin t FTP client ln the FTP server.
Nu lnh put theo sau bi hai tn tp tin, tn th hai s l tn tp tin mi t
trn server. Nu bn qun khng nhp tn th hai, FTP s nhc bn.
mput - Lnh mput ging nh lnh put ngoi tr n cho php bn truyn c
nhiu tp tin.
open - Lnh open cho php bn thit lp mt phin lm vic mi vi FTP
server. thot ra v khi ng li FTP cn thit phi c mt shortcut. Lnh
open c th s dng m mt phin lm vic vi mt server khc hoc m
li vi server hin ti.
close - Lnh close kt thc mt phin lm vic hin ti vi FTP server. Chng
trnh FTP client vn m v bn c th khi ng mt phin lm vic mi bng
lnh open.
bye hoc quit - Lnh ny ng phin lm vic hin ti v kt thc FTP client.
bit thm v giao thc FTP xem RFC 959.
10.2 Giao thc truyn tp tin bnh thng (TFTP)
Giao thc truyn tp tin bnh thng (TFTP) c s dng truyn cc tp tin gia
TFTP client v TFTP server, mt my tnh chy tftpd (TFTP daemon). Giao thc ny
s dng UDP vn chuyn v khng ging nh FTP, n khng yu cu ng nhp
truyn tp tin. Bi v TFTP khng yu cu ng nhp, n c mt l hng bo mt, c
bit nu TFTP server cho php ghi.
Giao thc TFTP c thit k rt nh n ni c n v giao thc UDP c th
chy trn mt PROM (b nh lp trnh ch c) chip. Giao thc TFTP c hn ch khi
so snh vi giao thc FTP. Giao thc TFTP ch cho php c v ghi tp tin; n khng
th lit k ni dung cc th mc, to v di chuyn cc th mc hoc cho php ngi

dng ng nhp nh l giao thc FTP cho php. Giao thc TFTP ch yu s dng kt
hp vi cc giao thc RARP v BOOTP khi ng cc trm lm vic khng c
a, v trong mt s trng hp, n c dng ti ln m h thng mi cho router
hoc cho cc thit b mng khc. Giao thc TFTP c th cho php truyn tp tin s
dng c khun dng ASCII v cc dng nh phn nh octet, dng th ba l mail nhng
khng cn s dng na.
Khi ngi dng nhp vo tftp trn ch dng lnh, n s khi to kt ni ti
server v thc hin truyn tp tin. Khi qu trnh truyn tp tin kt thc, phin lm vic
c ng li v kt thc. Cu trc ca lnh TFTP nh di y:
TFTP [-i] host [get | put] <tn tp tin ngun> [<tn tp tin ch >]
bit nhiu v giao thc, xem RFC 1350.
10.3 Sao chp t xa (Remote Copy)
Lnh rcp c th thay th cho ftp; n cho php ngi dng sao chp tp tin qua mng.
Lnh rcp l phin bn t xa ca lnh cp (copy). Khi s dng lnh rcp, khng cn cung
cp ID ngi dng v mt khu; n c th gy ra mt l hng bo mt. Tuy vy, n
vn c mt mc bo mt l tn my tnh ca bn phi nm trn mt trong hai tp tin
rhosts v hosts.equiv trn server. Lnh rcp cho php ngi dng sao chp cc tp tin
gia cc my cc b v cc host-server hoc l gia hai my xa. Cu trc on lnh
rcp:
rcp [hostname1]:filename1 [hostname2]:filename2
hostname1 - Thng thng l tn host hoc l tn min y (FQDN) ca
my tnh ngun. S dng hostname nu tp tin ngun nm trn my t xa. Xem
chng 8, "Phn gii tn," v thng tin ca tn host v FQDN.
filename1 - L ng dn v tn tp tin ca tp tin ngun.
hostname2 - Thng thng l tn host hoc l tn min y (FQDN) ca
my tnh ch. S dng host name nu tp tin ch nm trn my t xa.
filename2 - L ng dn v tn tp tin ca tp tin ch.
Sau y l cc v d s dng lnh rcp.
V d ny copy tp tin t my Unix xa v my cc b:
rcp server3.corporate.earthquakes.txt earthquakes.txt
V d ny copy tp tin t my cc b sang my xa:
rcp earthquakes.txt server3.corporate.earthquakes.txt
Bn c th s dng rcp copy cc tp tin t my xa sang mt my xa
khc. Xem chng 11, "Cc tin ch truy cp t xa", bit thm v rcp v cc chn
la truy cp t xa khc.
10.4 Tch hp truy cp tp tin mng
Cc tin ch nh ftp v tftp l cc ng dng c lp nm trn lp ng dng ca giao
thc TCP/IP. Cc tin ch ny rt thun tin vo thi im chng xut hin v hin nay
chng vn c s dng trong mt s trng hp, nhng cc nh sn xut v cc nh
hoch nh Internet tm kim cc gii php mi hiu qu hn. Mc ch ca h l
tch hp vic truy cp tp tin t xa vi vic truy cp tp tin cc b, do cc ti
nguyn xa v cc ti nguyn cc b s cng xut hin trn mt giao din chung. (V
d cc tp tin c th duyt u cng xut hin qua giao din Network Explorer trn
Windows.)
Mt phn ca dch v truy xut tp tin mng tch hp ny yu cu mt b
chuyn hng (hoc yu cu) trn cc my client thng dch cc yu cu ti nguyn
v nh hng yu cu trn mng. Mt phn khc ca gii php ny l giao thc truy
cp tp tin, hnh thnh mt lp giao thc hon chnh m thng qua n cc cng c giao
din ngi dng GUI v cc ng dng khc c th truy xut mng. Phng php truy
cp ny l mt phng php c a chung cho cc mng cc b. Trong cc phn
sau, bn s c gii thiu mt cp giao thc tch hp dch v truy cp tp tin mng:
Network File System (NFS) - Mt giao thc s dng trn cc my Unix v Linux.
Server Message Block (SMB) - Mt giao thc s dng truy cp tp tin t xa cho
cc my Windows client.
Cc giao thc ny th hin sc mng ca lp ng dng ca TCP/IP, v cc
thun li ca vic xy dng mt h thng mng chung quanh chng giao thc c
xc nh hon chnh, trong cc giao thc lp di hnh thnh mt nn tng cho cc
giao thc c bit hn bn trn.
H thng tp tin mng
Sun l cng ty u tin pht trin h thng tp tin mng (NFS) v by gi c s
dng trong Unix, Linux, v rt nhiu h thng khc. NFS cho php ngi dng truy
cp (c, ghi, to, v xa) th mc v cc tp tin nm trn cc my xa cng ging
nh cc th mc, tp tin ny nm trn my cc b. Bi v NFS c thit k cung
cp giao din trong sut gia cc h thng tp tin cc b v h thng tp tin xa, v
bi v n c thc hin bn trong h iu hanh ca c 2 my tnh ( xa v cc b)
nn khng cn bt k thay i no trong chng trnh ng dng. Cc chong trnh c
th truy cp cc tp tin cc b v xa vi NFS m khng phi bin dch li hoc thay

i. i vi ngi dng, mi tp tin v th mc xut hin v hot ng nh l chng
ch tn ti trn h thng tp tin cc b.
Phin bn gc ca NFS s dng giao thc UDP cho vic vn chuyn v dng
trong mng LAN. Tuy nhin, cc phin bn sau cho php s dng giao thc TCP; vi
s b sung tin cy ca TCP cho php m rng kh nng ca NFS, v by gi n c
th hot ng trn WAN.
NFS c thit k c lp vi h iu hnh, giao thc truyn ti, v kin trc
vt l ca mng. iu ny cho php mt NFS client lm vic c vi bt c NFS
server no. S c lp ny c c l do s dng giao thc Remote Procedure Calls
(RPCs) gia my tnh client v server. RPC l mt tin trnh cho php mt chng
trnh ang chy trn my ny c kh nng triu gi mt on lnh nm trong mt
chong trnh trn my khc. RPC c pht trin rt nhiu nm v c h tr bi
nhiu h iu hnh. Trong trng hp ca NFS, h iu hnh trn my client thc hin
mt triu gi t xa ti h iu hnh trn server.
Trc khi cc tp tin v th mc xa c th c s dng trn h thng NFS,
chng phi qua mt tin trnh gi l gn kt. Sau khi c gn kt, cc tp tin v cc
th mc xa xut hin v hot ng nh l chng trn h thng tp tin cc b.
Phin bn mi nht ca giao thc NFS l phin bn 4, n c m t trong
RFC 3010. xem cc thng tin thm v cc phin bn trc ca NFS, xem RFC
1094 cho NFS phin bn 2, RFC 1813 cho NFS phin bn 3. NFS th khc nhau trong
cc h iu hnh khc nhau. Bn c th xem ti liu ca nh cung cp c thm cc
thng tin v cch cu hnh NFS trn h iu hnh ca bn.
10.5 Khi thng ip server (SMB)
Server Message Block (SMB) l giao thc h tr cc cng c tch hp mng cho giao
din ngi dng Windows, nh l Explorer, Network Neighborhood, hoc the Map
Network Drive. SMB c thit k trn cc giao thc khc nhau bao gm IPX/SPX
(chng giao thc NetWare), NetBEUI (giao thc cho PC LANs), v TCP/IP. SMB
nm trn lp NetBIOS, giao tip vi cc giao thc lp Transport v cung cp cc dch
v lin quan ti nh danh ti nguyn v vi tr (Xem hnh 10-3).

Hnh 10-3 SMB v chng giao thc TCP/IP
Thng tin thm
Ghi ch trong hnh 10-3, c hai SMB v NetBIOS chim lnh v tr ca lp ng dng trong
chng giao thc TCP/IP. Trng c v kh hiu khi c hai giao thc cng nm thng ng
trn mt lp giao thc. S sp xp ny tht ra l hp l khi xem ni dung h thng giao
thc OSI. Nh ta thy trong chng 1, OSI chia lp ng dng TCP/IP ra lm ba lp ring
bit. Trong trng hp ny, NetBIOS chim lnh lp Phin trong OSI v SMB chim lp ng
dng v lp Trnh din.
Microsoft sn sng cho vic thay th NetBIOS thng qua vic xng cc
h thng khc nh l h thng Active Directory da trn LDAP, xut hin ln u tin
trn Windows 2000. Tuy vy, Active Directory vn cha c s dng rng ri v
NetBIOS s vn tip tc c s dng, v ch c n mi tng thch c cc h
thng khc.
Ging nh cc giao thc mng khc, SMB c thit k theo khi nim client
(mt my tnh yu cu dch v) v server (mt my tnh cung cp dch v). Mi phin
lm vic thng bt u bng vic trao i thng tin chun b, trong tin trnh ny mt
dialect SMB c thng lng v mt client c chng thc ng nhp vo
server. Chi tit ca tin trnh chng thc khc nhau ty thuc vo h iu hnh v vic
cu hnh, vic ng nhp c ng gi trong mt sesssetupX SMB. (Mt giao thc
truyn du nm di giao thc SMB v thng c gi l SMB.)
Nu tin trnh ng nhp thnh cng, client gi mt SMB xc nh tn ca
mng m n mun truy cp. Nu qu trnh chia s truy cp thnh cng, client c th
ng, m, c hoc ghi ln ti nguyn mng, v server gi cc d liu cn thit p
ng yu cu.
SMB thng c xem l mt giao thc trn Windows, v tht ra iu quan
trng chnh ca SMB l s tch hp chc ch ca n vi giao din ngi dng ca

Windows client. Nhng chi tit ca giao thc NFS c cc nh pht trin v cc
h iu hnh h tr cc server lin lc vi cc Windows client. Mt loi server m
ngun m thng dng Samba cung cp SMB cho h thng Unix/Linux.
Tm tt
Mt s cc tin ch TCP/IP cho php ngi dng chuyn tp tin hoc truy cp cc tp tin
nm xa nh l chng nm trn my cc b. Trong s chng, giao thc FTP l dng
c s dng ph bin nht. N cho php ngi dng kt ni nc danh vi cc h thng
t xa hoc kt ni dng mt ID ngi dng c th v mt khu. Vi quyn c cho
php thch hp, ngi dng c th dng lnh ftp copy tp tin, to v xa cc th mc,
xem cu trc th mc trn cc my xa.
Giao thc TFTP cung cp kh nng truyn tp tin c bn s dng giao thc UDP.
TFTP khng yu cu mt ngi dng ng nhp v him khi c s dng trc tip bi
ngi dng thng thng. Giao thc TFTP s dng ch yu cho cc my trm khi ng
khng cn a v ti ln cc m cho cc thit b mng khc.
Giao thc RCP c th thay th cho giao thc FTP v cho php ngi dng copy cc
tp tin gia hai my. (Chng ta s nghin cu RCP trong chng 11, Cc tin ch truy
cp t xa)
Chng ny cng nghin cu v mt cp giao thc dng trong cc h iu hnh
hin i tch hp truy cp cc tp tin xa vi mi trng ngi dng cc b: NFS,
c s dng chnh trong cc mng Unix/ Linux, v SMB, cung cp vic truy cp tp tin
v cc ngun ti nguyn khc cho Windows client.
146 Chng 11. Cc tin ch truy cp t xa
Chng 11 Cc tin ch truy cp t xa

Telnet
Cng c Berkeley r*
Trusted access
Cc mng my tnh ra i nhm mc ch chia s ti nguyn t xa, do o bt c
nhng g bn thc hin trn mt mng u c th quy v nh ngha ca truy cp t xa.
Mt vi tin ch TCP/IP c xp loi la cc tin ch truy cp t xa. Cc tin ch truy cp
t xa pht trin trn Unix, nhng c rt nhiu h iu hnh cho php lm vic. Mc
ch ca cc tin ch ny l cung cp cho ngi dng xa mt s kh nng m mt ngi
dng cc b c th c. Trong chng ny, chng ta s nghin cu v ng dng Telnet,
v chng ta s hc v tin ch Berkeley r*tp cc tin ch thit k h tr cho vic truy
cp t xa.
CHONG
11
CAC TlFN lCH
TkY CAF T XA

11.1 Telnet
Telnet l mt tp cc thnh phn cung cp cho cc thit b u cui truy cp n mt
my xa. Mt phin lm vic Telnet yu cu mt Telnet client (hot ng nh mt
my xa) v Telnet server (my chp nhn cc yu cu kt ni v cho php kt ni).
Quan h ny th hin nh trn hnh 11.1.
Telnet cng l mt giao thc - mt h thng cc lut nh ngha cc tng tc
gia Telnet server v client. Giao thc Telnet c nh ngha trong mt lot RFCs.
Bi v Telnet da trn mt giao thc m c nh ngha hon ho, n c th dng
trn mt phm vi ln cc h thng phn cng v phn mm. Mc ch c bn ca
Telnet l cung cp mt phng tin sao cho cc lnh c nh vo t bn phm ca
my tnh xa c a qua mng ti mt my tnh khc. Mn hnh xut lin quan vi
phin lm vic t my server c a qua mng ti mn hnh ca my client (xem
hnh 11.2). Tc dng ca iu ny cho php ngi dng t xa c th tng tc vi
server nh l anh ta ang lm vic ti server ny.
Trong h thng Unix, lnh telnet c nhp ch dng lnh nh sau:
telnet hostname
vi hostname l tn ca my tnh m bn mun kt ni. (Bn c th nhp a
ch IP thay cho tn host) Lnh ny khi ng ng dng Telnet. Khi Telnet ang chy,
nhng lnh bn nhp vo s chy trn my xa. Telnet cng cung cp mt s lnh c
bit m bn c th s dng trong phin lm vic Telnet nh sau:
close - S dng lnh ny ng kt ni.
display - S dng lnh ny hin th cc thng tin kt ni, nh l cng hoc
cc gi lp u cui.
environ - S dng lnh ny t cc bin mi trng. Cc bin mi trng
s dng bi h iu hnh cung cp cc thng tin ring ca ngi dng hoc
cc thng tin ring ca my.
logout - S dng lnh ny thot v ng kt ni.
mode - S dng lnh ny bt tt gia hai ch chuyn tp tin gia ASCII
hoc ch nh phn.
open - S dng lnh ny kt ni ti mt my tnh xa.
quit - S dng lnh ny thot khi Telnet.
send - S dng lnh ny gi cc chui lnh c bit nh chui hy b,
chui dng, hoc chui kt thc tp tin.
set - S dng lnh ny t cc thng s kt ni.
unset - S dng lnh ny hi li cc tham s kt ni.
? - S dng lnh ny hin thng tin tr gip.

Hnh 11-1 Telnet server v client

Hnh 11-2 Vo v ra mng vi Telnet
Trn cc h thng c giao din ha nh Microsoft Windows, mt ng dng
Telnet c th c biu tng ring ca n v chy trn mt ca s, nhng cc lnh v
x l cng ging nh trong h thng ch vn bn.

Telnet thc s hu ch v l mt cng c quan trng trn cc mng Unix. Mt
nh qun tr h thng c th s dng Telnet thc hin cc tin trnh qun tr trn cc
my xa. Mt nh qun tr c th dng mt my n v thng qua mng truy cp cc
server khi ng cc tin trnh, xo tp tin, to mt th mc mi, hoc thng k h
thng. V mt s l do bo mt nn c mt s hn ch trong vic s dng Telnet. Vn
nm ch Telnet cung cp cho nhng k xm nhp mng mt th nhiu hn bt c
g chng mun l - truy cp trc tip vo mt phin lm vic u cui trn mt
server xa. Mt Telnet tiu chun h tr chng thc mt khu, nhng mt khu nh
vo c truyn di dng vn bn khng m ho. Bn hu nh khng bao gi nhn
thy Telnet s dng m trn Internet m v trn cc mng ni b l nhng ni m
vn bo mt l rt quan trng, Telnet thng c s dng vi mt s hn ch nh
ai l ngi s dng v h c th lm g vi n.
Thng tin thm
Vic pht trin Mng ring o (Virtual Private Networks) em n c hi cho vic dng
Telnet trong mng c bo mt.
11.2 Tin ch Berkeley
H thng Berkeley (BSD) Unix, c bit n vi tn BSD Unix, l mt bc pht
trin ln ca UNIX. Rt nhiu ci mi bt u vi BSD Unix v by gi l chun
cho cc h thng Unix khc, v c kt hp vi cc h iu hnh khc trong th
gii TCP/IP v Internet.
Mt trong nhng i mi ca BSD Unix l mt tp nh cc tin ch dng lnh
c thit k cho vic truy cp t xa trong h thng Unix. Tp cc trnh tin ch ny
c gi l cc tin ch Berkeley r* , bi v tn ca mi tin ch u bt u vi r
(remote). Cc tin ch Berkeley r* vn cn c dng cho cc h thng Unix, v cc
phin bn ca hu ht cc tin ch r* c phn phi cho OpenVMS, Linux, Windows
NT, Windows 2000, v cc h iu hnh khc. Mc cho TCP/IP cng ngy cngpht
trin rng ri, cc tin ch TCP/IP ny vn khng b gim phn quan tm.
Mt vi tin ch Berkeley r* :
Rlogin Tin ch ny cho php ngi dng ng nhp t xa.
Rcp Tin ch ny cho php vic truyn tp tin t xa.
Rsh Tin ch thc thi mt lnh t xa thng qua daemon rshd.
Rexec Tin ch thc thi mt lnh t xa thng qua rexecd daemon.
Ruptime Tin ch ny hin th cc thng tin h thng theo thi gian v s ngi
dng kt ni.
Rwho Tin ch ny hin th thng tin cc ngi dng ang kt ni.
Cc tin ch r* c thit k vo mt thi im pht trin ban u ca mng
TCP/IP. Cc ngi to ra cc tin ch ny gi nh rng ch c nhng ngi tn nhim
mi s dng cc tin ch ny truy cp. Ngy nay, rt nhiu nh qun tr loi ra ci
gi l ngi dng c tn nhim. Cc tin ch r* c cho rng qu nguy him cho
cc mng lin kt v m ngy nay, bn phi tht cn thn v cch no v khi no s
dng cc tin ch ny. Cc tin ch r* c mt s bc u pht trin bo mt,
c o lng trong cc mi trng tin cy v hn ch.
Thng tin thm
Trong nhng nm gn y, nhiu phin bn bo mt ca mt vi tin ch r* c pht
trin c nhng bo mt cn thit trong mi trng Internet. V d: Ssh l mt ng dng
bo mt t xa thay th cho rsh v rlogin. Ssh dng m ho cho vic chng thc an ton
qua cc mng.
Cc tin ch r* s dng mt khi nim l truy cp tin cy. Truy cp tin cy cho
php mt my tnh tin vo mt chng thc ca my khc. Trong hnh 11.3, nu mt
my A coi my B l mt my tin cy, ngi dng c th ng nhp vo my B v c
th s dng cc tin ch r* truy cp vo my A m khng cn mt khu. My A
cng c th ch nh cc ngi dng c th no l tin cy. Cc host v cc ngi dng
tin cy c nhn dng trong tp tin /etc/hosts.equiv ca my xa ni m ngi
dng mun truy cp. Tp tin .rhosts trong mi th mc gc ca ngi dng c th
c s dng cho vic chng thc ti khon ngi dng.

Hnh 11-3 Tin trnh truy cp tin cy trn Unix
Thng tin thm

Bi v tp tin /etc/hosts.equiv v .rhosts cho php truy cp cc ti nguyn h thng, nn
chng c th l mc tiu tn cng chnh cho cc hacker. Kh nng c th b xm hi ca
tp tin hosts.equiv v .rhosts l l do ti sao cc tin ch r* khng c cho l an ton na.
Sau y, chng ta s nghin cu mt vi tin ch Berkeley r* .
Rlogin
Rlogin l tin ch ng nhp t xa. Bn c th s dng rlogin kt ni vi cc Unixhost
ang chy server daemon rlogind (d vit tt ca daemon). Rlogin phc v cng mc ch nh
Telnet , nhng rlogin c cho l t linh hot hn. Rlogin c thit k c bit cung cp
truy cp cho cc h thng Unix, trong khi Telnet s dng trn mt tiu chun TCP/IP v c
nhiu ng dng hn. Rlogin cng khng cung cp mt vi t tnh thng lng cu hnh nh
Telnet.
Mt tnh cht ng ch ca rlogin l n h tr ng nhp t xa m khng cn mt
khu. Truy cp khng mt khu l mt tnh cht chung ca tt c tin ch r*, nhng mt vi
ngi dng cho rng cc phin lm vic khng mt khu hi bt n hn mt vi chc nng
khc hin c ca cc tin ch r*. Tuy nhin, m hnh bo mt ca cc tin ch r* lm gii hn
truy cp ti cc ngi dng c tn nhim.
Thng tin thm
Mt iu quan trng cn ghi nh l cc h iu hnh mng nh NetWare v Windows
NT/2000 cng cung cp mt s truy cp mng khng cn mt khu sau khi ngi dng
c mt s chng thc ban u. Hin nay rt nhiu thun li ca cc tin ch r* c th c
c qua nhng phng php khc an ton hn.
Cu lnh ca rlogin nh sau:
rlogin hostname
Vi hostname l tn host ca my tnh bn mun truy cp. Nu khng c username,
username mc nh l username ca ngi dng trn my cc b. Ngc li, bn c
th ch ra username nh sau:
rlogin hostname -l username
username l tn ngi dng bn mun s dng ng nhp
Server daemon rlogind, phi c chy trn my server, sau kim tra cc
tp tin host.equiv v .rhosts kim tra thng tin v host v ngi dng. Nu qu
trnh chng thc ny thnh cng, phin lm vic t xa s bt u.
Rcp
Rcp cung cp truy cp tp tin t xa vi h thng Unix. Rcp khng c s dng rng ri nh
FTP, nhng i khi n c s dng truyn tp tin trn Unix.
Rsh
Rsh cho php bn thc hin mt lnh n trn mt my xa m khng cn ng nhp vo
my xa. Rsh l mt dng thu gn ca shell t xa. (Mt shell l b giao tip lnh vi h iu
hnh.) rshd daemon chy trn my xa, chp nhn cc lnh rsh kim tra thng tin tn host
v ngi dng, v thc thi cu lnh. Rsh hu ch khi bn mun nhp mt lnh v khng mun
thit lp mt phin lm vic u cui vi my tnh xa.
Khun dng ca lnh rsh l
rsh -l username hostname command
y hostname l tn host ca my xa, username l tn s dng khi truy cp
my xa, v command l lnh bn mun thc hin.
Tn ngi dng (ng sau -l) l thng s tu chn. Nu bn khng nhp vo tn
ngi dng th n mc nh ly tn my tnh cc b v dng lnh nh sau:
rsh hostname command
Rexec
Rexec ging nh rsh n ra lnh cho my tnh xa thc thi mt lnh. Rexec s dng rexecd
daemon.
Cu trc ca on lnh rexec nh sau:
rexec hostname -l username command
hostname l tn host ca my xa, username l tn ti khon ngi dng trn my xa, v
command l lnh bn mun thc hin.Tn ngi dng (ng sau -l) l thng s tu chn.
Nu bn khng nhp vo tn ngi dng th n mc nh ly tn ngi dng trn my cc b.
Ruptime
Ruptime hin th tm tt c bao nhiu ngi dng ng nhp vo mi my tnh trn mng.
Ruptime cng hin th danh sch bao lu mi my tnh ny hot ngdo n c tn r-up-
timev hin th thm cc thng tin v h thng.

to ra bo co ruptime bn cn nhp vo
ruptime
C hai ruptime v rwho (xem trong phn ti) s dng rwhod daemon. Tht ra, mi
my tnh trn mng c mt rwhod daemon thc hin broadcast thng xuyn cc bo co v
hot ng ca ngi dng. Mi rwhod daemon nhn v lu tr cc bo co t mt rwhod
daemon khc nhm c tm nhn bao qut mng v cc hot ng ca ngi dng.
Rwho
Rwho bo co v tt c ngi dng hin ang ng nhp vo cc my tnh trn mng. Rwho
lit k danh sch cc tn ngi dng, my tnh m mi ngi dng ng nhp vo, thi gian
ng nhp v thi gian thot khi t khi ng nhp.
Cu trc ca lnh rwho rt n gin
rwho
Mc nh th n ch bo co cc ngi dng trong phm vi mt gi. c mt bo
co v tt c ngi dng s dng thng s-a :
rwho -a
Ging nh ruptime, rwho s dng rshod daemon.
11.3 Cc hng mi trong vic truy cp t xa
Nh cc bn hc trong chng ny, cc tin ch truy cp t xa TCP/IP c nh
Telnet v cc cng c r* khng an ton trong mi trng mng. Tin ch r* bin mt
kh nhanh. Telnet c dng trong mt s ng dng hn chnh l truy cp dial-up
v qun tr t xa trong mng c bo v - nhng hu ht cc chuyn gia cng ngh
thng tin khng ngh s s dng Telnet cho cc mng m Internet. Ti thi im ny,
s xut hin cc cng c qun tr vi giao din ha GUI lm gim a v thng
tr ca cc tin ch da trn vn bn nh l Telnet.
Cc nh qun tr mng bt u s dng cc cng c truy cp t xa di y:
Ssh (shell bo mt) v cc tin ch shell khc c kh nng m ho m bo
s an ton cao hn.
Cng c Screen-sharing, nh l Timbuktu ca Netopia v pcAnywhere ca
Symantec, cho php ngi dng c kh nng xem v iu khin cc my xa.
Cc cng c qun tr t xa thng mi vi nhng t tnh kt ni mng sn v
bo mt.
Cng ging nh Telnet, cc cng c screen-sharing v rt nhiu cc chng
trnh truy cp t xa khc vn khng an ton s dng trong mi trng khng
c bo v nh Internet. Mt lp mi cc cng c , pht trin v a ra mng ring
o (VPN). VPN a ra mt kt ni im im c m ha t ngi dng n mng
xa. Kt ni ny i khi c gi l mt ng ng (tunnel) v n cho php ngi dng
xa lm vic ging nh ng trong mng ni b. Khi mt ng ng c m, ngi
dng c th an ton s dng cc tin ch.
Tm tt
Chng ny bao gm mt s cc tin ch truy cp t xa da trn TCP/IP. Bn hc v
Telnet v cc tin ch r*. Bn cng c th s dng cc tin ch ny thc thi cc lnh v
truy cp cc thng tin trn cc my xa.

Chng 12 HTTP, HTML, v World Wide Web

HTTP and HTML
URLs
Cc k thut Web tin tin
World Wide Web bt u nh l mt c cu hin th ha ph bin Internet. T
lc khi u, Web c nh hng ln ti nhng nhn thc chung v Internet, v lm
i mi cch chng ta ngh v cc giao din ng dng. Chng ny gii thiu v HTTP,
HTML, v Web.
Ch ra cch lm vic ca World Wide Web
M t cc URL v trnh by r rng cc URL ring ca bn
Xy dng mt trang Web c bn bng cch s dng text v cc th HTML
Tho lun giao thc HTTP v m t cch lm vic ca n
Lit k cc thun li ca server v cc client u cui.
CHONG
12
HTTF, HTMt VA
WOkt WlDF WF
156 Chng 12. HTTP, HTML v World Wide Web
12.1 World Wide Web l g?
Trang web m bn nhn thy qua ca s ca trnh duyt Web l kt qu hi thoi gia
trnh duyt v Web server. Giao thc c s dng cho qu trnh hi thoi trn c
gi l Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). D liu t server c chuyn ti client l
mt m ln xn gm nhiu vn bn, hnh nh, a ch v cc m nh dng hnh thnh
mt ti liu hp nht nh mt ngn ng nh dng linh hot c gi l ngn ng
nh du siu vn bn HTML
V mt khi nim HTML tng t mt nh dng x l vn bn. Tht ra, cch
tt nht bt u tm hiu v HTML l xem xt n cch thc cc ti liu x l vn
bn c hnh thnh nh th no. Cc chuyn gia lun tha nhn s cn thit ca
vic lu tr v chuyn giao thng tin c vit bng ngn ng ca con ngi (ting
Anh, ting Nga hoc ting Php). Do , cc chin lc nhanh chng c a ra
nhm lu tr v th hin h thng k t ch ci v s mt cch hiu qu. M, ngi
ta dng chun ASCII m ha mi k t v s (v nhiu k hiu vn bn) thnh mt
mu bit. Cc tp tin vn bn ASCII c dng xuyn xut th gii tnh ton trong cc
tp tin cu hnh, cc ti liu tr gip trc tuyn, v cc thng ip th in t. Cc tp
tin vn bn vn l mt c trng quan trng trong cc h iu hnh Unix/Linux.
kha cnh no , cng ngh my tnh pht trin nhanh chng bt u kt hp s
pht trin nhanh chng ca cng ngh x l vn bn. i vi cc ti liu in n chuyn
nghip, cc nh sn xut thit b cn c mt cch thc a s nh dng in n vo
trong cc tp tin vn bn. Ngi ta c th to mt tiu nh u dng cho nh dng
in m, thay i l vn bn hoc thay i mt font ch khc hay khng? Cc nh sn
xut pht trin cc h thng s (nhiu h thng thuc s hu ring) m ha
thng tin nh dng thnh mt ti liu dng vn bn. Mt vi h thng ny dng m
ASCII. Mt s khc s dng cc b nh s khc biu th thng tin nh dng.
Thng tin thm
D nhin, cc h thng m nh dng ny ch hot ng c nu ng dng to ra ti liu
v cc ng dng c ti liu cng thng nht v cch m ho.
Cc h thng x l t ny ngy cng tr nn tinh vi. Vi h thng pht trin kh
nng tham kho n mt tp tin khc, v d mt hnh v, m sau s xut hin trong
vn bn khi ti liu ny c th hin trn mn hnh hoc c in ra trn giy.
Cc nh sng to ra HTML mun pht trin mt h thng c lp vi nh sn
xut v ph bin m ha thng tin nh dng. H mun khng ch c cc m sp
xp ch m cn phi c cc hnh nh v thng tin v cch trnh by. V h b sung
thm mt phng php mi m tr thnh mt t trng quan trng v mnh ca
nh dng mi ny, d l lin kt siu vn bn (hypertext link).

Mt lin kt l mt on ca vn bn, hoc ch l mt min ca mn hinh, m
lm cho trnh duyt m mt trang mi hoc di chuyn ti mt phn khc ca trang.
Cc lin kt cho php ngi c xem thng tin trc tuyn. Ngi c c th chn hoc
khng chn lin kt ti mt trang khc vi thng tin b sung. Ti liu HTML c th
c tp hp thnh cc h thng hp nht bao gm cc trang v cc lin kt (xem
hnh 12.1). Mt ngi xem c th tm mt ng dn khc ti d liu, ph thuc cch
ngi xem i theo cc lin kt. Lin kt c th ch n mt ti liu HTML khc trong
cng mt th mc, trn mt th mc khc, hoc ngay c mt ti liu trn my tnh
khc. Lin kt c th dn n mt Website hon ton khc trn mt my tnh khc.

Hnh 12-1 Mt Web site l mt h thng hp nht gia trang
v cc lin kt
Bn trong m HTML, lin kt l mt dng a ch t bit c gi nh v ti
nguyn ng dng (URL). Hu ht cc dng ca URL c kt hp vi Web nh v d
sau:
http://www.dobro.com
URL l giao thc s dng truy cp mt ti nguyn v tn DNS ca Web
server. V d ny d dng cho bt c ai tng lm vic vi mt trnh duyt Web.
Ngi ta cng thng thy mt ng dn v tn tp tin c gn vo URL:
http:/www.dobro.com/techniques/repair/fix.html
URL thm ch c th truyn mt nhm ca cc tham s b sung. Bn thnh
thong thy mt URL di v phc tp vi cc tham s b sung trong hp a ch ca
ca s trnh duyt sau khi bn truy cp mt trang Web thng qua mt trong cc c ch
tm kim trn Internet. Bn s nghin cu nhiu v dng tng quan ca cc URL trong
phn tip theo.
Thng tin thm
Bn c l ch n URL ca mt site in hnh (nh l www.whitehouse.gov) bao gm
ch l mt tn min DNS v dng nh khng tham chiu n mt tn tp tin. Nu tn tp
tin khng c nh r, trnh duyt t ng m mt tn tp tin mc nh c nh ngha
bi Web server.
Mt trnh duyt Web lt qua cc trang web cc URL. Bn truy cp mt trang
Web bng cch nhp URL ca trang trong hp a ch ca ca s trnh duyt (xem
hnh 12.2). Khi bn kch mt lin kt, trnh duyt m trang Web c nh r trong
lin kt theo URL ca lin kt .

Hnh 12-2 Nhp URL trong hp a ch ca trnh duyt window
Tm li mt ti liu HTML bao gm t hp no ca cc mc sau:
Vn bn
Hnh nh
Cc m nh dng vn bn(phn ch v trnh by thng tin)
Tham chiu n cc tp tin th cp chng hn nh cc tp tin hnh nh

Cc lin kt n cc ti liu HTML khc hoc cc v tr khc trong ti liu
hin ti
m mt Web site, ngi s dung nhp URL ca Web site trong ca s trnh
duyt Web. Trnh duyt bt u kt ni ti Web server c nh r trong URL.
Server gi d liu HTML qua mng ti trnh duyt Web. Trnh duyt Web tp hp li
d liu HTML, hnh nh trang web th hin trong ca s trnh duyt. Cc phn tip
theo sau y s tho lun quy trnh ny mt cch chi tit hn. D nhin, quy trnh ny
gn y c s phc tp hn do c mt s t tnh mi nh HTML c kch bn v
ng. ta cng s nghin cu v cc c tnh mi ny.
12.2 Kho st k hn v URL
Ngy nay cc URL th qu ph bin n ni chng xut hin trong cc chng trnh
qung co trn TV v trn cc ti bc nilon m khng cn phi gii thch g thm.
Nhng cc URL trang ch m bn thy trn cc phng tin thng tin i chng ch l
mt tp nh ca nhiu chn la c trong dng thc linh hot ny.
Khng phi tt c URL c lin quan n HTTP. Trong thc t, dng URL c
pht minh ra nh l mt phng thc chung cho nhiu giao thc Internet khc nhau.
Phn giao thc ca URL c xem nh l mt lt . Lc nhn dng mt giao
thc v v th n gii thch phn cn li ca URL cho my tnh. nh dng chung cho
mt URL c m t trong RFC 1738, nh
<scheme>:<scheme-specific-part>
Bng 12.1 th hin mt vi chn la lc c nh ngha trong RFC 1738.
Cc lc khc cng c miu t. trong thc t nhiu lc mi c b sung
trong cc RFC sau ny.
Bng 12-1 Lc URL
Lc M t
ftp Giao thc truyn Tp tin
http Giao thc truyn siu vn bn
gopher Giao thc Gopher
mailto Th in t
News Tin Usenet
nntp Tin Usenet vi truy cp NNTP
telnet Phin tng tc (xem Chng 11, Cc tin ch truy co t xa)
Lc M t
wais Cc server thng tin vng rng
file Cc tn tp trn host c th
Nh thut ng <protocol-specific-part> dng chung ca URL biu th
trong phn sau, cu trc ca URL c th khc nhau, ph thuc vo lc ca URL.
My tnh trc tin c lc , v lc gii thch cho my tnh cch dch phn
cn li ca URL.
Phn ny tp trung vo HTTP, on ny tp trung chnh cc dng HTTP ca
URL. Nhng cn ch rng, bn cng s bt gp cc lc khc khi bn duyt Web.
Lc ftp l bin th ph bin khc. Nhiu trnh Web hin i c kh nng nhn ra
lun phin cc lc nh ftp v tr li ti URL ph hp.
Dng chung cho mt HTTP URL mi y
http://<host>[:<port>]/<path>[;<parameters>][?<search>]
<host> l tn my ch DNS (v d nh www.dobro.com), v <path> l ng
dn ti ti liu HTML hoc ti nguyn khc. Cc s la chn khc th khng ph bin
v khng t quen thuc vi user thng thng. Cc la chn ny bao gm
<port> S cng ca daemon hoc dch v ca trnh duyt ang kt ni.
(Xem chng 5, "Lp vn chuyn," bit thm thng tin v s cng.) S
cng dnh ring cho dch v HTTP l cng TCP 80. Nu phn s cng
khng ch r, th cng 80 c s dng mc nh.
<parameters> Cc tham s la chn c cung cp bi client. Ngi
dng hu nh khng bao gi nhp cc tham s truy cp mt Web site.
Tuy nhin, i khi cc thng s c chuyn n server thng qua cc kch
bn.
<search> Cho php client gi mt truy vn ti ngi dng. Ngi dng
hu ht khng bao gi nhp mt truy vn vo trong URL bng tay. Kim tra
hp URL t trnh duyt ca bn khi bn chn mt s tm kim qua mt
trong cc c ch tm kim trn Internet. Bn c th thy mt chui truy vn
c chuyn ti server tm kim qua URL.
Thng tin thm
Cc URL phc tp bao gm cc cng, cc tham s, v cc truy vn thnh thong c s
dng sa i nh cu hnh cho bn thn Web server. Web server cn c cc s m rng
cn thit v tp lnh x l yu cu cu hnh.

Nu mt kt ni thit lp ri, th khng cn thit s dng ton b URL
nhn dng ti nguyn. HTTP v RFC 1738 cho php s dng mt URL tng i.
URL tng i cho php tham kho t trang hin hnh hoc t mt v tr mc nh
(<BASE>) nh ngha trong ti liu. V d, nu bn hin ang trang ch tham kho
n tp tin fix.html ti v tr URL http://www.dobro.com, URLtng i ca
http:/www.dobro.com/techniques/repair/fix.html
l techniques/repair/fix.html.
URL tng i c v nh mt cch thc d gy nhm ln m ch tit kim
mt vi bit v vi k t nhp vo, nhng n to cc thun li trong vic xy dng v
pht trin Web site. Nh trong hnh 12.3, nu Web ch s dng cc URL tng i
cho cc lin kt ni b trong mt Web site, ton b cu trc th mc cho site c th
c copy ti mt server khc m khng ph v tnh ton vn ca cc lin kt.

Hnh 12-3 Cc URLtng i to kh nng di ng cho Website
12.3 HTML
HTML l vng ti tin c tryn thng qua cc qu trnh x l ca HTTP. Nh bn
nghin cu trong phn trc, mt ti liu HTML bao gm vn bn, m nh dng, cc
tham chiu ti cc tp tin khc, v cc lin kt. Khi bn duyt qua ni dung ca mt ti
liu HTML s dng mt ng dng x l vn bn nh Notepad ca Windows hoc vi
ca Unix, bn s thy ti liu ny thc ra l mt tp tin vn bn n thun. Tp tin ny
cha bt k vn bn no s xut hin trong trang Web, v n cng bao gm mt s cc
m HTML c bit c gi l cc th. Cc th l cc lnh cho trnh duyt. Cc th
khng c xut hin trn trang Web, nhng chng tc ng vo cch hin th ca d
liu v cch trang Web ng x. Cc th HTML cung cp tt c loi nh dng, cc
Th mc site
server1.company.com
/yoursite/page
server2.company.com
/yoursite/page
http://server1.company/yousite/pages http://server1.company/yousite/pages
tham kho tp tin, v cc lin kt kt hp vi mt trang Web. Mt vi th HTML quan
trng th hin trong bn sau.
Bng 12-2 Mt vi th HTML quan trng
Th M t
<HTML> nh du on bt u v kt thc ca ni dung on HTML
trong tp tin.
<HEAD> nh du phn bt u v kt thc ca phn tiu .
<BODY> nh du phn bt u v kt thc ca phn thn, m t on vn
s xut hin trong ca s trnh duyt..
<H1>, <H2>,
<H3>, <H4>,
<H5>, v <H6>
nh du phn bt u v kt thc ca mt mc nh. Mi th
heading trnh by mt mc mc khc nhau. <H1> l mc cao
nht.
<B> nh du phn u v kt thc ca on vn bn c nt m.
<U> nh du phn bt u v kt thc ca mt on vn bn c
gch di.
<I> nh du phn bt u v kt thc ca mt on vn bn c nt
nghing.
<FONT> nh du phn bt u v kt thc ca mt on ca vn bn vi
cc t tnh font ch c bit. Xem bng 12.3 mt vi thuc tnh
font c sn.
<A> nh du phn bt u v kt thuc ca mt lin kt siu vn bn.
Lin kt ch URL xut hin bn trong th <A> u tin vi mt
gi tr cho thuc tnh HREF (c m t trong phn sau).
<IMG> Ch ra mt tp tin hnh nh s xut hin trong vn bn. URL ca
tp tin xut hin trong th l mt gi tr cho thuc tnh SRC.
Cc th p dng cho mt khi ca vn bn. Th xut hin phn u v phn
kt thc ca khi. Th kt thc ca khi c du gch cho (/) bo hiu y l mt
kt thc . V d:
<H1>Dewey Defeats Truman</H1>
Mt ti liu HTML bt u vi mt khai bo <!DOCTYPE>. !DOCTYPE nh
ngha phin bn ca HTML c s dng trong ti liu. Vi HTML 4.0, lnh
!DOCTYPE l:

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C/DTD HTML 4.0//EN">
Hu ht cc trnh duyt khng i hi khai bo !DOCTYPE (cc trang web s
dng cc phn m rng c bit ny ca trnh duyt c th d ra mt kiu ti liu
khc), v nhiu hng dn HTML thm ch khng cp n !DOCTYPE.
Sau pht biu !DOCTYPE l th <HTML>. Nhng phn cn li ca ti liu th
c km gia th <HTML> v th </HTML> phn kt thc ca tp tin. Bn trong
cc th bt u v kt thc <HTML>, ti liu c tch ra lm hai phn sau:
on u (kp gia cc th <HEAD> v </HEAD>) bao gm thng tin v
ti liu. Thng tin trong phn u ny khng c th hin trn trang Web
th <TITLE> (nm gia 2 th HEAD) ch ra mt nhan s xut hin trong
thanh nhan ca ca s trnh duyt: <TITLE>. <TITLE> l mt thnh
phn bt buc. Cc thnh phn khc ca phn <HEAD> l ty chn. V d
th <STYLE> (thng tin v loi ti liu) l ty chn
Phn thn kp gia 2 th <BODY>v </BODY> l vn bn thc s xut
hin trn trang Web v bt c HTML no c lin quan n vn bn .
V d v ti liu HTML n gin:
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE> Ooh This is Easy </TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
Easy!
</BODY>
<HTML>
Nu ta lu tp tin HTML ny di dng tp tin vn bn v sau m tp tin
ny vi mt trnh duyt Web, Easy! s xut hin trong ca s trnh duyt. Thanh nhan
s c nhan Ooh This is Easy (Xem hnh 12.4).

Hnh 12-4 Mt v d v trang Web n gin
Bn c th b sung thm vo trang Web vi phn vn bn thm vo v nh
dng trong phn body. V d sau thm th <H1> v <H2> cho headings, th <P> cho
mt on, th <B> cho ch c nt m, th <I> cho kiu ch nghin, v th <FONT>
thng tin font cho kiu ch. Ch th <FONT> bao gm mt thuc tnh. Thuc tnh l
cc tham s km bn trong th cung cp thng tin thm. Xem bng 12-3 cho cc thuc
tnh khc nhau.
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE> Ooh This is Easy </TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<H1>The Easy and Hard of HTML</H1>
<P><U>Webster's Dictionary</U> defines HTML as <I>"a small snail
found originally in the Archipelago of Parakeets." I borrow from this
theme in my consideration of HTML.</P><H2>HTML is Easy</H2>
<P>HTML is easy to learn and use because everyone reacts to it
energetically. You can walk into a bar and start speaking HTML, and
the man beside you will <B>happily</B> tell you his many
accomplishments.</P>
<H2>HTML is Hard</H2>

<P>HTML is hard because the options are bewildering. You never know
when to use <FONT SIZE=1>small text</FONT> and when to use <FONT
SIZE=7>big text</FONT>.</P>
</BODY>
</HTML>
V d th hin trong trnh duyt nh hnh 12.5.

Hnh 12-5 M rng v d easy!
Bng 12-3 Cc thuc tnh th <FONT>
Attribute Description
SIZE Thit lp kch c font ch. Gi tr bin i t 1 n 7: <FONT SIZE=7>.
LANG M ngn ng ch r ngn ng c s dng trong vn bn.
FACE Thit lp loi font ch: <FONT FACE="Arial">.
COLOR Mu ca ch trong vn bn: <FONT COLOR="RED">.
Nh ta nghin cu trong phn trc, lin kt siu vn bn l mt thnh phn
v cng quan trng cho vic thit k Web. Mt lin kt l mt tham chiu n mt ti
liu khc hoc mt phn khc ca ti liu hin hnh. Nu user kch ln on c t
sng ca lin kt trn vn bn, trnh duyt ngay lp tc m ti liu c tham chiu
trong lin kt. Kt qu l ngi dng lt i nhp nhng qua mt khu vn v tn vi
nhng ni dung mang nhiu thng tin v y mu sc.
Thng tin thm
Mt lin kt xut hin trong tp tin HTML di dng l mt th. Dng ngn gn nht ca
mt lin kt s dng th <A> vi URL ca ch lin kt l mt gi tr cho thuc tnh HREF.
Cho v d, trong v d trc, nu ta mun cc t "Archipelago of Parakeets" xut hin nh
mt siu vn bn vi mt lin kt ti mt Web site v qun o, th ta ng cc t ny bn
trong cc th <A> nh sau:
originally in the <A HREF=http://www.ArchipelagoParakeets.com> Archipelago of
Parakeets </A>. I borrow from this theme
nh dng HTML linh hot ny bao gm nhiu ty chn b sung m ta khng
th cp ht trong gii thiu vn tc ny. Bn c th t mt lin kt bn trong mt
bc hnh. Bn c th to ra cc trang c phong cch ring ca mnh bng cc th c
bit cho cc kiu on vn c nh dng trc. Bn c th cu trc trang Web vi
cc bng biu, cc ct, cc khun dng v cc khung. Hoc bn c th thm cc nt v
tuyn, cc hp kim tra v cc trnh n ko xung. Vo thi k u ca HTML, cc
nh thit k s dng cc trnh son tho vn bn vit m HTML trc tip vo ti
liu ca h (nh trong v d trc). Hin nay cc nh thit k Web chuyn nghip lm
vic vi cc ng dng pht trin web c bit, nh Dreamweaver hoc FrontPage. Cc
ng dng ny gip cho cc nh thit k khng phi bn tm v cc chi tit ca HTML
v cho php h thy trc c cc trang web m s xut hin trc ngi dng trong
qu trnh thit k.
12.4 HTTP
Nh cp trong phn trc, cc web server v cc trnh duyt thng tin vi nhau
nh giao thc truyn siu vn bn HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol). Phin bn
HTTP (1.1) c m t trong RFC 2616. Mc ch ca HTTP l h tr cho vic
chuyn cc ti liu HTML. HTTP l mt giao thc mc ng dng. Cc ng dng
server v client HTTP s dng giao thc chuyn vn TCP thit lp mt kt ni.
HTTP c cc nhim v sau :
Thit lp mt kt ni gia trnh duyt (client) v server.
Tha hip cc thit lp v thit lp cc thng s cho phin lm vic.
Chuyn c th t ni dung HTML.
ng kt ni vi server.
Mc d bn cht ca thng tin web l cc k phc tp. Nhng hu ht s phc
tp ny u lin quan n cch thc server xy dng ni dung HTML v trnh duyt
lm ci g vi ni dung n nhn c. Qu trnh chuyn ni dung thc s qua cc
HTTP th tng i trt t.

Khi bn nh mt URL vo ca s trnh duyt, u tin trnh duyt s kim tra
lc ca URL xc nh giao thc s dng (Trong phn trc chng ta bit
cc trnh duyt Web cng h tr cho mt s giao thc khc bn cnh HTTP). Nu
trnh duyt xc nh URL ny tham chiu ti mt ti nguyn trn mt site HTTP, n
ly phn tn DNS trong URL v bt u tin trnh phn gii tn. My tnh client gi
mt yu cu tm kim DNS ti mt server phn gii tn v nhn v a ch ca Web
server. Sau trnh duyt dng a ch ny khi to mt kt ni ti web server.
Thng tin thm
Trong nhng phin bn c ca HTTP (trc phin bn 1.1) Client v server phi m mt
kt ni mi cho mi mc c chuyn. Cc phin bn HTTP gn y cho php client v
server duy tr mt kt ni thng trc.
Sau khi kt ni TCP c thit lp, trnh duyt dng lnh GET ca HTTP
yu cu trang Web trn server. Lnh GET cha URL ca trang web m trnh duyt
ang yu cu v phin bn ca HTTP m trnh duyt mun s dng cho phin giao
dch ny. Bi v kt ni vi server c thit lp nn trnh duyt c th gi URL
tng i trong lnh GET (thay v URL y )
GET /watergate/tapes/transcriptHTTP/1.1
Server nhn yu cu ny v gi li ti liu c yu cu. Cng vi ti liu l
mt tiu cha nhiu thng s phc tp. Cc thng s ny c dng sau
Keyword:value
Bng 12.4 lit k vi vng trong tiu HTTP. Tt c cc vng u l ty chn
v bt c vng no m trnh duyt khng hiu s khng c xt n.
Vng Dng gi tr Miu t
Content-Length
S nguyn Kch thc ca ni dung tnh theo
n v octet
Content-Encoding
x-compress
x-gzip
Gi tr biu th kiu m ha kt hp
vi bn tin
Date
nh ngha trong RFC 850
Ngy (tnh theo GMT) i tng
c to ra
Last-modified date
nh ngha trong RFC 850 Ngy (tnh theo GMT) i tng
c thay i gn y nht
Content-Language
M ngn ng theo ISO 3316 Ngn ng dng trong i tng
Bng 12-4 Cc v d v cc vng tiu HTTP
Thng tin thm
nh dng vng tiu dng vi HTML c mn t nh dng tiu email c t trong
RFC 822.
Vng Content-Length c bit quan trng trong mi trng Internet ngy
nay. Trong phin bn trc ca HTTP(1.0), mi chu k yu cu/p ng i hi phi
c mt kt ni TCP mi. Client m mt kt ni v a ra mt yu cu. Server p ng
yu cu v sau ng kt ni. Do server ng kt ni TCP nn client s bit khi
no server dng vic gi d liu. Do s ng m lin tc cc kt ni, nn tin trnh
ny lm tng ph tn cho mng. Cc phin bn gn y ca HTTP (1.1 v sau ) cho
php Client v Server duy tr kt ni lu hn. Nh vy Client cn mt cch thc no
bit khi no mt p ng t server kt thc. Vng Content-Length cho bit
chiu di ca i tng HTML trong p ng. Nu server khng bit chiu di ca i
tng m n gi i (tnh hung thng xy ra trong HTML ng) th n s gi vng
tiu Connection:close thng bo cho trnh duyt bit n s ch ra kt thc ca d
liu bng ng tc ng kt ni.
HTTP cng c mt tin trnh thng lng server v trnh duyt ng vi
nhau v cc thng s thit lp chung cho cc ty chn a thch v nh dng no .
12.5 Cc k thut HTML tin tin
Web pht trin trong bi cnh tp tin HTML l mt tp tin vn bn tnh v n gin
c x l ging nhau i vi tt c cc yu cu. Nhng trong nhng nm gn y bi
cnh ny tr nn phc tp do cc tin b trong cng ngh Web. Cc website hin
nay thng to ra ni dung web thi im nhn c yu cu ca client. Cc k
thut HTML ng cho php t chc ni dung theo nhng s thch v yu cu c th
ca ngi dng. HTML ng cng lm n gin cng vic thit k web (so vi cc
ro cn lp trnh trong qu kh) do web server c th p ng khng gii hn cc t
hp u ra thng qua mt template n.
Trong thi gian ny, mt bi cng khc ang din ra trong th gii web l
chy chng trnh pha client (client-side programming). Trong trng hp ny, cc
lnh ca chng trnh c chuyn ti client cng vi d liu HTML, v cc lnh ny
thc thi trn my tnh client trong khi ngi dng xem trang web.
Bn s nghin cu v k thut HTML server-side v clien-side trong phn sau.
12.5.1 K thut HTML pha Server
Qua s tm hiu v m HTML trong phn trc, bn c l nhn thy khng c g kh
khn hoc phc tp a cc th HTML vo tp tin vn bn. Thc ra, kh n gin

thc hin mt chng trnh hoc kch bn tp hp ni dung HTML. K thut
ng ny cho php mt website tng tc vi ngi dng. Server c th hnh thnh
trang web p ng li d liu nhp ca ngi dng. Vic lp kch bn pha server
cng cho php server chp nhn thng tin u vo t client v x l thng tin ny
hu cnh. Mt kch bn pha server thng thng c trnh by trong hnh 12.6.
Tin trnh xy ra nh sau :
1. Ngi dng duyt ti mt trang web c mt mu n dng ng k mua mt
sn phm hoc nhp thng tin ca khch thm ving.
2. Server to ra mt mu n da vo cc chn la ca ngi dng v pht mu
ny ti trnh duyt.
3. Ngi dng nhp cc thng tin cn thit vo mu n v trnh duyt pht
mu n ny tr li server (tin trnh ngc vi tin trnh thng thng. Trnh duyt
gi ni dung theo yu cu ca server).
4. Server chp nhn d liu t trnh duyt a n v s dng mt giao din lp
trnh chuyn d liu ny ti cc chng trnh x l thng tin ngi dng. Nu
ngi dng ang mua mt sn phm, th cc chng trnh hu cnh ny c th kim
tra thng tin th tn dng hoc gi mt phiu chuyn hng ti hp th. Nu ngi dng
ang b sung tn anh ta vo danh sch gi th hoc ang tham gia vo mt site trc
tuyn hn ch th c th mt chng trnh s b sung thng tin ngi dng vo mt c
s d liu.

Hnh 12-6 Mt m hnh server-side scripting
Web d liu
scripting
interface
script

web
server
Form
Form c
hon thnh
Yu cu
Mt trong nhng phng thc ph bin hn giao tip mt chng trnh hoc
kch bn vi mt trang Web l h giao tip cng chung (CGI-Common Gateway
Interface). CGI c pht trin nhn thng tin u vo di dng mu n t mt
ngi dng Web, x l thng tin nhp ny, sau to ng ra theo dng HTML. Cc
kch bn CGI thng thng c vit theo ngn ng Perl, nhng CGI cng tng
thch vi nhiu ngn ng khc, bao gm C.
Khi iu khin chuyn qua giao din CGI ti chng trnh, chng trnh c th
m nhn bt k cng vic nhim v c th no c thc hin thng qua phn mm.
bn c th s dng mt script CGI x l mt lnh, tr li mt truy vn, hoc hnh
thnh mt cnh trang Web ty thch.
CGI ch l mt trong nhiu phng thc dng chung cho s tch hp vic x l
u cui server vi mt trang Web. Cc phng thc khc:
NSAPI - (Netscape Server Application Programming Interface), mt giao din
chng trnh c thit k cho Web server ca Netscape.
ISAPI - (Internet Server Application Programming Interface), mt giao din
chng trnh thit k cho Web server ca Microsoft.
Active Server Pages - Mt mi trng lp kch bn pha server c pht trin
bi Microsoft.
Allaire ColdFusion - Mt gi phn mm pht trin ng dng cho cc Web site
ng. ColdFusion ch trng vo kt ni c s d liu.
Mt trong nhng s dng quan trng nht ca kh nng x l pha server
(server-end) l web server c th tng tc vi mt h thng c s d liu. Thng
qua c tnh ny, trang web c th hot ng nh mt x l giao dch v giao din truy
vn t xa. Vi ng dng Web server bt u c c tnh giao tip c s d liu c
sn trong ng dng. Cc website thng mi khng l th hu nh lun lun tch hp
vi cc h thng c s d liu c thit k tt v khng l tng xng.
Mt ng dng khc ang thay ni ln s dng cng ngh x l server-end l
cng c qun l v cu hnh mng. Trong trng hp ny, mt tp cc tin ch qun l
c a ra v gim st thng qua mt giao tip da trn web. Mt s thit b mng,
nh cc router hoc cc thit b NAT c cc server web nh gn lin bn trong thit b
cho php nh qun tr truy xut cc thit b thng qua mt trnh duyt cu hnh v
qun l chnh bn thn thit b. Cc h thng qun l da trn web to ln hn gim st
ton b mng cng c trn th trng mng.
Cch y mt vi nm, kh nng v s hu ch ca giao din lp trnh trn Web
dng nh khng c gii hn. Cc k thut ny vn l mt phn khng th thiu ca
Internet ngy nay, nhng cc nh chuyn mn bt u nhn thy rng cc loi cng

c kiu ny c th gy ra cc vn bo mt nu chng khng c thc hin mt
cch cn thn. Ty theo mi thit k ca chng nhng chng trnh ny thc cht mi
cc user t xa thc thi mt chng trnh trn my ch. K th c th gia tng khai thc
cc cng c ny tm kim c c li vo h thng bo mt ca Web server.
12.5.2 K thut HTML pha Client
X l pha client (client-side) cng pht trin v lm thay i suy ngh v Web. Cc
trnh duyt ngy nay c kh nng thc thi on m c chuyn trc tip t Web
server n my tnh ca client. X l client-side lm gim ti x l trn server v
thng cng lm gim tng s lng thng tin phi truyn qua mng. Cc Java applet
(v cc cng ngh tng t khc) l phng tin to ra cc hiu ng th v trn
trang web khi bn truy xut vo website no nh cc qu banh ny ln xung v
cc ch kh ang ci v i i li li trong ca s trnh duyt. Cc cng ngh ny cng
ch n mt mt quan trng hn. V d, bn c th s dng cc kch bn client-side
kim tra tnh ton vn ca mu nhp liu.
Cch y mt vi nm, nhiu ngi tin rng tng lai ca cng vic tnh
ton l trong mt mi trng hot ng da hon ton trn Java, cn client khi khi
ng s ti v on m thc hin trn client. Khi nim ny gn y dng nh
ngui lnh, nhng tng ny mt ln na nhn mnh vo tim nng r rng ca
cc k thut x l client-side.
12.6 XML
Ngay khi cc ngi dng, nh cung cp, v nh thit k Web tr nn quen thuc vi
HTML, h bt u i hi nhiu hn. S pht trin ca cng ngh lp trnh pha
server v pha client, v s pht trin ca kin trc cc dch v Web, lm cho nhiu
chuyn gia t hi m rng h thng cc th cng nhc ca HTML. Mc ch ca h l
vt qua khi nim v mt ngn ng nh du nh mt phng tin nh dng cho
vn bn v hnh nh v dng ngn ng n gin nh l phng tin cho vic truyn d
liu. Kt qu ca suy ngh tranh lun ny l mt ngn ng nh du mi c gi l
ngn ng nh du m rng XML (Extensible Markup Language).
Nh ta tm hiu cc ni dung trc trong chng ny, ngha v phm vi
ng cnh ca d liu HTML b gii hn trong nhng g m bn c th biu din qua
mt tp cc th HTML c nh ngha trc (tham kho bng 12.2). nu d liu
km trong th <A>, n c hiu l mt lin kt. XML, th khc, n cho php cc user
nh ngha cc thnh phn ring ca h. D liu c th biu hin bt k th g m ta
mun chng biu hin, v ta c th sng ch ra th nh du d liu. V d, nu bn
theo mn th thao ua nga, bn c th to mt tp tin XML vi thng tin v ch nga
m bn thch. Tp tin ny bao gm cc mc nh sau:
<horses>
<horse_name="winky" breed="Thoroughbred">
<sex="male" />
<age="3" />
</horse>
<horse_name="Goddess" breed="Arabian">
<sex="female" />
<age="3" />
</horse>
<horse_name="Gecko" breed="Uncertain">
<sex="male" />
<age="14" />
</horse>
</horses>
nh dng XML nhn hi ging HTML, nhng chc chn n khng phi l
HTML. Bn c th s dng bt k th no bn mun s dng trong XML, bi v
khng phi bn ang chun b d liu cho ng dng c nh ngha trc mt cch
cng nhc v t bit no ging nh mt trnh duyt Web. tng ch l bt c ai
to ra cu trc trc cho mt tp tin th sau cng to ra mt ng dng m c th c
tp tin ny v hiu ngha ca d liu.
XML l mt cng c cc k mnh chuyn d liu gia cc ng dng. Mt
kch bn hoc ng dng d dng to XML ng ra hoc c XML ti ng vo. Ngay
c khi mt trnh duyt khng th c trc tip XML, XML vn c s dng rng ri
trn Web. Trong vi trng hp, d liu XML to ra trn server side v sau c
chuyn i thnh dng HTML sn sng hin th trc khi n c chuyn ti trnh
duyt. Mt k thut cng ngh khc cung cp mt tp tin km theo c gi l
Cascading Style Sheet (CSS), tp tin ny cho bit cch hiu v hin th d liu
XML. Tuy nhin XML th khng gii hn i vi Web. Cc lp trnh vin ngy nay s
dng XML trong cc tnh hung khc yu cu mt nh dng thun tin v n gin
trong vic gn gi tr cho cc thuc tnh .
Ngy nay XML vt xa Web thng thng m ch l nh dng cho vic lu tr
v truyn d liu. Min l ng dng vit d liu XML v ng dng c d liu phi
tha thun v ngha ca cc thnh phn, d liu chuyn mt cch d dng v tit
kim gia cc ng dng.

Thng tin thm
XML thung c m t nh l mt ngn ng nh du cho vic to cc ngn ng nh
du
12.7 Cc cng ngh Web mi
Web ngy cng phc tp do cc lp trnh vin v nh cung cp xy dng nhiu
bin dng mi v tt hn. Trong vi nm gn y, Web tr nn tin cy cho cc dch v
khch hng v cc ng dng c mc ch c bit.
Thc ra, khi nim d liu ng dng c chuyn giao qua HTTP pht trin
nhanh hn chnh bn thn Web v ngy nay n l cng c n gin cho s pht trin
phn mm. Trong nhng phn sau ta s tm hiu v mt vi s pht trin gn y ca
th gii Web.
Web a phng tin
Cc giao tc Web
Peer-to-peer
Khi c cc phn sau, ta s thy ni ln mt iu l web hot ng nh l
mt giao din n gin v thun tin cho cc ng dng khc.
12.7.1 Web a phng tin
World Wide Web ngy cng tr nn ging truyn hnh. By gi ngi ta thng tm
video v audio trn trang Web. Thm ch bn c th xem cc chng trnh trc tip
qua web min sao my tnh ca bn l 1 radio hoc tivi. Mt vi cng ngh lung d
liu tin tin hn th rt khc so vi cc cng ngh HTML thng thng m ta
nghin cu trong chng ny. Tuy nhin, cc dng gn kt thng tin a phng tin
khc th khng khc g so vi cc dng khc ca HTML.
Nh ta nghin cu trong Chng ny, mt th <A> vi thuc tnh HREF l
mt tham chiu ti mt ti nguyn khc. Trong cc v d trc, ti nguyn l mt
trang Web. Tuy nhin, tham chiu ny c th ch n bt k loi tp tin no min l
trnh duyt bit cch dch ni dung tp tin. Cc trnh duyt hin i c th x l nhiu
loi nh dng tp tin khc nhau. Phn ui ca tn tp tin (chn hn .doc, .gif, hoc
.avi) s cho trnh duyt (hoc h iu hnh) bit ng dng no s dng m tp tin.
Nu my tnh c phn mm cn thit m tp tin video hoc audio, v nu trnh
duyt hoc h iu hnh c cu hnh c th nhn ra phn ui m rng tp tin,
th trang Web c th tham chiu n tp tin thng qua mt lin kt thng thng, v
trnh duyt s thc thi tp tin khi kch vo lin kt.
Mt vi nh dng tp tin video ph bin v cc phn m rng ca chng
nh sau:
.AVI (Audio Visual Interleave) Mt nh dng m thanh/hnh nh c pht
trin bi Microsoft
.MPEG (Motion Picture Experts Group) Dng tp tin video s c cht lng cao
v thng dng.
.MOV (QuickTime) nh dng QuickTime do Apple pht trin u tin cho cc
h thng Macintosh, nh c th c s dng rng ri trn cc h thng khc
Khi ta ci t phn mm ln my tnh client (v d khi ta ci chng trnh
QuickTime), ngi ci c ng dng ng k cc phn m rng ca tp tin m my
tnh c th dng m cc ng dng.
D nhin, y cn nhiu qu trnh nh ghi, m ho, v xem mt tp tin
multimedia. Tuy nhin, cc chi tit ny khng thc s thuc trch nhim ca HTTP
hoc TCP/IP. Cho n by gi mng mi lin quan n qu trnh ny, qua mng server
n gin ti v mt tp tin multimedia ti client khi user kch vo lin kt.
Thng tin thm
S kin trnh duyt thnh thong s dng cc ng dng khc m v thc thi cc tp tin
cho thy ton b h thng cng sinh HTTP (HTTP, HTML, Web server, trnh duyt Web) v
c bn l mt phng thc phn phi, tng t nh cc lp di TCP/IP.
K thut truyn d liu a phng tin qua mt lin kt gn kt ny ch thc
hin v cc on ngn thng tin c kch thc v thi gian gii hn. Bn cnh
cng c cc cng ngh khc h tr cho dng d liu a phng tin x l theo dng
lung hng thi gian thc. Cc cng ngh ny i hi mt loi server c bit. V d
cc server x l lung video thi gian thc gm Windows Media Server v
QuickTime Streaming Server. Bn c th hnh dung rng, video dng x l theo lung
c th yu cu mt s lng ln bng thng mng, ph thuc vo cht lng hnh nh
m ta mun truyn.
12.7.2 Cc giao dch Web
Trc y khi cc nh cung cp v cc nh qung co bt u nhn bit Web l cch
qung co tt nht. Nhiu Web site trng ging nh l cc qung co phc tp v di.
Web tht s l phng tin thun tin v tit kim. Thay v gi hng ngn danh mc

trc tip bng th, nh sn xut c th ch n gin a danh mc ln trang Web v
khch hng tm ra danh mc ny thng qua tm kim v cc lin kt.
Cng vic kinh doanh qua Web khng tht s c bt u cho n khi cc
nh cung cp gii quyt vn bo mt lin quan n vic gi thng tin th tn dng
qua Internet m. Trong thc t, vic bn hng qua Intetnet c th khng thc hin
c nu khng c cc k thut kt ni mng an ton. Hu ht cc trnh duyt ngy
nay c kh nng m ra knh thng tin an ton n server. Vi knh thng tin an ton
ny k gian khng th lng nghe mt khu thng tin th tn dng.
Cc thao tc Web c trng th hin trong hnh 12.7. Cc qu trnh thc hin
nh sau:
1. Web server cung cp mt kh nng truy cp danh mc trc tuyn t trang Web.
Mt user duyt qua cc sn phm t mt v tr t xa qua Internet.
2. User quyt nh mua mt sn phm v kch vo lin kt Mua hng ny trn trang
Web.
3. Server v trnh duyt thit lp mt kt ni an ton. Ti thi im ny trnh duyt
hin th thng bo Ngay lc ny bn ang vo vng an ton Cc trnh duyt khc
c nhiu phng thc khc nhau thng bo mt kt ni an ton. V d Netscape
Navigator, hin th mt cha kho vng.
4. Sau khi thit lp kt ni, lun c mt vi dng xc nhn theo sau. Trn hu ht
cc site giao dch, ngi mua thit lp vi dng ti khon ngi dng vi nh cung
cp. Mt phn v l do an ton v mt phn do thun tin (user c th theo di
trng thi mua bn). Thng tin ti khon ngi dng cng cho php nh cung cp
theo di hnh vi ca ngi dng, thng tin nhn khu ca ngi dng v lch s
mua bn. Bc ng nhp ny yu cu web server lin h vi server c s d liu
hoc l thit lp mt ti khon mi hoc kim tra s y nhim ng nhp ti
mt ti khon ang tn ti.
5. Sau khi user c ng nhp, server thm nh li thng tin th tn dng v ng
k giao dch vi nh qun l th tn dng. Thng th nh qun l th tn dng ny
l mt dch v thng mi lin kt vi cng ty th tn dng.
6. Nu giao tc c chp nhn, thng bo v vic mua bn v thng tin th tn c
chuyn n b phn thc hin ca nh cung cp, ng dng giao tc nh km cc
chi tit cui cng ca vic xc nhn mua bn vi ngi dng v cp nht tiu s
ti khon ngi dng.

Hnh 12-7 Mt m hnh giao dch Web c trng
Cc nh cung cp h iu hnh nh Sun v Microsoft cung cp cc ng dng
giao dch Server gip cng vic quan trng l x l n t hng qua Internet.
Bi v cc giao dch Web c tnh chuyn mn cao, v do chng i hi mt giao din
vi cc ng dng ang tn ti trn mng ca cc nh cung cp. Cc kt cu ng dng
chn hn nh Sun ONE, WebSphere, v .NET cung cp cc cng c c bit h tr
cho vic cu trc mt c s h tn giao dch.
Thng tin thm
Trong hnh 12.7, lu Web server t trc mt firewall. Trong cc mng thng mi qui
m ln, vic cu hnh firewall c l phc tp hn, vi mt firewall khc t trc Web
server ngn chn lu lng no nhng vn lu lng Web i qua. Ngoi ra i vi
cc website ln c th c mt tp hp cc web server cng chia ti, nhm cc server nh
vy thng c gi l cm hay nng tri server.
Lu rng cc kt ni t Web server n server back-end c kh nng khng qua hoc
qua firewall: Vic cu hnh firewall c th cung cp cc ngoi l c bit cho mt host tin
cy c a ch IP c th thit lp mt kt ni thng qua mt cng c bit. Mt cch khc
cho kt ni ti server back end l c th thng qua mt ng dnh ring khng i qua
mng chnh.

Web server
Gi c chuyn i
6
5
4
3
2
1
User v Web kt ni an ton
Server thi
hnh
Thng
bo v
vic mua
bn c
truyn ti
b phn
thc thi
server thi
hnh
Web server xc
nhn user
Server xc nhn
Thng tin th tn dng ca ngi dng c kim tra
User ving thm Website
Server thm tra
th tn dng

12.7.3 Peer-to-Peer
Mt cng ngh chia s thng tin mi ni ln thng qua cc cng ng chia s m nhc
trn Internet c gi l peer-to-peer (P2P). Thut ng peer-to-peer tht s l c
vay mn t vic cu hnh trn mng LAN, trong cc dch v c t chc phn b
v mi my tnh c th va l mt client va l mt server.. Peer-to-peer cho php cc
my tnh thng qua Internet chia s d liu gia cc thnh vin trong cc cng ng
chia s thng tin. Ni cch khc, d liu khng n t mt Web server n theo cc
yu cu t mt nhm cc client. Thay vo , d liu c tr trn cc PC thng thng
khp ni trong cng ng ny.
Internet c to ra vi mt mc tiu l tnh a dng, v xt v mt l thuyt
bt k mt my tnh no c kt ni Internet c th thit lp kt ni vi bt k mt my
tnh tng thch no khc c kt ni Internet bt k u trn th gii. Tuy nhin, ta
nn xem xt cc sau:
Cc PC thng thng th khng phi lun lun c m
Hu ht cc my tnh c kt ni ti Internet khng c mt a ch IP c
nh, m ch l mt a ch ng thng qua DHCP (xem Chng 9, "Giao
thc cu hnh host ng - DHCP"). Do , mt my tnh khng th bit
cch no lin h vi mt my tnh khc bi v n khng c a ch IP hoc
tn min c nh.
Cc nh thit k k thut peer-to-peer bit o tng ca h v mt cng
ng chia s m nhc a dng s khng thc hin c nu cc vn trn khng
c gii quyt. Gii php ca h l s dng mt server trung tm phn phi thng
tin kt ni cho cc client s dng thit lp cc kt ni vi nhau. Nh bn thy trong
hnh 12.8, ngi dng A ng nhp vo Internet. Phn mm client trn PC ca ngi
dng ny ng k vi server v s hin din ca ngi dng. Server gi mt mu tin
v a ch IP ca client ny v cc tp tin m client mun chia s vi cng ng. Khi
ngi dng B kt ni n server ny v tm thy tp tin mong mun trn my tnh ca
ngi dng A. Server cung cp thng tin cn thit cho ngi dng B lin h vi ngi
dng A. B lin h vi A, thit lp mt kt ni trc tip v ti tp tin ny v.

Hnh 12-8 Mt my tnh ng k dch v peer-to-peer vi a ch
v danh sch ti nguyn ca n. Cc my tnh khc truy cp cc ti
nguyn ny thng qua mt kt ni trc tip
Phn tt nht v cc cng ng peer-to-peer l cc chi tit v yu cu a ch IP
v thit lp kt ni c iu khin bn trong phn mm. Ngi dng ng trong giao
din ngi dng ca ng dng peer-to-peer v khng cn bit bt k th g v hot
ng mng.
Tm tt
Phn ny m t v cc cng vic x l ng sau dch v Internet ni ting nh World
Wide Web. Bn c nghin cu v cc hot ng Web, v URL v c gii thiu ngn
gn v ti liu HTML. Phn ny cng m t giao thc HTTP to iu kin thun li cho
vic phn phi ni dung ca HTML t server ti client. Cui cng nghin cu v k thut
lp kch bn server-end and client-end v cch chng tng cng sc mnh cho mt
Web site.
Computer A
Ip
danh sch
Server gi thng tin v cc ti nguyn ca client
My tnh B bit A
c ti nguyn m
n ang mong
mun, n thit lp
mt kt ni trc
tip vi my tnh
A ti ti liu
ny v.
My tnh A My tnh B

Chng 13 Email

Email (th in t)
SMTP
Spam
Nu bn khng phi l mt chuyn gia tin hc th cng nhn thy rng th in t
ang tr thnh mt mt cng c cc k thng dng cho thi gii hin i. Hin ti c hai
mi quan h ngh nghip v c nhn u da vo th in t c thng tin nhanh v
tin cy khi lin lc trn khong cch xa. Trong chng ny s gii thiu mt vi khi
nim th in t quan trng v trnh by cch m dch v th in t vn hnh trn
mng TCP/IP
M t cc thnh phn ca thng ip th in t.
Tho lun cc tin trnh phn pht th in t.
M t cch hot ng ca mt phin truyn dn SMTP.
Tho lun cc giao thc nhn th in t nh POP3 v IMAP4.
Tho lun vai tr ca ngi s dng th in t.

CHONG
13

FMAlt
180 Chng 13. Email
13.1 Th in t l g?
Mt thng ip th in t l mt l th in t c son trn mt my tnh v truyn
qua mng n mt my tnh khc (my tnh ny c th cnh bn hay c th bn kia
th gii). Th in t c pht trin kh sm. Hu nh ngay t khi cc my tnh
c lin kt vi nhau to thnh mng, cc k s my tnh t hi liu con ngi
cng ging nh my mc c th lin lc vi nhau thng qua nhng lin kt mng
hay khng?.
H thng th in t Internet hin nay c t thi mng ARPAnet. Hu ht nn
tng th in t ca Internet c cung cp t mt cp ti liu c xut bn nm
1982: RFC 821 (Giao 0thc truyn th n gin) v RFC 822 (Tiu chun dnh cho
nh dng ca cc thng ip vn bn mng ARPA). Cc nh dng th in t c
ngh khc pht trin k t sau (chng hn h thng X.400, cng nh mt vi
nh dng ring). Nhng tnh n gin v linh hot ca th in t da trn SMTP
lm cho n tr nn ni tri v tr thnh tiu chun da trn thc t (de-facto) cho
Internet. Th in t c pht minh trong nhng ngy giao din ngi dng l vn
bn, v mc ch chnh ca th in t l truyn ti vn bn. nh dng thng ip th
in t c thit k truyn ti vn bn mt cch hiu qu. Cc c t th in t
ban u khng cp n vic gi cc tp tin nh phn. Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn
chnh cho tnh hiu qu ca th in t l vn bn ASCII th nh v n gin cho qu
trnh truyn ti. Nhng cui cng vn bn ASCII cng c s gii hn. Trong nhng
nm 1990, nh dng th in t c m rng b sung thm cc thnh phn nh
km nh phn. Mt thnh phn nh km c th l bt k mt dng tp tin no, min
sao khng vt qu kch thc ln nht c cho php bi ng dng th in t. Cc
thnh phn nh km ny c m ha theo nh ng phn m rng th in t a
mc ch MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions). Ngy nay, ngi dng
thng nh km cc tp tin ha, cc tp tin bng tnh hay x l vn bn vo cc
thng ip th in t ca h.
13.2 Th in t c dng nh th no?
ng dng c th in t cu trc mt thng ip thnh dng cn thit truyn. Nu
mng ca bn s dng mt h thng giao thc khc (hay mt h thng th in t
khc), thng ip c th chuyn qua mt hay nhiu gateway th, gateway th ny
chuyn i thng ip thnh nh dng Internet c m t trong chng ny. Mt
thng ip gi qua mng Internet bao gm hai thnh phn:
Tiu (header)
Thn thng ip (body).

Ging nh thn ca thng ip, tiu c truyn bng vn bn m ASCII.
Tiu bao gm mt chui cc tn vng t kha c theo sau bi mt hay nhiu gi
tr c phn cch bng cc du phy. Hu ht cc vng tiu th in t u quen
thuc i vi bt c ai dng th in t. Mt vi vng quan trng c trnh by trong
bng 13.1.
Bng 13-1 Mt s vng quan trng trong tiu th in t
Vng tiu M t
To: a ch th in t ngi nhn th.
From: a ch th in t ca ngi gi.
Date: Ngy v thi gian thng ip c gi
Subject: Miu t vn tt v ch ca th
Cc: Cc a ch th in t ca cc ngi dng khc s nhn mt bn sao ca
thng ip.
Bcc: Cc a ch th in t ca ngi dng s nhn mt bn sao khng nhn thy.
N l mt bn sao thng ip m nhng ngi nhn khc khng bit r v n.
Bt k a ch no c lit k trong vng Bcc s khng xut hin trong tiu
thng ip m cc ngi nhn khc nhn c.
Reply-To: a ch th in t s nhn hi p cho thng ip ny. Nu trng ny khng
c in vo, cc hi p s khng n a ch trong trng From:
Tip theo tiu l mt dng trng, v tip theo dng trng l thn ca thng
ip (vn bn thc ca th in t).
Ngi dng thng mun gi nhiu th hn ch l vn bn trong mt thng
ip th in t. Mt s phng thc c dng truyn ti cc tp tin nh phn
bng th in t. Hu ht cc chin lc ny s dng mt tin ch no chuyn
i cc bit nh phn thnh m ASCII tng ng. Tp tin thu trng ging nh vn
bn m ASCII thc t, n l vn bn m ASCII. Nhng bn khng th c c do
n l mt m ln xn cc k t tng ng vi m nh phn ban u. Tin ch BinHex
(ban u c pht trin dnh cho Macintosh) v Uuencode (ban u c pht trin
dnh cho Unix) s dng phng thc ny. Bn hay ngi c th ca bn phi c tin
ch gii m cn thit chuyn i ngc li thnh dng tp tin nh phn ban u.
Mt gii php chung gi tp tin nh phn bng th in t l dng nh dng
MIME. MIME l mt nh dng chung cho vic m rng kh nng ca th in t.
Mt ng dng th in t c cho php MIME m ha thng ip thnh nh dng
MIME trc khi truyn i. Khi thng ip c ti n ngi nhn, mt ng dng th
182 Chng 13. Email
in t cho php MIME trn my tnh ca ngi nhn phi gii m v khi phc li
nh dng ban u.
MIME mang li nhiu ci tin cho th in t, bao gm:
M rng cc tp hp k t. MIME l khng b gii hn tp ASCII 128 k
t chun. iu ny c ngha l bn c th dng n truyn cc k t c
bit v cc k t khng c trong ting Anh.
Khng gii hn chiu di mi dng v chiu di thng ip.
Tiu chun m ha cho cc thnh phn nh km.
Cho php hp nht cc hnh nh, m thanh, lin kt, v vn bn c nh
dng trong thng ip.
Hu ht cc ng dung c th in t u h tr MIME. nh dng MIME
c m t nhiu RFC bao gm cc FRC sau: 1521, 1522, 1563, v 1590.
13.3 Th in t hot ng nh th no?
Ging nh cc dch v Internet khc, th in t c xy dng da trn mt tin
trnh khch/ ch. Tuy nhin, tin trnh th in t phc tp hn mt cht. Ni mt
cch ngn gn, cc my tnh c hai u cui ca giao dch th in t hot ng nh
cc client, v thng ip ny c chuyn i qua mng bi cc server gia. Mt tin
trnh phn phi th in t c trnh by trong hnh 13.1. Mt client gi mt thng
ip n mt server th in t. Server ny c cc a ch ca ngi nhn chuyn
thng ip n mt server th in t khc lin kt vi a ch ch.
Thng ip c lu tr trn server th in t ch trong mt hp th in t
(mailbox). (Mt hp th in t cng ging vi mt th mc hay mt hng i ca
cac thng ip th in t n). Ngi dng thnh thong ng nhp vo server th
kim tra th. Nu c cc thng ip n ang i trong hp th ca ngi dng th
chng s c chuyn ti v my tnh ca ngi dng. Ngi dng c th c, lu tr,
xa, chuyn i, hay hi p thng ip th in t.


Hnh 13-1 Tin trnh phn phi email
Mt ng dng client c gi l b c th thc hin cc cng vic chi tit gi
th i hay ng nhp vo server ti th n. Hu ht ngi dng tng tc vi tin
trnh th in t qua giao din ca mt b c th. Tin trnh gi mt thng ip v
chuyn tip n gia cc server c iu khin bi mt giao thc th in t gi l
giao thc truyn th n gin SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol).
a ch th in t cho ta thng tin a ch server cn thit chuyn tip thng
ip, RFC 822 ch ra nh dng ca cc nh dng a ch th in t ph bin trn
Internet.
user@server
V d:
BillyBob@Klondike.net
SallyH@montecello.com
cravenprof@harvard.edu
Trong nh dng chun, chui vn bn sau k hiu @ l tn ca a ch server
th in t ni n. Phn vn bn trc k hiu @ l tn ca hp th ngi nhn trn
server ny. Trong thc t phn vn bn pha sau @ thng i din cho tn min ca
server th in t mc nh trong min ngi nhn. Cc my ch DNS cho min ny
s lu gi mu ti nguyn MX lin kt mt server th in t vi tn min ny.
Giao thc
truy vn
Ngi nhn
Email server
ch
Email server
Ngi gi
STMP
Internet
Cc hp th in t
184 Chng 13. Email
nh dng ca a ch th in t
Khi ni v nh dng ca a ch th in t cn c mt nhn xt quan trng v
th in t trn Internet: ch ca mt thng ip th in t khng phi l my tnh
ca ngi nhn th m l hp th ca ngi nhn th trn server th in t. Bc
cui cng chuyn cc thng ip th in t ang ch t mt server th in t n
mt my tnh ca ngi nhn l mt tin trnh ring bit. Bn s tm hiu phn sau
bc cui cng ny c thc hin nh th no qua cc giao thc truy vn th in t
chng hn nh POP (Post Office Protocol) hay IMAP (Internet Message Access
Protocol).
Mt s mng s dng cc server th in t c phn cp phn phi th hiu
qu hn. Trong tnh hung ny (xem hnh 13.2), mt server th cc b chuyn cc
thng ip n mt server th chuyn tip. Server th chuyn tip sau s gi l th
ny n mt server chuyn tip khc trn mng ch, v server chuyn tip ny gi
thng ip ny n server cc b kt hp vi my nhn.

Hnh 13-2 Cc server chuyn tip thng tng hiu sut
ca tin trnh phn phi th
Internet
Cc Email
Server
Client
Client
Server
chuyn
tip
Server
chuyn
tip
Cc Email
Server

13.4 Giao thc chuyn th n gin SMTP
SMTP l giao thc m cc my ch th dng chuyn tip cc thng ip ngang qua
mt mng TCP/IP. My tnh client khi pht mt thng ip th in t cng dng
SMTP gi thng ip n server cc b phn phi i.
Mt ngi dng khng bao gi phi lm vic vi SMTP. Tin trnh lin lc
SMTP c thc hin ng sau hu cnh. Tuy nhin, cng quan trng khi bit mt t
v SMTP c th hiu r cc thng ip bo li cho th in t khng c phn
phi i. Hn na, thnh thong cc chng trnh v cc on kch bn truy cp trc
tip SMTP gi cc cnh bo v bo ng th in t n ton b nhn vin trn
mng.
Ging nh cc dch v ng dng TCP/IP khc, SMTP truyn thng trn mng
thng qua chng giao thc TCP/IP. Cc nhim v ca ng dng th in t th n
gin bi v ng dng ny c th da vo cc dch v xc thc v kt ni ca phn mm
giao thc TCP/IP. Thng tin SMTP thc hin thng qua mt kt ni TCP n cng 25
ca server SMTP. Cuc i thoi gia client v server dng cc lnh (v d liu) tiu
chun 4 k t t client cng vi cc m hi p 3 k s t server. Bng 13.2 trnh by
mt s lnh ca SMTP client. Cc m hi p tng ng ca server c trnh by
trong bng 13.3.
Bng 13-2 Cc lnh SMTP Client
Lnh M t
HELO Li cho (Client yu cu mt kt ni n Server)
MAIL FROM: t trc a ch mail ca ngi gi.
RCPT TO: t trc a ch mail ca ngi nhn.
DATA Thng bo nh bt u truyn ti ni dung ca thng ip.
NOOP Yu cu server gi mt hi p OK.
QUIT Yu cu server gi mt hi p OK v kt thc phin truyn.
RESET Hy b giao tc.
Bng 13-3 Mt s hi p ca SMTP Server
M M t
220 <tn min> dch v sn sng.
221 <tn min> dch v ng knh truyn.
250 Hnh ng c yu cu hon tt thnh cng.
251 Ngi dng bn ngoi. Thng ip s c chuyn tip n
186 Chng 13. Email
M M t
<path>.
354 Bt u gi d liu. Kt thc gi d liu bng chui
<CRLF>.<CRLF> (biu th mt du chm trn mt dng).
450 Hnh ng yu cu khng thc hin bi v hp th ang bn.
500 Li c php: khng nhn ra lnh.
501 Li c php: c li tham s hay i s.
550 Hnh ng khng thc hin c bi v hp th khng tm thy.
551 Ngi dng bn ngoi. Th gi thng ip n <path>.
554 Giao tc b li.
Tin trnh ny c thc hin nh sau. Nh cp trong phn u chng,
tin trnh ny gi mt thng ip t client ban u n server th in t cc b v
chuyn tip thng ip ny t server cc b n server ch hay ti mt server khc
trn ng dn chuyn tip:
1. My tnh gi lnh HELO n server. Tn ca bn gi c cha trong mt i s.
2. Server gi li m hi p 250.
3. Bn gi gi i lnh MAIL FROM:. a ch mail ca bn gi thng ip, n c cha
trong mt i s.
4. Server gi li m hi p 250.
5. Bn gi s pht ra lnh RCPT TO:. a ch ca bn nhn thng ip c cha trong
mt i s.
6. Nu server chp nhn th cho bn nhn, server s gi ngc li m hi p 250.
Ngc li, server gi li mt m biu th li (v d : m 550 cho bit khng tm thy
hp th ca ngi dng)
7. Bn gi gi lnh DATA ni rng n bt u gi d liu ca thng ip.
8. Server gi li m hi p 354 ch th cho bn gi bt u truyn ni dung thng ip.
9. Bn gi gi ni dung thng ip v kt thc bng du chm (.) trn mt dng.
10. Server gi li m hi p 250 bo rng mail nhn c.
11. Bn gi gi lnh QUIT ni rng s truyn ti chm dt v phin lm vic nn c
ng.
12. Server gi m 221 bo knh truyn dn s c ng li.
Mng s dng tin trnh truyn thng SMTP gi thng ip th in t n
hp th ca ngi dng trn server th ch. Thng ip s c cha trong hp th
ca ngi dng cho n khi ngi dng ng nhp v ti bt k th ang i no. S
ti v cui cng ny l mt tin trnh ring bit v cn mt giao thc khc. Bn s hc

thm v cc giao thc ly th v trong cc phn sau.
13.5 Qu trnh ly th
Tin trnh phn pht SMTP c m t trong phn trc khng c thit k phn
pht th in t n mt ngi dng m ch n hp th ca ngi dng. Sau ,
ngi dng phi truy cp vo hp th v ti th v. Bc b sung ny s lm phc tp
tin trnh ly th nhng n c c cc li ch sau:
Server s tip tc nhn th cho ngi dng thm ch khi my tnh ngi
dng khng tn ti trn mng.
H thng phn pht th l c lp vi my tnh ca ngi nhn th (v tr
ngi nhn).
Li ch th hai l mt c im m nhiu ngi dng th quen thuc. c im
ny cho php ngi dng kim tra th t cc v tr khc nhau. Theo l thuyt, bt k
my tnh no truy cp Internet v mt ng dng c th c cu hnh kim tra hp
th ca ngi dng cho cc thng ip. Bn c th kim tra th ca bn nh, vn
phng hay khch sn. Tin trnh truy cp vo hp th v ti th v cn mt giao thc
ly th. Trong phn sau, bn s hc POP v IMAP.
Trong thc t, cc h thng bo mt mng chng hn nh cc bc tng la
thnh thong ngn chn ngi dng kim tra th t bt k im no trn Internet.
Server th in t lu gi cc hp th ngi dng phi h tr c hai dch v
SMTP ( nhn th n) v mt dch v giao thc ly th v ( user truy cp vo hp
th). Tin trnh ny c miu t trong hnh 13.3. S tng tc vi nhau ny cn tnh
kt hp v tnh tng thch gia dch v SMTP v dch v ly th v sao cho d liu
khng b mt hay xy ra li khi cc dch v truy cp cng hp th ng thi.
188 Chng 13. Email
Cc hp th
User truy cp hp th
(POP hoc IMAP)
Mail n
(SMTP)
Email
server

Hnh 13-3 Dch v SMTP v dch v ly th phi c sp xp
c truy cp vo hp th
13.5.1 POP3
Giao thc bu in phin bn 3 (POP3) l mt giao thc c s dng rng ri. Nu
hin ti bn ang s dng th Internet, bn nn s dng client th dng POP3.
POP3 c m t trong RFC 1939. Client khi ng mt kt ni TCP n ng
dng phc v POP3 trn server th. Server POP3 lng nghe cc kt ni trn cng TCP
110. Sau khi kt ni c thit lp, ng dng client phi gi thng tin tn ngi dng
v mt khu n server th. Nu qu trnh ng nhp c chp nhn, ngi dng c
th truy cp vo hp th ti hay xo cc thng ip th.
Ging nh client SMTP, POP3 s dng mt chui lnh 4 k t trao i vi
server. Server hi p li ch bng mt s rt nh cc hi p, chng hn +OK (din t
lnh c thc thi) v ERR (din t lnh sinh ra li). Cc hi p cng c th bao
gm cc i s v tham s thm vo. Mi thng ip trong hp th c tham chiu
bi mt s nhn din thng ip. Client gi lnh RETR (ly v) n server ti mt
thng ip. Lnh DELE xa mt thng ip t server.
Cc thng ip gi gia client POP3 v server l n i vi ngi dng. Cc
lnh ny c pht i bi ng dng c th nh l mt p ng cho cc hnh ng
ca ngi dng tc ng trn giao din ngi dng c th.
Mt khuyt im ca POP3 l gii hn s chc nng thc hin server. Ngi
dng ch c th lit k cc thng ip trong hp th, xo cc thng ip, v ti cc
thng ip v. Bt k thao tc no trn ni dung thng ip phi thc hin client.

Gii hn ny c th l nguyn nhn gy ra tr v tng lu lng mng khi cc
thng ip c ti v client. Mt phin bn mi hn v tinh vi hn l giao thc
IMAP, n c pht trin khc phc mt vi khuyt im ny.
13.5.2 IMAP4
Giao thc truy cp thng ip Internet phin bn 4 (IMAP4) l mt giao thc ly th
ging nh POP3. Tuy nhin, IMAP4 c thm mt vi c im mi khng c trong
POP3. Vi IMAP4, bn c th duyt cc th mc, di chuyn, xa, v xem cc thng
ip m khng cn sao chp cc thng ip n my cc b. IMAP4 cng cho php
bn lu cc thit lp no chng hn khung nhn ca s client hay tm kim cc
thng ip trn server vi mt chui tm kim c th. Bn c th to, xa, v t tn
hp th li trn my server.
Hu ht cc ng dng c th gn y h tr c POP3 v IMAP4. Mc d hin
ti POP3 c s dng rng ri hn, nhng nhiu u im ca IMAP m bo cc h
thng th s tip tc chuyn i thnh giao thc IMAP4.
13.6 Cc b c th in t
Mt b c th l mt ng dng client chy trn my ngi dng v trao i vi
server th. Nh cp trong phn trc, my cc b khng hnh thnh mt kt ni
trc tip vi my nhn thng ip. Thay v vy, my gi dng b c th s gi mt
thng ip n mt server th. Server ny gi thng ip ny n server n nh cho
ngi nhn. Ngi dng kim tra hp th ca h trn server mail, v thng p c
ti v my ca ngi dng. Bc u tin v bc cui cng trong tin trnh ny (tin
trnh gi thng p n server ban u v ti thng ip v t server nhn thng ip)
c thc hin bi mt ng dng c th.
B c th phi p ng ba chc nng:
Gi cc thng ip n mt server chuyn i dng SMTP.
Tp hp cc thng ip th n t mt server th dng POP3 hoc IMAP4.
C giao din ngi dng c, qun l v son tho cc thng ip th.
B c th phi c kh nng thc hin c chc nng client SMTP v client ly
th (POP v IMAP).
Cc giao thc th in t c tho lun trn cung cp mt l trnh r rng
cho thng tin th in t v v vy tt c cc b c th l ging nhau. Chi tit cch
cu hnh mt b c th c th khc nhau, nhng nu bn quen thuc vi cc tin
trnh c m t y, th khng kh hnh dung ra cch cu hnh cho n hot ng.
Ging nh cc ng dng client mng khc, mt b c th thng tin vi mng thng
190 Chng 13. Email
qua chng giao thc. My c b c th phi ci t TCP/IP, v n phi c cu hnh
sao cho ng dng th in t c th vo mng thng qua TCP/IP.
Th in t t lu c khp ni trc nhng ngy vng son ca Internet, v
nhiu h thng mng ring c cc c tnh truyn thng ip tng t. Bn cng c th
gi v nhn th trn cc mng s dng giao thc khc, chng hn IPX/SPX hay SNA.
Tuy nhin, bn phi c TCP/IP gi v nhn th trn mt mng TCP/IP chng hn
Internet.
Sau khi bn thit lp my tnh nh mt client trn mng TCP/IP, bn cn xc
nh thm mt vi tham s t mt b phn trn mng cu hnh b c th trn h
thng ca bn. Nu bn l mt ngi dng gia nh, bn c th xc nh thng tin ny
thng qua ISP ca bn. Nu bn l ngi dng trong mt cng ty th xc nh thng tin
ny t nh qun tr mng.
Bn cn phi bit nhng iu sau y:
Tn min y ca server th dng cho mail gi i. Server ny thng
c tn my ch SMTP theo sau bi tn min (v d, SMTP.rosbud.org).
Tn my ch y ca POP hoc IMAP server.
Tn ngi dng v mt khu ca ti khon ngi dng th trn server POP
hoc IMAP.
Cu hnh mt b c th l xc nh cc tham s ny v nhp chng vo ng
dng c th. Phn tip theo s tho lun cc b c th thng dng.
Mt s mng c th cn cc ci t thm, chng hn ci t tham s xc thc.
13.6.1 Pine
Pine l mt h thng th c pht trin bi trng i hc Washington. N cho php
ngi dng son tho v c th s dng mt giao din u cui n gin. Bn c th
s dng Pine son tho v c cc thng ip th in t, duy tr cc sch a ch,
to v qun l cc th mc, thm cc tp tin nh km vi th in t, thc hin cc
chc nng kim tra chnh t, hi p tin nhn, v chuyn tip cc thng ip n cc
my khc.
Trong nhng nm gn y, Pine b qua mt bi nhiu b c th c giao din
ngi dng ha GUI mi. Tuy nhin, Pine (v cc h thng da trn k t khc
chng hn Elm) vn c a thch bi ngi dng Linux v Unix v h thch hoc cn
mt giao din ngi dng da trn vn bn.
Pine c xy dng trong nhiu h thng Unix v Linux. Nu h thng ca bn
c Pine, ch cn nh pine du nhc lnh. cu hnh cc tham s, chng hn SMTP

server, truy cp thc n ci t (lun bng cch nh ch s).
13.6.2 Eudora
Eudora l mt b c th n nh v ni ting do tp on QUALCOMM pht trin.
Bi v Eudora l c lp vi cc nh cung cp phn mm ln chng hn Microsoft,
bn c th s dng n m khng cn phi lo ngi cc cng ty ln ny. Quan trng hn,
cc sn phm i tc th ba nh Eudora thng n gin hn nhiu cc sn phm tch
hp khng l nh Outlookv Netscape. Cc chc nng t ng v hng i tng
ca Outlook thc t c th gy ra cc vn an ton nu chng khng c ci t
hp l. V thm ch trong trng hp tt nht , cc b ng dng tch hp v ln i
khi a ra nhng th phc tp hn nhng g m ngi dng mun c. Cch y mt
vi nm, Eudora c mt lng khch hng ln, trc khi th in t tr thnh mt
c tnh c sn bn trong cc my tnh chy h iu hnh Windows, nhng thm ch
hin ti, cc b c th ca i tc th ba chng hn Eudora li c nhiu ngi
dng a chung hn.
Ca s chnh ca Eudora Light c trnh by trong hnh 13.4. Bn c th t
chc cc thng ip th in t nhn c vo trong cc th mc. Trong hnh 13.4,
cc th mc c trnh by trong cy bn tri. Click vo mt th mc xem danh
sch cc thng ip c lu trong th mc. Click i vo mt thc th thng ip
trong danh sch cc thng ip c thng ip. Bn c th s dng cc nt nhn
khc nhau trn thanh cng c gi nhn, hi p mt thng ip, hay son tho mt
thng ip mi.

Hnh 13-4 Ca s chnh ca Eudora Light
192 Chng 13. Email
Nhp vo cc tham s cu hnh chng hn server SMTP v server POP, chn
menu Tools v chn mc Options. Hp thoi Options s a ra nhiu ty chn cu
hnh (xem hnh 13.5)

Hnh 13-5 Cu hnh cc ty chn trong Eudora Light
13.6.3 Cc ng dng th in t tch hp
Cc ng dng Internet tch hp chng hn nh Netscape v Internet Explorer c cha
cc b c th in t. B c th in t ca Microsoft l Outlook Express c trong
nhiu h iu hnh Windows, v mt phin bn nng cp cha trong b Microsoft
Office. Cc ng dng c th tch hp nh Outlook l ging vi cc b c th khc
ngoi tr chng c h tr mt cp x l tch hp cao hn. B c th c th
tng tc trc tip vi cc thnh phn khc, p ng cc kch bn hay cc c tnh
trnh duyt t mt ng dng bng tnh hay x l vn bn.
Trong trng hp ca sn phm Microsoft, b c th xem thnh phn nh
km n nh l mt i tng v ty thuc vo s ch dn bn trong thnh phn nh
km ny, n c th chuyn iu khin n mt ng dng khc no bn trong b sn
phm tch hp ny. c tnh t ng s rt thun tin nu c s dng hp l, nhng
n cng sinh ra mt th h mi ca cc virus macro phn phi qua cc thnh phn nh
km trong th in t. Mt virus macro tiu biu c th truy cp s tay a ch ca
ngi dng hc cc a ch mi, sau l th t ng c chuyn n cc ngi
dng khc trong danh sch ny (xem hnh 13.6).


Hnh 13-6 Mt virus th in t
S ra i ca virus th in t a n mt cuc u tranh trin min trong nn
cng nghip my tnh gia cc nhu cu i lp v s an ton v s tin li. Cc b c
th tch hp nh Outlook c nhiu li ch, nhng tt c nhng thun li ny li yu
cu ngi dng c mt s ch hn. Cc phin bn gn y ca Outlook v cc sn
phm th in t tch hp khc c nhng cnh bo v nhiu tu chn bo mt gii
hn nh hng ca th nguy him.
Mc d ngi dng bo v th khi virus. N c th tt mt s c tnh t ng
trong Windows. Mt ng dng chng virus tt cng c th nhn bit cc virus khi
chng n.
13.7 Th in t trn Web
S pht trin gn y ca WWW to ra mt loi ng dng c th in t mi c
thit k gn gi vi HTML. Cc server web mail khng cn mt b c th. Ngi
dng ch n gin m trang web th in t bng mt trnh duyt Internet v truy cp
th in t thng qua giao din web. Th ca ngi dng v vy c truy cp t bt
k my tnh no c kt ni Internet. Yahoo v Hotmail l hai dch v web mail
thng dng. V vy cc dch v ny thng c min ph hay min mt phn bi v
nh cung cp ch yu thu li t qung co h tr cho ton b c s h tng.
Web mail linh hot v d s dng. N l s la chn tt cho nhng ngi dng
gia nh khng bit v k thut, h quen vi web v khng mun phi cu hnh mt
ng dng th in t no c. Hin nay, mt s cng ty dng Web mail trong nhng
tnh hung nht nh bi v bc tng la ca h cho php lu lng HTTP v ngn
chn SMTP. Web mail c th ni l khng an ton. Bt k ai trn mng Internet bit
Danh sch a ch
billg@hello.com
dollyp@iou.org

Thng ip
Mail c virus
Cc chng trnh
Virus m danh sch
a ch
Bn sao Virus c gi ti
a ch mi
194 Chng 13. Email
cch truy cp trang Yahoo c th hnh dung ra cch truy cp trang mail Yahoo. Nhng
iu quan trng l phi nh rng th in t truyn thng cng khng an ton, tr khi
bn bo v n. Bt k ai c tn ngi dng v mt khu ca bn u c th kim tra
th ca bn. Cc trang web mail ln c bo v bng qu trnh ng nhp v mt s
s bo v khc. Nu bn ang quan tm n mt dch v web mail cc b nh, th bn
nn tm ra mt gii php an ton bo v h thng.
Li than phin ln nht v web mail thng l hiu sut ca n. Bi v h thng
th khng hin din tht s trn my client (ch n gin l mt trnh duyt web), tt
c cc hot ng tiu tit nh son tho, di chuyn, m th u phi thc hin qua c
chai ca mt kt ni mng. Ngc li mt b c th truyn thng ti v bt k thng
ip mi no ti thi im bt u phin lm vic, mi hot ng lin quan n son
tho v lu ltr thng ip c thc hin pha client. Mc d c s km hiu sut
trn nhng s cc k thun tin ca Web mail (bn c th kim tra th bt k ni
no trn thi gii min l my tnh c kt ni vo Internet m khng phi
cu hnh li) m bo web mail vn l s la chn quan trng ca nhiu ngi dng
mng.
Mc ch chnh ca Web mail l cung cp cho ngi dng phng tin gi
v nhn cc thng ip. Mc d web mail dng nh l mt khi nim hon ton mi,
n cng khng khc so vi nhng h thng mail truyn thng c trnh by trong
hnh 13.1. S khc nhau l ch cc phn mm c v gi th c t trn server
th v my nhn phi truy cp phn mm thng qua mt giao din web. Cc h
thng web mail vn s dng SMTP truyn cc thng ip qua mng.
13.8 Spam
S pht trin gn y trong k thut th in t dn n s pht sinh ra spam. Spam l
nickname ca cc thng ip th Themes-mail, chng lm ln xn cc hp th ca
hng triu ngi dng Internet. Cc thng ip spam ny qung co v cc mn tin
vay ngn hng, h tr n king trn c s cc mn tin thng ph du, cc t chc
nhn o, v a dng cc dch v v sn phm trn. V cng ngh, spam ch l th
in t. Cc server th nh tuyn mt thng ip m khng bit thng ip c
pht sinh bi chng trnh t ng gh tm hay bi mt ngi thn ca ngi nhn.
May thay, bn nhn c mt s tu chn nhn dng v loi tr spam. Mt s
k thut c s dng chng li spam l da trn cc nguyn l TCP/IP. Tuy nhin
nh bn thy, cc b to spam rt gii tm ra con ng i qua c cc chng
ngi vt ny, v vy khng c gii php no tn ti mi mi. Cc k thut mi hn tp
trung ch yu vo phn tch cc vn bn ca thng ip th.

Khi nn cng nghp spam bt u, ngi nhn bt u nhn ra rng nhiu l
th spam n t mt vi a ch th c th. Nhng my spam gom gp mt s lng
ln cc a ch th c quan tm chng lin kt vi spam. Cc d liu ny c
gi l danh sch en. Tm hiu C s liu chuyn tip m (Open Relay Database)
ti trang http://www.ordb.org, y l mt v d v danh sch en ca cc server SMTP
chuyn tip m c cng nghip Spam s dng). Cc bc tng la, cc server th,
hay cc chng trnh client c th qut cc thng ip n i chng vi mt a
ch trong danh sch en.
Cc b spam thng thay i a ch IP v tn min trnh danh sch en.
Mt danh sch en c xem l phng thc tt hng u chng li spam, nhng
n khng thch hp iu khin hon ton spam. Thc t, thnh thong cc b spam
dng cc server th ca cc cng ty khng b nghi ng khc chuyn tip thng ip
spam. Nh ni trn, mt server th SMTP ch n gin l i thng ip t mt
client v chuyn tip n i. D nhin mt cch l tng l ch c ch ca server th
mi s dng n chuyn tip cc thng ip, nhng mt server th m khng c
kha mt cch hp l c th b s dng bi bt k ai, bao gm c cc spammer mt
v tr khc (xem hnh 13.7). Thnh thong cc cng ty hp php v ton b cc c nhn
v ti li tm thy chnh h trong danh sch en bi v cc spammer s dng server
ca h chuyn tip th.

Hnh 13-7 Cc Spammer c th dng server khng b nghi ng
v khng c bo v gi cc thng ip ca h
Cc cng ty chng li chin thut ny bng bin php ring ca h. Bng
cch t server th bn trong bc tng la cng ty v ngn chn cc yu cu SMTP
n ti bc tng la ny (xem hnh 13.8), mt t chc t bo v mnh trnh tr thnh
mt im chuyn tip spam. Nh trnh by trong hnh 13.8, cc client th t bn trong
Innocence,Inc.
Spammer
Save $$$ and
Amaze
Everyone
196 Chng 13. Email
bc tng la c th s dng server th chuyn tip cc thng ip, nhng cc
client bn ngoi thi khng th n c server th ny. K thut ny th hu ch
iu khin spam. Tuy nhin, n cng c gii hn. Mt ngi dng ang du lch vi
mt laptop hay ang kim tra th t mt ni no bn ngoi mng c l thy l
khng th gi thng ip nu khng cu hnh li client th ch n server SMTP
khc.

Hnh 13-8 t server SMTP ng sau bc tng la v ngn cm
cc yu cu SMTP, bo v server khi s li dng ca spammer
Cc k thut khc chng li spam da vo vic phn tch ni dung thng ip.
Cc tht ng hay cc on no hay xut hin trong tiu v thng ip spam.
Mt s b lc spam ngn cc thng ip da trn tp lut. V d, mt b lc c th
ngn chn cc t th tc hay cc thut ng khc lin quan n cc m t v s min
ph. Nhng phng php tinh vi hn s dng cc k thut xc sut thng k phn
tch t ng dng trong thng ip v n nh mt im s th hin mc ca mt
thng ip c th l mt spam.
Nhng loi phng php ny mang li hiu qu trong vic pht hin ra cc
thng ip spam, nhng thnh thong chng cng b sai, cc thng ip hp php li b
ngn cm bi v n trnh by ging nh mt spam. Nhng k thut tt nht cung cp
phng tin rn luyn b lc, bng cch ch ra cho n thy bt k li no n c
th tnh ton li cc kh nng v khng gp sai lm ny ln th hai.
Tm tt
Nu bn c mt ti khon Internet, bn c th c kinh nghim trong vic gi nhn th
in t. Chng ny m t nhng g xy ra mt thng ip th in t sau khi n
ri khi my tnh ca bn. Bn xem bn trong cc tnh hung phn phi th i. Bn
hc c v SMTP v cc giao thc ly th lin quan nh POP3 v IMAP4. Chng ny
cng tho lun v vai tr ca cc ng dng c th in t.

Chng 14 Cc giao thc qun l mng

Qun l mng
SNMP
RMON
Cc nh qun tr mng s dng cc phn mm v giao thc qun l mng truy
vn ti cc thit b nh cc router, hub, v cc server t cc v tr mng t xa. V d
cc truy vn ny c th xc nh tt c cc cng (giao tip) c hot ng hay khng,
hoc s lng datagram ti a v trung bnh c x l trong mt giy l bao nhiu.
Trong chng ny tho lun v cc giao thc quan trng c s dng qun l v
gim st cc thit b trong cc mng TCP/IP. Chng ta s nghin cu v giao thc qun
tr mng n gin SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) v gim st t xa RMON
(Remote Monitoring).
M t c cc phn mm dng gim st mng
Tho lun cch SNMP trao i thng tin gia mt tc nhn (agent) gim st
mng v b gim st mng (server monitor)
Gii thch mt c s d liu thng tin qun l (MIB) v cch s dng n
Gii thch v RMON v im khc ca n so vi SNMP.
CHONG
14
CAC GlAO THC
QAN tY MANG

198 Chng 14. Cc giao thc qun l mng
14.1 Giao thc qun l mng n gin SNMP
Mc ch ca mt giao thc mng gip thun tin trong truyn thng, v bt c khi
no ta c mt loi thng tin c th c nhng t tnh phn bit v nh ngha c th
dng nh ta c th tm ra mt giao thc tng ng. Giao thc qun tr mng n l
mt giao thc c thit k cho vic qun l v gim st thit b t xa trong mt mng.
SNMP h tr mt h thng cho php mt nh qun tr mng iu hnh t mt trm
lm vic qun l t xa v gim st cc my tnh, cc router, v cc thit b khc ca
mng.
Hnh 14.1 cho bit cc thnh phn c bn ca cu trc SNMP:
B gim st mng - mt thit b giao tip qun l, i khi c gi l b qun
l (manager) hoc h qun l mng NMS (Network Management Console), cung cp
mt v tr trung tm qun tr cc thit b trn mng. Thit b gim st mng l mt my
tnh thng thng vi phn mm qun l SNMP cn thit.
Cc node - cc thit b trn mng.
Community - l mt nhm cc node trong khung qun l chung.

Hnh 14-1 Mt cng SNMP gm c
mt hoc nhiu cc thit b gim st v tp hp cc node
Mt giao thc cung cp mt lc truyn thng, nhng tng tc thc t xy
ra gia cc ng dung chy trn cc thit b truyn thng. Trong trng hp ca SNMP,
mt chng trnh c gi l mt tc nhn chy trn cc node xa, thng tin vi phn
mm qun l ang chy trn thit b gim st mng (xem hnh 14.2).
Cc Node
Gim st
mng


Hnh 14-2 Mt chng trnh tc nhn ang chy ti cc node xa
gi thng tin ti thit b gim st mng v nhn cc yu cu
thay i cc thit lp cu hnh
Thit b gim st v tc nhn s dng giao thc SNMP thng tin vi nhau.
SNMP s dng cng UDP 161 v 162. Cc phin bn trc kia ca SNMP khng yu
cu bt k dng bo mt no i vi cc user ng nhp. Vn bo mt c cung
cp bi tn community (chui cng ng). Bn phi bit chui cng ng ny th mi
kt ni vo h thng c. Trong nhiu trng hp, bn c th cu hnh tc nhn ch
nhn d liu t cc a ch IP nh sn. Tuy nhin cch bo mt ny khng ph hp
vi cc tiu chun hin i. Hu ht cc phin bn gn y ca SNMP (SNMP v3) u
quan tm n cc vn ny, chng cung cp c ch xc thc, s b mt v h thng
an ton tng th tt hn cho cc h thng.
Bn c th mun bit thit b gim st v tc nhn thng tin ci g vi nhau.
Loi d liu no c truyn gia thit b gim st v tc nhn qua SNMP? Trong
phn tip theo ta nghin cu v vn ny, SNMP nh ngha mt s lng ln cc
tham s qun l . Thit b gim st s dng cc tham s ca MIB ny yu cu thng
tin t tc nhn v thay i cc thit lp cu hnh.
14.2 Khng gian a ch SNMP
Qu trnh SNMP da vo phn mm gim st v tc nhn c kh nng trao i thng
tin lin quan vi cc v tr c th nh v ring bit bn trong MIP. MIP (trnh by
trong hnh 14.3) cho php chng trnh gim st v tc nhn trao i thng tin chnh
xc v r rng. C phn mm gim st v phn mm tc nhn u i hi cc cu trc
MIP ng nht , bi v chng phi c kh nng nhn din duy nht n v thng tin
c th.
thng tin trng thi
Node
xa
B gim st mng
Cc yu cu thay i


Hnh 14-3 Mt phn nh ca MIB
MIB l mt khng gian a ch phn cp m bo mt a ch duy nht cho mi
phn ca thng tin. Ch : a ch MIB khng ging nh a ch mng. Chng khng
biu th mt v tr hoc mt thit b mng thc t. MIB thc ra l mt tp hp cc tham
s c t chc phn cp thnh mt khng gian a ch. S t chc a ch phn cp
ny m bo tt c cc thit b SNMP tham kho ti mt thit lp c th theo cng mt
cch thc. Phng php ny cng cho php s phn quyn thun tin. V d, mt nh
cung cp c th c th nh r cc thit lp MIB p dng cho cc sn phm ca nh
cung cp ny , hoc mt t chc tiu chun c th qun l b phn ca cy MIB dnh
cho cc chun ca n. MIB s dung biu th du chm nhn dng mi a ch duy
nht bn trong i tng MIB.
Thng tin thm
MIB c m t trong nhiu RFC, bao gm RFC 1158 v RFC 1213. Miu t chnh thc
SNMP nm trong tiu chun RFC 1157. Phin bn mi nht SNMP v3, c m t trong tiu
chun RFC 2570 v mt s tiu chun RFC khc.
Hu ht cc v tr c th nh a trong cy MIB u lin quan n cc b m.
V d a ch ca tham s ipForwarding, trong hnh 14.3, hoc ipInReceives
(khng hin th), m s ca gi IP nhn v t lc phn mm kt ni mng bt u
hot ng hoc t lc b m thit lp li gn y nht.
Phn ln cc v tr c th nh v bn trong MIP tham kho ti cc b m l
cc con s rnh mch. V d mt b m l ipForwarding hoc ipInReceiver, b

m ny m s datagram IP i v t lc phn mm ni mng khi ng hoc t lc
b m c thit lp li gn y nht.
Thng tin MIB c th c nhiu dng: s, vn bn, a ch IP. Mt v d khc
ca thng tin cu hnh MIB l ipDefaultTTL. Thit lp IpDefaultTTL lu gi gi tr
s ca tham s TTL (thi gian sng) c chn vo trong mi datagram IP bt ngun
t mt my tnh.
Cu trc MIP c nh v bt u t root v i xung theo yu cu trc phn
cp cho ti khi nhn din duy nht thit lp m ta mun c. V d nh v cc MIB
ipDefaultTTL v ipInReceives, b gim st SNMP s gi cc ia ch MIB ti tc
nhn SNMP nh sau:
.iso.org.dod.internet.mgmt.mib.ip.ipDefaultTTL
.iso.org.dod.internet.mgmt.mib.ip.ipInReceives
Ti mi v tr trn cy MIB cng c mt a ch s tng ng. Bn c th
tham kho ti mt MIB hoc bng chui k t s hoc bng a ch s ca n. Trong
thc t, n l dng s m thit b gim st mng s dng khi truy vn thng tin t tc
nhn:
.1.3.6.1.2.1.4.2
.1.3.6.1.2.1.4.3
a ch MIB cung cp mt cch t tn chung m bo thit b gim st v
tc nhn c th tham kho mt cch tin cy n cc tham s c th. Cc tham s MIB
ny sau c cha trong cc lnh (c m t trong phn tip theo).
14.3 Cc lnh SNMP
Phn mm tc nhn gim st mng p ng cho ba lnh get, getnext, v set. Cc lnh ny
thi hnh cc chc nng sau:
get - Lnh get ch th cho tc nhn c v tr v mt n v thng tin c th
t MIB.
getnext - Lnh getnext ch th tc nhn c v tr v n v thng tin tip
theo t MIB. Lnh ny c th c s dng c mt bng cc gi tr.
set - Lnh set ch th tc nhn thit lp mt thng s cu hnh hoc thit lp
li mt i tng chng hn mt giao tip mng hoc mt b m c th.

Thc t phn mm SNMP hot ng theo nhiu cch khc nhau, ph thuc vo
nhu cu ca ngi qun tr mng. Cc loi hot ng khc nhau ca SNMP c m
t trong danh sch sau:
Mt tc nhn gim st mng hot ng theo dng truy vn hoc tr li. n c
th nhn cc yu cu v gi cc tr li n trm gim st. Tc nhn nhn mt
lnh get hoc getnext v tr li thng tin t mt v tr a ch.
Mc d c s la chn, cc tc nhn thng c cu hnh gi cc thng ip
khng c yu cu ti trm gim st khi cc s kin khng bnh thng xy
ra. Cc thng ip khng c yu cu ny c gi l cc thng ip trap.
Chng c a ra khi cc phn mm tc nhn bt gp cc s kin bt thng.
V d, phn mm tc nhn SNMP thng hot ng trong mt ch , gim st
cc ngng c thit lp c b vt qu hay khng. Nhng mc ngng ny c
thit lp bng lnh set. Trong trng hp gi tr mt ngng b vt, tc nhn nhn
din s kin v sau cu trc v gi mt thng ip khng c yu cu n trm
gim st mng, trm gim st ny s nhn din ra a ch IP ca my xy ra s kin
cng nh mc ngng no b vt qu.
Tc nhn c th nhn cc yu cu t trm gim st thc hin cc hnh ng
no , chng hn thit lp li mt cng xc nh trn mt router hoc thit lp
cc mc ngng c s dng pht hin cc s kin. Lnh set c s dng
thit lp cc tham s cu hnh hoc thit lp li b m hoc cc giao tip.
V d sau minh ho cho cc lnh truy vn v tr li dng trong SNMP. V d
ny s dng mt tin ch chun on c gi l snmputil, tin ch ny cho php nh
k thut m phng mt trm gim st. Thng qua tin ch ny, mt nh k thut c th
a ra cc lnh n tc nhn. Trong trng hp ny, v tr ca tc nhn l mt my
tnh c a ch IP l 192.59.66.200, v tc nhn l mt thnh vin ca mt cng ng
tn l public. Ch .0 cui hai lnh u tin; c s dng nh l mt hu t khi
c cc bin n gin chng hn cc b m.
D:\>snmputil get 192.59.66.200 public .1.3.6.1.2.1.4.2.0
Variable = ip.ipDefaultTTL.0
Value = INTEGER - 128

D:\>snmputil getnext 192.59.66.200 public .1.3.6.1.2.1.4.2.0
Variable = ip.ipInReceives.0
Value = Counter - 11898

Tn cng ng mc nh trn nhiu h thng l public. Qun tr trong v d ny
nn thay i mt tn no khc. Dng tn mc nh c ngha l trao cho nhng k
tn cng mng mnh mt s khi u thun li.
SNMP hu ch cho cc nh qun tr mng, nhng n khng hon ho. Nhiu
thiu st ca SNMP c miu t theo danh sch sau:
Khng th thy cc lp di - SNMP ch hot ng ti lp ng dng
(Application) da trn UDP, nn n khng th thy ci g ang xy ra cc lp
thp nht, chng hn nh ti lp truy cp mng (Network Access layer).
i hi mt chng giao thc hot ng - trm gim st mng v trm tc nhn
lin lc vi nhau phi c mt chng giao thc TCP/IP y . Nu c s c
mng lm cho chng giao thc khng hot ng ng, SNMP khng th tr
gip khc phc vn ny.
C th to ra lu lng mng ln - k thut truy vn/ tr li c s dng bi
SNMP c th gy ra mt khi lng ln lu thng trong mng. Mc d ch khi
c cc s kin quan trng th tc nhn mi gi cc thng ip khng c yu
cu, trong thc t cc trm gim st mng pht ra mt khi lng lu thng
mng lin tc khi n truy vn cc tc nhn v thng tin ring bit.
Cung cp qu nhiu d liu nhng t thng tin - Vi hng ngn v tr a ch
trong MIB, bn c th truy vn nhiu phn nh thng tin. Tuy nhin, n i hi
mt h thng qun l tht s mnh phn tch cc chi tit t m ny v c kh
nng cung cp cc phn tch c hu ch v ci g ang xy ra trn mt my c
th.
Cung cp qu trnh kim tra thit b nhng khng kim tra c mng - SNMP
c thit k cung cp thng tin trn mt thit b c th. Bn khng th thy
ci g ang xy ra trn phn on mng.
14.4 Gim st t xa (RMON)
Gim st t xa RMON (Remote Monitoring) l mt s m rng khng gian a ch
MIB v c pht trin cho php thc hin vic gim st v duy tr cc mng LAN
xa. Khc vi SNMP, c dng cung cp thng tin truy vn t mt my tnh n,
RMON ly d liu trc tip t mi trng mng v v th n c th nhn thu trn vn
vo bn trong mng LAN.
MIB RMON bt u t v tr a ch .1.3.6.1.2.1.16 (trong hnh 14.3) v
hin nay c chia thnh 20 nhm, v d .1.3.6.1.2.1.16.1 n
.1.3.6.1.2.1.16.20. RMON c pht trin bi IETF iu chnh s thiu st
ca SNMP v cung cp tm nhn ln hn v lu lng mng trn cc LAN xa.

C hai phin bn ca RMON: RMON 1 v RMON 2.
Thng tin thm
Khi c s dng cng chung vi RMON, phn mm tc nhn c gi bng thut ng
tham d (probe).
RMON 1 RMON 1 c nh hng gim st cc mng LAN ethernet
and token ring . Tt c cc nhm trong RMON 1 c lin quan ti vic gim
st hai lp di cng, v d lp vt l v lp lin kt d liu ca m hnh
OSI (tng ng vi lp truy cp mng (Network Access) trong m hnh
TCP/IP). RMON 1 c m t trong RFC 1757, l bn cp nht ca RFC
1271, c cng b vo thng 11 nm 1991.
RMON 2 RMON 2 cung cp cc chc nng ca RMON 1 v cng a ra
qu trnh gim st 5 lp cao ca m hnh OSI (tng ng vi lp Internet,
Transport, v Application ca m hnh TCP/IP). Chi tit k thut ca
RMON 2 c cha trong RFC 2021 v 2034, cc khuyn ngh ny c cng
b vo nm 1997.
Bi v RMON 2 c th lng nghe cc giao thc lp cao, nn n c th cung cp
thng tin v cc giao thc mc cao, chn hn nh IP, TCP, v NFS.
Mc ch ca RMON l bt gi d liu lu lng mng. Mt tc nhn RMON
(hoc my d) lng nghe trn mt phn on mng v chuyn tip d liu ti mt trm
iu khin RMON. Nu mng gm nhiu phn on, mt tc nhn khc lng nghe trn
mi phn on. Thng tin RMON c tp hp li trong cc nhm thng k tng
quan vi cc loi thng tin khc nhau. Sau y l cc tn nhm RMON1:
Statistics Nhm Statistics gi thng tin thng k theo dng bng cho mi
phn on mng c my thm d. Mt vi b m trong nhm ny theo di
s lng gi, s cc gi qung b, s cc ln xung , s cc datagram qu
kch thc v kch thc thp.
History Nhm History gi thng tin thng k m c bin son v lu
tr nh k cho s truy vn sau ny.
Alarm Nhm Alarm s dng kt hp vi nhm Event (c m t sau).
Nhm Alarm kim tra nh k nhng mu thng k t cc bin trong my
d v so snh chng vi mc ngng c cu hnh; nu cc ngng b
vt gii hn, mt s kin c to ra c th c s dng thng bo
cho ngi qun l mng.

Hosts Nhm Hosts duy tr cc thng k cho mi host trn phn on
mng; n bit v cc host ny bng cch kho st a ch vt l ngun v
ch trong cc datagram.
Host top n Nhm Host Top n c s dng to ra cc bo co da trn
cc thng k v s host xc nh cao nht trong mt loi thng tin c th. V
d, mt ngi qun l mng mun bit cc host no xut hin trong hu ht
cc datagram , hoc cc host no gi hu ht cc datagram c kch thc
vt qu gii hn hoc qu nh.
Matrix Nhm Matrix cu trc mt bng v cc cp a ch vt l ngun v
ch cho mi datagram c gim st trn mng. cc cp a ch ny xc
nh cc cuc trao i gia hai a ch.
Filter Nhm Filter cho php to ra mu nh phn c th c s dng
so trng hoc lc cc datagrams n t mng.
Capture Nhm Capture cho php cc datagrams c chn bi nhm
Filter c gi li cho vic khi phc v kim tra sau ny bi ngi qun l
mng.
Event Nhm Event hot ng kt hp vi nhm Alarm pht ra cc
cnh bo cho ngi qun tr mng khi mt ngng ca i tng c gim
st vt qu gii hn.
Token Ring Nhm Token Ring duy tr thng tin c thu thp dnh ring
cho th tc iu khin truy cp mi trng Token-Ring.
RMON 2 cung cp cc nhm b sung lin quan n vic gim st cc giao thc
lp trn ca n.
Tm tt
Trong chng ny, ta tm hiu v giao thc SNMP, l mt b tch hp cung cp vic
gim st v bo tr tp trung cho cc mng xa. Ta cng c nghin cu vn ,
bng cch s dng mt thit b qun l mng trung tm, mt nh qun l mng c th
c thng bo khi cc s kin khc thng c tm thy v c th xem trng thi lu
lng mng c bo co bi cc tc nhn ang hot ng trn cc router, cc hub v
cc server. Bng cch s dng thit b u khin qun l mng, nh qun l mng c th
thc hin nhiu chc nng nh thit lp li cc cng trn cc router hoc ngay c thit
lp li cc thit b iu khin t xa.
Cc thit b mng mi hn c nhng thm cc c trng RMON. RMON c th lm
gim ng k lu thng mng so vi SNMP v khng yu cu c mt thit b iu khin
qun l mng mnh dch d liu. Tuy nhin, khi s dng RMON, c mt s lng x l
ng k thc hin trn tc nhn RMON hoc my d, l qu trnh thm d lu thng
mng.

Trung tm o to Bu chnh Vin thng 2 i
THAT NG
A
ACK-
Timer
B nh thi xc nhn (Acknowledgement Timer) m bo xc nhn cho mt truyn dn
TCP ch c hiu lc trong mt khong thi gian nh trc.
ACK-
Number
S xc nhn: Trong mt kt ni TCP, s xc nhn (Acknowledgement Number) xc nhn
gi d liu n bng cch cng thm vo s trnh t (SN) s byte ca phn d liu Cng
thc tnh l: ACK (trm nhn) = SN (trm gi) + s byte ca gi c truyn. Do vy,
s ACK cho bit trm nhn s nhn gi d liu no tip theo. Trong qu trnh bt tay ba
bc, phi tng SN nhn c ln 1 n v khp vi s ACK, s sau c gi
tr li cho my gi, v s tr thnh s SN ca my gi.
AND Php ton v lgic. Mi bit ring bit ca a ch IP ch c so snh vi bit tng ng
ca mt n mng con. Nu c hai bit u l 1 th kt qu l 1. Trong cc trng hp khc,
kt qu lun l 0.
ARP Giao thc phn gii a ch (Address Resolution Protocol) nhn dng a ch MAC ca my
tnh ch khi bit a ch IP.
ATM Ch truyn khng ng b (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) l mt cng ngh
chuyn mch gi tng lin kt d liu. Tri vi Frame Relay, cc gi truyn trn mng ATM
c chiu di c nh.

B
BER BER cho bit t l bit li (Bit Error Rate).

C
ccTLD Mi quc gia trn khp th gii u c min ring trong h thng tn min. l tn
min mc nh (country coded Top Level Domain).
CIDR nh tuyn lin vng khng phn lp (Classless Inter-Domain Routing), l mt phng
php nh a ch mi ti u vic gn a ch IP cho cc mng.

ii Thut ng
Class A Cc mng c phn loi theo kch thc. Lp A (Class A) cung cp 126 mng vi
16.777.214 trm trn mi mng.
Class B Lp B (Class B) cung cp 16.384 mng vi 65.534 trm trn mi mng.
Class C Lp C (Class C) cung cp 2.097.152 mng vi 254 trm trn mi mng.
Class D Lp D (Class D) c s dng cho cc nhm a hng (multicast)..
Class E Lp R (Class E) l lp th nghim, khng c thit k cho cc mc ch s dng
chung, nhng c s dng cho cc ng dng tng lai.
CRC Kim tra d vng (Cyclical Redundancy Check) l phng php c s dng kim
tra li. N c cha trong phn ui ca d liu ti tng giao din mng. Tng kim tra
khung c gi ldy kim tra khung (Frame Check Sequence, FCS).
CSMA/CD a truy nhp cm nhn sng mang c pht hin xung t (Carrier Sense Multiple Access
with Collision Detection) l phng php truy nhp c s dng trong mng Ethernet.
CSMA/CD l mt tp lut xc nh cch thit b mng phi lm nu c hai my trn mng
cng gi d liu mt lc.

D
DF Nu bit khng phn mnh (Don't Fragment) trong phn tiu IP c t l 1 th
khng c phn mnh gi..
dial-up Quay s l loi kt ni cho php mt my khch kt ni ti nh cung cp dch v (ISP),
ni s ni h ti Internet.
DHCP Giao thc cu hnh host ng (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) tp trung v qun
l cp pht cc tham s cu hnhTCP/IP bng cch t ng cp pht a ch IP cho cc
my tnh.
DHCP
ACK
My ch gi thng bo xc nhn DHCP (DHCP ACK), thng bo cho my khch
rng yu cu thu IP thnh cng. Thng bo ny cha a ch IP thu cng nh cc
tham s cu hnh khc. C my khch v my ch u lu tr thng tin ny. Lc ny
my khch c th truyn thng qua mng trong thi gian thu.
DHCP
DISCOVER
My khch qung b thng bo khm ph DHCP (DHCP DISCOVER) hi thu mt
a ch IP.

Trung tm o to Bu chnh Vin thng 2 iii
DHCP
OFFER
Li mi cho ny (c mt my ch DHCP gi ti my khch), cha a ch phn
cng ca my khch, mt a ch IP, mt n mng con, khong thi gian thu v a ch
IP ca my ch. Thng bo ny lun c gi nh mt tr li cho thng bo DHCP
DISCOVER.

F
FCS Frame Check Sequence. Chui kim tra khung FCS dng kim tra khung theo
phng thc CRC
FDDI Fiber Distributed Data Interface. Giao thc dng lp lin kt d liu. FDDI cung cp kt
ni tc cao cho nhiu loi mng
Frame Frame l n v truyn dn lp lin kt d liu. Mt Frame bao gm tiu c thm
vo ti lp lin kt d liu v d liu a xung t lp IP.
FTP File Transfer Protocol. Giao thc truyn file c s dng trao i file gia cc my
tnh v chia s d liu qua mng.

G
gTLD generic Top Level Domains - v d nh arpa, com, edu, gov, mil, net, org v int l phn
a ch cp trn cng trong cu trc tn min DNS.

H
Header y l tiu ca mt gi d liu. N cung cp cc chc nng khc nhau ph thuc vo
lp (layer), ti tiu c thm vo.
HELO HELO l lnh nhn dng c dng bi client khi ng kt ni ti server SMTP
Host-ID a ch Host-ID dng nhn dng my trm, server, router hay cc host TCP/IP. Mi a
ch host l duy nht trong mt mng my tnh.

iv Thut ng
HTML The Hypertext Markup Language. Ngn ng nh du siu vn bn HTML l ngn ng
chun cho cc trang web. HTML a ra cc chun nh dng vn bn trn internet.
HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol. Giao thc truyn siu vn bn dng truyn cc bn tin t
server ti client s dng TCP/IP. Lu lng HTTP khng c m ha. Ging nh
HTTPS, FTP v SMTP, HTTP l mt trong nhng giao thc c s dng nhiu nht
truy nhp internet.
HTTPS Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure l giao thc c s dng thit lp cc kt ni web
server an ton vi s tr gip ca SSL - Secure Socket Layer. Cng vi HTTP, FTP v
SMTP, HTTPS l mt trong nhng giao thc c s dng nhiu nht cung cp
truy nhp Internet.

I
IAC Khng ging nh cc giao thc khc, dch v TELNET khng s dng tiu truyn
cc chc nng qun l. Thay v th, n s dng k t IAC, cc octet c bin dch thnh
cc lnh. Bn nhn s tm trong lung d liu ti cc k t ny, nu k t IAC c pht
hin, cc bit tip theo s c dch thnh cc lnh.
ICMP Giao thc ICMP cung cp cc d bo li v a ra cc thng bo li xy ra khi
truyn dn
IGMP Giao thc IGMP trong TCP/IP qun l vic truyn qung b, tc l t mt im ti
a im.
IP Giao thc IP thc hin nh a ch gi d liu v truyn chng ti ng ch.
IP
address
Mi my tnh s dng giao thc TCP/IP hay gi l host TCP/IP c nhn dng bi mt
a ch IP logic. Mi host v cc thnh phn mng giao tip vi nhau s dng mt a ch
IP duy nht. a ch ny l duy nht trn ton cu v tun theo dng chun. Mi a ch IP
bao gm hai phn Network ID v Host ID.
IP
address
class
Cc a ch IP c chia thnh cc lp a ch A, B, C, D, v E.
IP
datagram
y l mt gi d liu IP. N bao gm IP header v d liu.

Trung tm o to Bu chnh Vin thng 2 v
IP header y l tiu ca gi IP datagram. N cung cp cc thng tin nh tuyn v nhn
dng d liu cng nh kch c gi tin, th t cc gi v cc ty chn ca IP.
IP lease Khi mt server DHCP nhn c yu cu truy nhp mng ca mt client, n s ly mt
a ch IP t c s d liu v gi ti client. Nu client chp nhn, a ch ny s l ca
client trong sut thi gian s dng. Chng ta gi y l dch v thu a ch IP. Client
c th gi v nhn d liu trong sut thi gian thu a ch ny.
IPv4 Giao thc IPv4 l mt phin bn ca giao thc IP ang c s dng hin nay
IPv6 Giao thc IPv6 l phin bn sau ca IPv4. IPv6 c a ra gii quyt nhng vn
lin quan n a ch mng v cung cp khong a ch nhiu hn so vi phin bn trc.
ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network. y l mng s tch hp a dch v c thit k cho
cc cuc gi thng thng, mng quay s, fax v cc dch v khc, v d nh truyn hnh
hi ngh.
ISP Internet Service Provider. Nh cung cp dch v internet cung cp quyn truy nhp
internet cho cc c nhn v c quan. thc hin, ISP gn mt IP address ti mi
mng con.

L
Layer Chng giao thc TCP/IP gm nhiu lp.

M
MAC Trng thch ng mng bao gm 12 k t dng s hexa, a ch MAC Media Access
Control (iu khin phng tin truyn dn) l mt a ch phn cng quan trng nh
a ch v gi d liu.
MF Nu bit More Fragments (cn phn mnh) trong mnh d liu ca c tiu IP (IP header)
c thit lp ngha l khng phi tt c cc gi d liu c truyn v vn cn cc
mnh theo sau.
MTU Maximum Transmission Unit MTU (n v truyn ln nht) ch ra kch thc gi ln nht
mt mng c th truyn.

vi Thut ng

N
NAT Network Address Translator NAT (B bin dch a ch mng NAT) l mt router thc hin
vic dch a ch ring thnh a ch chung truyn s liu qua Internet.
Network
ID
Network ID (Ch s mng) xc nh cc h thng trong cng on mng. Tt c cc
h thng trong cng mt on mng phi c cng mt Network ID. Ch s ny l duy nht.
NLPID Trong Frame Relay (Chuyn tip khung), trng ch s giao thc tng mng (Network
Layer Protocol Identifier) NLPID xc nh giao thc tng Internet thc hin ng gi
d liu.

O
OSPF Open Shortest Path First (ng truyn ngn nht) l giao thc nh tuyn dng trong
nh tuyn ng.

P
PAR Trong kt ni TCP, vic truyn d liu da trn PAR Positive Acknowledgement with
Retransmission (Phc p tch cc c truyn li). Ni cch khc, khi nhn c ng
d liu phi phc p cho ngi gi.
PVC Permanent Virtual Circuit PVC (Mch o c nh) gi tt c cc gi d liu qua cng mt
ng dn. iu ny gip cho truyn s liu nhanh hn v cc gi khng cn
phn mnh.

Trung tm o to Bu chnh Vin thng 2 vii
R
RCPT Trong SMTP, my client dng lnh RCPT thng bo a ch cho server .
RIP Routing Information Protocol RIP (Giao thc thng tin nh tuyn) l giao thc nh tuyn
dng cho nh tuyn ng.

S
SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol SMTP (Giao thc truyn th in t n gin) dng
truyn email.
SN Trong mt kt ni TCP, mi gi tin cn phi c mt Sequence Number (s th t) my
nhn c th sp xp chng theo ng th t. Gi tr ca SN ph thuc vo s byte ca gi
d liu trc. Khun dng l: SN (ca gi mi) = SN (ca gi trc ) + s bytes (ca gi
trc). My nhn s dng s SN nhn c to ra mt ACK-Number.
SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol SNMP (Giao thc qun l mng n gin) gim st
cc router, server, my in v cc thit b mng khc v gii quyt cc vn lin quan n
cc thit b ny.
SSL Secure Socket Layer h tr vic thit lp kt ni tin cy ca web server.
Subnet
ID
chia mt mng thnh cc mng con, mi on mng phi s dng mt Subnet ID (Ch
s nhn dng mng con) ring. Subnet ID c to ra bng cch chia cc bit ca phn
Host ID (Ch s nhn dng my ch) ra thnh hai phn, mt phn xc nh mng con, phn
cn li xc nh my ch.

T
TCP Ging nh UDP, Transmission Control Protocol TCP (Giao thc iu khin truyn) l mt
giao thc chnh ca tng Giao vn. TCP cung cp thng tin hng lin kt v tin cy khi
truyn mt lng ln d liu ti cng mt thi im v c phc p khi nhn c
d liu.
TCP
header
TCP header (Tiu TCP) l phn u tin ca mt TCP segment (phn on TCP) c
kch thc thay i. V d khi khng s dng th c kch thc l 20 bytes.

viii Thut ng
TCP
segment
Phn on TCP (TCP segment) l n v truyn dn trong TCP. N bao gm mt tiu
TCP ( TCP header) cho cc ng dng s liu.
TCP/IP TCP/IP l vit tt ca Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol (Giao thc iu
khin truyn dn/ Giao thc Internet). Mc d tnTCP/IP ch gm hai giao thc, thc ra n
gm rt nhiu cc giao thc khc nhau gi l mt h hay mt nhm giao thc.
TFTP Trivial File Transfer Protocol (Giao thc truyn tp thng thng) TFTP l giao thc truyn
s liu h tr rt t lnh v khng c tin cy cao. Tuy nhin, TFTP l giao thc truyn s
liu tc cao.
TR Token Ring l k thut ca tng Lin kt. Mng Token Ring thng c cu hnh dng
vng ring.
TTL Time-To-Live (Trng thi gian sng) trong tiu IP (IP header) ch ra thi gian tn ti
ca mt gi IP (IP datagram) trc khi n b router xa i.

U
UDP User Datagram Protocol (Giao thc gi ngi dng) UDP l giao thc chnh th hai ca
tng giao vn sau TCP. Ngc li vi TCP, UDP cung cp thng tin khng kt ni v
khng m bo gi d liu c th n ch. Thng thng, cc chng trnh s dng UDP
ch truyn mt khi lng nh d liu ti mt thi im.

V
VCI Ch s nhn dng knh o VCI c cha trong phn tiu ATM v c kh nng h tr
ti 65.536 knh o ring bit vi mi mch o.
VPI Ch s nhn dng mch o VPI cha trong phn tiu ATM ca gi d liu v c kh
nng h tr 4.069 mch o cho mi kt ni

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