Structures of synovial joint:

Joint capsule: Envelopes join, strengthens it with two layers of dense regular
Synovial membrane: Secretes synovial fluid
Synovial fluid: Occupies free spaces, weight bearing, and reduces friction.
Articular (hyaline) cartilage- covers opposing bone surfaces
Ligaments- unite bones and prevent undesirable movement (bone-bone)
Bursae- flattened fibrous sacs similar to blisters that prevent rubbing and
damage.
Tendon- Anchors muscle to bone. (muscle-bone)
Gliding/plane joint Between carpals (small bones in hand near wrist and feet)
Hinge Humerus and ulna
Pivot Ulna to radius
Condyloid/ellipsoidal Metacarpals to phalanges
Saddle Carpals to metacarpals
Ball and socket Head of humerus to scapula and pelvic girdle to femur

Flexion Decreases angle of joint
Extension Increasing angle of joint
Abduction Away from long axis of body
Adduction Towards the long axis of the body
Circumduction 360 degrees of motion
Supination Palm back to front (palm up)
Pronation Palm front to back (palm down)
Rotation Turning head side to side
Dorsiflexion Toes up (toes to nose, standing on your
heels)
Plantar flexion Pointing toes/pressing on gas pedal
Opposition Thumb to other fingers

3 types of arthritis:
name cause Signs/symptoms treatment
osteoarthritis More cartilage is
damaged than is
replaced
Results in
roughened,
cracked, eroded
articular cartilage
Aspirin, Tylenol,
glucosamine
Rheumatoid
arthritis
Chronic
inflammatory
disorder, auto
immune disease
triggered possibly
by virus or
bacteria.
Inflammation turns
into panus, panus
erodes cartilage
and scar tissue
eventually forms.
Drugs controlling
immune system
Gout Uric acid crystals
deposited in soft
tissue of joint
More often in men
than women, and
usually in the big
toe.
NSAIDS,
glucocorticoids,
avoiding alcohol
and foods like
liver, kidney, and
sardine.