Mt ti liu ngn gn

gii thiu v L
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hay L
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trong 147 pht

Bin son: Tobias Oetiker
Hubert Partl, Irene Hyna v Elisabeth Schlegl
Dch bi: Nguyn Tn Khoa
Phin bn 4.00, Ngy 07 thng 06 nm 2005
ii
Bn quyn 2000-2005 thuc v Oetiker v nhng ngi ng gp cho ti liu
LShort. All rights reserved.
y l mt ti liu min ph. Bn hon ton c th phn phi li cho nhng
ngi s dng khc hoc c th chnh sa cho ph hp. Tuy nhin bn phi tun
theo nhng yu cu trong giy php bn quyn GNU (General Public License ca
Free Software Foundation; phin bn 2 hay cc phin bn khc theo kin ring
ca bn).
Ti liu ny c pht hnh vi hy vng rng n s tr nn hu ch, nhng
n KHNG KM THEO BT K S BO M NO, ngay c nhng
m bo ngm hiu v vic thng mi ho hay phi ph hp vi mt ch c th
no (vn ny bn c th tham kho giy php GNU General Public License
bit thm chi tit).
Thng thng, bn s nhn c mt bn sao ca giy php GNU General
Public License km theo ti liu ny; nu cha c, bn c th gi th n Free
Software Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. c mt
bn sao.
Cm n!
Phn ln ni dung ca ti liu ny c ly t bn gii thiu v L
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X 2.09
bng ting c ca:
Hubert Partl <partl@mail.boku.ac.at>
Zentraler Informatikdienst der Universitat f ur Bodenkultur Wien
Irene Hyna <Irene.Hyna@bmwf.ac.at>
Bundesministerium f ur Wissenschaft und Forschung Wien
Elisabeth Schlegl <noemail>
in Graz
Nu bn quan tm n ti liu bng ting c, bn c th ti v bn cp
nht ca J org Knappen ti CTAN:/tex-archive/info/lshort/german.
iv Cm n!
Trong thi gian thc hin ti liu ny, ti tham vn kin ca mt s
ngi c chuyn mn v L
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X nhm tin comp.text.tex v nhn c
nhiu s hng ng v ng gp kin ca mi ngi. Chnh nh vo s
nhit tnh gip trong vic chnh sa li, a ra cc kin ngh cng
ti liu tham kho ca mi ngi ti mi c th hon tt ti liu ny. Ti
chn thnh cm n mi ngi. Tt c cc li trong ti liu ny l ca ti
!!! (ti l ngi son tho m). Nu bn tm thy mt t no vit sai li
chnh t th c l rng mt trong nhng ngi bn sau b xt n!
Rosemary Bailey, Marc Bevand, Friedemann Brauer, Jan Busa,
Markus Br uhwiler, Pietro Braione, David Carlisle, Jos Carlos Santos,
Mike Chapman, Pierre Chardaire, Christopher Chin, Carl Cerecke,
Chris McCormack, Wim van Dam, Jan Dittberner, Michael John Downes,
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Li m u
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X [1] l mt h thng son tho rt ph hp vi vic to ra cc ti liu
khoa hc v ton hc vi cht lng bn in rt cao. ng thi, n cng rt
ph hp vi cc cng vic son tho cc ti liu khc t th t cho n nhng
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Ti liu ngn gn ny s gii thiu v L
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v n s gii thiu hu ht
cc ng dng ca L
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X. Bn c th tham kho thm [1, 3] bit thm chi
tit v h thng L
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X.
Ti liu ny c chia lm 7 chng (6 chng c dch t ti liu gc v
1 chng hng dn s dng L
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X son tho ti liu ting Vit):
Chng 1 gii thiu cu trc c bn ca cc ti liu c son tho bng
L
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. Ngoi ra, chng ny cng gii thiu s lc v lch s pht

trin ca L
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X. Kt thc chng, bn s hiu c c ch lm vic
ca L
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X. y s l nn tng quan trng m t bn c th kt hp
vi cc kin thc cc chng sau c c mt ci nhn su hn v
L
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Chng 2 i su vo vic son tho cc ti liu. Bn s c gii thiu
v nhng lnh c bn, ph bin cng vi nhng mi trng nh dng
trong L
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X. Sau khi kt thc chng, bn s c th t son tho mt
s kiu ti liu n gin.
Chng 3 hng dn cch son tho cc cng thc bng L
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X. Chng ti
s cung cp cho cc bn rt nhiu v d minh ho cch s dng sc
mnh ny ca L
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X. Chng ny s c kt thc bng mt bng lit
k tt c cc k hiu ton hc c h tr trong L
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X.
Chng 4 ni v vic to ch mc, danh mc ti liu tham kho v thm
hnh nh dng EPS vo ti liu. Chng ny cng ni v vic to mt
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X, gii thiu mt s gi m rng hu
dng nh XY-pic, pdfscreen, . . . .
vi Li m u
Chng 5 hng dn to cc tp tin hnh nh vi L
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dng cc cng c v hnh bn ngoi thit k hnh nh ri thm vo
ti liu, bn c th m t hnh nh v L
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Chng 6 ni v nhng nguy him tm n ca vic thay i nh dng
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X. Bn s bit c nhng thay i khng nn lm v
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X xut ra ti liu kt qu khng p.
Chng 7 hng dn ci t v s dng gi VnTeX son tho ti liu
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Bn nn c ti liu theo th t cc chng bi v ti liu ny khng qu
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tin v s c s dng xuyn sut trong ton b ti liu.
L
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X c th c s dng gn nh trn mi h thng my tnh, mi h iu
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Ti cc mng my tnh trong cc trng i hc, bn c th thy rng L
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c ci t sn. Thng tin hng dn cch thc truy cp v s dng
c cung cp trong phn Local Guide [4]. Nu bn gp kh khn trong vic
s dng th hy lin h vi ngi a cho bn quyn sch ny! Vic hng
dn ci t v cu hnh L
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X khng thuc vo phm vi gii thiu ngn gn
ca ti liu. y, chng ti ch tp trung gii thiu nhng kin thc c bn
son tho ti liu bng L
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Nu bn c nhu cu lin quan n L
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trang web ca Comprehensive T
E
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c t ti http://www.ctan.org. Bn c th ti v tt c cc gi d
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Bn s thy nhng phn cn tham kho thm CTAN trong sut ti liu
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Xtrn my tnh c nhn, hy xem qua nhng
thng tin a ch CTAN:/tex-archive/systems.
vii
Nu bn thy rng ti liu ny cn c b sung, thay i th hy lin h
vi chng ti.
Tobias Oetiker <oetiker@ee.ethz.ch>
Department of Information Technology and
Electrical Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology
Ti liu hin thi ang c a ch:
CTAN:/tex-archive/info/lshort
Mc lc
Cm n! iii
Li m u v
1 Nhng kin thc c bn v L
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1.1 Tn gi ca tr chi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 T
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1.1.2 L
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1.2 Nhng iu c bn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.1 Tc gi, ngi trnh by sch v ngi sp ch . . . . . 2
1.2.2 Trnh by bn in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.3 Nhng im mnh v im yu ca L
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1.3 Cc tp tin nhp liu ca L
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X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3.1 Khong trng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3.2 Mt s k t c bit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3.3 Mt s lnh ca L
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1.3.4 Cc li ch thch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.4 Cu trc ca tp tin nhp liu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.5 Mt s lnh thng dng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.6 Cch trnh by mt ti liu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.6.1 Cc lp ti liu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.6.2 Cc gi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.6.3 Cc nh dng trang ca trang vn bn . . . . . . . . . 12
1.7 Mt s dng tp tin thng gp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.8 Cc ti liu ln . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2 Son tho vn bn 18
2.1 Cu trc vn bn v vn v ngn ng . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.2 nh dng vic xung hng v sang trang . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.2.1 Canh l cc on vn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.2.2 Ngt t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
MC LC ix
2.3 Cc chui k t sn c trong L
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2.4 Cc k t c bit v cc k hiu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.4.1 Du trch dn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.4.2 Du gch v du ngt qung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.4.3 Du ng () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.4.4 K hiu v () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.4.5 K hiu ng tin Euro () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.4.6 Du ba chm (. . . ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.4.7 Ch ghp, gch ni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.4.8 Du trng m v cc k t c bit . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.5 S h tr i vi cc ngn ng quc t . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.5.1 S h tr i vi ting B o Nha . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.5.2 S h tr i vi ting Php . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.5.3 S h tr i vi ting c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.5.4 H tr i vi ting Hn Quc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.6 Khong cch gia cc t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.7 Ta , cc chng v cc mc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.8 Tham chiu cho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.9 Ch thch cui trang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.10 Cc t c nhn mnh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.11 Mi trng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.11.1 Cc mi trng lit k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.11.2 Canh tri, canh phi, v canh gia . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.11.3 Trch dn v cc on th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.11.4 Li ta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.11.5 In n ng nguyn vn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2.11.6 Mi trng bng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2.12 Tnh linh ng trong cch trnh by . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.13 Bo v cc lnh d v . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3 Son tho cc cng thc ton hc 51
3.1 Tng quan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.2 Gp nhm cc cng thc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.3 Xy dng khi cc cng thc ton hc . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.4 Cc khong trng trong cng thc ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3.5 Ging theo ct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
3.6 Cc khong trng thay cho phn vn bn . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
3.7 Kch thc ca cc font ch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
3.8 nh l, nh lut, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3.9 Cc k hiu in m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3.10 Danh sch cc k hiu ton hc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
x MC LC
4 Nhng tnh nng c trng ca L
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4.1 a nh EPS vo ti liu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
4.2 Ti liu tham kho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
4.3 To ch mc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
4.4 Trang tr u ca cc trang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
4.5 Mi trng h tr trch ng nguyn vn . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
4.6 Ti v v ci t cc gi ca L
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4.7 Lm vic vi pdfL
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4.7.1 Cc ti liu PDF dnh cho Web . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
4.7.2 Cc font ch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
4.7.3 S dng hnh nh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
4.7.4 Cc siu lin kt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
4.7.5 Vn vi cc lin kt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
4.7.6 Cc vn vi Bookmark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
4.8 To ti liu trnh din vi gi beamer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
5 Bin son hnh nh ton hc 97
5.1 Tng quan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
5.2 Mi trng picture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
5.2.1 Cc lnh c bn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
5.2.2 Cc on thng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
5.2.3 Mi tn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
5.2.4 ng trn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
5.2.5 Vn bn v cng thc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
5.2.6 Lnh \multiput v \linethickness . . . . . . . . . . 104
5.2.7 Hnh oval. Lnh \thinlines v \thicklines . . . . . 105
5.2.8 Cc cch s dng cc khung hnh c nh ngha trc106
5.2.9 Cc ng cong Bzier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
5.2.10 Catenary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
5.2.11 Tc trong thuyt tng i c bit . . . . . . . . . 110
5.3 X
Y
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6 Tu bin cc thnh phn ca L
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6.1 To lnh, gi lnh v mi trng mi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
6.1.1 To lnh mi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
6.1.2 To mi trng mi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
6.1.3 To mt gi lnh mi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
6.2 Font ch v kch thc font ch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
6.2.1 Cc lnh thay i font ch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
6.2.2 Lu khi s dng cc lnh thay i nh dng . . . . 121
6.2.3 Vi li khuyn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
MC LC xi
6.3 Cc khong trng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
6.3.1 Khong cch gia cch hng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
6.3.2 nh dng on vn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
6.3.3 Khong trng ngang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
6.3.4 Khong trng dc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
6.4 Trnh by trang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
6.5 Cc vn khc vi vic nh dng chiu di . . . . . . . . . . 127
6.6 Cc hp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
6.7 ng k v thanh ngang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
7 Son tho ti liu ting Vit 132
Ti liu tham kho 133
Ch mc 135
Danh sch hnh v
1.1 Tp tin nhp liu c bn ca L
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1.2 V d v mt cu trc ca mt ti liu c son tho bng
L
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4.1 V d v cch s dng gi fancyhdr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
4.2 V d minh ho cch s dng gi beamer . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
6.1 V d v mt gi lnh t to. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
6.2 Cc tham s trong vic trnh by trang. . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Danh sch bng
1.1 Cc lp ti liu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.2 Cc tu chn cho lp ti liu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.3 Mt s gi c phn phi chng vi L
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1.4 Cc kiu nh dng sn ca trang vn bn trong L
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2.1 Du trng m v cc k t c bit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.2 Phn ta h tr ting B o Nha. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.3 Cc lnh c bit dnh cho ting Php. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.4 Mt s k hiu c bit trong ting c. . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.5 Cc v tr c php. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3.1 Cc du trng m trong ch son tho ton hc. . . . . . . 66
3.2 Cc ch ci Hy Lp vit thng. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
3.3 Cc ch ci Hy Lp vit hoa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.4 Quan h hai ngi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
3.5 Cc ton t hai ngi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
3.6 Cc ton t ln. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
3.7 Cc du mi tn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
3.8 Cc du ngoc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
3.9 Cc du ngoc ln. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
3.10 Cc k hiu khc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.11 Cc k hiu thng thng. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.12 Cc du ngoc theo AMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.13 Ch ci Hy Lp v Do Thi theo AMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.14 Quan h hai ngi theo AMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3.15 Cc du mi tn theo AMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
3.16 Quan h ph nh hai ngi v cc du mi tn theo AMS. . . 73
3.17 Cc ton t nh phn theo AMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
3.18 Cc k hiu khc theo AMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
3.19 Cc kiu ch ci trong ton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
xiv DANH SCH BNG
4.1 Tn ca cc kho theo gi graphicx. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
4.2 C php ca vic to ch mc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
6.1 Font ch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
6.2 Kch thc ca font ch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
6.3 Kch thc tnh theo im (pt) ca cc ti liu chun. . . . . . 119
6.4 Cc font ch son tho trong ch ton hc. . . . . . . . 120
6.5 Cc n v trong T
E
X. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Chng 1
Nhng kin thc c bn v
L
A
T
E
X
Phn u tin ca chng s gii thiu mt cch ngn gn s ra i v qu trnh
pht trin ca L
A
T
E
X2

. Phn hai s tp trung vo cc cu trc c bn ca mt

ti liu son tho bng L
A
T
E
X. Sau khi kt thc chng ny, cc bn s c c
nhng kin thc cn bn v cch thc lm vic ca L
A
T
E
X v iu ny s l mt
nn tng quan trng bn c th hiu k nhng chng sau.
1.1 Tn gi ca tr chi
1.1.1 T
E
X
T
E
X l mt chng trnh c thit k bi Donald E. Knuth [2]. T
E
X c
thit k nhm phc v cho vic son tho cc vn bn thng thng v cc
cng thc ton hc. Knuth bt u thit k cng c sp ch T
E
X vo nm
1977 khm ph tm lc ca cc thit b in n in t khi m n bt u
xm nhp vo cng ngh in n lc by gi. ng hy vng rng s trnh c
xu hng lm gim cht lng bn in, iu m cc ti liu ca ng b nh
hng. T
E
X nh chng ta thy ngy nay c pht hnh vo nm 1982 cng
vi mt s nng cp c b sung vo nm 1989 h tr tt hn cho cc
k t 8-bit v a ngn ng. T
E
X c ci tin v tr nn cc k n nh,
c th chy trn cc h thng my tnh khc nhau v gn nh l khng c
li. Cc phin bn ca T
E
X ang dn tin n s v phin bn hin nay l
3.141592.
T
E
X c pht m l Tech, vi ch nh trong t Ach
1
trong ting
1
Trong ting c c hai cch pht m i vi ch ch. Mt trong hai cch ny l m
2 Nhng kin thc c bn v L
A
T
E
X
c hay t Loch trong tign Scotland. ch bt ngun t bng ch ci ca
ting Hy Lp, trong X l ch ch hay chi. Ngoi ra T
E
X cn l m u
tin ca t texnologia (technology) trong ting Hy Lp. Trong mi trng
vn bn thng thng, T
E
X c vit l TeX.
1.1.2 L
A
T
E
X
L
A
T
E
X l mt gi cc tp lnh cho php tc gi c th son tho v in n
ti liu ca mnh vi cht lng bn in cao nht thng qua vic s dng
cc kiu trnh by chuyn nghip c nh ngha trc. Ban u, L
A
T
E
X
c thit k bi Leslie Lamport [1]. L
A
T
E
X s dng b my nh dng T
E
X
lm ht nhn c bn phc v cho vic nh dng ti liu. Ngy nay, L
A
T
E
X
c duy tr v pht trin bi mt nhm nhng ngi yu thch v nghin
cu v T
E
X, ng u l Frank Mittlebach.
L
A
T
E
X c pht m l Lay-tech hay l Lah-tech. L
A
T
E
X trong mi
trng vn bn thng thng c vit l LaTeX. L
A
T
E
X2

c pht m l
Lay-tech two e v vit l LaTeX2e.
1.2 Nhng iu c bn
1.2.1 Tc gi, ngi trnh by sch v ngi sp ch
Trc khi mt tc phm c in n, tc gi s gi bn vit tay ca mnh n
nh xut bn. Sau , ngi trnh by sch s quyt nh vic trnh by ti
liu ( rng ca ct, font ch, khong cch gia cc tiu , . . . ). Ngi
trnh by sch s ghi li nhng ch dn nh dng ca mnh ln bn vit tay
v a cho ngi th sp ch, v ngi th ny s sp ch cho quyn sch
theo nhng nh dng c ch dn trn bn vit tay.
Ngi trnh by sch phi c gng tm hiu xem tc gi ngh g khi
vit bn vit tho c th quyt nh c nhng hnh thc nh dng ph
hp cho: tiu , trch dn, v d, cng thc, . . . . y l cng vic phi da
nhiu vo kinh nghim v ni dung ca bn tho.
Trong mi trng L
A
T
E
X, L
A
T
E
X ng vai tr l ngi trnh by sch v
s dng T
E
X nh l mt ngi th sp ch. Tuy nhin, L
A
T
E
X ch l mt
ch trong ch Pech v cch c ny c v ph hp. Khi c hi v iu ny, Knuth
tr li trong Wikipedia ting c nh sau: Ti khng bc mnh khi mi ngi pht m
T
E
X theo cch ring ca h . . . v c nhiu ngi pht m ch X bi m ch nh v
n theo sao nguyn m e ch khng phi ch mnh khi n theo sau nguyn m a. Nga,
tex l mt t rt thng dng v c pht m l tyekh. Tuy nhin cch pht m chnh
xc nht l Hy Lp v h dng m ch mnh trong t ach hay Loch.
1.2 Nhng iu c bn 3
chng trnh my tnh do n phi c hng dn bi ngi son tho.
Ngi son tho s cung cp thm thng tin m t cu trc logic ca tc
phm v thng tin ny s c vit vo vn bn di hnh thc l cc lnh
ca L
A
T
E
X.
y chnh l mt trong nhng im khc bit ln i vi cc chng trnh
son tho WYSIWYG
2
nh l: MS Word, hay Corel WordPerfect. Vi cc
chng trnh trn th ngi son vn bn s tng tc trc tip vi chng
trnh v h s thy ngay kt qu ca vic inh dng. Khi ny, vn bn trn
mn hnh s phn nh ng vi bn in.
Khi s dng L
A
T
E
X, bn khng nhn thy bn in ngay khi son tho. Tuy
nhin, sau khi bin dch bn c th xem v sa i ni dung trc khi thc
hin thao tc in n.
1.2.2 Trnh by bn in
Vic thit k bn in l mt cng vic th cng. Nhng ngi son vn bn
khng c khiu trnh by thng mc phi mt s li nh dng nghim trng
v quan im: Nu mt ti liu trng sc so th n c thit k tt.
Tuy nhin cc ti liu c in n l c ch khng phi trng by
trong mt phng trin lm ngh thut. Do , tnh r rng, d c, d hiu
phi c t ln hng u. V d:
Kch thc ca font ch v vic nh s tiu phi c chn mt
cch hp l nhm lm cho cu trc ca cc chng, mc tr nn r
rng i vi ngi c.
Chiu di ca dng vn bn phi ngn khng lm mi mt ngi
c; ng thi, n phi di c th nm va vn trong trang giy.
iu ny mi nghe qua ta thy c v mu thun nhng y chnh l
mt yu t rt quan trng quyt nh n tnh r rng v p mt ca
ti liu.
Vi cc h son tho WYSIWYG, tc gi thng to ra cc ti liu sc
so, trng p mt nhng li khng m bo c tnh thng nht trong
nh dng cc thnh phn ca ti liu. L
A
T
E
X ngn chn nhng li nh th
bng cch yu cu ngi son tho phi nh ngha cu trc logic ca ti
liu. Sau , chnh L
A
T
E
X s la chn cch trnh by tt nht.
2
What you see is what you get.
4 Nhng kin thc c bn v L
A
T
E
X
1.2.3 Nhng im mnh v im yu ca L
A
T
E
X
Khi nhng ngi s dng cc phm mm WYSIWYG v nhng ngi s
dng LaTeX gp nhau, h thng tranh lun v nhng im mnh / im
yu ca L
A
T
E
X i vi cc chng trnh son tho thng thng v ngc
li. Cch tt nht m bn nn lm l ng gia v lng nghe. Tuy nhin, i
lc bn s khng th no ng ngoi c!
Di y l mt s im mnh ca L
A
T
E
X:
Cc m hnh trnh by bn in chuyn nghip c sn v iu ny s
gip cho ti liu do bn son tho trng tht chuyn nghip.
Vic son tho cc cng thc ton hc, k thut c h tr n ti
a.
Ngi s dng ch cn hc mt s lnh d nh xc nh cu trc
logic ca ti liu. Ngi dng gn nh khng bao gi cn phi suy ngh
nhiu n vic trnh by bn in v cng c sp ch T
E
X lm vic
ny mt cch t ng.
Ngay c nhng cu trc phc tp nh ch thch, tham chiu, biu bng,
mc lc, . . . cng c to mt cch d dng.
Bn c th s dng rt nhiu gi thm vo (add-on package) min
ph nhm b sung nhng tnh nng m L
A
T
E
X khng h tr mt cch
trc tip. V d: cc gi thm vo c th h tr vic a hnh nh
PostScript hay h tr vic lp nn cc danh mc sch tham kho
theo ng chun. Bn c th tham kho thm thng tin v cc gi cng
thm trong ti liu The L
A
T
E
X Companion [3].
L
A
T
E
X khuyn khch ngi son tho vit nhng ti liu c cu trc r
rng bi v y l c ch lm vic ca L
A
T
E
X.
T
E
X, cng c nh dng ca L
A
T
E
X2

, c tnh kh chuyn rt cao v

hon ton min ph. Do , chng trnh ny s chy c trn hu
ht cc h thng phn cng, h iu hnh khc nhau.
L
A
T
E
X cng c nhiu im cha thun li cho ngi s dng. Bn c th lit
k ra nhng im bt li ny khi bt u s dng L
A
T
E
X. y, ti xin lit
k ra mt vi im nh sau:
L
A
T
E
X khng phc v tt cho nhng k nh mt lng tri.
1.3 Cc tp tin nhp liu ca L
A
T
E
X 5
Mc d, i vi mt kiu trnh by vn bn nh sn, cc tham s nh
dng u c th thay i nhng vic thit k mt kiu trnh by mi
hon ton l rt kh khn v tn nhiu thi gian.
3
Bin son nhng ti liu khng c cu trc, hoc ln xn ... l rt kh
khn
Trong nhng bc lm vic u tin bn c th dng chut nhng khi
s dng quen th con chut s khng phc v g nhiu cho khi nhim
nh du logic (Logical Markup).
1.3 Cc tp tin nhp liu ca L
A
T
E
X
D liu a vo cho L
A
T
E
X l vn bn thng thng c lu di dng k t
ASCII. Bn c th son tho tp tin ny bng mt chng trnh son tho
vn bn thng thng nh Notepad, vim, gvim, . . . Tp tin ny s cha phn
vn bn cng nh cc lnh nh dng ca L
A
T
E
X.
1.3.1 Khong trng
Cc k t: khong trng hay tab c xem nh nhau v c gi l k t
khong trng. Nhiu k t khong trng lin tip cng ch c xem l mt
khong trng. Cc khong trng v tr bt u mt hng th c b qua.
Ngoi ra k t xung hng n c xem l mt khong trng.
Mt hng trng gia hai hng vn bn s xc nh vic kt thc mt on
vn. Nhiu hng trng c xem l mt hng trng.
T y tr i, cc v d s c trnh by nh sau: bn tri s l phn d
liu c nhp vo v bn phi s l kt qu c xut ra tng ng (phn
kt qu c xut ra c ng khung).
y l mt v d cho thy
rng nhiu khong
trng cng
ch c xem l
mt khong trng.
ng thi mt hng trng
s bt u mt on mi.
y l mt v d cho thy rng nhiu khong
trng cng ch c xem l mt khong
trng.
ng thi mt hng trng s bt u mt
on mi.
3
Mt s tin n cho rng y s l mt trong nhng im yu c khc phc tronog
phin bn L
A
T
E
X3
6 Nhng kin thc c bn v L
A
T
E
X
1.3.2 Mt s k t c bit
Nhng k t sau l cc k t c dnh ring hay c mt ngha c bit
trong L
A
T
E
X hoc l n khng c mt trong bt k b font ch no. Khi bn
nhp chng vo mt cch trc tip th thng thng chng s khng c in
ra v i khi n cng khin cho L
A
T
E
X lm mt s vic m bn khng d
on trc hoc chng cng c th khin cho L
A
T
E
X bo li.
# $ % ^ & _ { } ~ |
Bn s thy rng cc k t ny s c s dng rt nhiu trong ti liu.
s dng cc k hiu trn trong ti liu, bn cn phi thm vo mt tin t
pha trc l du gch cho (\).
\# \$ \% \^{} \& \_ \{ \} \~{} # $ % & _ { }
Cc k hiu khc c th c in ra trong cc cng thc ton hay cc du
trng m vi cc ch th lnh. Du gch cho (\) khng th c nhp vo
bng cch thm vo trc n mt du gch cho (\\) nh cc trng hp
trn. Khi bn nhp vo \\ th L
A
T
E
X s hiu rng bn mun xung hng
4
.
1.3.3 Mt s lnh ca L
A
T
E
X
Cc lnh ca L
A
T
E
X cn phi c nhp vo theo ng ch hoa v ch thng.
N c th c hai dng thc nh sau:
Chng c th bt u bng du \ v tip theo l tn lnh (ch gm cc
k t). Cc tn lnh thng c kt thc bng mt khong trng, mt
s hay mt k hiu.
Chng gm c mt du vch cho ngc (\) v ch ng mt k hiu.
L
A
T
E
X b qua khong trng sau cc lnh. Nu bn mun c khong trng
sau cc lnh th bn nn nhp thm vo {} v mt khong trng hay mt
lnh khong trng c bit sau tn lnh. Vic nhp vo {} s ngn cn L
A
T
E
X
xo mt cc k t khong trng sau tn lnh.
Knuth phn loi ngi
s dng \TeX{} thnh
\TeX{}nicians
v \TeX
eperts.
Knuth phn loi ngi s dng T
E
X thnh
T
E
Xnicians v T
E
Xeperts.
4
Bn nn nhp vo $\backslash$. Ch th lnh ny s in ra du \.
1.3 Cc tp tin nhp liu ca L
A
T
E
X 7
R rng trong v d trn, khi s dng lnh \TeX m khng thm vo { }
th ch cc khong trng gia t experts v \TeX b b qua v do chng
c vit lin nhau thnh T
E
Xexperts.
Mt s lnh cn c tham s. Cc tham s ny s c ghi gia du
ngoc { } pha sau tn lnh. Mt s lnh c yu cu tham s; tuy nhin,
cc tham s ny l tu chn, khi ny n c nhp vo trong du ngoc
vung [ ].
Bn c th \textsl{da} vo ti! Bn c th da vo ti!
Vui lng bt u mt
hng mi!\newline
Cm n!
Vui lng bt u mt hng mi!
Cm n!
1.3.4 Cc li ch thch
Khi m L
A
T
E
X gp mt k t % th n s b qua phn cn li ca hng ang
c x l. Ngoi ra, cc k t xung hng v cc khong trng u hng
tip theo s c b qua.
Bn c th s dng k t ny thc hin vic ghi ch vo tp tin son
tho m khng lo lng vic in chng ra cng vi bn in hon chnh.
N qu l % n gin
% tt hn <----
mt v d khng in,
v ngha
N qu l mt v d khng in, v ngha
Ngoi ra, k t % cn c th c s dng chia cc hng d liu nhp
vo qu di khi m cc k t khong trng hay l xung hng khng c
php xut hin.
Vi cc li bnh di, bn c th s dng mi trng c cung cp bi
gi verbatim l comment. Gi ny c a vo s dng thng qua lnh sau:
\usepackage{verbatim}
y l mt v d khc
\begin{comment}
cng n gin nhng hu dng
\end{comment}
minh ho cch a li bnh
vo ti liu.
y l mt v d khc minh ho cch a li
bnh vo ti liu.
8 Nhng kin thc c bn v L
A
T
E
X
Bn cn ch rng mi trng ghi ch ny khng lm vic trong nhng
mi trng phc tp nh l cc mi trng cha cc cng thc ton hc.
1.4 Cu trc ca tp tin nhp liu
Khi m L
A
T
E
X2

x l mt tp tin d liu vo, n s i hi d liu vo phi

c mt cu trc nht nh. Mi tp tin d liu vo phi c bt u bi
lnh:
\documentclass{...}
Lnh ny s xc nh kiu ca ti liu m bn mun son tho. Tip n,
bn c th thm vo cc lnh khc nh dng cu trc ca ton b ti
liu. Ngoi ra, bn c th s dng cc gi khc thm vo cc tnh nng m
rng khng c sn trong L
A
T
E
X. Cc gi lnh c th c a vo bng
cch s dng lnh
\usepackage{...}
Khi vic khai bo nh dng ca ti liu hon tt
5
, bn c th bt u
son phn thn ca ti liu vi lnh
\begin{document}
By gi th bn bt u son tho phn vn bn kt hp vi cc lnh
nh dng hu ch ca L
A
T
E
X. Khi hon tt vic son tho, bn s thm vo
lnh
\end{document}
Lnh ny s yu cu L
A
T
E
X kt thc phin lm vic. Ni dung cn li
trong ti liu s b b qua.
Hnh 1.1 minh ho cu trc c bn ca mt tp tin nhp liu c son
tho theo L
A
T
E
X. Mt v d v tp tin nhp liu phc tp hn s c cung
cp hnh 1.2
1.5 Mt s lnh thng dng
Ti dm cc rng bn ang c gng th lm vic da trn on d liu
vo ngn gn trang 9. Di y l mt s hng dn: bn thn ca L
A
T
E
X
5
Vng d liu nm gia \documentclass v \begindocument c gi l vng li
ta (ting Anh l preamble).
1.5 Mt s lnh thng dng 9
\documentclass{article}
\begin{document}
Nh gn nhng c nhiu ngha
\end{document}
Hnh 1.1 Tp tin nhp liu c bn ca L
A
T
E
X
\documentclass[a4paper,11pt]{article}
% Ta ca ti liu
\author{H.~Partl}
\title{Minimalism}
\begin{document}
% To ta
\maketitle
% To bng mc lc
\tableofcontents
\section{Vi iu th v}
Mt ti liu th v??!!
\section{Tm bit cc bn}
\ldots{} y l phn kt thc.
\end{document}
Hnh 1.2 V d v mt cu trc ca mt ti liu c son tho bng L
A
T
E
X.
10 Nhng kin thc c bn v L
A
T
E
X
khng phi l mt chng trnh c giao din thn thin vi ngi dng (GUI
- Graphic User Interfaces) vi cc nt nhn dng nh dng vn bn.
L
A
T
E
X l mt phn mm x l tp tin d liu vo ca bn. Mt vi phin bn
ci t ca L
A
T
E
X c giao din ha thn thin v bn c th nhn chut
bin dch. Tuy nhin, i vi dn chuyn nghip th ngh thut nm
cch m bn dng hng lnh dch mt tp tin d liu vo thng qua cc
hng lnh. Ch : chng ti gi s rng mt phin bn chy c ca L
A
T
E
X
c trn my ca bn.
1. Son tho tp tin d liu vo ca bn bng mt chng trnh son tho
n gin thng thng. Trn h thng my UNIX th cc phn mm
son tho thng thng u c kh nng thc hin thao tc ny. Trn
h thng Windows th bn c th s dng Notepad hay cc chng
trnh khc v xc nh dng lu tr l Plain text. Ngoi ra, bn cn
lu rng phn m rng ca tp tin l .tex.
2. Chy L
A
T
E
X vi tp tin d liu vo ca bn. Nu chng trnh thc
hin thnh cng th n s xut ra mt tp tin c phn m rng l .dvi.
Trong mt s tnh hung, bn cn phi chy L
A
T
E
X nhiu ln c th
c c bng mc lc v mt s tham chiu bn trong vn bn. Khi
m tp tin d liu vo ca bn c li th L
A
T
E
X s bo cho bn bit v
ngng thao tc x l tp tin ny. Khi ny, hy nhn Ctrl-D tr v
dng lnh bnh thng.
latex thu01.tex
3. By gi bn c th xem tp tin DVI. C nhiu cch thc hin tc
v ny. Bn c th xem trn mn hnh vi lnh
xdvi thu01.dvi &
Lu : lnh trn c thc thi trn nn h iu hnh Unix, trong ch
ho X11. Nu bn lm vic trn nn h iu hnh Windows bn
c th s dng chng trnh tng t l yap (yet another previewer).
Ngoi ra, bn c th chuyn tp tin dng DVI sang dng PostScript
in n hay xem vi chng trnh Ghostscript.
dvips -Pcmz thu01.dvi -o thu01.ps
Nu h thng L
A
T
E
X trn my bn c ci t chng trnh dvipdf
1.6 Cch trnh by mt ti liu 11
th bn c th chuyn tp tin t dng DVI trc tip sang dng PDF.
dvipdf thu01.dvi
1.6 Cch trnh by mt ti liu
1.6.1 Cc lp ti liu
Thng tin u tin m L
A
T
E
X cn bit khi x l mt tp tin d liu vo l
kiu ti liu m ngi son tho mun to ra. Kiu ti liu s c xc nh
vi lnh
\documentclass[tu chn]{lp}
y, lp cho bit kiu ti liu cn bin son. Bng 1.1 lit k cc kiu ti
liu c nh ngha sn. Bn cnh cc kiu ti liu chun, L
A
T
E
Xcn cho
php thm vo cc gi m rng nhm h tr cho vic to ra cc kiu ti liu
khc nh: th t, cc trang trnh din, . . . . Tham s tu chn s tu bin
nh dng ca cc kiu ti liu. Cc tham s trong mc tu chn phi c
cch nhau bi du phy. Bn c th xem thm bng 1.2 bit thm cc
tham s thng dng.
V d: mt tp tin ngun ca L
A
T
E
X c th c bt u vi
\documentclass[11pt,twoside,a4paper]{article}
Lnh ny s bo cho L
A
T
E
X bit rng bn cn to mt ti liu kiu article
vi c ch l 11 im, c in hai mt trn kh giy A4.
1.6.2 Cc gi
Trong qu trnh son tho ti liu, bn s nhn thy rng c mt s cng
vic m L
A
T
E
X khng th gii quyt c. V d, ch vi L
A
T
E
X th bn khng
th kt hp cc hnh nh vo ti liu c, hay n gin hn l bn khng
th a mu sc vo ti liu. Khi ny, c th m rng kh nng ca L
A
T
E
X,
bn s cn thm vo mt s cng c b sung (chng c gi l cc gi ).
s dng cc gi b sung ny, ta cn phi s dng lnh:
\usepackage[tu chn]{tn gi }
tu chn l mt danh sch cc t kho nhm kch hot cc tnh nng ca
gi. Vi cc phin bn L
A
T
E
X chun, bn c th tm thy rt nhiu cc gi
12 Nhng kin thc c bn v L
A
T
E
X
c bn. Ngoi ra, bn c th tm thy cc gi khc c phn phi ring l.
Bn c th vo cc trang web c lin quan bit thm thng tin v cch
ci t v s dng cc gi. Bn c th tm hiu thm thng tin chi tit v
m ngun, cch thit k trong quyn The L
A
T
E
X Companion [3].
1.6.3 Cc nh dng trang ca trang vn bn
L
A
T
E
X h tr ba kiu nh dng sn cho phn tiu / phn chn (header/footer)
ca cc trang vn bn. Cu lnh iu khin:
\pagestyle{kiu}
Tham s kiu xc nh kiu nh dng c s dng. Bng 1.4 lit k tt c
cc kiu nh dng c nh ngha sn ca trang vn bn.
Bn cng c th t nh dng cho ring tng trang vi lnh sau:
\thispagestyle{style}
Bn c th tham kho thm chi tit v vic trnh by tiu v phn
chn ca trang vn bn theo ring trong ti liu The L
A
T
E
X Companion [3]
hay trong mc 4.4 trang 82.
Bng 1.1 Cc lp ti liu.
article ph hp khi son cc bi bo trong cc tp ch khoa hc, cc
vn bn trnh din, cc bo co ngn, chng trnh hot ng, th
mi, . . .
report ph hp khi son cc bo co gm nhiu chng, cc quyn sch
nh, lun vn,. . .
book ph hp khi son sch.
slides dng thit k cc trang trnh din. Kiu ti liu ny ny s
dng cc k t sans serif c ln. Bn c th s dng mt kiu ti
liu khc l FoilT
E
X
a
.
a
CTAN:/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/supported/foiltex
1.6 Cch trnh by mt ti liu 13
Bng 1.2 Cc tu chn cho lp ti liu.
10pt, 11pt, 12pt Chnh kch thc font ch trong c ti liu. Nu
khng c tu chn no c thit lp th c ch mc inh c
chn l 10pt.
a4paper, letterpaper, . . . Xc nh c giy. C giy mc inh l
letterpaper. Ngoi ra, cn c cc kiu giy khc nh: a5paper,
b5paper, executivepaper v legalpaper.
fleqn cc cng thc c hin th bn tri thay v chnh gia.
leqno nh s cc cng thc bn tri thay v bn phi.
titlepage, notitlepage xc nh vic to mt trang trng ngay
sau ta ca ti liu hay khng. Theo mc nh, lp article
khng bt u mt trang trng ngay sau phn ta . Ngc li,
i vi lp report v book th ngc li.
onecolumn, twocolumn Ti liu c chia lm 1 hay 2 ct.
twoside, oneside Xc nh xem ti liu s c xut ra dng hai
hay mt mt. Lp article v report c thit lp l cc ti liu
mt mt. Ngc li, lp book l dng ti liu hai mt. Nhng tu
chn ny ch nhm xc nh dng thc ca ti liu m thi. Tu
chn twoside s khng thc hin vic in ti liu ra dng hai mt.
landscape Thay i cch trnh by t kiu trang dc sang trang
ngang.
openright, openany Cc chng s bt u cc trang bn tay
phi hay trang trng k tip. Tu chn ny khng lm vic i
vi lp article bi v i vi lp ny th khng c khi nim v
chng. Theo mc nh, lp report s bt u cc chng trong
k tip v lp book bt u cc chng trang pha tay phi.
14 Nhng kin thc c bn v L
A
T
E
X
Bng 1.3 Mt s gi c phn phi chng vi L
A
T
E
X.
doc Cung cp ti liu v cc chng trnh ca L
A
T
E
X. Chng
c m t trong tp tin doc.dtx
a
exscale Cung cp cc phin bn c th thay i kch thc
ca cc font ch v ton.
Thng tin c m t trong tp tin ltexscale.dtx.
fontenc Xc nh cch m ho font ch m L
A
T
E
X nn dng.
Thng tin c m t trong tp tin ltoutenc.dtx.
ifthen Cung cp cc lnh thao tc trn cc biu mu
if . . . then do. . . hay l do. . . .
Thng tin c m t trong tp tin ifthen.dtx v The
L
A
T
E
X Companion [3].
latexsym truy cp n cc k hiu trong cc font ch ca
L
A
T
E
X. Bn nn s dng gi latexsym. Thng tin c
m t trong tp tin latexsym.dtx v trong The L
A
T
E
X
Companion [3].
makeidx Cung cp cc lnh to ch mc. Thng tin c
m t trong mc 4.3 v trong The L
A
T
E
X Companion [3].
syntonly Bin dch ti liu m khng tin hnh sp ch. Gi
ny cho php kim tra li c php khi son tho m
khng bin dch cho nn vic kim tra din ra rt nhanh.
inputenc H tr vic nhp liu theo cc bng m nh ASCII,
ISO Latin-1, ISO Latin-2, 437/850 IBM, Apple Mac-
intosh, Next, ANSI-Windows hay do ngi dng nh
ngha.
Thng tin c m t trong inputenc.dtx.
a
tp tin ny c trn my ca bn v bn c th dch n sang dng
DVI vo mt th mc bt k bng cch nh lnh latex doc.dtx Vi
cc tp tin c cp khc bn cng c th thao tc tng t.
1.7 Mt s dng tp tin thng gp 15
Bng 1.4 Cc kiu nh dng sn ca trang vn bn trong L
A
T
E
X.
plain nh v xut s trang gia phn chn cui trang vn
bn. y l kiu nh dng mc nh.
headings xut tiu ca chng hin ti v s th t ca trang
vn bn vng tiu ca trang; ng thi, phn chn ca
trang c trng.
empty t c phn tiu v phn chn ca trang l rng.
1.7 Mt s dng tp tin thng gp
Khi lm vic vi L
A
T
E
X, c i lc bn s cm thy mnh b lc gia mt m
cung cc tp tin vi cc phn ui m rng khc nhau. Di y l danh
sch lit k cc kiu tp tin m bn c th gp phi khi lm vic vi T
E
X.
Lu rng y ch l mt bng tm tt cc dng tp tin thng dng m
bn c th gp trong khi lm vic vi L
A
T
E
X.
.tex Tp tin nhp liu ca L
A
T
E
X hay T
E
X. N c th c bin dch vi
lnh: latex.
.sty Gi lnh thm vo cho L
A
T
E
X. N l mt tp tin ring l v bn c
th kt hp n vo tp tin ti liu ca bn bng cch s dng lnh:
\usepackage.
.dtx Ti liu v T
E
X. Tp tin ny l dng c cung cp vi cc tp tin
nh dng. Nu bn dch mt tp tin .DTX th bn s c c ti liu
v cc tp lnh trong gi cha trong tp tin .DTX.
.ins Cc tp tin ci t i km vi cc tp tin c phn m rng l .DTX.
Nu bn ti v mt gi cng thm ca L
A
T
E
X t trn mng, thng
thng th bn s c c mt tp tin .dtx v mt tp tin .ins. Chy
L
A
T
E
X i vi tp tin .ins s c kt qu l tp tin .dtx.
.cls Tp tin lu cc lp nh ngha vic nh dng ti liu ca bn. Chng
c s dng bi lnh:
\documentclass.
.fd Tp tin m t font ch gip L
A
T
E
X c thng tin v cc font ch mi.
16 Nhng kin thc c bn v L
A
T
E
X
Di y l mt s tp tin c to ra khi bn s dng L
A
T
E
X bin
dch tp tin d liu vo:
.dvi Tp tin ny m t d liu c lp vi thit b. N cha ng kt qu
chnh ca qu trnh bin dch ca L
A
T
E
X. Bn c th xem ni dung ca
n bng cc chng trnh xem tp tin DVI nh YAP, dvips, . . . .
.log Lu cc thng tin chi tit v qu trnh bin dch cui cng.
.toc Lu tiu ca tt c cc mc. N s c c trong ln bin dch
tip theo v c s dng to bng mc lc.
.lof Tng t nh tp tin .toc nhng n lu thng tin v danh sch cc
hnh nh.
.lot Tng t nh hai tp tin trn nhng n lu thng tin v cc bng
trong ti liu.
.aux Tp tin ny chuyn cc thng tin bin dch t tp tin ny n tp tin
khc. Cc tp tin .aux ny s c dng lu thng tin v cc tham
chiu cho.
.idx Nu ti liu ca bn c trang v ch mc th tp tin ny s lu tt c
cc t kho. Bn c th bin dch tp tin ny vi lnh:
makeindex. Tham kho thm chng 4.3 trang 80 bit thm chi
tit.
.ind Cha thng tin c dch t tp tin .idx. Bn c th nh km tp
tin ny vo ti liu ca bn cho ln bin dch tip theo.
.ilg Tp tin ny lu tr thng tin v nhng g m lnh makeindex tin
hnh..
1.8 Cc ti liu ln
Thng thng, khi lm vic vi cc ti liu ln, ta thng chia ti liu ra
lm nhiu phn nh hn vic qun l ti liu c thun tin, d dng
hn. L
A
T
E
X cung cp cho bn hai lnh h tr cho vic ny.
\include{filename}
Bn c th s dng lnh ny trong phn thn ca ti liu chn vo ni
dung ca mt tp tin khc c tn l filename.tex. Lu rng L
A
T
E
X s khng
1.8 Cc ti liu ln 17
bt u mt trang mi trc khi x l cc d liu trong tp tin d liu vo
nhp t tp tin filename.tex
Lnh th hai c th s dng trong phn ta . N cho php bn hng
dn L
A
T
E
X ch a vo mt s tp tin.
\includeonly{filename,filename,. . . }
Sau khi lnh ny c thc thi phn ta ca ti liu, th ch c
cc lnh \include ng vi cc tp tin trong danh sch tham s ca lnh
\includeonly mi c tc dng. Lu rng khng c khong trng gia tn
cc tp tin trong phn danh sch tham s v cc tp tin phi c cch ra
bi du phy.
Lnh \include tin hnh sp ch d liu t nhp tin mt trang mi.
Vic s dng lnh \includeonly l rt hu ch bi v cc ch th kt thc
trang s khng b di chuyn ngay c khi mt s tp tin a vo b b qua.
Nu khng thch vic sp ch ny th bn c th chn tp tin vo trc tip
thng qua lnh:
\input{filename}
Lnh ny ch n thun l km tp tin c ch inh vo ti liu hin thi
ca bn m khng km theo iu kin g c.
Nhm gip cho L
A
T
E
X c th kim tra ti liu ca bn mt cch nhanh
chng hn, bn c th s dng gi syntonly. Gi ny cho php L
A
T
E
X lt qua
ti liu ca bn v ch kim tra mt s c php v cc lnh nhng khng
xut ra kt qu (tp tin DVI). Khi s dng gi ny, L
A
T
E
X s chy rt nhanh
v bn s tit kim c rt nhiu thi gian. Cch s dng gi ny rt n
gin:
\usepackage{syntonly}
\syntaxonly
Khi m bn mun to ra cc trang kt qu tht s, bn ch vic loi b
gi syntonly ra khi ti liu.
Chng 2
Son tho vn bn
Sau khi c xong chng va qua, bn c nhng kin thc c bn v cu trc
ca mt ti liu c son tho vi L
A
T
E
X2

. Trong chng ny, bn s c

cung cp thm cc thng tin khc c th son tho nhng ti liu thc s
bng L
A
T
E
X.
2.1 Cu trc vn bn v vn v ngn ng
By Hanspeter Schmid <hanspi@schmid-werren.ch>
iu quan trng khi son tho mt ti liu (tr cc ti liu hin i DAAC
1
)
l kh nng truyn t nhng tng, thng tin, kin thc n c gi. c
gi s d tip thu hn khi ni dung c son tho v trnh by mt cch
c h thng. Ngoi ra, iu ny cn c phn nh thng qua ngh thut in
n bi v bn in s phn nh cu trc logic ca tng v ngha ca cc
thnh phn bn trong.
L
A
T
E
X khc vi cc h son tho vn bn khc im bn ch cn cung
cp cho n cu trc logic v ngha ca cc thnh phn ca vn bn. Sau
, m hnh ca bn in s c thit k mt cch t ng sao cho ph hp
vi cc yu cu nh dng trong phn tu chn u ti liu hay trong cc
tp tin km theo.
n v quan trng nht trong L
A
T
E
X (cng nh trong in n) l on vn.
Chng ta gi l cc vn bn n v bi v mt on vn bn s phn
nh nhng ngh lin lc hay mt tng c th. Nhng mc sau s gip
cho bn bit c cc cch thc thc hin cc cng vic nh: yu cu
L
A
T
E
X xung hng vi lnh \\, hay ngt on bng cch nhp vo mt hng
trng. Vic quyt nh khi no kt thc mt on vn l rt quan trng bi
1
Different At All Cost, mt bn dch ca Swiss UVA (Ums Verrecken Anders).
2.1 Cu trc vn bn v vn v ngn ng 19
v cc on vn s c nhim v chuyn ti nhng tng, ngh. Khi m
mt ngh vn cn tip tc m ta li vit n mt on vn khc th s
khng hp l. Ngc li, ta nn bt u mt on vn mi khi ta bt u
mt dng suy ngh mi.
Trn thc t, hu ht mi ngi cha nh gi ng mc vai tr ca vic
t cc du cch on mt cch hp l khi son tho ti liu. Hn na, nhiu
ngi cn khng bit c ngha ca vic cch on cc on vn; hay c
th l ni v vic ngt on trong L
A
T
E
X m khng hiu r v n. Bn cnh
, vic son tho cc cng thc Ton hc nm trn cng mt hng vi phn
vn bn cng d dn n mt s li rt thng dng. y l mt s v d:
bn hy t kim tra xem ti sao c lc th cc hng trng (ngt on) c
s dng trc v sau mt phng trnh v i lc li khng. (ng lo nu
bn khng hiu ht cc lnh trong cc v d di y! Cc lnh ny s c
gii thch chi tit trong chng pha sau.)
% Th d 1
\ldots khi m Albert Einstein gii thiu phng trnh:
\begin{equation}
e = m \cdot c^2 \; ,
\end{equation}
th vo thi im , n l phng trnh c bit n nhiu nht
v ng thi cng t ngi hiu c n nht.
% Th d 2
\ldots theo lut Kirchoff v cng dng in th:
\begin{equation}
\sum_{k=1}^{n} I_k = 0 \; .
\end{equation}
Hiu in th theo lut Kirchoff c cng thc l \ldots
% Th d 3
\ldots c nhiu li im.
\begin{equation}
I_D = I_F - I_R
\end{equation}
l ht nhn ca rt nhiu mu transistor khc nhau. \ldots
n v nh hn ca vn bn l cu. Trong vn bn ting Anh, sau du
chm cu s l mt khong trng ln. Khong trng ny s ln hn khong
20 Son tho vn bn
trng i sau mt ch vit tt. L
A
T
E
X s c gng on xem bn mun t
khong trng ln hay nh trong cu. Nu L
A
T
E
X khng lm ng, bn cn
phi hng dn cho n. iu ny s c cp n phn tip theo.
Cu trc ca mt vn bn cn c th chia nh thnh cc phn ca cu.
Hu ht cc ngn ng u c quy tc ng php phc tp ring. Bn cn
tham kho thm ti liu v cu trc ng php ca ting Vit c th t
du cho ng.
Cui cng, bn cnh vic sp xp cc on vn mt cch hp l, bn cn
phi sp xp chng theo cp bc c th t nh: phn, chng, mc, mc
con, . . . .
2.2 nh dng vic xung hng v sang trang
2.2.1 Canh l cc on vn
Sch, ti liu, . . . thng c sp ch vi cc hng c di bng nhau.
Do , L
A
T
E
X s t ng chn vo mt cch ti u cc khong trng v k
t xung hng cho c on vn. Khi cn, L
A
T
E
X cng s ngt cc t qu di,
khng nm gn trn mt hng. Ngoi ra, vic inh dng cc on vn vn
cn ph thuc vo kiu ti liu m ta mun to. Thng thng th hng u
tin ca on vn s thc vo v s khng c thm khong trng gia cc
on vn. Tham kho thm mc 6.3.2 bit thm chi tit.
Trong mt s tnh hung c bit, bn cn phi yu cu L
A
T
E
X thc hin
vic xung hng ngay bng lnh sau:
\\ hay \newline
Lnh sau s bt u mt hng mi ch khng phi bt u mt on mi:
\\*
Lnh sau s cho php ngt trang sau khi xung hng:
\newpage
Cc lnh sau:
\linebreak[n], \nolinebreak[n], \pagebreak[n] v \nopagebreak[n]
s thc hin theo th t tng ng cc cng vic nh: xung hng, khng
2.2 nh dng vic xung hng v sang trang 21
xung hng, sang trang, khng sang trang. Ngoi ra, chng cn cho php
ngi son tho tc ng n vic xung hng v sang trang vi tham s
km theo. S : y c th ly cc gi tr t 1 n 4. Khi n = 4 th L
A
T
E
X s
t ng b qua lnh ny nu kt qu khng p mt. Lu : bn khng nn
nhm ln gia vic ngt trang vi vic to mi mt trang. Ngay c khi
bn s dng lnh ngt hng hay ngt trang th L
A
T
E
X vn c gng thc
hin vic cn bng bin phi cng nh chiu di ca trang. Nu bn thc s
mun chuyn sang mt hng mi th hy s dng lnh tng ng (hy on
xem nn dng lnh no trong cc lnh trn).
L
A
T
E
X lun c gng thc hin vic xung hng mt cch hp l. Nu n
khng th tm thy cch tt nht ngt hng theo chun th n s gi
nguyn phn vn bn (do , phn vn bn ny s nm ln sang l phi).
Khi ny, L
A
T
E
X s thng bo khi bin dch l c phn vn bn nm ln ra
bin (overfull box).
2
Bn c th hng dn L
A
T
E
X linh ng x l tnh
hung thng qua lnh \sloppy. Lnh ny ngn cn vic to ra cc dng qu
di bng cch tng khong cch gia cc t ngay c khi m n lm cho kt
qu xut ra khng my p mt. Khi ny, cnh bo li (underfull hbox) s
xut hin. Trong a s cc tnh hung th kt qu trng s khng my p
mt. Bn c th tr li vi cch nh dng ban u nh vo lnh \fussy.
2.2.2 Ngt t
L
A
T
E
X s t ng ngt t khi cn thit. Nu L
A
T
E
X thc hin vic ny khng
c nh ca bn th bn c th s dng lnh sau yu cu L
A
T
E
X gii
quyt trng hp c bit .
\hyphenation{danh sch cc t}
Lnh ny s lm cho cc t trong danh sch b ngt qung ti cc im c
nh du bi -. Tham s ca lnh ny ch nn cha cc k t thng thng
hay cc du c L
A
T
E
X xem nh k t thng thng. Cc gi hng dn
cho vic ngt qung cc t i vi cc ngn ng khc nhau s c lu li
khi lnh ny c thc hin. iu ny c ngha l nu bn t lnh ny vo
phn ta th ti liu ca bn s b nh hng bi cch ngt qung t ca
ting Anh. Nu bn s dng lnh ny sau phn \begin{document}; ng
thi, bn s mt gi h tr ngn ng ca bn nh l babel th cc hng dn
v vic ngt qung t s c kch hot thng qua gi babel.
2
Mc d L
A
T
E
X a ra thng bo li nhng bn kh c th nhn thy c phn d
ra ny. Nu bn s dng tham s tu chn l draft trong lnh \documentclass th cc
hng ny s c nh du bi mt hng en bin phi.
22 Son tho vn bn
V d di y s ngt qung t hyphenation cng nh l t Hy-
phenation; ng thi, n s ngn khng cho t FORTRAN, Fortran v
fortran b ngt qung. Lu rng khng c mt k t c bit no c
php c mt trong danh sch tham s.
V d:
\hyphenation{FORTRAN Hy-phen-a-tion}
Lnh \- t mt cch tu du cch vo mt t. y cng chnh l im
ngt qung duy nht ca t. Lnh ny c bit hu dng i vi nhng t
c k t c bit (v d nh cc k t v du trng m) bi v L
A
T
E
X khng
t ng ngt qung cc t c k hiu c bit.
I think this is: su\-per\-cal\-%
i\-frag\-i\-lis\-tic\-ex\-pi\-%
al\-i\-do\-cious
I think this is: supercalifragilisticexpialido-
cious
Nhiu t c th c gi trn cng mt hng vi lnh:
\mbox{on vn bn}
Lnh ny cho php cc tham s lun c gi trn cng mt hng.
S in thoi ca ti s thay i
trong thi gian ngn sp n. S
mi s l: \mbox{(08 8561144)}.
Tham s \mbox{\emph{tn tp tin}}
dng lu tn ca tp tin.
S in thoi ca ti s thay i trong
thi gian ngn sp n. S mi s l:
(08 8561144).
Tham s tn tp tin dng lu tn ca tp
tin.
Lnh \fbox c tnh nng tng t nh lnh \mbox nhng c thm c
im l c mt hp v xung quanh phn vn bn.
2.3 Cc chui k t sn c trong L
A
T
E
X
Trong mt s v d cc trang trc, bn lm quen vi mt vi lnh c
bn ca L
A
T
E
X phc v cho vic son tho nhng chui c bit.
2.4 Cc k t c bit v cc k hiu 23
Tn lnh V d M t
\today Ngy 7 thng 6 nm 2006 Ngy thng hin thi
\TeX T
E
X Tn ca b my sp ch yu thch ca bn!!!
\LaTeX L
A
T
E
X Tn ca tr chi
\LaTeXe L
A
T
E
X2

Phin bn hin ti ca L
A
T
E
X
2.4 Cc k t c bit v cc k hiu
2.4.1 Du trch dn
Bn khng nn s dng " lm du trch dn . Trong in n, ngi ta thng
dng du m ngoc v ng ngoc c bit. Trong L
A
T
E
X, bn nn s dng
hai du (du huyn) lm du m ngoc v hai du (du lc) lm du
ng ngoc. i vi mc n th s dng mi mt k t tng ng.
Vui lng nhn phm x
kt thc.
Vui lng nhn phm x kt thc.
Bn c th thy rng qui tc nhp liu ny khng p mt trong qu
son tho nhng kt qu ca bn in l rt n tng. Ngoi ra bn cn ch
rng k hiu ng m ngoc c th khc i tu thuc vo font ch ang s
dng.
2.4.2 Du gch v du ngt qung
L
A
T
E
X cung cp bn kiu du gch. Bn c th s dng ba trong s vi
s cc du gch lin tip khc nhau. Du gch th t khng phi l mt du
gch bnh thng. N l du tr trong ton hc .
daughter-in-law, X-rated\\
pages 13--67\\ yes---or no?
\\ $0$, $1$
v $-1$
daughter-in-law, X-rated
pages 1367
yesor no?
0, 1 v 1
Tn ca cc du gch ny l: - hyphen, en-dash, em-dash v
du tr.
24 Son tho vn bn
2.4.3 Du ng ()
K t ny thng c thy trn cc a ch web. to ra k t ny trong
L
A
T
E
X, ban c th s dng lnh \~ tuy nhin kt qu khng hon ton l
iu ta mun. Bn nn son tho nh sau:
http://www.rich.edu/\~{}bush \\
http://www.clever.edu/$\sim$demo
http://www.rich.edu/bush
http://www.clever.edu/demo
2.4.4 K hiu v ()
V d di y minh ho cho vic in ra mt k hiu v trong L
A
T
E
X:
Nhit hin nay l $-30\,
^{\circ}\mathrm{C}$. Ti sp
b ng
bng y.
Nhit hin nay l 30

C. Ti sp b ng
bng y.
2.4.5 K hiu ng tin Euro ()
Ngy nay, khi son tho ti liu c lin quan n tin t, bn s cn s dng
n k hiu ca ng Euro. Hin nay, c nhiu font ch c k hiu ny. Bn
c th s dng gi textcomp a vo k hiu ca ng Euro nh sau:
\usepackage{textcomp}
dng lnh sau:
\texteuro
in ra k hiu ny.
Nu font ch ca bn khng h tr k hiu ny hay bn khng thch k
hiu Euro ca font ch trn, bn c th s dng mt trong cch sau:
Cch 1: dng gi eurosym. Gi ny cung cp k hiu chnh thc ca ng
euro.
\usepackage[official ]{eurosym}
Nu bn mun k hiu ng Euro ph hp vi font ch ca bn th bn
2.4 Cc k t c bit v cc k hiu 25
c th thay th tu chn l gen thay cho tu chn official
Cch 2: dng gi marvosym. Gi ny cung cp nhiu k hiu khc nhau
trong c k hiu ng Euro
\EUR
Cc lnh: \texteuro{}, \euro{}
v \euro{1000} trng khc nhau.
Cc lnh: , v 1000 trng khc nhau.
2.4.6 Du ba chm (. . . )
Trn cc my nh ch, du phy hay du chm c cng mt kch thc vi
cc k t khc. Trong in n sch, cc k t ny ch chim mt khong nh
v c t rt st k t trc n. Do , bn khng th nhp vo du ba
chm bng cch nhp 3 du chm lin tip nhau. Thay vo , ta c mt
lnh thc hin vic ny:
\ldots
Khng phi nhp nh th ny ...
m nn nhp nh th ny:\\
New York, Tokyo, Budapest, \ldots
Khng phi nhp nh th ny ... m nn
nhp nh th ny:
New York, Tokyo, Budapest, . . .
2.4.7 Ch ghp, gch ni
Mt s cc t hp cc k t c sp ch khng ch bng cch ln lt a
vo tng k t m phi s dng cc k t c bit.
ff fi fl ffi. . . thay v ff fi fl ffi . . .
Cc t hp k t ny c gi l ch ghp v c th ngn chn bng cch
chn vo \mbox{} gia hai k t cn x l. iu ny c th cn thit i vi
cc t c xy dng t hai t khc.
\Large Not shelfful\\
but shelf\mbox{}ful
Not shelfful
but shelfful
26 Son tho vn bn
2.4.8 Du trng m v cc k t c bit
L
A
T
E
X h tr vic s dng du trng m v cc k t c bit ca cc ngn
ng khc nhau. Bng 2.1 lit k tt c cc du trng m c p dng i
vi ch o. Tng t, bn cng c th ghp cc du trng m ny vi cc k
t khc.
t mt du trng m pha trn ch i hay j, du chm pha trn
ca n phi c b i. iu ny c thc hin bng lnh \i v \j.
H\^otel, na\"\i ve, \el\eve,\\
sm\o rrebr\o d, !Se\~norita!,\\
Sch\"onbrunner Schlo\ss{}
Stra\ss e
Htel, nave, lve,
smrrebrd, !Se norita!,
Sch onbrunner Schlo Strae
Bng 2.1 Du trng m v cc k t c bit.
\o \o \^o \~o
o \=o o \.o o \"o c \c c
o \u o o \v o o \H o o \c o
\d o o

\b o oo \t oo
\oe \OE \ae \AE
a \aa

A \AA
\o \O l \l L \L
\i \j ! ! ? ?
2.5 S h tr i vi cc ngn ng quc t
Khi bn son tho mt ti liu bng mt ngn ng khc vi Ting Anh, bn
cn phi cu hnh li L
A
T
E
X cho ph hp:
1. Cc chui c to mt cch t ng
3
phi c chuyn sang ngn
ng chn. i vi mt s ngn ng, nhng s thay i ny c th
c thc hin thng qua vic s dng gi babel thit k bi Johannes
Braams.
3
Mc lc, Danh sch cc hnh minh ha, . . .
2.5 S h tr i vi cc ngn ng quc t 27
2. L
A
T
E
X cn bit cc qui lut v ngt qung t i vi mt ngn ng mi.
Vic a cc lut ny vo L
A
T
E
X l tng i phc tp. N i hi phi
xy dng li tp tin inh dng vi cc mu ngt qung t ng sn c.
Bn c th tham kho thm Local Guide [4] bit thm chi tit.
3. c trng v cch thit k bn in ca tng ngn ng. V d, trong
ting Php, trc cc du hai chm (:) thng c khong trng.
Nu h thng ca bn c cu hnh ph hp, bn c th kch hot
gi babel bng cch thm vo lnh:
\usepackage[ngn ng]{babel}
sau lnh \documentclass. Mt danh sch cc ngn ng c xy dng cho
h thng L
A
T
E
X ca bn s c lit k mi khi trnh bin dch chy. Babel
s t ng kch hot cc quy lut ngt qung t tng ng. Nu nh dng
L
A
T
E
X ca bn khng h tr vic ngt qung t ng, babel vn hot ng
nhng tt ch ngt t i. iu ny s dn n nhng nh hng xu n
kt qu xut ra ca ti liu.
Babel cng xc nh mt s lnh mi cho mt s ngn ng n gin
ho vic nhp cc k t c bit. V d nh trong ting c c nhiu hin
tng bin m nh ( ao u) nn ta s c cc lnh tng ng xut ra cc k
t ny. Vi babel, bn c th nhp vo o bng cch nh "o thay v \"o.
Nu bn s dng gi babel vi nhiu ngn ng khc nhau
\usepackage[ngn ng A,ngn ng B]{babel}
bn phi s dng lnh
\selectlanguage{ngn ngA}
chn c th mt ngn ng.
Hu ht cc my tnh hin i u cho php bn nhp vo cc k t
c bit t bn phm. L
A
T
E
X c th iu khin cc k t ny thng qua gi
inputenc:
\usepackage[bng m ]{inputenc}
Khi s dng gi ny, bn nn quan tm n kh nng ngi khc khng
th xem c nhng tp tin ca bn trn my ca h do s khc bit v
bng m. V d nh trong ting c th bin m a l tng ng vi k t
28 Son tho vn bn
132 trong h iu hnh OS/2 nhng trn cc h thng Unix s dng bng
m ISO-LATIN 1 l 228, trong khi vi bng m cp1251 ca h iu hnh
Windows th k t ny khng tn ti. Do , bn nn s dng tnh nng ny
mt cch cn thn. Cc bng m sau c th c s dng tu thuc vo cc
h thng m bn lm vic
4
:
H iu hnh Bng m
western latin cyrillic
Mac applemac macukr
Unix latin1 koi8-ru
Windows ansinew cp1251
DOS, OS/2 cp850 cp866nav
Trong trng hp bn cn phi son tho mt ti liu a ngn ng v
gp vn vi bng m, bn nn chuyn sang s dng bng m unicode
bng cch s dng gi ucs.
\usepackage{ucs}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
gip bn son tho ti liu theo bng m utf8.
Font encoding l mt vn khc. N nh ngha v tr ca tng k t
trong font ch. Cc bng m khc nhau c th c nh x vo mt bn
font encoding. Font encoding c qun l thng qua gi fontenc:
\usepackage[encoding]{fontenc}
vi encoding l l bng m ca font ch. Bn c th np cng mt lc nhiu
bn m khc nhau.
Font encoding mc nh ca L
A
T
E
X l OT1, y l encoding ca font
ch Computer Modern T
E
X. Font ch ny ch c 128 k t 7-bit. Khi cn n
cc k t c du T
E
X s t ng kt hp k t thng thng v k t du
li vi nhau. Mc d kt qu trng p mt khi in n nhng cch lm ny
khin cho vic ngt t t ng khng th thc hin. Bn cnh cc k t
Hy Lp hay Cyrillic hay mt s k t latin c bit khng th to c ch
bng cch kt hp k t thng thng v k t du.
gii quyt vn ny, mt s font 8-bit ch ging font ch CM ra
i. Cc font ch Extended Cork (EC) trong encoding T1 cha cc k t
4
bit thm thng tin v cc bng m dnh cho ngn ng Latin v hay ngn ng h
Cyrillic, bn c th c ti liu ca hai gi tng ng l inputenc.dtx and cyinpenc.dtx.
Xem thm mc ?? bit cch to ti liu hng dn ca cc gi.
2.5 S h tr i vi cc ngn ng quc t 29
thng thng, du chm cu, ... cho hu ht cc ngn ng c gc Latin
Chu u. Cc font ch LH c cc k t cn thit son cc ti liu bng
cc ngn ng s dng Cyrillic script. V s k t Cyrillic l rt nhiu nn
cc font ny c chia thnh bn encoding T2A, T2B, T2C v X2.
5
Cc
font ch CG ch cc k t tronng LGR encoding v dng son cc vn
bn ting Hy Lp.
Thng qua vic s dng cc font ch ny, bn c th s dng tnh nng
ngt t nh khi son tho ti liu ting Anh.
2.5.1 S h tr i vi ting B o Nha
kch hot tnh nng ngt qung t nhng v thay i cc chui gc sang
ting B o Nha, vi lnh:
\usepackage[portuguese]{babel}
Nu nh bn ang Brazil, bn c th thay th ngn ng bng brazilian.
Trong ting B o Nha, c rt nhiu du trng m nn bn cn thm
vo gi sau
\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}
c th nhp liu
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
v lnh trn tnh nng ngt qung t c thc hin ng.
Xem bng 2.2 bit thm chi tit v nhng g cn thm vo phn ta
ca ti liu s dng tnh nng h tr cho Ting B o Nha. Lu
rng chng ta s s dng vic m ho d liu vo dng latin1. Do , n s
khng lm vic trn nn tng Mac hay DOS. s dng tnh nng ny, bn
ch cn s dng cch m ho ph hp vi h thng ca bn.
5
Bn c th tham kho thm ti liu v danh sch cc ngn ng c h tr trong [?].
30 Son tho vn bn
Bng 2.2 Phn ta h tr ting B o Nha.
\usepackage[portuges]{babel}
\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
2.5.2 S h tr i vi ting Php
c th s dng c tnh nng h tr ting Php trong L
A
T
E
X, bn c th
s dng lnh sau:
\usepackage[frenchb]{babel}
Lu rng, v l do pht trin, tn ca gi babel dnh cho ting Php l
frenchb hay francais ch khng phi l french.
Tnh nng ny kch hot tnh nng ngt qung t trong ting Php khi
bn cu hnh ng cho h thng L
A
T
E
X. N cng s t ng thay i cc
chui t ng thnh ting Php (nh l: Mc lc, Ti liu tham kho, . . . ).
ng thi, mt tp hp cc lnh mi cng s c hiu lc nhm h tr cho
vic son tho cc ti liu bng ting Php. Tham kho thm mc 2.3
bit thm chi tit .
Bng 2.3 Cc lnh c bit dnh cho ting Php.
\og guillemets \fg{} guillemets
M\up{me}, D\up{r} M
me
, D
r
1\ier{}, 1\iere{}, 1\ieres{} 1
er
, 1
re
, 1
res
2\ieme{} 4\iemes{} 2
e
4
es
\No 1, \no 2 N
o
1, n
o
2
20~\degres C, 45\degres 20 C, 45
\bsc{M. Durand} M. Durand
\nombre{1234,56789} 1 234,567 89
2.5 S h tr i vi cc ngn ng quc t 31
Ngoi ra, bn s thy rng cch trnh by cc danh sch s thay i khi
ta chuyn sang ting Php. bit thm chi tit v cch lm vic ca tu
chn frenchb ca gi babel c th tu bin tnh nng ca n, bn c th
chy chng trnh dch ca L
A
T
E
X dch tp tin frenchb.dtx v c tp
tin kt qu frenchb.dvi.
2.5.3 S h tr i vi ting c
c th s dng tnh nng h tr ny, bn c th s dng lnh sau:
\usepackage[german]{babel}
Lnh trn s kch hot tnh nng ngt qung t i vi ting c sau khi
bn cu hnh h thng L
A
T
E
X mt cch hp l. Ngoi ra, n cng t ng
thay i cc chui t ng sang ting c. Bn cnh , tp hp cc lnh
h tr cho vic son tho vn bn bng ting c cng s c kch hot.
Hy tham kho thm 2.4 bit thm chi tit. i vi gi inputenc, tt c
cc tnh nng ny s b tt i nhng vn bn ca bn vn c nh vi mt
bng m c th.
Bng 2.4 Mt s k hiu c bit trong ting c.
"a a "s
"

"
"< or \flqq "> or \frqq
\flq
<
\frq
>
\dq
Trong cc ti liu bng ting c, bn thng gp cc k hiu trch dn
trong ting Php (y l mt v d). Khi sp ch cho mt ti liu bng
ting c, i lc ta thy rng khng c s thng nht v vic ny. i khi
du trch dn trng nh: v d. Nhng i vi nhng ngi Switzerland
ni ting c th du trch dn trng ging nh trong ting Php: trch dn
.
Mt vn ln xut pht t vic s dng lnh \flq: nu bn s dng
cc font ch OT1 (theo mc nh) th du trch dn s trng ging nh k
32 Son tho vn bn
hiu ton v n s gy ra mt s vn . Do , s dng du trch
dn nh trn th bn nn thm vo lnh sau: \usepackage[T1]{fontenc}.
2.5.4 H tr i vi ting Hn quc
6
s dng tnh nng ny, bn cn gii quyt 3 vn sau:
1. Bn phi c kh nng son tho tp tin d liu vo bng ting Hn. V
tp tin d liu ny phi n thun l mt tp tin vn bn. Tuy nhin bi
v ting Hn s dng cc k t ring khng c trong bng m US-ASCII
cho nn cc k t s trng rt l i vi cc chng trnh son tho vi
bng m ASCII thng thng. Hai bng m c s dng rng ri nht
trong vic son tho ting Hn l EUC-KR v phn m rng ca n
tng thch vi bng m s dng bi MS-Windows bng ting Hn l
CP949/Windows-949/UHC. Vi cc bng m ny th cc k t trong
bng m US-ASCII s i din cho k t ASCII thng thng tng t
nh cc bng m tng thch khc nh ISO-8859-x, EUC-JP, Shift_JIS
v Big5. Mt khc, cc m tit Hangul, Hanjas (Cc k t Trung Quc
s dng trong ting Hn), Hangul Jamos, Hirakanas, Katakanas, cc
k hiu hy lp kirin v cc k hiu, k t khc trong KS X 1001 s c
i din bi hai qung tm lin tip. Phn u tin lu tp MSB ca
n. n gia nhng nm 1990, ngi ta mt rt nhiu cng sc
trong vic xy dng mt mi trng h tr ting Hn i vi cc h
iu hnh khng phi bng ting Hn. Bn c th xem thm a ch
http://jshin.net/faq lt qua cc thng tin v lm th no
s dng ting Hn trong cc h iu hnh khng phi bng ting Hn
trong nhng nm 1990. Ngy nay, c ba h iu hnh chnh (Mac OS,
Unix, Windows) u h tr tng i tt cho cc ngn ng khc nhau
trn th gii. Do , vic son tho mt ti liu bng ting Hn khng
cn qu kh khn ngay c khi trn mt my tnh khng chy h iu
hnh ting Hn.
2. T
E
X v L
A
T
E
X c thit kt cho cc h thng ch vit khng vt qu
256 k t trong bng ch ci. Do , chng c th lm vic vi cc
ngn ng c nhiu k t hn nh ting Hn Quc
7
, ting Trung Quc.
6
Phn ny c a vo do c rt nhiu cu hi xung quanh vic son tho bng ting
Hn Quc trong L
A
T
E
X. Mc ny c son tho bi Karnes KIM thay mt cho nhm
dch ti liu ny sang ting Hn. Ngoi ra, n cng c dch sang ting Anh bi SHIN
Jungshik v tm tt li bi Tobi Oetiker
7
Korean Hangul l mt bng ch ci vi 14 ph m v 10 nguyn m c bn (Jamos).
Khng ging nh h thng ch vit Latin hay Cyrillic, cc k t ring l phi c sp
xp trong cc hnh ch nht cng kch thc nh cc k t ting Trung Quc, mi s
2.5 S h tr i vi cc ngn ng quc t 33
Do , mt c ch mi c xy dng. N chia cc font ch CJK
vi hng ngn hay hng vn cc t hp thnh cc font ch nh hn
vi 256 k t. i vi ting Hn, c 3 gi ang c s dng rng ri
l: HL
A
T
E
X vit bi UN Koaunghi, hL
A
T
E
Xp vit bi CHA-Jaechoon v
CJK package vit bi Werner Lemberg.
8
HL
A
T
E
Xv hL
A
T
E
Xp h tr ti
a cho ting Hn. C hai u c th x l cc tp tin c son tho
vi bng m EUC-KR. HL
A
T
E
X c th x l lun c tp tin d liu vo
vi bng m CP949/Windows-949/UHC. Bn cng c th dng n
son tho cc ti liu a ngn ng (c bit l ting Trung Quc, Nht
v Hn Quc).
Gi CJK c th x l d liu c son tho bng bng m UTF-8
cng nh mt s bng m khc nh EUC-KR v CP949/Windows-
949/UHC. Bn cng c th dng n son tho cc ti liu a ngn
ng (c bit l ting Trung Quc, Nht v Hn Quc). Tuy nhin, gi
CJK ny khng i km vi bt k font ch Hn no.
3. Mc ch cui cng ca vic s dng cc chng trnh son tho nh
T
E
X v L
A
T
E
X l c c mt ti liu c thm m. Do , vic
c nhng font ch p l mt yu t rt quan trng. HL
A
T
E
X cung cp
nhng font UHC PostScript vi 10 h font khc nhau v cc font ch
Minhwabu
9
(TrueType) vi 5 h font khc nhau. Gi CJK lm vic vi
mt tp hp font ch c s dng bi phin bn c hn ca HL
A
T
E
X
v c th s dng cc font TrueType ca Bitstream.
i in cho mt m tit. Mt tp hp v hn cc m tit c th c to t tp hu
hn cc m tit v ph m ny. Chun chnh t mi trong ting Hn (c Nam ln Bc
Hn) t ra mt s gii hn v vic lp nn cc nhm ny. Do ch c mt s hu
hn cc m tit ng ng php l tn ti. Bng m ting Hn nh ngha m cho tng
m tit ny (KS X 1001:1998 v KS X 1002:1998). Do , bng ch ci ting Hn s
c x l nh trong ting Nht v Trung Quc vi h thng ch vit gm hng vn
cc k t tng hnh v k t tc k. ISO 10466/Unicode ngh c hai cch ca vic
hin th ting Hn dng cho ting Hn hin i bng cch dng bng m Conjoining
Hangul Jamos (bng ch ci c ti http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1100.pdf)
bit thm v m rng cho tt c cc m tit ng chnh t trong ting hang hin i
(http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UAC00.pdf). Mt trong nhng vn lm nn
lng nht khi son tho mt vn bn bng ting Hn vi L
A
T
E
X hay cc h son tho khc
l vic h tr Middle Korean v ting Hn trong tng laicc m tit c th c biu
din bng cch kt hp Jamos trong unicode. Ngi ta hy vng rng trong tng lai, b
my nh dng T
E
X nh v s gii quyt c c vn ny cc nh ngn ng
hc v lch s hc s ri b vic s dng MS Word (hin nay MS Word h tr kh tt cho
Middle Korean).
8
Bn c th download cc gi trn a ch
CTAN:/tex-archive/language/korean/HLaTeX/
CTAN://tex-archive/language/korean/CJK/ v http://knot.kaist.ac.kr/htex/
9
B Vn Ho Hn Quc
34 Son tho vn bn
s dng gi HL
A
T
E
X, bn hy khai bo nh sau trong phn ta ca
ti liu:
\usepackage{hangul}
Lnh ny s kch hot tnh nng son tho ting Hn. Cc tiu ca
chng, mc, mc con, mc lc, . . . s c dch sang ting Hn v nh dng
ca ti liu cng s thay i theo quy c mu ti liu bng ting Hn.
Cc gi trn cng cung cp tnh nng la chn mt mu nh. Trong
ting Hn, c rt nhiu cp tin t tng ng v mt ng php nhng khc
nhau v hnh thc. Cp tin t no ng s tu thuc vo m tit ng trc
kt thc bi mt nguyn m hay ph m. (iu ny phc tp hn nhng ta
c th ni nm na nh th cho d hiu.) Ngi dn Hn Quc s khng gp
kh khn trong vic la chn cp tin t no cho thch hp nhng T
E
X s
khng xc nh c vic s dng cp no s dng lm tham chiu v
cc chui mc nh s thay i trong khi son tho. HL
A
T
E
X gii phng
c ngi dng khi vn ny bng mt c ch lm vic hot ng kh
tt (nhng vn c li).
Khi bn khng cn mt s tnh nng c bit ca son tho ting Hn,
n gin ho, bn c th dng lnh sau kch hot tnh nng son tho
bng ting Hn:
\usepackage{hfont}
bit thm chi tit v vic son tho ting Hn vi HL
A
T
E
X, bn c th
tham kho thm HL
A
T
E
X Guide. Hy tham kho thm thng tin trang
web ngi Hn Quc dng TeX ti a ch http://www.ktug.or.kr/. ng
thi bn cng c th tm thy ti liu ny bng ting Hn.
2.6 Khong cch gia cc t
bin phi ca mt ti liu c canh thng ct, L
A
T
E
X s chn khong
trng vo gia cc t. L
A
T
E
X s chn nhiu khong trng hn vo cui cu,
v iu ny s lm cho vn bn d c hn. L
A
T
E
X qui nh rng mt cu s
kt thc vi du chm cu, du hi hay du chm cm. Nu mt du chm
cu theo sau mt ch vit ho th n khng c xem l kt thc ca mt
cu bi v cc du chm ng sau cc ch vit hoa thng xut hin cc
t vit tt.
Tt c cc trng hp ngoi l i vi qui tt ny phi c xc nh c
th bi ngi son tho. Mt du gch cho ng trc mt khong trng
2.7 Ta , cc chng v cc mc 35
s to ra mt khong trng n rng. Mt du ~ s to ra mt khong trng
khng th n rng v ngn khng cho xung hng. Lnh \@ ng trc mt
du chm cu s xc nh rng du chm ny kt thc mt cu ngay c khi
n theo sau mt ch ci vit hoa.
Mr.~Smith was happy to see
her\\ cf.~Fig.~5\\
I like NEWWORLD\@.
What about you?
Mr. Smith was happy to see her
cf. Fig. 5
I like NEWWORLD. What about you?
Khong trng thm vo sau du chm cu c th b b qua vi lnh sau:
\frenchspacing
Lnh ny s yu cu L
A
T
E
X khng chn thm khong trng vo sau du chm.
iu ny rt ph bin trong cc ngn ng khc vi ting Anh, tr phn mc
lc ti liu tham kho. Nu bn s dng lnh \frenchspacing th khng
cn s dng lnh \@.
2.7 Ta , cc chng v cc mc
Nhm gip cho ngi c d dng tm ra nhng phn cn thit trong ti liu,
bn nn chia nh ti liu thnh cc chng, mc v mc con. L
A
T
E
X h tr
cc lnh c bit dng ta ca cc mc lm i s. Vic s dng chng
theo th t nh th no s tu thuc vo bn.
Cc lnh sau sn c dnh cho lp ti liu dng article:
\section{...}
\subsection{...}
\subsubsection{...}
\paragraph{...}
\subparagraph{...}
Nu bn mun chia ti liu ca mnh thnh cc phn m khng nh
hng n vic nh s chng, mc bn c th s dng lnh sau:
\part{...}
Khi lm vic vi lp ti liu report hay book, lnh chia cu trc ln nht
36 Son tho vn bn
l
\chapter{...}
Trong lp ti liu dng article khng c khi nim chng. Bn c th
xem cc ti liu dng article nh cc chng ca mt quyn sch.
Khong cch gia cc on, vic nh s v kch thc font ch ca tiu
ca cc on s c L
A
T
E
X quyt nh mt cch t ng.
Hai lnh chia on sau tng i c bit:
Lnh \part khng nh hng n vic nh s th t cc chng.
Lnh \appendix khng c tham s. Lnh ny ch thay i vic nh
s chng t s sang ch.
10
L
A
T
E
X s to ra bng mc lc bng cch trch ly phn ta ca cc
mc v v tr trang ca chng ln bin dch cui cng. Lnh
\tableofcontents
s hin th ni dung ca bng mc lc ti v tr n c chn vo. Mt ti
liu cn phi c bin dch hai ln L
A
T
E
X c th xy dng c bng
mc lc. i khi L
A
T
E
X s yu cu bn bin dch ln th ba c c mt
bng mc lc tht chnh xc.
Tt c cc lnh chia on c lit k trn cng c th c vit di
dng c du * pha sau. Khi ny, ta ca cc mc s khng c hin
th v khng c a vo bng mc lc. V d nh khi bn khng mun
hin th ta ca mc \section{Tr gip} vo bng mc lc, bn c th
chia on vi lnh \section*{Tr gip}.
Thng thng ta ca cc mc s c a vo bng mc lc. i
khi iu ny khng thc hin c do ta qu di. Khi ny, ta c th yu
cu L
A
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E
X a vo phn mc lc mt ta thay th ngn hn.
\chapter[Ta cho bng mc lc]{y l mt ta
di v chn ngt, khng th v cht no}
10
i vi lp ti liu dng report th n thay i cch nh s cc mc.
2.8 Tham chiu cho 37
Ta ca ti liu s c to ra bi lnh
\maketitle
Phn ta ca ti liu phi c xc nh bi mt trong s cc lnh sau:
\title{...}, \author{...} v c th thm v tu chn v ngy thng vi lnh \date{...}
trc khi gi lnh \maketitle. Tham s \author c th c cung cp vi
nhiu tn cch nhau bi lnh \and.
Bn c th tham kho thm v d v cc lnh trn hnh 1.2 trang 9.
Bn cnh cc lnh chia on c gii thiu trn, L
A
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X2

gii thiu
thm 3 lnh s dng vi ti liu l book. Chng s rt hu ch cho vic
chia on n phm ca bn. Cc lnh ny dng thay i ta ca cc
chng v vic nh s trang s lm vic theo yu cu ca bn:
\frontmatter phi l lnh u tin ngay sau lnh \begin{document}. Khi
ny cc trang s c nh s theo s La M v cc mc s khng
c nh s. Thng thng, bn nn s dng lnh chia on vi du
* pha sau (nh l \chapter*{Li ta}) i vi li ta nhm khin
cho L
A
T
E
X khng lit k chng.
\mainmatter nm ngay pha trc chng u tin ca quyn sch. Cc
trang s c nh s theo s Rp v khi ng li b m s trang.
\appendix nh du vic bt u cc ph lc. Sau khi lnh ny c gi,
cc chng s c nh s bng cc k t.
\backmatter xut hin ngay trc phn cui cng ca ti liu nh mc lc
ti liu tham kho v bng ch mc. Trong cc ti liu chun, bn s
khng thy c tc dng ca n mt cch c th.
2.8 Tham chiu cho
Trong cc quyn sch, bng bo co, bi bo, ta thng thy rt nhiu tham
chiu cho n hnh nh, biu bng v cc on vn bn c bit. L
A
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X cung
cp cc lnh sau h tr cho vic to tham chiu cho:
\label{tn nhn}, \ref{tn nhn} v \pageref{tn nhn}
vi tn nhn l mt tn gi c ch nh bi ngi son tho. L
A
T
E
X thay
th \ref bi s th t ca cc mc, mc nh, hnh, biu bng hay cc nh
38 Son tho vn bn
l tng ng vi lnh \label. Lnh \pageref s in ra s th t ca trang
xut hin lnh \label tng ng.
11
i vi ta ca cc mc th s th
t ca ln bin dch trc s c s dng.
Mt tham chiu n mc con
\label{sec:con} trng nh: xem
mc~\ref{sec:con}
trang~\pageref{sec:con}.
Mt tham chiu n mc con trng nh:
xem mc 2.8 trang 38.
2.9 Ch thch cui trang
Vic thm vo ch thch cui trang c thc hin vi lnh:
\footnote{ni dung cn ch thch}
khi ny, mt li ch thch s c in ra cui trang. Nhng li ch thch
phi c t
12
sau mt t hay mt cu m chng tham chiu n. Cc li
ch thch i vi mt cu hay mt on ca cu nn c t sau du chm
hay du phy.
13
Ngi dng \LaTeX{} rt hay s dng ch thch\footnote{y l mt ch thch}
Ngi dng L
A
T
E
X rt hay s dng ch thch
a
a
y l mt ch thch
11
Cc lnh ny khng bit n i tng chng tham chiu n. Lnh \label ch lu
li s hiu ca vic nh s cui cng.
12
t l mt trong nhng t thng dng trong ting Vit.
13
Lu rng nhng li ghi ch cui trang s khin cho ngi c mt i s ch i
vi phn vn bn ang c. Hu ht chng ta u t m nn hay c phn ch thch pha
di trc. Do , i khi ta c th thm vo nhng thng tin cc phn ch thch cui
trang v iu ny rt hiu qu!
14
14
Thng tin khng cn phi nm ngay nhng v tr m n hng n!!!.
2.10 Cc t c nhn mnh 39
2.10 Cc t c nhn mnh
Nu mt vn bn c nh bng my nh ch th cc t quan trng
s c nhn mnh bng cch gch di chng.
\underline{ni dung}
i vi cc n bn ca sch th cc t s c nhn mnh bng cch thay
i nh dng ca chng thnh in nghing. L
A
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E
X h tr vic ny bng cch
cung cp lnh sau
\emph{ni dung}
nhn mnh phn ni dung. Tu thuc vo ng cnh, lnh ny s tc ng
n tham s theo cc tng ng:
\emph{ nhn mnh mt t
trong mt on vn bn
c nhn mnh th \LaTeX{}
s s dng font ch
\emph{bnh thng}
nhn mnh t y.}
nhn mnh mt t trong mt on vn
bn c nhn mnh th L
A
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E
X s s dng
font ch bnh thng nhn mnh t y.
bn cn phn bit vic yu cu L
A
T
E
X nhn mnh mt t v yu cu L
A
T
E
X
s dng mt font khc i vi t :
\textit{Bn cng c th
\emph{nhn mnh} vn bn
khi m n c chnh l
in nghing,}
\textsf{trong font ch dng
\emph{sans-serif},}
\texttt{hay kiu
\emph{nh my}.}
Bn cng c th nhn mnh vn bn khi m
n c chnh l in nghing, trong font
ch dng sans-serif, hay kiu nh my.
40 Son tho vn bn
2.11 Mi trng
thun tin cho vic nh dng phn vn bn, L
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E
X nh ngha sn
mt s mi trng h tr. s dng, bn cn phi nhp vo nh sau:
\begin{mi trng} vn bn \end{mi trng}
vi mi trng l tn ca mi trng cn s dng. Mi trng c th an
xen vo nhau khi m th t an xen l hp l.
\begin{aaa}...\begin{bbb}...\end{bbb}...\end{aaa}
Trong phn ny, bn s c gii thch v tt cc cc mi trng quan trng
trong L
A
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E
X.
2.11.1 Cc mi trng lit k
Vi L
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E
X, ta c cc mi trng lit k sau:
Mi trng itemize ph hp vi vic lit k nhng danh sch n gin.
Mi trng enumerate c dng lit k cc danh sch (cc mc
c nh s mt cch t ng).
Mi trng description c dng khi cn m t cc mc trong danh
sch.
2.11 Mi trng 41
\flushleft
\begin{enumerate}
\item Bn c th kt
hp mi trng cc danh
sch theo mnh:
\begin{itemize}
\item Nhng i khi n
trng
khng p.
\item[-] Vi mt du gch.
\end{itemize}
\item Do , hy nh rng:
\begin{description}
\item[Nhng iu ng ngn] s tr
nn hay khi chng nm trong mt
danh sch
\item[Nhng iu hay] c th c
trnh by mt cch p
mt thng qua cc danh sch.
\end{description}
\end{enumerate}
1. Bn c th kt hp mi trng cc
danh sch theo mnh:
Nhng i khi n trng khng
p.
- Vi mt du gch.
2. Do , hy nh rng:
Nhng iu ng ngn s tr nn
hay khi chng nm trong mt
danh sch
Nhng iu hay c th c trnh
by mt cch p mt thng
qua cc danh sch.
2.11.2 Canh tri, canh phi, v canh gia
Mi trng flushleft v flushright c tc dng canh tri hay canh phi
on vn bn. Bn cnh , mi trng center c tc dng canh gia on
vn. Nu bn khng a ra cc k hiu xung hng (\\) th L
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E
X s t ng
lm iu cho bn.
\begin{flushleft}
on vn bn ny c\\
canh tri. \LaTeX{} s khng
c gng lm
cho cc hng c cng chiu di.
\end{flushleft}
on vn bn ny c
canh tri. L
A
T
E
X s khng c gng lm cho
cc hng c cng chiu di.
\begin{flushright}
on vn bn ny c\\
canh phi. \LaTeX{} s khng
c gng lm
cho cc hng c cng chiu di.
\end{flushright}
on vn bn ny c
canh phi. L
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E
X s khng c gng lm cho
cc hng c cng chiu di.
42 Son tho vn bn
\begin{center}
Nm tm \\ca tri t.
\end{center}
Nm tm
ca tri t.
2.11.3 Trch dn v cc on th
Mi trng quote rt hu dng khi son tho cc li trch dn, cc cu quan
trng hay cc v d.
Mt quy lut quan trng
kim sot chiu di
ca mt hng l:
\begin{quote}
Bnh qun th mi hng
c khng qu 66 k t.
\end{quote}
y chnh l l do v sao
m cc gi ca \LaTeX{} c
cc bin ln
theo mc nh v y cng
l l do ti sao cc bo
li s dng
cch in lm nhiu ct.
Mt quy lut quan trng kim sot chiu
di ca mt hng l:
Bnh qun th mi hng c
khng qu 66 k t.
y chnh l l do v sao m cc gi ca
L
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T
E
X c cc bin ln theo mc nh v y
cng l l do ti sao cc bo li s dng cch
in lm nhiu ct.
C hai mi trng khc c tnh nng tng t l: quotation v verse.
Mi trng quotation rt hu ch i vi cc trch dn di khong vi on
vn bi v n s canh l hng u tin ca cc on. Ngoi ra, mi trng
verse thch hp vi vic son cc bi th khi m vic xung hng ng mt
vai tr quan trng. Vic xung hng s c thc hin vi lnh \\ cui
hng v mt hng trng cui cc on th.
2.11 Mi trng 43
Lng l
\begin{flushleft}
\begin{verse}
Em m thi gian tri mi\\
Sao ngy c di bt tn\\
Sao m c mi
mong lung\\
em lc mt\\
Mt anh tht ri.\\
Tnh gic\\
Tri bng sng bn em\\
C n, lng l\\
Em li m
thi gian tri mi\\
Bao cuc tnh n ri i\\
Nh cn gi\\
Nhng c bao gi em khc c u\\
Phi chng nc mt chn
su tnh c\\
Phi chng trong lng\\
Em ch khc v anh? \ldots
\end{verse}
\end{flushleft}
\begin{flushright}
on Th Ngc H
\end{flushright}
Lng l
Em m thi gian tri mi
Sao ngy c di bt tn
Sao m c mi mong lung
em lc mt
Mt anh tht ri.
Tnh gic
Tri bng sng bn em
C n, lng l
Em li m thi gian tri mi
Bao cuc tnh n ri i
Nh cn gi
Nhng c bao gi em khc
c u
Phi chng nc mt chn
su tnh c
Phi chng trong lng
Em ch khc v anh? . . .
on Th Ngc H
2.11.4 Li ta
Cc ti liu khoa hc thng bt u vi phn tm tt ni dung chnh
gip cho c gi c c ci nhn tng qut. L
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X cung cp mi trng
abstract thc hin vic ny. Thng thng mi trng ny s c s
dng vi kiu li liu l bi bo (article).
\begin{abstract}
Ni dung ca phn li ta.
\end{abstract}
Ni dung ca phn li ta.
44 Son tho vn bn
2.11.5 In n ng nguyn vn
Cc vn bn c son tho trong cp lnh \begin{verbatim} v \end{verbatim}
s c in n trc tip ra my in ging nh nhng g bn nhp vo (bao
gm c vic xung hng, khong trng m khng thng qua qu trnh nh
dng ca L
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E
X).
thc hin iu ny bn trong mt on vn th ta s dng lnh sau:
\verb+ni dung+
Lnh + l mt v d v k t gii hn. Bn c th s dng cc k t bt k
tr cc ch ci, du * hay khong trng. C rt nhiu v d ca L
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E
X trong
sch ny c son vi lnh ny.
Lnh \verb|\ldots| \ldots
\begin{verbatim}
10 PRINT "HELLO WORLD ";
20 GOTO 10
\end{verbatim}
Lnh \ldots . . .
10 PRINT "HELLO WORLD ";
20 GOTO 10
\begin{verbatim*}
phin bn c du *
pha sau ca mi trng
\ei{verbatim} nhn
mnh khong trng gia
cc t trong vn bn.
\end{verbatim*}
phin bn c du *
pha sau ca mi trng
\ei{verbatim} nhn
mnh khong trng gia
cc t trong vn bn.
Lnh \verb cng c th c s dng tng t nh trn
\verb*|nh th ny :-) | nh th ny :-)
Mi trng verbatim v lnh \verb khng c s dng lm tham s
ca cc lnh khc.
2.11.6 Mi trng bng
Mi trng tabular c th c s dng son tho cc bng p mt
vi s tu bin cc ng k ng v ng k dc. L
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E
X s xc nh chiu
rng ca cc ct mt cch t ng.
2.11 Mi trng 45
Tham s table spec ca lnh
\begin{tabular}[pos]{table spec}
xc nh nh dng ca bng. l xc nh ct canh l tri, r xc nh ct
canh l phi v c xc nh ct canh gia; p{ rng } xc nh ct c
kch thc cho trc vi ni dung c canh l c hai bn km theo cc k
t xung hng; k hiu | xc nh ng k thng ng.
i vi cc ct c ni dung qu di so vi chiu rng ca trang, L
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E
X s
khng t ng bao bc (wrap) ni dung bn trong ct. Tham s p{ rng}
s nh rng ca ct v t ng bao bc vn bn trong ct nh i vi
cc on vn bn thng thng.
Tham s pos xc nh v tr ca bng theo chiu dc da vo ng k
bao quanh phn vn bn. Bn c th nhp vo cc gi tr t, b v c xc
nh vic sp xp bng u, cui hay gia trang.
Trong mi trng tabular, lnh & c dng ngn cch cc ct, lnh
\\ bt u mt hng mi v lnh \hline dng v mt hng ngang. Bn
c th thm vo cc ng k nh bng cc lnh nh \cline{j -i } vi i v j
l s ct m ng k i qua.
\begin{tabular}{|r|l|}
\hline 7C0 & c s 16 \\
3700 & c s 8 \\
\cline{2-2} 11111000000
& c s 2
\\ \hline \hline
1984 & s thp phn \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
7C0 c s 16
3700 c s 8
11111000000 c s 2
1984 s thp phn
\begin{tabular}{|p{4.7cm}|}
\hline
on vn ny s c
ng khung li. Hy vng
rng bn s
thch tnh nng ny.
\\ \hline
\end{tabular}
on vn ny s c ng
khung li. Hy vng rng bn
s thch tnh nng ny.
K t phn cch ct c th c xc nh vi lnh @{...} . Lnh ny s
xo khong cch ni gia cc ct v thay vo l k t gia du ngoc do
46 Son tho vn bn
bn ch nh. Di y l mt ng dng ph bin ca lnh ny trong vic
sp thng hng cc s nguyn. Mt ng dng khc ca lnh ny l dng
b qua khong trng u bn vi tham s @{} . @{} .
\begin{tabular}{@{} l @{}}
\hline
khng c khong cch trn u
\\ \hline
\end{tabular}
khng c khong cch trn u
\begin{tabular}{l}
\hline
c khong trng hai u\\
\hline
\end{tabular}
c khong trng hai u
Hin nay, L
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X cha h tr trc tip cho vic sp thng hng cc ct lu
cc s thp phn,
15
nhng chng ta vn c th sp thng hng bng cch
dng 2 ct: mt ct c canh l bn phi gm cc s nguyn v mt ct
c canh l bn tri cha s thp phn. Lnh \@{.} s c dng thay
i du phn cch gia cc ct thnh du .. ng qun thay th cc du
chm thp phn trong s liu ca bn thnh k hiu cch ct (&). Bn c th
dng thm mt ct xut ta bng cch s dng lnh\multicolumn.
\begin{tabular}{c r @{.} l}
Cc biu thc i vi s
$\pi$ & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Value}
\\ \hline $\pi$ & 3&1416
\\ $\pi^{\pi}$
& 36&46 \\
$(\pi^{\pi})^{\pi}$
& 80662&7
\\
\end{tabular}
Cc biu thc i vi s Value
3.1416

36.46
(

80662.7
15
nu cc gi cng c c ci t trn my ca bn th hy tham kho thm gi
dcolumn.
2.12 Tnh linh ng trong cch trnh by 47
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|}
\hline \multicolumn{2}{|c|}
{Nguyn} \\
\hline Tn & Khoa! \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
Nguyn
Tn Khoa!
Ni dung son tho vi mi trng tabular lun nm gn trn mt trang
vn bn. Nu bn mun son tho cc bng di, bn c th tham kho thm
cc mi trng nh supertabular v longtabular.
2.12 Tnh linh ng trong cch trnh by
Ngy nay, a s n phm u cha rt nhiu hnh nh v biu bng. y
l cc thnh phn cn c x l c bit bi v chng khng c php b
phn tch ra cc trang khc nhau. Mt trong nhng bin php khc phc
l bt u mt trang mi mi khi gp phi hnh minh ho hay biu bng
qu ln c th trnh by gn trong mt trang. Gii php ny s lm cho
mt s trang ca ti liu gn nh l rng hay c rt t ni dung lm cho bn
in tr nn khng p.
Mt gii php khc cho vn ny l cho php hnh minh ho hay biu
bng khng nm gn trong trang hin ti nm trong trang k tip trong khi
phn ni dung ca trang k tip s tip tc c trnh by trong trang hin
ti. L
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E
X cung cp hai mi trng thc hin vic ny, mt dnh cho cc
hnh minh ho v mt dnh cho cc biu bng. c th s dng tt hai
mi trng trn, bn cn hiu c c ch lm vic bn trong ca L
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E
X.
Nu bn khng nm vng iu ny th i khi L
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E
X s lm bn tht vng
v n khng b tr biu bng hay hnh minh ho ng v tr m bn mong
mun.
Trc tin, ta hy xem qua cc lnh c L
A
T
E
X h tr thc hin cng
vic ny:
Tt c cc d liu trong mi trng figure hay table u c xem l
d liu linh ng. C hai mi trng ny u h tr mt s tu chn v v
tr sp t chng trong ti liu
\begin{figure}[v tr ] hay \begin{table}[v tr ]
Tham s v tr bo cho L
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E
X bit v tr c th trnh by ni dung. Tham
s ny c thit lp bng cch xy dng mt chui nh dng t cc lnh
c sn. Xem bng 2.5 bit thm chi tit.
48 Son tho vn bn
Bng 2.5 Cc v tr c php.
K hiu V tr t ni dung . . .
h ngay ti v tr m biu bng hay hnh minh ho c
son tho. Tu chn ny ph hp vi cc font ch nh.
t u ca mt trang
b cui ca mt trang
p trn mt trang c bit ch cha cc d liu linh ng
nh vy.
! khng quan tm n cc tham s bn trong
a
, nh hng
n vic sp xp n.
Lu rng pt v em l hai n v ca T
E
X. Bn c th c thm bng 6.5
trang 124 bit thm chi tit.
a
nh l s biu bng hay hnh minh ha linh ng c php c trn mt trang.
Mt biu bng c th bt u vi hng lnh sau:
\begin{table}[!hbp]
Tham s v tr [!hbp] cho yu cu L
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E
X t biu bng ngay ti v tr hin
thi (h) hay trn mt trang c bit ch dnh cho cc d liu linh ng nh
biu bng ny (p) hay cui trang (b) thm ch trong trng hp n trng
khng p mt (!). Vic b tr theo mc nh s l [tbp].
L
A
T
E
X s t cc biu bng hay hnh minh ho theo cc tham s do ta
cung cp. Khi m biu bng hay hnh minh ha khng th c hin th
ngay, n s c a vo hng i
16
. Khi mt trang mi bt u, L
A
T
E
X kim
tra hng i v c gng a biu bng hay hnh minh ho ph hp nht
vo. Nu L
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E
X khng thc hin c th biu bng hay hnh minh ho trong
hng i y s c xem nh va mi xut hin trong vn bn
17
(c ngha
l n s b a xung cui hng i ch i c x l.) L
A
T
E
X s c gng
gi ng th t xut hin ca cc biu bng v hnh minh ha. y l l
do m ti sao mt hnh minh ho hay biu bng b y xung n cui ti
liu. Do :
Nu L
A
T
E
X khng t cc biu bng hay hnh minh ha ng v
tr bn mong mun th li gy ra l do mt biu bng hay hnh
minh ho no gy nghn hng i.
16
y l hng i dng FIFOfirst in first out
17
tr trng hp ta s dng tham s l h v tham s ny s khng thc hin c
2.12 Tnh linh ng trong cch trnh by 49
L
A
T
E
X cho php vic nh v tr ch vi mt tham s nhng iu ny s
gy ra cc vn bi v nu L
A
T
E
X khng th t n ti v tr nh yu cu th
n s gy nghn hng i, nh hng n cc thnh phn khc trong hng
i ny. C th, bn khng nn s dng tham s [h]tham s ny hot ng
khng tt v do , trong cc phin bn gn y ca L
A
T
E
X, tham s ny t
ng c thay i bi tham s [ht].
Chng ti gii thch cho cc bn v mt s nhng kh khn hay gp; tuy
nhin, vn cn mt s iu cn lu khi s dng hai mi trng ny.
Lnh
\caption{tiu }
nh tiu cho biu bng hay hnh minh ho. Vic nh s th t vo chui
Hnh hay Bng s c L
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T
E
X t ng thc hin.
Hai lnh sau
\listoffigures v \listoftables
lm vic tng t nh lnh \tableofcontents. Lnh ny cho php xut ra
danh sch cc hnh nh minh ho hay biu bng. Cc danh sch ny s hin
th c phn ta . Do , nu bn t cc ta qu di th bn nn cung
cp thm mt ta tu chn ngn hn L
A
T
E
X c th thay th n vo
trong danh sch. lm iu ny, bn ch cn a thm ta c thu
gn vo trong du ngoc vung.
\caption[Ngn gn]{y l mt ta di i l di, di ...}
Vi cc lnh nh \label v \ref, bn c th tham chiu n mt biu
bng hay mt hnh minh ho.
Di y l mt v d v vic v mt hnh vung v chn n vo ti liu.
Bn c th s dng n nu bn mun dnh khong trng cho cc hnh nh
sp c thm vo ti liu.
Hnh~\ref{white} l mt v d v nh.
\begin{figure}[!hbp]
\makebox[\textwidth]{\framebox[5cm]{\rule{0pt}{5cm}}}
\caption{Hnh c kch thc 5x5~cm.} \label{white}
\end{figure}
Trong v d trn, L
A
T
E
X s c gng ! t mt hnh ngay ti v tr ny
18
. Nu
L
A
T
E
X khng thc hin thnh cng th n s c gng t hnh ny cui
18
gi s nh hng i ang rng
50 Son tho vn bn
trang. Nu L
A
T
E
X vn khng thc hin c th n s c gng t hnh ny
mt trang no ph hp. Nu trang ny khng tho cc vic dt hnh ny,
L
A
T
E
X s bt u mt trang mi v li tin hnh li cc thao tc trn.
Trong mt s tnh hung th bn cn s dng lnh sau
\clearpage hay l lnh \cleardoublepage
nhm yu cu L
A
T
E
X phi xut ra ngay tt c cc biu bng hay hnh minh
ho trong hng i v bt u mt trang mi. Lnh \cleardoublepage s
to thm mt trang mi bn phi.
Bn s hc cch a cc hnh nh PostScript vo ti liu c son
bi L
A
T
E
X2

phn sau.
2.13 Bo v cc lnh d v
Vn bn lm tham s cho cc lnh nh \caption hay \section c th xut
hin nhiu ln trong ti liu (e.g trong phn mc lc cng nh trong phn
ni dung vn bn). Mt s lnh s gy ra li khi c s dng lm tham s
cho cc lnh ging nh \section. Cc lnh ny gi l cc lnh d vv d
nh lnh \footnote hay \phantom. Cc lnh d v ny cn phi c bo
v (tt c chng ta u cn c bo v?). Bn c th bo v chng bng
cch t lnh \protect trc cc lnh ny.
Lnh \protect ch c hiu lc i vi lnh ngay bn phi ca n. Vic
lm dng lnh \protect cng khng gy nh hng g.
\section{Ti l mt ngi n cn
\protect\footnote{v bo v phn ch thch cui trang}}
Chng 3
Son tho cc cng thc ton
hc
By gi bn sn sng! Trong chng ny bn s b ht hn vi tnh nng
siu vit ca T
E
X: son tho ti liu Ton hc. Tuy nhin, chng ny ch cung
cp cho bn nhng kin thc c bn nht. i vi mt s ngi dng th nhng
kin thc y s khng son tho cc cng thc ton phc tp nhng
ng nn ch bi v bn c th tham kho thm trong /
/
o-L
A
T
E
X
1
.
3.1 Tng quan
L
A
T
E
X nh ngha mt ch c bit son tho cc cng thc ton hc.
Cc cng thc ton ny c th c a vo ngay trong mi trng vn bn
hay ta c th tch ri chng khi cc on vn. Phn ni dung ton hc
trong on vn c th c son tho gia du \( v \) hay $ v $, hay
\begin{math} v \end{math}.
Cng $a$ bnh phng
vi $b$ bnh phng
c $c$ bnh phng. Ta
c th vit di dng
cng thc l: $c^{2} = a^{2}+b^{2}$
Cng a bnh phng vi b bnh phng c
c bnh phng. Ta c th vit di dng cng
thc l: c
2
= a
2
+ b
2
1
The American Mathematical Society a ra nhng gi m rng rt mnh cho L
A
T
E
X.
Rt nhiu v d trong phn ny s dng n cc phn m rng . Tt c cc phn m
rng ny u c cung cp km vi cc phin bn T
E
X. Ngoi ra bn c th ti v a
ch CTAN:/tex-archive/macros/latex/required/amslatex.
52 Son tho cc cng thc ton hc
\TeX{} c pht m l
\(\tau\epsilon\chi\).\\[6pt]
100~m$^{3}$ nc.\\[6pt]
Tnh yu xut pht t
\begin{math}
\heartsuit
\end{math}.
T
E
X c pht m l .
100 m
3
nc.
Tnh yu xut pht t .
Nu mun bin son cc cng thc, phng trnh ln tch ri khi on
vn bn, bn c th bin son chng trong cp ngoc \[ v \] hay gia
\begin{displaymath} v \end{displaymath} m khng phi ngt on
vn ang son tho ra lm nhiu phn.
Cng $a$ bnh phng vi
$b$ bnh phng c $c$
bnh phng. Ta
c th vit li di dng
cng thc l:
\begin{displaymath}
c^{2}=a^{2}+b^{2}
\end{displaymath}
Hay ta c th vit: \[c=a+b\]
Cng a bnh phng vi b bnh phng c
c bnh phng. Ta c th vit li di dng
cng thc l:
c
2
= a
2
+ b
2
Hay ta c th vit:
c = a + b
Mi trng equation s gip bn nh s cc phng trnh. Bn cnh
bn c th nh du phng trnh vi lnh \label v tham chiu n n
bng lnh \ref hay \eqref trong gi amslatex.
\begin{equation} \label{eq:eps}
\epsilon > 0
\end{equation}
T bt phng trnh (\ref{eq:eps}),
chng ta c th suy ra rng
\ldots ng thi t
\eqref{eq:eps}
chng ta suy ra \ldots
> 0 (3.1)
T bt phng trnh (3.1), chng ta c th
suy ra rng . . . ng thi t (3.1) chng ta
suy ra . . .
Bn cn ch n s khc nhau v kt qu bin son ca cng thc trong
ch son tho ton hc v trong ch hin th ton hc (displaymath)
.
$\lim_{n \to \infty}
\sum_{k=1}^n \frac{1}{k^2}
= \frac{\pi^2}{6}$
lim
n

n
k=1
1
k
2
=

2
6
3.1 Tng quan 53
\begin{displaymath}
\lim_{n \to \infty}
\sum_{k=1}^n \frac{1}{k^2}
= \frac{\pi^2}{6}
\end{displaymath}
lim
n
n

k=1
1
k
2
=

2
6
Bn s thy rng c nhiu s khc bit gia ch son tho ton hc
v ch son tho vn bn. Di y l mt s thuc tnh c bn ca mi
trng ton hc:
1. Cc khong trng v k t xung hng khng c ngha quan trng:
hu ht cc khong trng u bt ngun t logic ca biu thc ton
hc hay c xc nh thng qua cc lnh nh: \, , \quad hay \qquad.
2. Khng c php c cc hng trng. Mi cng thc s nm trn mt
on vn.
3. Mi k t u c xem l tn ca bin. Nu bn mun son tho vn
bn thng thng bn trong mt cng thc, bn phi s dng lnh
\textrm{...} (xem thm phn 3.7 trang 62).
\begin{equation}
\forall x \in \mathbf{R}:
\qquad x^{2} \geq 0
\end{equation}
x R : x
2
0 (3.2)
\begin{equation}
x^{2} \geq 0\qquad
\textrm{vi mi }x\in\mathbf{R}
\end{equation}
x
2
0 vi mi x R (3.3)
Cc nh ton hc thng i hi nghim ngt v vic dng ng cc k
hiu. Do , vic s dng quy c v vic in m, thng qua vic s dng
\mathbb t gi amsfonts hay amssymb l rt hu ch.
\begin{displaymath}
x^{2} \geq 0\qquad \textrm{vi mi }
x\in\mathbb{R}
\end{displaymath}
x
2
0 vi mi x 1
54 Son tho cc cng thc ton hc
3.2 Gp nhm cc cng thc
Hu ht cc lnh trong ch son tho cng thc ton hc ch c tc dng
i vi k t k tip do trong trng hp bn mun n c tc dng i
vi nhiu k t, bn c th nhm chng trong du ngoc: {...}.
\begin{equation}
a^x+y \neq a^{x+y}
\end{equation}
a
x
+ y ,= a
x+y
(3.4)
3.3 Xy dng khi cc cng thc ton hc
Mc ny s gii thiu cc cng thc quan trng c s dng son tho
cc cng thc ton. Hy tham kho thm mc 3.10 trang 66 bit thm
chi tit v danh mc cc lnh h tr son tho cng thc ton hc.
Cc ch ci Hy lp vit thng c nhp vo nh sau: \alpha, \beta,
\gamma, . . . , cn cc ch ci vit hoa th c nhp nh sau: \Gamma, \Delta,
. . .
2
$\lambda,\xi,\pi,\mu,\Phi,\Omega$ , , , , ,
S m v ch s c nhp vo bng cch s dng cc k t: ^ v _.
$a_{1}$ \qquad $x^{2}$ \qquad
$e^{-\alpha t}$ \qquad
$a^{3}_{ij}$\\
$e^{x^2} \neq {e^x}^2$
a
1
x
2
e
t
a
3
ij
e
x
2
,= e
x2
Du cn bc hai c nhp vo thng qua lnh \sqrt. i vi du cn
bc : th ta c th nhp vo nh sau: \sqrt[:]. Kch thc ca du cn s
c xc nh bi L
A
T
E
X. Trong trng hp bn ch mun hin th k hiu
khai cn (khng c ng k trn u), bn c th s dng lnh: \surd.
$\sqrt{x}$ \qquad
$\sqrt{ x^{2}+\sqrt{y} }$
\qquad $\sqrt[3]{2}$\\[3pt]
$\surd[x^2 + y^2]$

x
_
x
2
+

y
3

[x
2
+ y
2
]
2
Khng c k hiu Alpha vit hoa trong L
A
T
E
X2

bi v n trng ging nh ch A
dng font roman. Khi vic nh ngha cc k kiu mi hon tt th mi vic s thay i.
3.3 Xy dng khi cc cng thc ton hc 55
Lnh \overline v \underline s trc tip to ra cc hng ngang pha
trn hay pha di cng thc.
$\overline{a+b}$
a + b
Lnh \overbrace v \underbrace s to ra nhng du ngoc di nm
di hay nm trn biu thc ton hc.
$\underbrace{ a+b+\cdots+z }_{26}$
a + b + + z
. .
26
thm cc du m vo trong cng thc ton nh du mi tn nh
hay du ng, bn cn s dng cc lnh trong bng 3.1 trang 66. thc
hin vic a vo cc du m trn nhiu k t, bn c th s dng lnh sau:
\widetilde v \widehat. Du s xut ra du phy pha trn.
\begin{displaymath}
y=x^{2}\qquad y=2x\qquad y=2
\end{displaymath}
y = x
2
y

= 2x y

= 2
Cc vectors c th c son tho bng cch t thm mt du mi tn
nh pha trn ca bin. Lnh \vec s m nhim vic ny. Ngoi ra, lnh
\overrightarrow v \overleftarrow s h tr bn son tho cc vector t
mt im n im 1.
\begin{displaymath}
\vec a\quad\overrightarrow{AB}
\end{displaymath}
a

AB
Thng thng th bn s khng son tho mt cch trc tip du chm
thay cho du nhn. Tuy nhin, i khi ta cng nn vit vo trnh lm ri
mt ngi c. Khi ny, bn nn s dng lnh \cdot.
\begin{displaymath}
v = {\sigma}_1 \cdot {\sigma}_2
{\tau}_1 \cdot {\tau}_2
\end{displaymath}
v =
1

2

1

2
Tn ca cc hm nh hm log thng c son tho dng font thng
ng ch khng phi dng in nghing nh nh dng ca cc bin. L
A
T
E
X
cung cp mt s lnh son tho cc hm ph bin nh:
56 Son tho cc cng thc ton hc
\arccos \cos \csc \exp \ker \limsup \min
\arcsin \cosh \deg \gcd \lg \ln \Pr
\arctan \cot \det \hom \lim \log \sec
\arg \coth \dim \inf \liminf \max \sin
\sinh \sup \tan \tanh
\[\lim_{x \rightarrow 0}
\frac{\sin x}{x}=1\]
lim
x0
sinx
x
= 1
son tho hm ng d, ta c th s dng hai lnh \bmod son
tho ton t nh phn c mod / v \pmod i vi cc biu thc nh r c
(mod /).
$a\bmod b$\\
$x\equiv a \pmod{b}$
a mod b
x a (mod b)
son tho phn s, ta s dng lnh sau: \frac{...}{...}.
Thng thng th ngi ta thch nhp vo dng 1,2 bi v n s trng
p hn i vi ti liu ch c mt vi phn s.
$1\frac{1}{2}$~ting
\begin{displaymath}
\frac{ x^{2} }{ k+1 }\qquad
x^{ \frac{2}{k+1} }\qquad
x^{ 1/2 }
\end{displaymath}
1
1
2
ting
x
2
k + 1
x
2
k+1
x
1/2
son tho cc h s ca nh thc hay cc cu trc tng t, bn c
th s dng lnh \binom trong gi amsmath.
\begin{displaymath}
\binom{n}{k}\qquad\mathrm{C}_n^k
\end{displaymath}
_
n
k
_
C
k
n
i vi cc quan h nh phn th vic s dng cc k hiu chng ln nhau
t ra rt hiu qu. Lnh \stackrel t tham s th nht ln trn tham s
th hai.
3.3 Xy dng khi cc cng thc ton hc 57
\begin{displaymath}
\int f_N(x) \stackrel{!}{=} 1
\end{displaymath}
_
f
N
(x)
!
= 1
Bn c th dng lnh \int son tho ton t tch phn, lnh \sum
son tho ton t tnh tng v lnh \prod son tho ton t tnh
tch. Cn trn v cn di s c son thng qua lnh ^ v _ tng t nh
vic son ch s trn/di.
3
\begin{displaymath}
\sum_{i=1}^{n} \qquad
\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \qquad
\prod_\epsilon
\end{displaymath}
n

i=1
_
2
0

\begin{displaymath}
\sum_{i=1}^{n} \qquad
\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \qquad
\prod_\epsilon
\end{displaymath}
n

i=1
_
2
0

Gi amsmath cng cung cp hai cng c tng kh nng iu khin vic

nhp cc biu thc c h thng ch s phc tp l \substack v mi trng
subarray.
\begin{displaymath}
\sum_{\substack{0<i<n \\ 1<j<m}}
P(i,j) =
\sum_{\begin{subarray}{l} i\in I\\
1<j<m
\end{subarray}} Q(i,j)
\end{displaymath}

0<i<n
1<j<m
P(i, j) =

iI
1<j<m
Q(i, j)
Ngoi ra, T
E
X cn cung cp cc dng k hiu khc cho du ngoc v cc
k hiu gii hn khc nh l: [ | ). Du ngoc trn hay ngoc vung c
th c nhp vo vi cc phm thch hp. i vi du ngoc mc ({), ta s
dng lnh \{. Cn cc k hiu gii hn khc u phi s dng lnh (nh l
\updownarrow). Hy tham kho thm bng 3.8 trang 70 bit thm v
danh sch cc k hiu gii hn c sn.
3
AMS-L
A
T
E
X m rng vic son ch s trn nhiu hng.
58 Son tho cc cng thc ton hc
\begin{displaymath}
{a,b,c}\neq\{a,b,c\}
\end{displaymath}
a, b, c ,= a, b, c
Lnh \left v \right s t ng xc nh kch thc ca du ngoc
sao cho ph hp vi kch thc ca biu thc. Lu rng cc lnh \left
v \right phi i thnh tng cp (c ngha l sau khi m ngoc th bn
phi ng ngoc cho ph hp). Trong tnh hung bn khng mun du ng
ngoc pha bn phi th bn c th dng lnh \right. ng ngoc nhng
khng hin th k hiu ng ngoc.
\begin{displaymath}
1 + \left( \frac{1}{ 1-x^{2} }
\right) ^3
\end{displaymath}
1 +
_
1
1 x
2
_
3
Tuy nhin, trong mt s tnh hung son tho, bn s cn phi t xc
nh kch thc ca cc du ngoc. iu ny c thc hin bi cc lnh
\big, \Big, \bigg v \Bigg nh l mt tin t ca cc lnh son tho du
ngoc.
4
$\Big( (x+1) (x-1) \Big) ^{2}$\\
$\big(\Big(\bigg(\Bigg($\quad
$\big\}\Big\}\bigg\}\Bigg\}$\quad
$\big\|\Big\|\bigg\|\Bigg\|$
_
(x + 1)(x 1)
_
2
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
thm du ba chm vo mt cng thc, bn c th s dng nhiu
lnh khc nhau. Trong , lnh \ldots s xut ra cc du chm nm st pha
di ca hng; lnh \cdots s xut chng ra gia hng; lnh \vdots s
xut chng theo chiu dc v lnh \ddots s xut chng theo hng ng
cho.. Hy tham kho thm cc v d trong mc 3.5 bit thm chi tit.
\begin{displaymath}
x_{1},\ldots,x_{n} \qquad
x_{1}+\cdots+x_{n}
\end{displaymath}
x
1
, . . . , x
n
x
1
+ + x
n
4
Cc lnh ny c th hot ng khng nh d inh khi m cc lnh thay i kch thc
khc nh 11pt hay 12pt c gi. Trong tnh hung ny, bn c th s dng gi lnh
exscale hay amsmath khc phc.
3.4 Cc khong trng trong cng thc ton 59
3.4 Cc khong trng trong cng thc ton
Nu vic t ng sp xp cc khong trng trong cng thc ca T
E
X khng
p ng ng yu cu nh dng ca bn, bn c th thay i chng bng
cch thm vo cc lnh x l khong trng c bit. Bng di y lit k
thng tin v cc lnh qui nh khong trng trong cng thc ton.
Lnh Kch thc
\,

\:

\;

\
\qquad

\quad
Kch thc s tng ng vi ch
M trong font ch hin ti
Lnh \! s to ra khong trng rt ph hp trc du - i vi cc s
m.
\newcommand{\ud}{\mathrm{d}}
\begin{displaymath}
\int\!\!\!\int_{D} g(x,y)
\, \ud x\, \ud y
\end{displaymath}
thay v
\begin{displaymath}
\int\int_{D} g(x,y)\ud x \ud y
\end{displaymath}
__
D
g(x, y) dxdy
thay v
_ _
D
g(x, y)dxdy
Lu rng k t d trong cng thc lin quan n o hm th c nh
dng kiu roman.
/
/
o-L
A
T
E
X cn cung cp thm mt phng php khc tinh chnh cc
khong cch gia cc k hiu tch phn l \iint, \iiint v \idotsint. Khi
bn s dng gi amsmath th bn c th son tho nh sau:
\newcommand{\ud}{\mathrm{d}}
\begin{displaymath}
\iint_{D} \, \ud x \, \ud y
\end{displaymath}
__
D
dxdy
60 Son tho cc cng thc ton hc
Bn c th tham kho thm ti liu testmath.tex (c cung cp chng
vi gi amsmath do /
/
o-L
A
T
E
X cung cp) hay chng 8 trong The L
A
T
E
X
Companion [3] bit thm chi tit.
3.5 Ging theo ct
Mi trng array s cung cp cho bn kh nng son tho cc mng. Mi
trng ny lm vic tng t nh mi trng bng. Lnh \\ c dng
ngt hng.
\begin{displaymath}
\mathbf{X} =
\left( \begin{array}{ccc}
x_{11} & x_{12} & \ldots \\
x_{21} & x_{22} & \ldots \\
\vdots & \vdots & \ddots
\end{array} \right)
\end{displaymath}
X =
_
_
_
x
11
x
12
. . .
x
21
x
22
. . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
_
_
_
Mi trng ny cng c th c dng son tho cc biu thc ch
gm mt du ngoc ln bn tri, khng c du ng ngoc bn phi nh vo
lnh \right. .
\begin{displaymath}
y = \left\{ \begin{array}{ll}
a & \textrm{nu $d>c$}\\
b+x & \textrm{nu i chi vo
bui sng}\\
l & \textrm{c ngy}
\end{array} \right.
\end{displaymath}
y =
_
_
_
a nu d > c
b + x nu i chi vo bui sng
l c ngy
Cc lnh v hng ngang, hng dc trong mi trng tabular cng c s
dng trong mi trng ny.
\begin{displaymath}
\left(\begin{array}{c|c}
1 & 2 \\
\hline
3 & 4
\end{array}\right)
\end{displaymath}
_
1 2
3 4
_
3.5 Ging theo ct 61
i vi cc cng thc nhiu hng (nh l h phng trnh), bn c th
s dng mi trng eqarray v eqnarray* thay cho mi trng equation.
Trong mi trng eqarray th mi hng (tng ng l mt phng trnh)
u c nh s. Tuy nhin, mi trng eqarray* s khng nh s cc
phng trnh.
Mi trng eqnarray v eqnarray* hot ng tng t nh mt bng
gm 3 ct vi nh dng l {rcl}, trong , ct gia c th c dng
xut du bng =. Lnh \\ c tc dng xung hng.
\begin{eqnarray}
f(x) & = & \cos x \\
f(x) & = & -\sin x \\
\int_{0}^{x} f(y)dy &
= & \sin x
\end{eqnarray}
f(x) = cos x (3.5)
f

(x) = sinx (3.6)

_
x
0
f(y)dy = sinx (3.7)
Nu ch bn s thy rng khong cch ca hai v vi du = l kh ln.
Ta c th gim khong cch ny xung vi lnh \setlength\arraycolsep{2pt}.
Cc phng trnh di s khng c t ng chia ra lm cc on
nh. Ngi son tho phi xc nh v tr xung hng v chng phi c
tht vo bao nhiu. Di y l hai phng php thc hin iu ny:
{\setlength\arraycolsep{2pt}
\begin{eqnarray}
\sin x & = & x -\frac{x^{3}}{3!}
+ \frac{x^{5}}{5!}-{}
\nonumber \\
& & {}-\frac{x^{7}}{7!}+{}\cdots
\end{eqnarray}}
sinx = x
x
3
3!
+
x
5
5!

x
7
7!
+ (3.8)
\begin{eqnarray}
\lefteqn{ \cos x = 1
-\frac{x^{2}}{2!} +{} }
\nonumber\\
& & {}+\frac{x^{4}}{4!}
-\frac{x^{6}}{6!}+{}\cdots
\end{eqnarray}
cos x = 1
x
2
2!
+
+
x
4
4!

x
6
6!
+ (3.9)
Lnh \nonumber yu cu L
A
T
E
X khng nh s phng trnh.
62 Son tho cc cng thc ton hc
Vi cc phng php ny, ta c th son tho cc phng trnh c
ging theo ct. Ngoi ra, gi amsmath cng cung cp mt tp cc lnh hiu
qu thc hin vic ny
5
.
3.6 Cc khong trng thay cho phn vn bn
Chng ta khng th thy phn ni dung l tham s ca lnh phantom tuy
nhin phn ni dung ny vn c sp ch trong ti liu. Chng ta c th
da vo y c c mt s th thut son tho rt th v.
Khi chng ta son tho cc ch s trn v di vi cc lnh nh ^ v _,
chng ta c c kt qu rt p mt nhng i khi chng ta mun b
sung thm mt t c c kt qu tt nht. Lnh \phantom l mt lnh
rt hiu qu trong vic ci thin kt qu trnh by ca cc cng thc. Lnh
ny c chc nng l dnh ra mt s khong trng theo yu cu.
\begin{displaymath}
{}^{12}_{\phantom{1}6}\textrm{C}
\qquad \textrm{so vi} \qquad
{}^{12}_{6}\textrm{C}
\end{displaymath}
12
6
C so vi
12
6
C
\begin{displaymath}
\Gamma_{ij}^{\phantom{ij}k} \qquad
\textrm{so vi} \qquad
\Gamma_{ij}^{k}
\end{displaymath}

k
ij
so vi
k
ij
3.7 Kch thc ca cc font ch h tr son
tho ti liu Ton hc
Trong ch son tho cng thc ton hc, T
E
X s t ng chn kch thc
ca font ch tu thuc vo ng cnh. V d nh i vi cc ch s trn hay
ch s di th L
A
T
E
X s t ng son tho vi kiu ch nh hn. Khi bn
mun son tho mt phng trnh kiu ch roman th bn khng nn dng
lnh \textrm bi v lnh ny s lm cho c ch thay i kch thc font ch
mt cch t ng cho ph hp vi ng cnh ca L
A
T
E
X khng lm vic bi
5
Hy xem thm thng tin chi tit v cc mi trng align, flalign, gather, multiline v
split
3.8 nh l, nh lut, . . . 63
v lnh textrm s tm thi chuyn mi trng ton hc hin ti sang mi
trng son tho vn bn. Bn cn lu rng lnh \mathrm s ch lm vic
tt vi nhng phn vn bn ngn. Lnh \mathrm s khng c tc dng i
vi cc khong trng v cc k t c du.
6
\begin{equation} 2^{\textrm{nd}}
\quad 2^{\mathrm{nd}}
\end{equation}
2
nd
2
nd
(3.10)
i khi bn cn yu cu L
A
T
E
X thay i kch thc font ch cho ph hp.
Trong ch son tho ti liu Ton hc, bn c th s dng 4 lnh sau:
\displaystyle (123), \textstyle (123), \scriptstyle (123) and
\scriptscriptstyle (123).
Vic thay i kiu nh dng cng s nh hng n cch hin th cc k
hiu gii hn.
\begin{displaymath}
\mathop{\mathrm{corr}}(X,Y)=
\frac{\displaystyle
\sum_{i=1}^n(x_i-\overline x)
(y_i-\overline y)}
{\displaystyle\biggl[
\sum_{i=1}^n(x_i-\overline x)^2
\sum_{i=1}^n(y_i-\overline y)^2
\biggr]^{1/2}}
\end{displaymath}
corr(X, Y ) =
n

i=1
(x
i
x)(y
i
y)
_
n

i=1
(x
i
x)
2
n

i=1
(y
i
y)
2
_
1/2
y l mt trong cc v d cn phi s dng cc du ngoc ln thay cho cc
du ngoc bnh thng vi lnh \left[\right].
3.8 nh l, nh lut, . . .
Khi son tho cc ti liu Ton hc, bn s cn phi son tho cc b ,
nh ngha, tin v cc cu trc tng t. L
A
T
E
X s h tr bn vi lnh
sau:
\newtheorem{name}[counter]{text}[section]
Tham s name l mt t kho ngn xc nh nh l. Tham s text
6
Gi amsmath ca /
/
o-L
A
T
E
X cho php lnh \textrm lm vic vi vn bn c
thay i kch thc.
64 Son tho cc cng thc ton hc
s cho php ta xc nh tn gi ca nh l (y l tn ca nh l trong
bn in).
Cc tham s trong du ngoc vung l tu chn. Chng c s dng
xc nh vic nh s cho nh l. Tham s counter s gip xc nh tham
s name ca nh l c khai bo. Khi ny nh l mi s c nh
s theo cng mt chui. Tham s section cho php bn xc nh cch nh
s nh l.
Sau khi gi lnh \newtheorem trong phn ta ca ti liu, bn c th
gi tip cc lnh sau trong phn thn ca ti liu:
\begin{name}[text]
y l mt nh l rt th v
\end{name}
Phn ny chnh l phn chi tit ca nh l. Di y l mt v d c th,
n s gip bn hiu c r hn v mi trng nh l ny.
% definitions for the document
% preamble
\newtheorem{law}{Law}
\newtheorem{jury}[law]{Jury}
%in the document
\begin{law} \label{law:box}
Xin cho cc bn!!!
\end{law}
\begin{jury}[Th 12]
C l ti gp bn. Hy tham
kho thm
phn~\ref{law:box}\end{jury}
\begin{law}
ng, ng, ng
\end{law}
Law 1 Xin cho cc bn!!!
Jury 2 (Th 12) C l ti gp bn.
Hy tham kho thm phn 1
Law 3 ng, ng, ng
nh l Jury s dng chung b m nh nh l Law. Do , nh l
ny s c nh s theo nh chui nh s ca nh l trong h thng cc
nh l nh Law.
3.9 Cc k hiu in m 65
\flushleft
\newtheorem{mur}{Murphy}[section]
\begin{mur}
Nu c hai hay nhiu
cch hn lm mt
iu g v hn na mt
trong cc cch ny c
th gy ra cc thm ho
th s c mt ngi
no sn lng lm n.
\end{mur}
Murphy 3.8.1 Nu c hai hay nhiu cch
hn lm mt iu g v hn na mt
trong cc cch ny c th gy ra cc thm
ho th s c mt ngi no sn lng lm
n.
Trong v d trn, nh l Murphy s c nh s theo mc hin ti.
Ngoi cch chn tham s l section nh trn, ta c th chn cc tham s
khc nh chapter hay subsection.
3.9 Cc k hiu in m
Trong L
A
T
E
X, vic son tho cc k hiu in m l tng i kh khn; c
l y l ch ca L
A
T
E
X bi v nhng ngi son tho nghip d rt d
lm dng chc nng ny. Lnh thay i font ch nh \mathbf s xut ra cc
k t m; tuy nhin lnh ny s i kiu font ch sang dng roman trong
khi cc k hiu ton hc thng c vit nghing. Ngoi ra, ta cn c lnh
\boldmath nhng lnh ny ch c tc dng bn ngoi mi trng ton hc.
N cng c tc dng vi cc k hiu.
\begin{displaymath}
\mu, M \qquad \mathbf{M} \qquad
\mbox{\boldmath $\mu, M$}
\end{displaymath}
, M M , M
Nu ch bn s thy rng du phy li tr nn qu m v iu ny l
khng cn thit.
Gi amsbsy (c trong b amsmath) cng nh gi bm trong b cng c s
h tr vic nh dng ny vi lnh \boldsymbol.
\begin{displaymath}
\mu, M \qquad
\boldsymbol{\mu}, \boldsymbol{M}
\end{displaymath}
, M , M
66 Son tho cc cng thc ton hc
3.10 Danh sch cc k hiu ton hc
Cc bng sau y trnh by tt c cc k hiu thng thng c th s dng
trong ch son tho ton hc.
s dng cc k hiu c lit k bng 3.123.16
7
, th bn cn phi a
gi amssymb vo ti liu phn ta ca ti liu v cc font ch AMS dnh
cho ton hc phi c ci sn trn my. Nu gi AMS v cc font ch cha
c ci t th bn c th ti v a ch CTAN:/tex-archive/macros/latex/required/amslatex.
Bn cng c th ti v mt danh sch chi tit hn v cc k hiu ti a ch
CTAN:info/symbols/comprehensive.
Bng 3.1 Cc du trng m trong ch son tho ton hc.
c \hat{a} c \check{a} c \tilde{a} c \acute{a}
` c \grave{a} c \dot{a} c \ddot{a} c \breve{a}
c \bar{a} c \vec{a}

\widehat{A}

\widetilde{A}
Bng 3.2 Cc ch ci Hy Lp vit thng.
\alpha \theta o o \upsilon
\beta \vartheta \pi \phi
\gamma \iota \varpi \varphi
\delta \kappa \rho \chi
c \epsilon \lambda \varrho \psi
\varepsilon j \mu \sigma \omega
\zeta \nu \varsigma
\eta \xi \tau
7
cc bng sau c trch t symbols.tex c son bi David Carlisle v sau c
thay i nhiu theo s gi ca Josef Tkadlec.
3.10 Danh sch cc k hiu ton hc 67
Bng 3.3 Cc ch ci Hy Lp vit hoa.
\Gamma \Lambda \Sigma \Psi
\Delta \Xi \Upsilon \Omega
\Theta \Pi \Phi
68 Son tho cc cng thc ton hc
Bng 3.4 Quan h hai ngi.
Bn c th c c cc k hiu ngc li tng ng vi cc k hiu y
bng cch thm vo tin t \not trc lnh tng ng.
< < > = =
\leq or \le \geq or \ge \equiv
\ll \gg
.
= \doteq
\prec ~ \succ \sim
_ \preceq _ \succeq \simeq
\subset \supset \approx
\subseteq \supseteq

= \cong
< \sqsubset
a
= \sqsupset
a
1 \Join
a
_ \sqsubseteq _ \sqsupseteq \bowtie
\in \ni , \owns \propto
\vdash \dashv [= \models
[ \mid | \parallel \perp
\smile \frown \asymp
: : , \notin ,= \neq or \ne
a
S dng gi latexsym s dng cc k hiu ny
3.10 Danh sch cc k hiu ton hc 69
Bng 3.5 Cc ton t hai ngi.
+ + -
\pm \mp \triangleleft
\cdot \div \triangleright
\times \setminus - \star
\cup \cap \ast
. \sqcup \sqcap \circ
\vee , \lor \wedge , \land \bullet
\oplus \ominus \diamond
\odot \oslash \uplus
\otimes _ \bigcirc H \amalg
\bigtriangleup _ \bigtriangledown \dagger
\lhd
a
\rhd
a
\ddagger
\unlhd
a
\unrhd
a
/ \wr
Bng 3.6 Cc ton t ln.

\sum

\bigcup
_
\bigvee

\bigoplus

\prod

\bigcap
_
\bigwedge

\bigotimes

\coprod

\bigsqcup

\bigodot
_
\int
_
\oint

\biguplus
70 Son tho cc cng thc ton hc
Bng 3.7 Cc du mi tn.
\leftarrow or \gets \longleftarrow \uparrow
\rightarrow or \to \longrightarrow \downarrow
\leftrightarrow \longleftrightarrow \updownarrow
\Leftarrow = \Longleftarrow \Uparrow
\Rightarrow = \Longrightarrow \Downarrow
\Leftrightarrow \Longleftrightarrow \Updownarrow
\mapsto \longmapsto \nearrow
\hookleftarrow \hookrightarrow \searrow
\leftharpoonup \rightharpoonup \swarrow
\leftharpoondown \rightharpoondown \nwarrow
= \rightleftharpoons \iff (bigger spaces) ; \leadsto
a
a
S dng gi latexsym s dng cc k hiu ny
Bng 3.8 Cc du ngoc.
( ( ) ) \uparrow \Uparrow
[ [ or \lbrack ] ] or \rbrack \downarrow \Downarrow
\{ or \lbrace \} or \rbrace \updownarrow \Updownarrow
\langle ) \rangle [ | or \vert | \| or \Vert
\lfloor | \rfloor \lceil | \rceil
, / \backslash . (c hai u trng)
Bng 3.9 Cc du ngoc ln.
_
_
\lgroup
_
_
\rgroup
_
_
\lmoustache
_
_
\rmoustache

\arrowvert
_
_
\Arrowvert

\bracevert
3.10 Danh sch cc k hiu ton hc 71
Bng 3.10 Cc k hiu khc.
. . . \dots \cdots
.
.
. \vdots
.
.
.
\ddots
/ \hbar \imath , \jmath / \ell
1 \Re \Im \aleph \wp
\forall \exists 0 \mho
a
\partial

/ \prime \emptyset \infty

\nabla \triangle 2 \Box
a
3 \Diamond
a
\bot \top \angle

\surd
\diamondsuit \heartsuit \clubsuit \spadesuit
\neg or \lnot : \flat \natural ; \sharp
a
S dng gi latexsym s dng cc k hiu ny.
Bng 3.11 Cc k hiu thng thng.
These symbols can also be used in text mode.
\dag \S \copyright \textregistered
\ddag \P \pounds % \%
Bng 3.12 Cc du ngoc theo AMS.
' \ulcorner \urcorner , \llcorner \lrcorner
[ \lvert [ \rvert | \lVert | \rVert
Bng 3.13 Ch ci Hy Lp v Do Thi theo AMS.
} \digamma \varkappa Q \beth \daleth \gimel
72 Son tho cc cng thc ton hc
Bng 3.14 Quan h hai ngi theo AMS.
< \lessdot \gtrdot = \doteqdot or \Doteq
\leqslant \geqslant = \risingdotseq
\eqslantless \eqslantgtr = \fallingdotseq
_ \leqq _ \geqq = \eqcirc
\lll or \llless \ggg or \gggtr = \circeq
_ \lesssim _ \gtrsim = \triangleq
_ \lessapprox _ \gtrapprox = \bumpeq
\lessgtr \gtrless \Bumpeq
_ \lesseqgtr \gtreqless \thicksim
_ \lesseqqgtr _ \gtreqqless \thickapprox
- \preccurlyeq , \succcurlyeq \approxeq
- \curlyeqprec ` \curlyeqsucc ~ \backsim
_ \precsim _ \succsim - \backsimeq
_ \precapprox _ \succapprox = \vDash
\subseteqq \supseteqq ' \Vdash
\Subset \Supset ' \Vvdash
< \sqsubset = \sqsupset ~ \backepsilon
\therefore \because \varpropto
. \shortmid + \shortparallel \between
\smallsmile \smallfrown . \pitchfork
< \vartriangleleft \vartriangleright \blacktriangleleft
_ \trianglelefteq _ \trianglerighteq > \blacktriangleright
3.10 Danh sch cc k hiu ton hc 73
Bng 3.15 Cc du mi tn theo AMS.
--- \dashleftarrow --- \dashrightarrow \multimap
\leftleftarrows \rightrightarrows | \upuparrows
\leftrightarrows \rightleftarrows _ \downdownarrows
\Lleftarrow = \Rrightarrow , \upharpoonleft
\twoheadleftarrow \twoheadrightarrow ` \upharpoonright
\leftarrowtail \rightarrowtail \downharpoonleft
= \leftrightharpoons = \rightleftharpoons \downharpoonright
\Lsh \Rsh ~ \rightsquigarrow
\looparrowleft + \looparrowright - \leftrightsquigarrow
. \curvearrowleft \curvearrowright
\circlearrowleft \circlearrowright
Bng 3.16 Quan h ph nh hai ngi v cc du mi tn theo AMS.
\nless \ngtr \varsubsetneqq
_ \lneq _ \gneq \varsupsetneqq
_ \nleq _ \ngeq \nsubseteqq
\nleqslant \ngeqslant \nsupseteqq
_ \lneqq _ \gneqq [ \nmid
_ \lvertneqq _ \gvertneqq \nparallel
_ \nleqq _ \ngeqq \nshortmid
_ \lnsim _ \gnsim + \nshortparallel
_ \lnapprox _ \gnapprox ~ \nsim
\nprec , \nsucc \ncong
_ \npreceq _ \nsucceq - \nvdash
_ \precneqq _ \succneqq = \nvDash
_ \precnsim _ \succnsim ' \nVdash
_ \precnapprox _ \succnapprox \nVDash
_ \subsetneq _ \supsetneq ; \ntriangleleft
_ \varsubsetneq _ \varsupsetneq ; \ntriangleright
_ \nsubseteq _ \nsupseteq _ \ntrianglelefteq
_ \subsetneqq _ \supsetneqq _ \ntrianglerighteq
\nleftarrow \nrightarrow \nleftrightarrow
= \nLeftarrow = \nRightarrow = \nLeftrightarrow
74 Son tho cc cng thc ton hc
Bng 3.17 Cc ton t nh phn theo AMS.
\dotplus . \centerdot \intercal
\ltimes \rtimes \divideontimes
J \Cup or \doublecup + \Cap or \doublecap \smallsetminus
Y \veebar \barwedge , \doublebarwedge
\boxplus \boxminus \circleddash
\boxtimes \boxdot \circledcirc
` \leftthreetimes \rightthreetimes \circledast
\curlyvee \curlywedge
Bng 3.18 Cc k hiu khc theo AMS.
/ \hbar h \hslash k \Bbbk
\square B \blacksquare \circledS
, \vartriangle # \blacktriangle U \complement
V \triangledown * \blacktriangledown , \Game
\lozenge # \blacklozenge \bigstar
\angle X \measuredangle < \sphericalangle
, \diagup \diagdown \ \backprime
\nexists \Finv \varnothing
\eth 0 \mho
Bng 3.19 Cc kiu ch ci trong ton.
V d Lnh Gi lnh cn dng
ABCdef \mathrm{ABCdef}
ABCdef \mathit{ABCdef}
1Cdc) \mathnormal{ABCdef}
ABC \mathcal{ABC} euscript vi tu chn mathcal
ABC \mathscr{ABC} mathrsfs
ABCdef \mathfrak{ABCdef} eufrak
ABC \mathbb{ABC} amsfonts hay amssymb
Chng 4
Nhng tnh nng c trng ca
L
A
T
E
X
Khi kt hp cc phn li vi nhau thnh mt ti liu ln L
A
T
E
X s gip bn
thng qua mt s tnh nng mnh nh vic to bng ch mc, qun l mc lc
ti liu tham kho v cc cng vic khc. bit thm chi tit v cc tnh nng
c trng v kh nng m rng ca L
A
T
E
X, bn c th tham kho thm ti liu
L
A
T
E
X Manual [1] v The L
A
T
E
X Companion [3].
4.1 a nh EPS vo ti liu
L
A
T
E
X cung cp nhng phng tin c bn lm vic vi cc phn c ni
dung mang tnh linh ng nh hnh nh hay hnh th thng qua hai mi
trng l figure v table.
Ngoi ra, ta cn c mt s cch khc to ra hnh nh da vo cc lnh
ca L
A
T
E
X hay t cc gi m rng ca L
A
T
E
X. Tuy nhin, a s ngi dng
nhn xt rng vic s dng cc tnh nng ny l tng i phc tp, kh
khn v hi kh hiu. Do , chng ti quyt nh khng gii thch chi trong
phm vi ti liu ngn ngn ny. Bn c th tham kho thm trong The L
A
T
E
X
Companion [3] v L
A
T
E
X Manual [1] bit thm chi tit v ch ny.
Mt cch tip cn khc n gin hn l to ra cc hnh nh vi cc chng
trnh chuyn dng
1
sau a chng vo ti liu. Cc gi ca L
A
T
E
X cung
cp rt nhiu bin php thc hin iu ny. Tuy nhin, trong khung kh
ca ti liu ny, chng ti ch trnh by v vic s dng cc hnh nh dng
Encapsulated PostScript (EPS) bi v vic a cc i tng ny vo ti liu
l tng i n gin v c s dng rng ri. c th s dng c cc
1
XFig, CorelDraw!, Freehand, Gnuplot, . . .
76 Nhng tnh nng c trng ca L
A
T
E
X
hnh nh dng EPS, bn cn phi c my in h tr PostScript
2
xut kt
qu.
Mt tp lnh h tr vic a hnh nh vo ti liu lm vic kh tt c
cung cp trong gi graphicx c thit k bi D. P. Carlisle. y l mt phn
ca h cc gi c tn l graphics.
3
2
Mt cch khc xut dng PostScript l s dng phn mm GhostScript ti a
ch CTAN:/tex-archive/support/ghostscript. Ngi dng Windows v OS/2 c th
cn phn mm GSView.
3
CTAN:/tex-archive/macros/latex/required/graphics
4.1 a nh EPS vo ti liu 77
Gi s bn ang lm vic trn mt h thng c sn my in PostScript v
gi graphicx, bn c th tin hnh theo cc bc sau c th a hnh nh
vo ti liu:
1. Xut kt qu trong cc chng trnh ho ra di dng EPS.
4
2. Np gi graphicx trong phn ta ca tp tin d liu vo nh sau:
\usepackage[driver]{graphicx}
vi driver l tn ca chng trnh dch t dng dvi sang dng postscript.
Chng trnh thng c s dng l dvips. Tn ca driver l mt i
hi bt buc bi v khng c tiu chun v cch thc mt hnh nh
c a vo trong T
E
X. Thng qua vic bit c tn ca driver th
gi graphicx s xc nh cch chn thng tin v hnh nh vo tp
tin .dvi my in c th hiu c v a tp tin .eps vo mt cch
chnh xc.
3. S dng lnh sau:
\includegraphics[key=value, . . . ]{file}
a tp tin file vo ti liu. Thng s tu chn ca keys l mt danh
sch c phn cch bi du phy ca cc gi tr values. Cc tham s
keys c th c s dng thay i rng, cao v s xoay vng ca
hnh nh. Bng 4.1 s lit k cc kho quan trng.
Bng 4.1 Tn ca cc kho theo gi graphicx.
width co dn hnh nh theo chiu rng yu cu
height co dn hnh nh theo chiu cao yu cu
angle xoay hnh nh ngc chiu kim ng h
scale chnh t l kch thc ca hnh nh
4
Nu chng trnh ca bn khng th xut di dng EPS, bn c th th ci t
driver ca my in PostScript (v d nh my Apple LaserWriter) v in kt qu lm vic
ra tp tin vi driver ny. Thng thng th tp tin ny s c nh dng l EPS. Lu
rng mt hnh nh dng EPS khng c php cha nhiu hn mt trang. Mt s driver
ca cc my in c th c cu hnh trc tip xut ra dng EPS.
Di y l mt v d minh ho lm r tnh nng trn
\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[angle=90, width=0.5\textwidth]{test}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
V d trn s a vo ti liu mt tp tin c tn l test.eps. u tin,
hnh nh s c xoay mt gc 90 ngc chiu kim ng h. Sau , n
s c tng kch thc chiu rng ln gp 0.5 ln chiu rng ban u. T
l l 1.0 bi v ta khng ch nh v chiu cao ca hnh nh. Chiu rng v
chiu cao c th c xc nh theo nhng kch thc tuyt i. Xem thm
bng 6.5 trang 124 bit thm chi tit. Nu bn mun i su vo mc
ny, bn nn c 2 ti liu sau: [8] v \eps.
4.2 Ti liu tham kho
Bn c th to ra mc lc cc ti liu tham kho thng qua mi trng
thebibliography. Trong mi trng ny, mi mc s c bt u nh sau:
\bibitem[label ]{marker}
Tham s marker c s dng trch dn sch, bi bo hay cc bi
lun c s dng n trong ti liu.
\cite{marker}
Nu bn khng s dng tu chn label, cc mc t s c lit k, nh
s mt cch t ng. Tham s sau lnh \begin{thebibliography} s xc
nh khng gian dnh cho phn nh s ca cc nhn (label). Trong v d
di y, tham s {99} s cho L
A
T
E
X bit rng khng c mc no trong danh
79
sch cc ti liu tham kho c nh s rng hn s 99.
Phn 1~\cite{pa} cho rng \ldots
\begin{thebibliography}{99}
\bibitem{pa} H.~Partl:
\emph{German \TeX}, TUGboat Quyn~9,
pht hnh lne~1 (1988)
\end{thebibliography}
Phn 1 [1] cho rng . . .
Ti liu tham
kho
[1] H. Partl: German T
E
X, TUGboat
Quyn 9, pht hnh lne 1 (1988)
80 Specialities
i vi cc d n ln, c l bn s cn kim tra chng trnh BibT
E
X.
BibT
E
X c cung cp km theo vi hu ht cc phin bn c phn phi
ca T
E
X. Chng trnh ny s gip bn bo qun c s d liu v ti liu
tham kho v a cc tham chiu tng ng vo ti liu. Phn mm BibT
E
X
da vo khi nim style sheet to ra cc mc lc ti liu tham kho trc
quan. Khi nim style sheet cho php mc lc ti liu tham kho c xy
dng da vo cc mu c nh sn.
4.3 To ch mc
i vi cc ti liu hon chnh th phn ch mc ng mt vai tr ht sc
quan trng. Vi L
A
T
E
X v chng trnh h tr vic to ch mc makeindex,
5
,
vic to ch mc cho mt ti liu tr nn ht sc n gin. Phn ny ch
gii thiu s qua nhng lnh c bn h tr vic to cc ch mc. c c
mt ci nhn su sc hn, bn c th tham kho thm ti liu The L
A
T
E
X
Companion [3]. .
kch hot tnh nng to ch mc ca L
A
T
E
X, bn cn phi s dng vo
gi makeidx trong phn ta ca ti liu.
\usepackage{makeidx}
ng thi, bn phi kch hot cc lnh to ch mc bng cch s dng lnh:
\makeindex
trong phn ta ca ti liu.
Ni dung ca ch mc s c xc nh vi lnh:
\index{key}
Trong , tham s key l mc t trong t in cc ch mc. Bn s nhp vo
lnh \index{...} ti v tr m bn mun mc t trong bng ch mc s tr
n. Bng 4.2 s gii thch thm v tham s key thng qua mt vi v d.
Khi tp tin d liu vo c x l bi L
A
T
E
X, mi lnh \index s ghi
mt mc t tng ng cng vi s trang hin ti vo danh sch cc mc t
trong mt tp tin c bit. Tp tin ny s c tn trng vi tp tin d liu
5
Trn cc h thng khng h tr tp tin c tn di hn 8 k t, chng trnh c gi
l makeidx.
4.3 To ch mc 81
Bng 4.2 C php ca vic to ch mc.
V d Mc t Ch thch
\index{hello} hello, 1 Mt mc t n thun
\index{hello!Peter} Peter, 3 Mc t con ca mc t hello
\index{Sam@\textsl{Sam}} Sam, 2 Mc t c nh dng
\index{Lin@\textbf{Lin}} Lin, 7 Ging nh trn
\index{Jenny|textbf} Jenny, 3 nh dng s trang
\index{Joe|textit} Joe, 5 Ging nh trn
\index{eolienne@\eolienne} olienne, 4 iu khin cc du
vo nhng khc phn m rng (.idx). Tip theo, tp tin .idx ny s c
x l bi chng trnh makeindex.
makeindex tn tp tin
Chng trnh makeindex s to ra mt danh sch cc ch mc c sp
xp trong tp tin c tn tng t nhng khc phn m rng (.ind). Nu
chng trnh L
A
T
E
X li c gi x l tp tin d liu vo ban u th bng
ch mc c sp xp ny s c a vo ti liu ti v tr m L
A
T
E
X tm
thy lnh
\printindex
Gi showidx i km vi L
A
T
E
X2

s in ra tt c cc mc t ct bn tri
ca phn vn bn. iu ny rt thun li cho vic kim tra li vic to cc
ch mc.
Lu rng vic s dng lnh \index mt cch khng cn thn c th
nh hng n cch trnh by ti liu.
ti \index{ ti}. Khc vi
ti\index{ ti}. Bn cn ch
n v tr ca du chm cu.
ti . Khc vi ti. Bn cn ch n v
tr ca du chm cu.
82 Specialities
4.4 Trang tr u ca cc trang
Gi fancyhdr
6
c vit bi Piet van Oostrum, cung cp cho ta mt s lnh
n gin tu bin phn ta v chn ca cc trang trong ti liu. Hy
nhn vo phn ta v phn chn ca cc trang trong ti liu ny, bn s
thy tnh hu dng ca gi ny. Vn tinh xo ca vic to ta v phn
\documentclass{book}
\usepackage{fancyhdr}
\pagestyle{fancy}
% xc nh rng phn ta v phn chn ca trang
% s c vit thng.
\renewcommand{\chaptermark}[1]{\markboth{#1}{}}
\renewcommand{\sectionmark}[1]{\markright{\thesection\ #1}}
\fancyhf{} % xo cc nh dng hin ti i vi phn ta trang
\fancyhead[LE,RO]{\bfseries\thepage}
\fancyhead[LO]{\bfseries\rightmark}
\fancyhead[RE]{\bfseries\leftmark}
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0.5pt}
\renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0pt}
\addtolength{\headheight}{0.5pt} % to khong trng cho vch ngang
\fancypagestyle{plain}{%
\fancyhead{} % chnh phn ta cho trang trng
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt} % v ng k ngang
}
Hnh 4.1 V d v cch s dng gi fancyhdr.
chn ca cc trang l vic a vo tn ca mc hay chng hin ti. L
A
T
E
X
x l vic ny theo hai bc. Trong nh ngha ca phn ta , phn chn
ca trang, bn s dng lnh \rightmark v \leftmark cho bit mc v
chng tng ng hin ti. Hai lnh ny s xut ra mc hay chng mi khi
lnh to mc hay chng mi c x l.
Lnh \chapter v cc lnh c tc dng tng t khc khng t nh
ngha li lnh \rightmark v \leftmark. Chng gi lnh khc (nh l
\chaptermark, \sectionmark hay \subsectionmark) nh ngha li lnh
\rightmark v \leftmark.
6
c ti a ch CTAN:/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/supported/fancyhdr.
4.5 Mi trng h tr trch ng nguyn vn 83
Nu bn mun thay i phong cch th hin tn chng trong phn ta
ca trang, bn ch cn nh ngha li lnh \chaptermark. .
Hnh 4.1 lit k cc tham s c th s dng trong fancyhdr lm cho
chng trng ging nh phn ta , chn ca cun sch ny. Theo ti, bn
nn s dng cc kiu nh dng c ngh trong phn ch thch.
4.5 Mi trng h tr trch ng nguyn vn
Trong cc phn trc ca ti liu, bn c dp tip xc vi mi trng
verbatim. Trong mc ny, bn s hc cch s dng gi verbatim. Gi verbatim
l mt s b sung cho mi trng verbatim. N gip gii quyt mt s cc
hn ch ca mi trng verbatim. Bn thn ca mi trng ny khng c g
l c bit nhng s b sung ca n: gi verbatim thm vo mt s tnh
nng mi rt hu dng. Gi verbatim cung cp lnh
\verbatiminput{tn tp tin}
nhm cho php a vo phn vn bn nguyn mu trong tp tin c tn tn
tp tin vo ti liu (bn trong mi trng verbatim).
V gi verbatim l mt phn ca b cng c cho nn n s c ci t
sn trn hu ht cc h thng L
A
T
E
X. Bn c th tham kho thm thng tin
chi tit v gi ny bn nn c ti liu [9].
4.6 Ti v v ci t cc gi ca L
A
T
E
X
Hu ht cc bn ci t ca L
A
T
E
X u i km vi mt s lng ln cc gi
phc v vic nh dng ti liu. Tuy nhin, mt s gi hu dng khc phi
c ti v t mng. Ni m bn c th tm thy hu ht cc tin ch ny l
CTAN (http://www.ctan.org/).
Cc gi nh geometry, hyphenat, v mt s gi khc thng c to
thnh t hai tp tin: mt tp tin vi phn m rng l .ins v tp tin kia c
phn m rng l .dtx. Thng th i km vi cc gi cn c tp tin hng
dn nh readme.txt. Bn nn c k tp tin ny.
Trong bt k trng hp no th sau khi ti v cc gi m rng, bn cn
phi thc hin hai thao tc sau:
1. Cho h thng T
E
X sn c bit v s tn ti ca gi mi ny trn h
thng ca bn.
2. Bin dch tp tin ti v bit thm chi tit.
84 Specialities
Di y l cch thc hin thao tc th nht:
1. Dng L
A
T
E
X dch tp tin .ins. Qu trnh ny s trch ra mt tp
tin dng .sty.
2. Chuyn tp tin dng .sty n th mc m phin bn T
E
X trn my
bn c th tm thy chng (thng thng th bn nn t n trong th
mc .../localtexmf /tex/latex.
3. Cp nht li c s d liu lu tr cc tp tin trong phin bn T
E
X
trn my ca bn. Tu theo cc phin bn ca L
A
T
E
X m bn c th
s dng cc lnh tng ng nh: vi teTeX, fpTeX l texhash; web2c
l maktexlsr; MikTeX l initexmf -update-fndb hay s dng giao
din ha.
By gi bn c th trch ti liu hng dn ca gi t tp tin dng .dtx:
1. Chy L
A
T
E
X i vi tp tin .dtx. Kt qu to ra l tp tin .dvi. Lu
rng c th bn s phi chy L
A
T
E
X nhiu ln cc tham chiu cho
c chnh xc.
2. Kim tra xem L
A
T
E
X c to ra tp tin .idx hay khng. Nu bn khng
tin thy tp tin ny th bn c th tin hnh bc 5.
3. to ra tp tin ch mc, s dng lnh sau:
makeindex -s gind.ist tn tp tin
(vi tn tp tin l tn ca tp tin chnh (khng c phn m rng)).
4. Chy L
A
T
E
X dch tp tin .dtx thm mt ln na. .
5. To tp tin dng .ps hay .pdf vic xem c d dng v p mt
hn.
i khi bn s thy rng L
A
T
E
X cng to ra tp tin .glo (t in thut
ng). Dng lnh sau gia bc 4 v 5: makeindex -s gglo.ist -o name.gls
name.glo
Nh dng L
A
T
E
X dch tp tin .dtx ln cui trc khi thc hin bc 5.
4.7 Lm vic vi pdfL
A
T
E
X
By Daniel Flipo <Daniel.Flipo@univ-lille1.fr>
PDF l mt kiu nh dng ti liu siu vn bn. Ging nh cc trang web,
mt s t trong ti liu dng PDF s c nh du nh cc siu lin kt.
4.7 Lm vic vi pdfL
A
T
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X 85
Chng s lin kt n cc v tr khc trong ti liu hay thm ch l trong
cc ti liu khc. Khi bn nhn chut vo cc siu lin kt ny, bn s c
chuyn n v tr lin kt tng ng. i vi L
A
T
E
X th iu ny c ngha
l cc lnh \ref v \pageref s a vo cc siu lin kt. Do bng ni
dung, ch mc v cc cu trc tng t khc tr thnh mt tp hp ca cc
siu lin kt.
Hin nay, hu ht cc trang web u c vit bng ngn ng HTML
(HyperText Markup Language). Kiu nh dng theo ngn ng ny c hai
im bt li khi son tho cc ti liu khoa hc:
1. Ni chung th vic a cc cng thc ton hc vo ti liu HTML khng
c h tr. Mc d chng ta c chun thc hin iu ny nhng
hu ht cc trnh duyt hin nay cha h tr hay thiu cc font ch
cn thit.
2. Vic in n cc ti liu HTML tht n gin nhng kt qu xut ra
li ph thuc rt nhiu vo h iu hnh v trnh duyt. iu ny c
ngha l cc bn in ca cng mt ti liu c th trng rt khc nhau.
Bn cnh cht lng ca bn in s km xa so vi L
A
T
E
X.
Hin nay, ngi ta c rt nhiu c gng to ra cc chng trnh chuyn
t tp tin L
A
T
E
X sang tp tin HTML. Trong s c mt s chng trnh
thc hin tng i thnh cng vic to ra cc trang web r rng, d c t
mt ti liu c son tho bng L
A
T
E
X. Tuy nhin, hu ht cc phn mm
u khng lm tt v chng khng th gi nguyn nh dng ban u. i
vi cc ti liu s dng cc tnh nng phc tp ca L
A
T
E
X v cc gi m rng
th cc chng trnh chuyn t L
A
T
E
X sang HTML khng th thc hin tt
vic chuyn i. Do , i vi cc tc gi mun a ti liu ca mnh ln
web nhng mun gi nguyn cch trnh by bn in vi cht lng cao la
chn PDF (Portable Document Format) nh l mt gii php tt. Hn na,
hu ht cc trnh duyt web ngy nay u h tr vic c ti liu dng ny
sau khi ci thm mt phn m rng cn thit.
Khc vi cc ng dng DVI v PS, ti liu dng PDF c th c xem
v in n trn hu ht cc h iu hnh (Unix, Mac, Windows) nh vo phn
mm Adobe Acrobat Reader hay xpdf (c th ti v min ph t trang web
ca Adobe). Do vic phn phi ti liu theo nh dng PDF s c gi
n vi ti liu ca bn mt cch d dng hn rt nhiu.
4.7.1 Cc ti liu PDF dnh cho Web
Vic to ra tp tin PDF t tp tin ngun ca L
A
T
E
X tr nn rt d dng
nh vo phn mm pdfT
E
X c thit k bi Hn Th Thnh. pdfT
E
X to
86 Specialities
ra tp tin u ra dng PDF cn T
E
X s to ra tp tin dng DVI. Ngoi ra,
ta cng c bn pdfL
A
T
E
X c tc dng to ra tp tin PDF t tp tin ngun
ca L
A
T
E
X.
C hai bn pdfT
E
X v pdfL
A
T
E
X u c ci t sn i vi cc phin
bn mi ca T
E
X nh l teT
E
X, fpT
E
X, MikT
E
X, T
E
XLive v CMacT
E
X.
to ra tp tin PDF thay v tp tin DVI, bn ch cn thay lnh latex
file.tex bng lnh pdflatex file.tex. Trn cc h thng m L
A
T
E
X khng
c gi t dng lnh, bn c th tm thy c nt iu khin tng ng
vi lnh ny.
Trong L
A
T
E
X, bn c th t kch thc trang giy (nh a4paper hay
letterpaper) thng qua tham s ty chn ca lnh \documentclass{..}.
Cc lnh trn cng lm vic vi pdfL
A
T
E
X. Ngoi ra, pdfL
A
T
E
X cn cn phi
bit thm kch thc ca trang giy ch khng ch phn din tch c dng
trnh by ti liu. Khi s dng gi hyperref (xem thm trang 89), kch
thc ca trang c th c thay i mt cch t ng. Nu khng, bn s
phi t iu chnh kch thc trang giy bng cch a v cc lnh sau trong
phn ta ca ti liu:
\pdfpagewidth=\paperwidth
\pdfpageheight=\paperheight
Mc ny s khng i su vo chi tit lin quan n s khc nhau gia L
A
T
E
X
v pdfL
A
T
E
X. Nhng khc bit chnh lin quan n 3 vn sau: vic s dng
font ch, nh dng ca hnh nh a vo v vic t cu hnh cc siu lin
kt.
4.7.2 Cc font ch
pdfL
A
T
E
X c th lm vic vi tt c cc kiu font ch (PK bitmaps, True-
Type, PostScript type 1. . . ) nhng ch yu l nh dng font ca ca L
A
T
E
X,
font PK dng bitmap cho ra kt qu rt xu khi ti liu c xem bng
Acrobat Reader. c ti liu p mt th ch nn s dng cc font ch
dng PostScript Type 1. Cc bn ci t mi ca T
E
X s t ng cu hnh
vic ny. Nu mi th vn hnh tt th bn c th b qua c mc ny.
Chng ta s khng bn v font ch trong ti liu ny v t L
A
T
E
X lm
tt vic x l cc font ch cng nh vic s dng b font ch ring ca n
p ng yu cu ca vic son tho v in n cc ti liu khoa hc.
B font PostScript da vo font ch Computer Modern v AMSFonts
c xy dng bi Blue Sky Research v Y&Y, Inc. Sau h chuyn
bn quyn sang cho American Mathemcatical Society. Cc font ch ny
c cng b rng ri t nm 1997 v c phn phi km theo cc phin
bn ca T
E
X.
4.7 Lm vic vi pdfL
A
T
E
X 87
Tuy nhin son tho ti liu bng cc ngn ng khc vi ting Anh
bn cn s dng b font ch EC, LH hay CB (xem thm phn ni v font ch
OT1 trang 28). Vladimir Volovich to ra nhm font ch cm-super bao
gm ton b font EC/TC, EC Concrete, EC Bright v LH. Bn c th ti
v a ch CTAN:/fonts/ps-type1/cm-super. Ngoi ra n cng c thm
T
E
XLive7 v MikT
E
X. Apostolos Syropoulos cng to ra b font type 1 CB
ting Hy Lp v c th ti v a ch CTAN:/tex-archive/fonts/greek/cb.
Tuy nhin, c hai b font ch ny khng c cng cht lng in n nh b
font ch Type1 CM ca Blue Sky/Y&Y.
i vi cc ti liu s dng cc ngn ng gc Latin bn c mt s tu
chn khc.
Bn c th s dng gi aeguill, Almost European Computer Modern
with Guillements. Bn ch cn thm dng \usepackage{aeguill} vo
phn ta s dng b font ch o AE thay v b font EC.
Ngoi ra, bn c th s dng gi mltex. Tuy nhin cch ny ch c tc
dng khi bn bin dch pdfT
E
X vi tham s mltex.
Tng t nh h thng MlT
E
X, b font ch o AE lm cho T
E
X tin rng
n c y 256 k t bng cch to ra cc k t b thiu trong b font CM
v thm vo theo trnh t ca font EC. iu ny cho php chng trnh s
dng b font c cht lng rt cao l type 1 CM. V cc font ch c tun
theo encoding T1 nn tnh nng t ngt t s hot ng rt tt i vi cc
ngn ng Chu u c gc Latin. Hn ch duy nht ca hng tip cn ny
l tnh nng tm kim ca phn mm Acrobat Reader khng hot ng c
khi bn cn tm kim ni dung c cc k t c du.
i vi ting Nga th bn c mt gii php tng t l s dng b font ch
o C1, b font ny c th ti v ftp://ftp.vsu.ru/pub/tex/font-packs/c1fonts.
Cc font ch ny kt hp b font type 1 chun CM ca Bluesky v cc font
ch type 1 CMCYR ca Paradissa v BaKoMa.
Mt gii php khc l khng s dng b font CM m chuyn sang s
dng cc font PostScript type 1. Hin nay, mt s font ch dng ny c
cung cp km theo vi Acrobat Reader. B font ny c kch thc cc k t
khc nhau do vic trnh by ti liu s c cht thay i. Thng thng, b
font ch ny s dng nhiu khong khng hn cc font ch CM (cc font ch
CM rt tit kim khong khng). Ngoi ra, tnh mch lc tng th ca ti
liu cng b nh hng bi v cc font ch nh Times, Helvetica v Courier
(cc font chnh cn thay i) khng c thit k trnh by mt cch cn
i trong mt ti liu nh l cc font ch CM.
Ngoi ra, cn c 2 b font ch na p ng yu cu ny: pxfonts, da
trn font Palatino nh dng cho vn bn trong phn thn ca ti liu
88 Specialities
v gi txfonts, da trn font Times. s dng hai gi ny, ta ch cn thm
vo cc hng sau phn ta ca ti liu.
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage{pxfonts}
Bn c th thy cnh bo sau khi bin dch tp tin ngun
Warning: pdftex (file eurmo10): Font eurmo10 at ... not found
trong tp tin c phn m rng l .log. iu ny c ngha l mt s font
ch c s dng y khng c tm thy. Bn cn phi sa cc li
ny nu khng th trong ti liu dng PDF cc trang c cc k t b thiu s
khng c hin th.
Vic thiu cc font ch EC c cht lng tng ng vi cc font ch
CM type 1 lun c mi ngi quan tm. Do , cc gii php cho vn
ny s xut hin theo thi gian.
4.7.3 S dng hnh nh
Vic a hnh nh vo trong ti liu c h tr tt nht vi gi graphicx
(xem trang 75). Thng qua vic s dng cc driver c bit l pdftex, gi
graphicx cng s lm vic tt vi pdfL
A
T
E
X:
\usepackage[pdftex]{color,graphicx}
Trong v d trn, ta a vo tu chn mu bi vic s dng mu sc
trong ti liu tr nn ngy cng ph bin.
Mt trong nhng vn y l dng EPS (Encapsulated Postscript)
khng c h tr trong cc tp tin dng PDF. Nu bn khng nh ngha
mt tp tin m rng trong lnh \includegraphics, gi graphicx s t ng
tm tp tin thch hp (ph thuc vo vic chn driver. i vi pdftex, nh
dng ca tp tin ny c th l .png, .pdf, .jpg, .mps (MetaPost) v .tif
nhng khng l .eps.
Gii php n gin cho vn ny l chuyn cc tp tin dng EPS sang
dng PDF thng qua vic s dng tin ch epstopdf. i vi cc i tng
hnh hc vect (cc hnh v), y l mt gii php tt. Tuy nhin, i vi cc
dng bitmap (nh, hnh c quyt t ngoi vo) th gii php ny khng
tht s thuyt phc bi v bn thn nh dng PDF h tr vic a vo
cc tp tin PNG v JPEG (PNG thch hp cho cc nh c t mu cn JPEG
thch hp cho cc nh chp v chng chim rt t ch).
i khi, ta khng cn v cc hnh hnh hc m ch cn m t chng vi
cc ngn ng c bit (nh l METAPOST). Ngn ng ny c th c tm
thy hu ht cc phin bn c phn phi ca T
E
X cng vi bn hng
dn chi tit.
4.7 Lm vic vi pdfL
A
T
E
X 89
4.7.4 Cc siu lin kt
Gi hyperref s m nhim vic chuyn cc tham chiu trong ti liu thnh
siu lin kt. hon tt cng vic ny, ta cn thc hin mt s thao tc
h tr. Bn cn phi a lnh \usepackage[pdftex]{hyperref} vo v tr
cui cng ca phn ta ca ti liu.
Lnh ny c nhiu tham s tu bin cch lm vic ca gi hyperref:
mt danh sch c phn cch bi du phy pha sau phn tu chn
ca pdftex
\usepackage[pdftex]{hyperref}
hay cc hng ring bit vi lnh \hypersetup{options}.
Mc chn duy nht c yu cu l pdftex; cc mc chn khc l tu v
cho php bn thay i cch lm vic bnh thng ca gi hyperref.
7
Di y
l danh sch cc gi tr mc nh:
bookmarks (=true,false ) hin th hay khng hin th ca s Bookmark
khi hin th ti liu.
unicode (=false,true ) cho php s dng cc k t khng c trong ngn
ng gc Latin trong phn bookmarks ca Acrobat.
pdftoolbar (=true,false ) hin th hay khng hin th thanh cng c ca
Acrobat khi xem.
pdfmenubar (=true,false ) hin th hay khng hin th menu ca Acrobat.
pdffitwindow (=true,false ) chnh kch thc phng i ban u khi tp
tin pdf c xem.
pdftitle (={texte}) xc nh ni dung c hin th trong ca s Document
Info ca Acrobat.
pdfauthor (={texte}) Tn ca tc gi.
pdfnewwindow (=true,false ) xc nh xem mt ca s mi c c to
hay khng khi lin kt vt khi gii hn ca ti liu.
7
Bn cn lu rng gi hyperref khng ch lm vic vi pdfT
E
X. Gi ny cng c th
c cu hnh nhng thng tin ring dng PDF vo tp tin DVI ca L
A
T
E
X (tp tin
ny s c a vo tp tin PS vi lnh dvips v cui cng c x l Adobe Distiller
khi n chuyn tp tin dng PS sang PDF.)
90 Specialities
colorlinks (=true,false ) hin th vng lin kt bng mu. Cc mu
sc ca cc lin kt c th c chn nh sau:
linkcolor (=color,red ) mu sc ca cc lin kt bn trong ca
ti liu (nh mc, chng, trang, . . . ).
citecolor (=color,green ) mu ca cc lin kt n cc trch dn
(trong danh mc cc ti liu tham kho).
filecolor (=color,magenta ) mu ca cc lin kt n tp tin.
urlcolor (=color,cyan ) mu ca cc lin kt n cc a ch URL
(lin kt n hp th, a ch web).
Nu bn thy hi lng vi cc nh dng mc nh th ch vic s dng
nh sau:
\usepackage[pdftex]{hyperref}
danh sch cc bookmark c lit k chi tit v cc lin kt c mu
(gi tr =true l mc nh):
\usepackage[pdftex,bookmarks,colorlinks]{hyperref}
Khi to ra cc tp tin PDF in n, bn khng nn lm cho cc lin kt
c mu bi v chng s tr thnh mu xm khi c in ra (chng tr nn
kh c v khng p mt).
\usepackage{hyperref}
\hypersetup{colorlinks,%
citecolor=black,%
filecolor=black,%
linkcolor=black,%
urlcolor=black,%
pdftex}
cung cp thng tin cho phn Document Info ca tp tin PDF, bn
thc hin nh sau:
\usepackage[pdfauthor={Pierre Desproges}%
pdftitle={Des femmes qui tombent},%
pdftex]{hyperref}
4.7 Lm vic vi pdfL
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E
X 91
b sung cho cc siu lin kt t ng i vi cc tham chiu cho, bn
c th a vo cc lin kt tng minh nh sau:
\href{url }{text}
on m sau
Trang web \href{http://www.ctan.org}{CTAN}.
s cho kt qu l CTAN; nhn chut vo t CTAN s a bn n vi
trang web ca CTAN.
Nu lin kt khng hng n mt a ch URL m l mt tp tin trn
my th bn c th s dng lnh sau:
Bn c th xem ti liu u \href{manual.pdf}{ y}.
Khi ny, kt qu xut ra l: Bn c th xem ti liu y y. Nhn
chut vo y s m tp tin manual.pdf. (Tp tin s nm trong th mc
ca ti liu hin thi).
Tc gi ca mt bi bo c th cung cp a ch e-mail ca mnh ngi
c c th lin h vi tc gi thng qua lnh \href bn trong lnh \author
trong phn ta ca trang trong ti liu:
\author{Nguyn Tn Khoa $<$\href{mailto:tankhoasp@yahoo.com}%
{tankhoasp@yahoo.com}$>$
Lu rng bn phi nhp vo lin kt v c phn vn bn n c hin
th trn trang giy. Bn cng c th son tho nh sau:
\href{mailto:tankhoasp@yahoo.com}{Nguyn Tn Khoa}.
Vi Acrobat Reader th mi vic vn din ra tt p nhng khi in ti liu ra
th s khng ai bit c a ch e-mail ca bn!!!
4.7.5 Vn vi cc lin kt
Cc thng ip nh:
! pdfTeX warning (ext4): destination with the same identifier
(name{page.1}) has been already used, duplicate ignored
xut hin khi b m c khi ng li. V d nh khi s dng lnh
\mainmatter c cung cp bi lp ti liu dng book, b m s c
khi ng li l 1 tng ng vi chng u tin ca ti liu. Tuy nhin,
phn li ta ca ti liu cng c nh s l trang 1. Khi ny, tt c cc
92 Specialities
lin kt n trang 1 s khng cho kt qu duy nht na! Do , thng bo
l duplicate has been ignored.
B m s thc hin vic a plainpages=false vo mc chn ca cc
siu lin kt. Khng may l iu ny ch h tr vic m trang. Mt gii
php trit hn l s dng mc chn hypertexnames=false tuy nhin khi
ny cc lin kt n cc trang trong phn ch mc s khng lm vic.
4.7.6 Cc vn vi Bookmark
Phn vn bn c hin th bi bookmark khng phi lc no cng ging
nh bn mun. Bi v cc bookmark ch n thun l vn bn cho nn n
s c t k t hn l phn vn bn ca L
A
T
E
X. Cc siu lin kt s t ng
thy cc li ny v a ra cnh bo:
Package hyperref Warning:
Token not allowed in a PDFDocEncoded string:
Bn c th gii quyt vn ny bng cch cung cp mt chui k t cho
cc bookmark trnh cc li trn nh sau:
\texorpdfstring{T
E
X text}{Bookmark Text}
Cc biu thc ton hc chnh l cc i tng thng mc phi li ny
nht:
\section{\texorpdfstring{$E=mc^2$}%
{E\ =\ mc\texttwosuperior}}
s cho kt qu l E=mc2 trong phn bookmark.
Vic thay i mu s khng thc hin tt trong cc bookmark:
\section{\textcolor{red}{Red !}}
s to ra chui redRed!. Lnh \textcolor s c b qua nhng tham s
(red) ca n vn c in ra.
Nu bn son tho:
\section{\texorpdfstring{\textcolor{red}{Red !}}{Red\ !}}
th kt qu s d c hn.
4.7 Lm vic vi pdfL
A
T
E
X 93
S tng thch gia tp tin ngun trong L
A
T
E
X v trong pdfL
A
T
E
X
Trong tnh hung l tng, ti liu ca bn s c dch tt nh nhau vi
L
A
T
E
X v pdfL
A
T
E
X. Vn ln y l vic a vo cc hnh nh. Gii
php c bn cho vn ny l b qua phn m rng ca tp tin trong lnh
\includegraphics. Khi ny, c L
A
T
E
X v pdfL
A
T
E
X s t ng tm kim tp
tin c nh dng ph hp trong th mc hin thi. Vic bn cn lm l to
ra cc phin bn tng ng ca tp tin hnh nh. L
A
T
E
X s tm kim tp tin
dng .eps cn pdfL
A
T
E
X s tm cc tp tin c phn m rng l .png, .pdf,
.jpg, .mps hay .tif (theo th t va nu).
i vi cc trng hp bn mun s dng cc m khc nhau cho cc
phin bn PDF khc nhau ca ti liu ca bn, bn c th thm vo:
\newif\ifPDF
\ifx\pdfoutput\undefined\PDFfalse
\else\ifnum\pdfoutput > 0\PDFtrue
\else\PDFfalse
\fi
\fi
nh l cc hng lnh u tin ca ti liu. Nhng hng lnh ny s xc nh
mt lnh c bit cho php bn d dng vit cc on m diu kin:
\ifPDF
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage{aeguill}
\usepackage[pdftex]{graphicx,color}
\usepackage[pdftex]{hyperref}
\else
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage[dvips]{graphicx}
\usepackage[dvips]{hyperref}
\fi
Trong v d trn, bn c th thy rng ti a vo gi siu lin kt cho
c phin bn PDF v khng phi PDF. Hiu qu ca vic a vo cc lnh
trn l lnh \href lm vic tt trong tt c cc trng hp m khng phi
a vo ch th iu khin mi ln s dng lnh \href.
Lu rng trong cc phin bn T
E
X hin nay (v d nh T
E
XLive), la
chn gia pdftex v dvips khi s dng gi graphicx v color s t ng
c xc nh mt cch t ng trong tp tin cu hnh graphics.cfg v
color.cfg.
94 Specialities
4.8 To ti liu trnh din vi gi beamer
By Daniel Flipo <Daniel.Flipo@univ-lille1.fr>
Thng qua cch vit ln bng, dng cc loi my chiu hay thm ch trnh
din ngay trn mn mnh ca my tnh xch tay, bn c th gii thiu cc
kt qu nghin cu ca mnh n vi nhiu ngi.
S kt hp gia pdfL
A
T
E
X v gi beamer s gip bn son cc bi trnh
din n tng tng t nh vi phn mm PowerPoint. Hn th, vic tp tin
c lu theo nh dng PDF l mt th mnh rt ln v n gip bn mang
ti liu i khp ni do phn mm Acrobat Reader min ph v vn hnh trn
nhiu nn tng h iu hnh khc nhau.
Gi beamer s dng gi graphicx, color v hyperref vi cc tham s c
tinh chnh ph hp vi vic trnh din trn mn hnh.
Sau khi dng pdfL
A
T
E
X bin dch on m c gii thiu trong hnh 4.2,
bn s c c tp tin dng PDF gm trang ta v trang th hai cha
cc mc, cc mc ny s tng bc xut hin trn mn hnh.
Gi beamer h tr xut kt qu trc tip ra tp tin dng PDF m khng
phi thng qua qu trnh chuyn sang dng PostScript nh gi prosper hay
phi thng qua mt vi bc x l thm trc khi xut ra bi trnh din nh
gi ppower4. y ch l mt trong nhng tnh nng tin tin ca gi ny.
Da vo gi beamer, bn c th dng chung tp tin ngun bin dch
ti liu ra thnh nhiu phin bn (version) khc nhau. Cc ch th c bit
phc v cho tnh nng ny c t trong du ngoc ngn (<>).
beamer to ra tp tin trnh din dng PDF nh ni trn.
trans to ra cc slide.
handout to ra bn in.
beamer l ch mc nh. Bn c th thay i ch bin dch da vo cc
lnh c tc ng ton cc nh \documentclass[10pt,handout]{beamer}
bin dch thnh dng bn in.
Giao din ca bi trnh din s ph thuc vo mu m bn chn. Bn c
th chn cc mu km theo gi beamer hay t to nhng mu ring ph hp
vi mc ch s dng ca mnh. Bn nn xem thm trong beameruserguide.pdf
bit thm chi tit.
By gi chng ta s i su vo chi tit m ca hnh 4.2.
i vi phin bn dng trnh din trn mn hnh \mode<beamer> chng
ta s dng mu Goettingen hin th khung di chuyn (navigation panel)
ngay trong bng ni dung. Ty chn ny cho php chn kch thc ca khung
(c th l 22mm trong v d ny) v v tr ca khung ( bn phi ni dung).
4.8 To ti liu trnh din vi gi beamer 95
\documentclass[10pt]{beamer}
\mode<beamer>{%
\usetheme[hideothersubsections,right,width=22mm]{Goettingen}
}
\title{Bi trnh din n gin}
\author[D. Flipo]{Daniel Flipo}
\institute{U.S.T.L. \& GUTenberg}
\titlegraphic{\includegraphics[width=20mm]{USTL}}
\date{2005}
\begin{document}
\begin{frame}<handout:0>
\titlepage
\end{frame}
\section{V d}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Nhng vic phi lm vo bui tra ny Ch nht}
\begin{block}{Mt l \ldots}
\begin{itemize}
\item dn ch i do\dots \pause
\item c sch\pause
\item vui a vi mo\pause
\end{itemize}
\end{block}
v nhiu vic khc
\end{frame}
\end{document}
Hnh 4.2 V d minh ho cch s dng gi beamer
96 Specialities
Tu chn hideothersubsections s hin th ta ca chng nhng khng
hin th cc mc con bn trong. i vi hai ch cn li l \mode<trans>
v \mode<handout> th khng c tu chn g c bit do chng s c
bin dch v hin th theo mc nh.
Cc lnh \title{}, \author{}, \institute{} v \titlegraphics{} s
nh ni dung cho trang ta ca bi trnh din. Cc tham s tu chn
nh \title[]{} v \author[]{} s gip bn nh ta cng nh phn
tc gi cho cc phin bn khc nhau ca bi trnh din trong khung ca mu
Goettingen.
Cc lnh \section{} v \subsection{} bn ngoi mi trng frame s
gip bn bin son ta cng cc ta con ca cc mc trong khung.
Cc biu tng di chuyn nh cui mn hnh bn trong khung s gip
bn di chuyn gia cc trang trong bi trnh din. Vic hin th cc biu
tng ny khng ph thuc vo vic la chn mu trnh din.
Ni dung ca mi slide hay trang mn hnh cn phi t trong mi trng
frame. Cc tham s tu chn trong cp ngoc nhn (< v >) s gip bn n
cc slide (hay trang mn hnh) theo yu cu i vi cc phin bn khc nhau
ca bi trnh din. Trong v d trn, chng ta s dng lnh <handout:0>
nn trang u tin s khng c in ra phin bn dng in n.
Bn nn t ta cho mi slide khc vi ta ca bi trnh din, lnh
\frametitle{} s gip bn thc hin tc v ny. Trong trng hp bn cn
t ta con, bn c th s dng mi trng block nh trong v d. Ngoi
ra bn cn ch rng lnh \section{} v \subsection{} s khng xut ra
ni dung tng ng trn cc slide.
Lnh \pause trong mi trng lit k (itemize) s gip bn hin th tng
mc mt. thm vo cc hiu ng bn c th dng cc lnh nh \only,
\uncover, \alt v \temporal.
In any case make sure you read through the beamer class documenta-
tion beameruserguide.pdf to get a complete picture of what is in store
for you. This package is being actively developed, check out their website
http://latex-beamer.sourceforge.net/ to get the latest information. bit
thm thng tin chi tit bn nn tham kho ti liu beameruserguide.pdf.
Gi ny ang c pht trin rt nhanh, bn nn xem thm thng tin
trang http://latex-beamer.sourceforge.net c thng tin mi nht.
Chng 5
Bin son hnh nh ton hc
Hin nay rt nhiu ngi dng L
A
T
E
X bin son ti liu. Bn cnh vic h tr
bin son cc ti liu thng thng, L
A
T
E
X cn h tr bin son hnh nh da
trn nhng m t thun vn bn. Ban u, tnh nng ny c phn b hn ch
nhng theo thi gian, mt s lng ln cc gi m rng ca L
A
T
E
X khin tc
v ny tr nn n gin, gp phn khc phc nhng hn ch trc y. Trong
chng ny, bn s lm quen vi mt vi gi tiu biu.
5.1 Tng quan
Mi trng picture cho php chng ta dng L
A
T
E
X bin son trc tip
cc hnh nh. Bn c th tham kho trong L
A
T
E
X Manual [1] bit thm
chi tit. Mt mt, mi trng ny vn cn mt s hn ch ln nh h s gc
ca cc on thng cng nh bn knh ca ng trn b gii hn trong mt
s t cc gi tr la chn. Mt khc, mi trng picture trong L
A
T
E
X2

c
lnh \qbezier, q c ngha l bc hai (quadratic). Cc ng cong thng
dng nh ng trn, ellipse hay cc ng cong lin tip nhau c th c
thay th bng ng cong Bzier bc hai, tuy nhin, iu ny i hi chng
ta phi thc hin cc tnh ton ton hc khng n gin. Nu bn s dng
ngn ng lp trnh nh Java to ra tp tin nhp liu ca L
A
T
E
X cha cc
lnh \qbezier th sc mnh ca gi picture s tng ln rt nhiu.
Mc d vic lp trnh xut ra hnh nh mt cch trc tip vi L
A
T
E
X
l mt cng vic khng n gin, mt nhc v gp phi nhng hn ch nht
nh nhng chng ta c l do thc hin vic ny: ti liu ca chng ta s
chim rt t b nh cng nh chng ta khng phi lo lng vic chp thiu
tp tin hnh nh minh ho khi mang ti liu t ni ny n ni khc.
Cc gi nh epic v eepic (c m t trong ti liu The L
A
T
E
X Com-
panion [3]) hay pstricks s gip chng tra vt qua nhng hn ch ca gi
98 Bin son hnh nh ton hc
picture v m rng sc mnh son tho hnh nh ca L
A
T
E
X.
Trong khi hai gi epic v eepic ch m rng mi trng picture, gi
pstricks c ring mi trng v ca mnh l pspicture. Gi pstricks c c
sc mnh ny nh vo vic s dng rt nhiu ngn ng PostScript. Ngoi
ra, mt s lng ln cc gi c thit k nhm phc v cho cc mc ch
nht nh. Mt trong s l X
Y
-pic, c m t cui chng ny. Hu ht
cc gi ny u c gii thiu trong The L
A
T
E
X Graphics Companion [?]
(bn khng nn nhm ln gia ti liu ny v The L
A
T
E
X Companion [3]).
C l cng c ho mnh nht ca L
A
T
E
X l MetaPost, ngi anh em
song sinh vi METAFONT ca Donald E. Knuth. MetaPost c ngn ng lp
trnh rt tinh t, linh hot ca METAFONT. Tuy nhin METAFONT to ra tp
tin nh dng bitmap cn MetaPost to ra nh dng PostScript thm
thm vo trong ti liu. bit thm thng tin bn c th tham kho A
Users Manual for MetaPost [?]hay [?].
Cc cch s dng hnh nh (font ch) trong L
A
T
E
X v T
E
X c tho lun
chi tit trong T
E
X Unbound [?].
5.2 Mi trng picture
By Urs Oswald <osurs@bluewin.ch>
5.2.1 Cc lnh c bn
Mi trng picture
1
c to ra bi mt trong hai lnh sau
\begin{picture}(x, y). . . \end{picture}
hay
\begin{picture}(x, y)(x
0
, y
0
). . . \end{picture}
Cc gi tr r. . r
0
.
0
s da vo \unitlength, bn c th gn li gi tr
ny vo bt k lc no (bn ngoi mi trng picture) vi lnh nh sau
\setlength{\unitlength}{1.2cm}
Gi tr mc nh ca \unitlength l 1pt. Cp gi tr u tin, (r. ) l
to bt u, bn trong ti liu, ca hnh ch nht bao quanh hnh. Cp
1
Mi trng picture hot ng c lp, khng cn thm bt k mt gi no khc ngoi
tr L
A
T
E
X2

chun
5.2 Mi trng picture 99
gi tr ty chn th hai, (r
0
.
0
), l to gc di bn tri ca hnh ch
nht ny.
Hu ht cc lnh v c hai dng
\put(x, y){i tng}
hay
\multiput(x, y)(x, y){n}{i tng}
ng cong Bzier l mt ngoi l. Cc ng cong ny c v vi lnh
\qbezier(x
1
, y
1
)(x
2
, y
2
)(x
3
, y
3
)
100 Bin son hnh nh ton hc
5.2.2 Cc on thng
\setlength{\unitlength}{5cm}
\begin{picture}(1,1)
\put(0,0){\line(0,1){1}}
\put(0,0){\line(1,0){1}}
\put(0,0){\line(1,1){1}}
\put(0,0){\line(1,2){.5}}
\put(0,0){\line(1,3){.3333}}
\put(0,0){\line(1,4){.25}}
\put(0,0){\line(1,5){.2}}
\put(0,0){\line(1,6){.1667}}
\put(0,0){\line(2,1){1}}
\put(0,0){\line(2,3){.6667}}
\put(0,0){\line(2,5){.4}}
\put(0,0){\line(3,1){1}}
\put(0,0){\line(3,2){1}}
\put(0,0){\line(3,4){.75}}
\put(0,0){\line(3,5){.6}}
\put(0,0){\line(4,1){1}}
\put(0,0){\line(4,3){1}}
\put(0,0){\line(4,5){.8}}
\put(0,0){\line(5,1){1}}
\put(0,0){\line(5,2){1}}
\put(0,0){\line(5,3){1}}
\put(0,0){\line(5,4){1}}
\put(0,0){\line(5,6){.8333}}
\put(0,0){\line(6,1){1}}
\put(0,0){\line(6,5){1}}
\end{picture}

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Cc on thng c v thng qua lnh

\put(x, y){\line(x
1
, y
1
){length}}
Lnh \line c hai tham s:
1. vector ch phng,
2. di.
Cc thnh phn ca vector ch phng phi l cc s nguyn
6. 5. . . . . 5. 6.
5.2 Mi trng picture 101
nguyn t cng nhau (khng c c chung tr s 1). Hnh va ri minh ha
25 gi tr h s gc khc nhau trong gc phn t th nht. Chiu di ca
on thng ph thuc vo gi tr ca \unitlength.
5.2.3 Mi tn
\setlength{\unitlength}{1mm}
\begin{picture}(60,40)
\put(30,20){\vector(1,0){30}}
\put(30,20){\vector(4,1){20}}
\put(30,20){\vector(3,1){25}}
\put(30,20){\vector(2,1){30}}
\put(30,20){\vector(1,2){10}}
\thicklines
\put(30,20){\vector(-4,1){30}}
\put(30,20){\vector(-1,4){5}}
\thinlines
\put(30,20){\vector(-1,-1){5}}
\put(30,20){\vector(-1,-4){5}}
\end{picture}
.
.
.
.
.
.

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`
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Xy
C
C
C
C
C
CO

Cc du mi tn c v thng qua lnh

\put(x, y){\vector(x
1
, y
1
){length}}
i vi mi tn, cc thnh phn ca vect ch phng b gii hn nhiu
hn so vi on thng, chng phi l cc s nguyn
4. 3. . . . . 3. 4.
nguyn t cng nhau (khng c c chung ngoi tr 1). Bn cn ch n
tc ng ca lnh \thicklines n hai mi tn hng ln gc trn bn tri.
102 Bin son hnh nh ton hc
5.2.4 ng trn
\setlength{\unitlength}{1mm}
\begin{picture}(60, 40)
\put(20,30){\circle{1}}
\put(20,30){\circle{2}}
\put(20,30){\circle{4}}
\put(20,30){\circle{8}}
\put(20,30){\circle{16}}
\put(20,30){\circle{32}}
\put(40,30){\circle{1}}
\put(40,30){\circle{2}}
\put(40,30){\circle{3}}
\put(40,30){\circle{4}}
\put(40,30){\circle{5}}
\put(40,30){\circle{6}}
\put(40,30){\circle{7}}
\put(40,30){\circle{8}}
\put(40,30){\circle{9}}
\put(40,30){\circle{10}}
\put(40,30){\circle{11}}
\put(40,30){\circle{12}}
\put(40,30){\circle{13}}
\put(40,30){\circle{14}}
\put(15,10){\circle*{1}}
\put(20,10){\circle*{2}}
\put(25,10){\circle*{3}}
\put(30,10){\circle*{4}}
\put(35,10){\circle*{5}}
\end{picture}
,_
`
_

_
,__

_
`
_
`
_
`
_
`
_

_
, g _
Lnh
\put(x, y){\circle{ng knh}}
v ng trn c tm l (r. ) v ng knh (khng phi bn knh) l ng
knh. Mi trng picture ch chp nhn gi tr ng knh ti a l 14 mm;
tuy nhin, trong mt s trng hp d gi tr ng knh nh hn gii hn
nhng vn khng c chp nhn. Lnh \circle* c dng v hnh
trn.
5.2 Mi trng picture 103
Khi v cc on thng, i khi ta cn phi s dng thm cc gi nh eepic
hay pstricks. Bn c th tham kho thm The L
A
T
E
X Graphics Companion [?]
bit thm thng tin chi tit.
Trong mi trng picture, nu bn khng ngi tnh ton (hay dng phn
mm h tr tnh), bn c th thay th vic v cc ng trn v ellipse
bng cc ng cong Bzier. Xem thm v d trong Graphics in L
A
T
E
X2

[?]
bit thm chi tit.
5.2.5 Vn bn v cng thc
\setlength{\unitlength}{1cm}
\begin{picture}(6,5)
\thicklines
\put(1,0.5){\line(2,1){3}}
\put(4,2){\line(-2,1){2}}
\put(2,3){\line(-2,-5){1}}
\put(0.7,0.3){$A$}
\put(4.05,1.9){$B$}
\put(1.7,2.95){$C$}
\put(3.1,2.5){$a$}
\put(1.3,1.7){$b$}
\put(2.5,1.05){$c$}
\put(0.3,4){$F=
\sqrt{s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)}$}
\put(3.5,0.4){$\displaystyle
s:=\frac{a+b+c}{2}$}
\end{picture}

H
H
H
H
H
H

A
B
C
a
b
c
F =
_
s(s a)(s b)(s c)
s :=
a + b + c
2
Thng qua v d trn, bn c th thy rng vn bn v cc cng thc c
th c t vo mi trng picture vi lnh \put nh bnh thng.
104 Bin son hnh nh ton hc
5.2.6 Lnh \multiput v \linethickness
\setlength{\unitlength}{2mm}
\begin{picture}(30,20)
\linethickness{0.075mm}
\multiput(0,0)(1,0){31}%
{\line(0,1){20}}
\multiput(0,0)(0,1){21}%
{\line(1,0){30}}
\linethickness{0.15mm}
\multiput(0,0)(5,0){7}%
{\line(0,1){20}}
\multiput(0,0)(0,5){5}%
{\line(1,0){30}}
\linethickness{0.3mm}
\multiput(5,0)(10,0){3}%
{\line(0,1){20}}
\multiput(0,5)(0,10){2}%
{\line(1,0){30}}
\end{picture}
Lnh
\multiput(x, y)(x, y){n}{i tng}
c 4 tham s: im bt u, vect tnh tin t i tng ny n i tng
tip theo, s i tng v i tng cn v. Lnh \linethickness p dng
cho cc on thng nm ngang hay thng ng nhng khng c tc dng
i vi cc on xin hay ng trn. Tuy nhin lnh ny c tc dng vi
cc ng cong Bzier!
5.2 Mi trng picture 105
5.2.7 Hnh oval. Lnh \thinlines v \thicklines
\setlength{\unitlength}{1cm}
\begin{picture}(6,4)
\linethickness{0.075mm}
\multiput(0,0)(1,0){7}%
{\line(0,1){4}}
\multiput(0,0)(0,1){5}%
{\line(1,0){6}}
\thicklines
\put(2,3){\oval(3,1.8)}
\thinlines
\put(3,2){\oval(3,1.8)}
\thicklines
\put(2,1){\oval(3,1.8)[tl]}
\put(4,1){\oval(3,1.8)[b]}
\put(4,3){\oval(3,1.8)[r]}
\put(3,1.5){\oval(1.8,0.4)}
\end{picture}
'
&
$
%
_

'
& %
$
%

Lnh
\put(x, y){\oval(w, h)}
hay
\put(x, y){\oval(w, h)[v tr ]}
xut ra mt hnh oval ti (r. ), c rng u v chiu cao /. Tham s v tr
l b, t, l, r tng ng vi cui trang, u trang, bn tri, bn phi.
Bn c th kt hp cc tham s v tr ny li vi nhau.
dy ca hng c th c iu khin bi hai lnh:
\linethickness{length}, \thinlines v \thicklines. Lnh \linethickness{length}
ch c tc dng vi cc ng thng nm ngang hay thng ng (v cc ng
cong Bzier) cn lnh \thinlines v \thicklines c tc dng vi cc ng
thng nm xin cng nh i vi ng trn v oval.
106 Bin son hnh nh ton hc
5.2.8 Cc cch s dng cc khung hnh c nh
ngha trc
\setlength{\unitlength}{0.5mm}
\begin{picture}(120,168)
\newsavebox{\foldera}% declaration
\savebox{\foldera}
(40,32)[bl]{% definition
\multiput(0,0)(0,28){2}
{\line(1,0){40}}
\multiput(0,0)(40,0){2}
{\line(0,1){28}}
\put(1,28){\oval(2,2)[tl]}
\put(1,29){\line(1,0){5}}
\put(9,29){\oval(6,6)[tl]}
\put(9,32){\line(1,0){8}}
\put(17,29){\oval(6,6)[tr]}
\put(20,29){\line(1,0){19}}
\put(39,28){\oval(2,2)[tr]}
}
\newsavebox{\folderb}% declaration
\savebox{\folderb}
(40,32)[l]{% definition
\put(0,14){\line(1,0){8}}
\put(8,0){\usebox{\foldera}}
}
\put(34,26){\line(0,1){102}}
\put(14,128){\usebox{\foldera}}
\multiput(34,86)(0,-37){3}
{\usebox{\folderb}}
\end{picture}

5.2 Mi trng picture 107
Mt khung hnh (picture box) c th c khai bo thng qua lnh
\newsavebox{tn}
sau nh ngha bi lnh
\savebox{tn}(chiu rng,chiu cao)[v tr ]{ni dung}
v cui cng c v ra vi lnh
\put(x, y)\usebox{tn}
Tham s v tr c tc dng xc nh im mc ca khung (savebox).
Trong v d trn, chng ta s dng tham s l bl t im mc gc
di bn tri ca khung. Cc tham s khc l t trn, r bn phi.
Cc khung hnh c th c lng vo nhau: trong v d trn, ta thy
khung \foldera c dng bn trong nh ngha ca khung \folderb
Lnh \oval c s dng nh lnh \line s khng c tc dng nu kch
thc ca on thng nh hn 3 mm.
108 Bin son hnh nh ton hc
5.2.9 Cc ng cong Bzier
\setlength{\unitlength}{1cm}
\begin{picture}(6,4)
\linethickness{0.075mm}
\multiput(0,0)(1,0){7}
{\line(0,1){4}}
\multiput(0,0)(0,1){5}
{\line(1,0){6}}
\thicklines
\put(0.5,0.5){\line(1,5){0.5}}
\put(1,3){\line(4,1){2}}
\qbezier(0.5,0.5)(1,3)(3,3.5)
\thinlines
\put(2.5,2){\line(2,-1){3}}
\put(5.5,0.5){\line(-1,5){0.5}}
\linethickness{1mm}
\qbezier(2.5,2)(5.5,0.5)(5,3)
\thinlines
\qbezier(4,2)(4,3)(3,3)
\qbezier(3,3)(2,3)(2,2)
\qbezier(2,2)(2,1)(3,1)
\qbezier(3,1)(4,1)(4,2)
\end{picture}

'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
Trong v d trn, vic chia ng trn thnh 4 ng cong Bzier l
khng tho ng, chng ta cn t nht l 8 ng cong. Hnh minh ho cng
cho thy tc dng ca lnh \linethickness i vi cc ng thng nm
ngang v nm thng ng, lnh \thicklines i vi cc ng thng nm
xin. Ngoi ra chng ta cng thy c tc dng ca cc lnh ny i vi
cc ng cong Bzier. Bn cn lu rng lnh nm sau s c tc dng.
t 1
1
= (r
1
.
1
). 1
2
= (r
2
.
2
) l cc im cui v :
1
. :
2
l cc h s
gc tng ng ca ng cong Bzier. im gia iu khin o = (r. ) s
c xc nh bi
_
_
_
r =
:
2
r
2
:
1
r
1
(
2

1
)
:
2
:
1
.
=
i
+ :
i
(r r
i
) (i = 1. 2).
(5.1)
Xem Graphics in L
A
T
E
X2

[?] bit thm thng tin v chng trnh Java

h tr vic to cc ng cong Bzier t lnh.
5.2 Mi trng picture 109
5.2.10 Catenary
\setlength{\unitlength}{1.3cm}
\begin{picture}(4.3,3.6)(-2.5,-0.25)
\put(-2,0){\vector(1,0){4.4}}
\put(2.45,-.05){$x$}
\put(0,0){\vector(0,1){3.2}}
\put(0,3.35){\makebox(0,0){$y$}}
\qbezier(0.0,0.0)(1.2384,0.0)
(2.0,2.7622)
\qbezier(0.0,0.0)(-1.2384,0.0)
(-2.0,2.7622)
\linethickness{.075mm}
\multiput(-2,0)(1,0){5}
{\line(0,1){3}}
\multiput(-2,0)(0,1){4}
{\line(1,0){4}}
\linethickness{.2mm}
\put( .3,.12763){\line(1,0){.4}}
\put(.5,-.07237){\line(0,1){.4}}
\put(-.7,.12763){\line(1,0){.4}}
\put(-.5,-.07237){\line(0,1){.4}}
\put(.8,.54308){\line(1,0){.4}}
\put(1,.34308){\line(0,1){.4}}
\put(-1.2,.54308){\line(1,0){.4}}
\put(-1,.34308){\line(0,1){.4}}
\put(1.3,1.35241){\line(1,0){.4}}
\put(1.5,1.15241){\line(0,1){.4}}
\put(-1.7,1.35241){\line(1,0){.4}}
\put(-1.5,1.15241){\line(0,1){.4}}
\put(-2.5,-0.25){\circle*{0.2}}
\end{picture}

x
`
y
g
Trong hnh trn, cc na i xng nhau ca th hm s = cosh r1
c sp x bi ng cong Bzier. Phn na bn phi ca ng cong kt
thc bi im (2. 2.7622), h s gc l : = 3.6269. S dng phng trnh
(5.1), ta c th tnh c im iu khin gia l (1.2384. 0) v (1.2384. 0).
sai lch l rt thp v thng nh hn mt phn trm.
V d ny cng cho ta thy c cch s dng tham s tu chn ca lnh
\begin{picture}. Hnh nh s c nh ngha mt da vo cc h trc
110 Bin son hnh nh ton hc
ton hc da vo lnh
\begin{picture}(4.3,3.6)(-2.5,-0.25)
gc di bn tri (nh du bi hnh trn mu en) c xc nh to
l (2.5. 0.25).
5.2.11 Tc trong thuyt tng i c bit
\setlength{\unitlength}{1cm}
\begin{picture}(6,4)(-3,-2)
\put(-2.5,0){\vector(1,0){5}}
\put(2.7,-0.1){$\chi$}
\put(0,-1.5){\vector(0,1){3}}
\multiput(-2.5,1)(0.4,0){13}
{\line(1,0){0.2}}
\multiput(-2.5,-1)(0.4,0){13}
{\line(1,0){0.2}}
\put(0.2,1.4)
{$\beta=v/c=\tanh\chi$}
\qbezier(0,0)(0.8853,0.8853)
(2,0.9640)
\qbezier(0,0)(-0.8853,-0.8853)
(-2,-0.9640)
\put(-3,-2){\circle*{0.2}}
\end{picture}

`
= v/c = tanh
g
im iu khin ca hai ng cong Bzier c tnh bi cng thc (5.1).
Nhnh dng c xc nh bi 1
1
= (0. 0). :
1
= 1 v 1
2
= (2. tanh 2). :
2
=
1, cosh
2
2. Khi ny to ca gc di bn tri c xc nh l (3. 2)
(hnh trn mu en).
5.3 X
Y
-pic
By Alberto Manuel Brando Simes <albie@alfarrabio.di.uminho.pt>
Gi xy l mt gi c bit v cc biu . s dng gi ny, bn ch
vic thm vo cc hng lnh sau trong phn ta ca ti liu:
\usepackage[ty chn]{xy}
Vi ty chn l mt danh sch cc hm ca X
Y
-pic m bn mun np vo.
5.3 X
Y
-pic 111
Ti ngh bn a vo mc chn all L
A
T
E
X np tt c cc lnh ca X
Y
.
Cc biu ca X
Y
-pic c v da trn m hnh ca cc ma trn trong
mi phn t ca biu c t trong mt ca ma trn:
\begin{displaymath}
\xymatrix{A & B \\
C & D }
\end{displaymath}
A B
C D
Lnh \xymatrix phi c s dng trong ch ton hc. Trong v d
trn, chng ta c hai hng v hai ct. to biu ny, chng ta ch cn
thm vo cc mui tn tng ng vi lnh \ar.
\begin{displaymath}
\xymatrix{ A \ar[r] & B \ar[d] \\
D \ar[u] & C \ar[l] }
\end{displaymath}
A
//
B

D
OO
C
oo
Lnh v mi tn c t gc. Cc tham s y l hng tr n
ca cc mi tn. (u: mi tn hng ln, d: mi tn hng xung, r: mi tn
hng sang phi v l: mi tn hng sang tri).
\begin{displaymath}
\xymatrix{
A \ar[d] \ar[dr] \ar[r] & B \\
D & C }
\end{displaymath}
A

@
@
@
@
@
@
@
//
B
D C
to ra cc mi tn theo ng cho, bn ch cn s dng tham s l
t hp ca cc hng. c mi tn m hn, bn c th lp li cc tham
s v hng.
\begin{displaymath}
\xymatrix{
A \ar[d] \ar[dr] \ar[drr] & & \\
B & C & D }
\end{displaymath}
A

@
@
@
@
@
@
@
''
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
B C D
112 Bin son hnh nh ton hc
Bn c th v cc biu hp dn bng cch thm vo pha trn du
mi tn cc nhn. lm iu ny, bn c th s dng cc ton t vit ln
trn hay vit xung di.
\begin{displaymath}
\xymatrix{
A \ar[r]^f \ar[d]_g &
B \ar[d]^{g} \\
D \ar[r]_{f} & C }
\end{displaymath}
A
f
//
g

B
g

D
f

//
C
Nh thy, bn s dng cc ton t ny trong ch ton hc. S khc
bit duy nht l vic vit vn bn ln trn c hiu l vit ln pha trn
ca mi tn cn vit vn bn di ngha l di du mi tn. Ngoi
ra chng ta cn c ton t th ba l: |. Lnh t ni dung ln trn mi tn.
\begin{displaymath}
\xymatrix{
A \ar[r]|f \ar[d]|g &
B \ar[d]|{g} \\
D \ar[r]|{f} & C }
\end{displaymath}
A
f
//
g

B
g

D
f
//
C
v cc mi tn c khong trng gia, bn c th s dng lnh
\ar[...]|\hole.
Trong mt s tnh hung, vic phn bit cc kiu mi tn khc nhau l
quan trng, khi ny, bn c th t cc nhn ln cc du mi tn hay thay
i kiu hin th ca n:
5.3 X
Y
-pic 113
\begin{displaymath}
\xymatrix{
\bullet\ar@{->}[rr] && \bullet\\
\bullet\ar@{.<}[rr] && \bullet\\
\bullet\ar@{~)}[rr] && \bullet\\
\bullet\ar@{=(}[rr] && \bullet\\
\bullet\ar@{~/}[rr] && \bullet\\
\bullet\ar@{=+}[rr] && \bullet
}
\end{displaymath}

//

oo

_
?
/o /o /o /o /o /o /o

/o /o /o /o /o /o /o

Bn hy ch s khc bit gia hai biu di y:

\begin{displaymath}
\xymatrix{
\bullet \ar[r]
\ar@{.>}[r] &
\bullet
}
\end{displaymath}

////

\begin{displaymath}
\xymatrix{
\bullet \ar@/^/[r]
\ar@/_/@{.>}[r] &
\bullet
}
\end{displaymath}

((
66
T b sung thm vo gia hai du gch cho / / xc nh cch cc ng
cong c v. Ngoi ra, X
Y
-pic cung cp nhiu cch khc nhau tc ng
n vic v cc ng cong. bit thm chi tit, bn c th tham kho
thm ti liu ca X
Y
-pic.
Chng 6
Tu bin cc thnh phn ca
L
A
T
E
X
Vi cc lnh hc t chng 1 n nay, bn c th son tho c cc ti
liu p mt, c tnh chuyn nghip kh cao. D chng cha t n c s
tinh xo cao nhng ti liu ca bn tun theo nhng qui tc nh dng chung
do chng rt d c v c tnh cht chuyn nghip.
Tuy nhin, trn thc t ca vic son tho vi L
A
T
E
X, bn vn cn gp phi
mt s tnh hung m L
A
T
E
X khng cung cp cc lnh hay mi trng ph hp
vi yu cu ca bn hay kt qu c c t cc lnh sn c khng lm cho bn
hi lng.
Trong chng ny, chng ta s cng tm hiu mt vi th thut dy cho
L
A
T
E
X nhng k nng mi nhm to ra cc ti liu c kiu mu khc vi cc kiu
mu mc nh.
6.1 To lnh, gi lnh v mi trng mi
Nu ch th bn s thy rng tt c cc lnh trong ti liu ny u c
ng khung v bn c th d dng tm thy chng trong phn ch mc ca
ti liu. Thay v trc tip s dng cc lnh ca L
A
T
E
X, ti to ra mt gi
mi nh ngha cch cc lnh v mi trng mi ny. Khi ny, ti ch cn
nhp vo nh sau:
\begin{lscommand}
\ci{dum}
\end{lscommand}
\dum
6.1 To lnh, gi lnh v mi trng mi 115
Trong v d ny, ti s dng mt mi trng mi gi l lscommand v
mt lnh mi l \ci. Mi trng mi ny s v ng khung cc lnh. Cn
lnh \ci c dng son tho tn lnh v a n vo bng ch mc. Bn
c th kim tra iu ny bng cch nhn qua mc \dum trong phn ch mc
ca ti liu ny.
Khi ti mun thay i nh dng cho cc lnh sang mt kiu khc (chng
hn nh khng ng khung na), ti ch cn thay i nh ngha ca mi
trng lscommand. iu ny gip cho vic thay i c thc hin kh d
dng m khng cn phi tm kim trong sut ti liu v tin hnh sa i.
6.1.1 To lnh mi
thm vo mt lnh mi ca ring bn, s dng lnh sau:
\newcommand{name}[num]{definition}
Thng thng, mt lnh s i hi hai tham s: name l tn ca lnh m
bn mun to v definition l nh ngha ca lnh. Tham s num trong du
ngoc vung l tu chn v xc nh s cc tham s m lnh mi cn n
(mt lnh c kh nng c ti a l 9 tham s). Nu ta b qua tham s ny
th lnh ny s c gi m khng c tham s no c.
Di y l mt v d nhm gip bn hiu r hn. Trong v d ny, trc
tin, ta s to ra mt lnh mi gi l \tnss. Lnh ny s xut ra chui The
Not So Short Introduction to L
A
T
E
X2

.
\newcommand{\tnss}{The not
so Short Introduction to
\LaTeXe}
y l ta gc ca ti
liu ny: \tnss \ldots{}
\tnss
y l ta gc ca ti liu ny: The not
so Short Introduction to L
A
T
E
X2

. . . The
not so Short Introduction to L
A
T
E
X2

V d tip theo s minh ho cho vic to lnh mi v lnh ny s c 1

tham s. Th lnh #1 s c thay th bi ni dung do bn cung cp. Nu
bn mun c nhiu hn 1 tham s, bn c th s dng th lnh #2, . . . .
116 Tu bin cc thnh phn ca L
A
T
E
X
\newcommand{\txsit}[1]
{Xin cho
\emph{#1}. Chc mt ngy tt lnh!}
% trong phn thn ca ti liu:
\begin{itemize}
\item \txsit{Nguyn Tn Khoa}
\item \txsit{Babymilky}
\end{itemize}
Xin cho Nguyn Tn Khoa. Chc mt
ngy tt lnh!
Xin cho Babymilky. Chc mt ngy
tt lnh!
L
A
T
E
X khng cho php vic to ra cc lnh mi trng tn vi cc lnh sn
c. Tuy nhin, trong trng hp ny, bn c th dng lnh sau: \renewcommand
mt cch tng minh. Lnh renewcommand cng c c php tng t nh
lnh \newcommand.
Trong mt s trng hp c th, bn c th s dng lnh \providecommand.
Lnh ny ging nh lnh \newcommand nhng khi m lnh c nh ngha
th L
A
T
E
X2

s t ng b qua n.
Xem thm trang ?? bit thm chi tit v cc vn lin quan n
khong trng sau mt lnh.
6.1.2 To mi trng mi
Cng nh lnh \newcommand, c mt lnh h tr cho vic to ra cc mi
trng mi. l lnh \newenvironment vi c php nh sau:
\newenvironment{name}[num]{before}{after}
Tng t nh lnh \newcommand, lnh \newenvironment cng c cc
tham s tu chn ring. D liu trong phn before s c x l trc khi
phn vn bn c x l v d liu trong phn after s c x l khi lnh
\end{name} c x l.
Di y l mt v d minh ho cho vic s dng lnh \newenvironment.
\newenvironment{king}
{\rule{1ex}{1ex}%
\hspace{\stretch{1}}}
{\hspace{\stretch{1}}%
\rule{1ex}{1ex}}
\begin{king}
ti b nh ca ti \ldots
\end{king}
ti b nh ca ti . . .
6.1 To lnh, gi lnh v mi trng mi 117
Tham s num s cho bit s i s ca lnh. L
A
T
E
X s kim tra xem
bn c nh ngha li mt mi trng tn ti hay khng. Khi ny, nu
bn mun thay i mt mi trng tn ti, bn c th s dng lnh
\renewenvironment. C php ca lnh ny cng tng t nh c php ca
lnh \renewcommand.
Cc lnh c s dng trong v d trn s c gii thch sau. i vi
cc lnh \rule v \stretch, bn c th tham kho thm trang ?? v 130.
Cn vi lnh \hspace th xem thm trang 123
6.1.3 To mt gi lnh mi
Khi m bn nh ngha nhiu mi trng v nhiu lnh mi, phn ta
ca ti liu ca bn s tr nn kh di. Do , bn nn to mt gi mi cha
nh ngha ca tt c cc lnh v mi trng mi ny. Sau , bn c th s
dng lnh \usepackage a gi mi ny vo s dng trong ti liu ca
bn.
% Demo Package by Tobias Oetiker
\ProvidesPackage{demopack}
\newcommand{\tnss}{The not so Short Introduction to \LaTeXe}
\newcommand{\txsit}[1]{The \emph{#1} Short
Introduction to \LaTeXe}
\newenvironment{king}{\begin{quote}}{\end{quote}}
Hnh 6.1 V d v mt gi lnh t to.
Vic vit mt gi lnh mi bao gm vic sao chp ni dung ca phn ta
ca ti liu vo mt tp tin ring l vi phn m rng l .sty. C mt
lnh c bit:
\ProvidesPackage{package name}
s dng u ca tp tin lu gi lnh. Lnh \ProvidePackage cho L
A
T
E
X
bit tn ca gi lnh; ng thi, n cng cho php L
A
T
E
X thng bo cc li
c bn nh vic a gi lnh vo hai ln. Hnh 6.1 cho thy mt v d nh
v gi lnh t to cha cc lnh c nh ngha trong cc v d trn.
118 Tu bin cc thnh phn ca L
A
T
E
X
6.2 Font ch v kch thc font ch
6.2.1 Cc lnh thay i font ch
L
A
T
E
X s t ng la chn font ch v kch thc font ch da trn cu trc
logic ca ti liu (mc, ch thch chn, . . . ). Trong mt s tnh hung, bn
s mun t thay i font ch. thc hin iu ny, bn c th s dng cc
lnh trong bng 6.1 v 6.2. Kch thc ph hp ca font ch l mt k thut
thit k da trn kiu ti liu v cc mc chn ca n. Bng 6.3 lit k cc
kch thc tng ng cho cc lnh thay i kch thc font ch trong cc lp
ti liu chun.
{\small Ch nh \textbf{bold}
dng Romans} {\Large Ch ln
\textit{Italy}.}
Ch nh bold dng Romans Ch ln
Italy.
Mt tnh nng quan trng ca L
A
T
E
X2

l cc thuc tnh ca font ch l

c lp. iu ny c ngha l bn c th thay i font ch hay kch thc
ca font ch m vn gia c cc nh dng in m, in nghing c
t t trc.
Trong ch ton hc, bn c th dng cc lnh thay i font ch
tm thi thot ra khi ch ton hc v nhp vo cc on vn bn thng
thng. thay i font ch trong ch ton hc, bn cn s dng mt
tp lnh c bit. Xem thm bng 6.4.
Lin quan n cc lnh thay i kch thc font ch, du ngoc vung
ng mt vai tr rt quan trng. Chng c dng to ra cc nhm. Cc
nhm s gii hn phm vi tc dng ca cc lnh trong L
A
T
E
X..
Bng 6.1 Font ch.
\textrm{...} roman \textsf{...} sans serif
\texttt{...} nh my
\textmd{...} trung bnh \textbf{...} in m
\textup{...} thng ng \textit{...} in nghing
\textsl{...} nghing \textsc{...} ch nh
\emph{...} nhn mnh \textnormal{...} font ch bnh thng
6.2 Font ch v kch thc font ch 119
Bng 6.2 Kch thc ca font ch.
\tiny font ch nh
\scriptsize font ch rt nh
\footnotesize font ch tng i nh
\small font ch nh
\normalsize font ch thng
\large font ch ln
\Large font ch ln hn
\LARGE font ch rt ln
\huge font ch khng l
\Huge font ch ln nht
Bng 6.3 Kch thc tnh theo im (pt) ca cc ti liu chun.
C 10pt (mc nh) 11pt tu chn 12pt tu chn
\tiny 5pt 6pt 6pt
\scriptsize 7pt 8pt 8pt
\footnotesize 8pt 9pt 10pt
\small 9pt 10pt 11pt
\normalsize 10pt 11pt 12pt
\large 12pt 12pt 14pt
\Large 14pt 14pt 17pt
\LARGE 17pt 17pt 20pt
\huge 20pt 20pt 25pt
\Huge 25pt 25pt 25pt
120 Tu bin cc thnh phn ca L
A
T
E
X
Ti thch {\LARGE Ton-Tin hc
v {\small Vn hc}}.
Ti thch Ton-Tin hc v Vn
hc.
Cc lnh lin quan n kch thc ca font ch cng s thay i khong
cch gia cc hng khi m mt on vn kt thc bn trong phm vi tc
dng ca lnh ny. Do , du ng ngoc } khng nn xut hin trc khi
kt thc on vn. Hy ch n v tr ca lnh \par trong hai v d sau
y.
1
{\Large ng tin c gi y.
Ti ni thit y!!!\par}
ng tin c gi y. Ti ni
thit y!!!
{\Large ng tin chng trai y.
Ti khng quan tm n anh
ta.}\par
ng tin chng trai y. Ti
khng quan tm n anh ta.
Khi bn mun kch hot vic thay i kch thc font ch cho c don
vn bn hay nhiu hn, bn c th s dng mi trng lnh thay i.
1
\par tng ng vi mt hng trng.
Bng 6.4 Cc font ch son tho trong ch ton hc.
Lnh V d Kt qu
\mathcal{...} $\mathcal{B}=c$ B = c
\mathrm{...} $\mathrm{K}_2$ K
2
\mathbf{...} $\sum x=\mathbf{v}$

r = v
\mathsf{...} $\mathsf{G\times R}$ G R
\mathtt{...} $\mathtt{L}(b,c)$ L(/. c)
\mathnormal{...} $\mathnormal{R_{19}}\neq R_{19}$ 1

,= 1
19
\mathit{...} $\mathit{ffi}\neq ffi$ ,= ))i
6.2 Font ch v kch thc font ch 121
\begin{Large}
ng tin nhng g con
gi ni. Nhng nh vy
th cn bit tin vo
g na y???!!! \ldots
\end{Large}
ng tin nhng g con gi ni.
Nhng nh vy th cn bit tin
vo g na y???!!! . . .
Gii php ny s gip bn trnh c vic nhp thiu du ng ngoc }.
6.2.2 Lu khi s dng cc lnh thay i nh dng
Nh ni n u chng, vic thay i nh dng ca font ch, kch
thc thng qua cc lnh tc ng trc tip s lm cho ti liu ca chng ta
tr nn khng cn trong sng nh tng ban u. Do , khi cn thay i
nh dng ca vn bn ti nhiu ni trong vn bn, bn nn to ra mt lnh
mi vi lnh \newcommand.
\newcommand{\oops}[1]{\textbf{#1}}
ng \oops{bc vo} cn
phng ny!! Bn trong cn
phng ny ang
c mt \oops{con vt l}
t hnh tinh khc!.
ng bc vo cn phng ny!! Bn trong
cn phng ny ang c mt con vt l t
hnh tinh khc!.
Hng tip cn ny c nhng li im ring bi v bn c th thay i
cch nh dng v sau vi rt t cng sc. Ngc li, nu bn s dng lnh
thay i trc tip nh \textbf th khi mun thay i nh dng, bn cn
phi tm kim tt c cc lnh \textbf trong ti liu v thay th n bi lnh
nh dng khc. Hy ngh n s phc tp khi m bn mun thay i mt
lot cc nh dng phc tp!!!
6.2.3 Vi li khuyn
kt thc phn gii thiu v font ch v kch thc ca font ch, di y
l mt s li khuyn:
Hy nh l! S dng nhiuFONTchkhc nhau Bn
s to ra mt ti liu p, v d c.
122 Tu bin cc thnh phn ca L
A
T
E
X
6.3 Cc khong trng
6.3.1 Khong cch gia cch hng
Bn c th thay i khong cch gia cc hng bn trong mt ti liu vi
lnh sau:
\linespread{factor}
phn ta ca ti liu. Lnh \linespread{1.3} xc nh khong cch
gia cc hng l mt ri; lnh \linespread{1.6} xc nh khong cch
gia cc hng l gp i. Bnh thng th khong cch gia cc hng khng
c cng ra cho nn khong cch mc nh l 1..
6.3.2 nh dng on vn
Trong L
A
T
E
X, c hai tham s nh hng n vic trnh by cc on vn.
Thng qua cc lnh sau
\setlength{\parindent}{0pt}
\setlength{\parskip}{1ex plus 0.5ex minus 0.2ex}
trong phn ta ca tp tin d liu vo, bn c th thay i cch trnh
by cc on vn. Hai lnh ny s tng khong cch gia cc on vn trong
khi thit lp vic canh l cc on vn l 0.
Phn tham s plus v minus ca lnh trn s cho T
E
X bit rng n c
th co hp li hay dn rng ra vic cch on theo mt lng c xc nh
khi m on vn tng ng cn phi nm va vn trong mt trang.
Theo nh dng vn bn thng thng chu u, cc on vn thng
cch nhau bi mt khong trng v khng c canh l. Nhng bn nn
lu rng, cch nh dng ny cng c nhng nh hng ring n bng
mc lc: khong cch gia cc hng s tng i ln lm cho bng mc lc
tr nn lng lo. trnh iu ny, bn c th t hai lnh nh dng
khong cch trong phn ta vo phn ni dung ca ti liu, sau lnh
\tableofcontent hoc bn c th khng s dng hai lnh nh dng trn.
Hu ht cc ti liu chuyn nghip u s dng nh dng on vn bng
cch canh l ch khng dng khong trng cch on.
6.3 Cc khong trng 123
canh l mt on vn cha c canh l, hy s dng lnh sau:
\indent
phn u ca on vn.
2
. Hin l lnh ny s khng c tc ng khi lnh
\parindent c chnh l 0.
chnh cho on vn khng c canh l, bn c th s dng lnh sau:
\noindent
v tr u tin ca on vn. Lnh ny rt c ch khi bn bt u mt ti
liu bng phn vn bn ch khng phi lnh to mc.
6.3.3 Khong trng ngang
L
A
T
E
X tc ng xc nh khong trng gia cc t v cc cu mt cch t
ng. thm vo khong trng ngang, bn c th dng lnh:
\hspace{length}
Trong tnh hung bn mun gi nguyn cc khong trng ny ti v tr
cui hng hoc u hng, bn c th s dng lnh \hspace* thay cho lnh
\hspace. Tham s length ch n thun l mt con s v n v o tng
ng (trong tnh hung n gin nht). Cc n v thng dng c lit k
trong bng 6.5..
y l mt khong
trng di \hspace{1.5cm}
1.5 cm.
y l mt khong trng di 1.5
cm.
Lnh
\stretch{n}
s to ra cc khong trng c bit. N s dn ra cho n khi n s dng
ht tt c cc khong trng trn hng. Nu hai lnh \hspace{\stretch{n}}
xut hin trn cng mt hng th vic dn rng cc khong trng s c
quyt nh da trn tham s n.
2
canh l cho on vn u tin nm sau ta mc, bn c th s dng gi
indentfirst trong b cc cng c
124 Tu bin cc thnh phn ca L
A
T
E
X
Bng 6.5 Cc n v trong T
E
X.
mm millimetre 1,25 inch
cm centimetre = 10 mm
in inch = 25.4 mm
pt im 1,72 inch
1
3
mm
em xp x chiu rng ca ch M trong font ch hin thi
ex xp x chiu cao ca ch x trong font ch hin thi
x\hspace{\stretch{1}}
x\hspace{\stretch{3}}x
x x x
When using horizontal space together with text, it may make sense to
make the space adjust its size relative to the size of the current font. This
can be done by using the text-relative units em and en:
{\Large{}big\hspace{1em}y}\\
{\tiny{}tin\hspace{1em}y}
big y
tin y
6.3.4 Khong trng dc
Khong cch gia cc on vn, mc, mc con, . . . c xc nh mt cch
t ng bi L
A
T
E
X. Khi cn thit, cc khong trng dc gia hai on vn
c th c thm vo vi lnh sau:
\vspace{length}
Lnh ny nn c s dng gia hai hng trng. Khi cn gi khong
trng u hay cui trang, bn c th s dng lnh \vspace* thay cho lnh
\vspace..
Lnh \stretch cng vi lnh \pagebreak c th c s dng son
tho phn vn bn hng cui cng ca mt trang hay canh gia vn bn
theo chiu dc ca trang giy.
Mt vi lu \ldots
\vspace{\stretch{1}}
6.4 Trnh by trang 125
y s l hng cui ca trang.\pagebreak
Lnh sau s cho php bn thay i khong cch gia cc hng trong cng
mt on vn hay trong cng mt biu bng:
\\[length]
Vi lnh \bigskip v \smallskip, bn c th cch qung mt khong
cch nh trc theo chiu dc.
6.4 Trnh by trang
L
A
T
E
X2

cho php bn xc nh kch thc trang giy trong lnh

\documentclass. Sau khi c cung cp kch thc giy, L
A
T
E
X s t ng
xc nh kch thc cc bin. Tuy nhin, i khi thao tc t ng ny khng
p ng c yu cu nh dng ca bn. V vi L
A
T
E
X, bn hon ton c
kh nng tu bin iu ny cho ph hp vi yu cu cng vic.. Hnh 6.2
s cung cp cho bn mt ci nhn tng qut v cc tham s c th thay i
nhm thc hin vic nh dng theo yu cu.
3
Tuy nhin, bn cn phi cn thn trc khi quyt nh vic thay i
nh dng. Bn thn L
A
T
E
X c gng la chn cho bn nhng mu nh
dng mang tnh cht chuyn nghip v tng i chun trong son tho ti
liu. Do , i khi vic tu bin cc nh dng ny s cho cc bn mt kt
qu ngoi d kin (thng thng th kt qu s t hn!!!).
bn hiu r hn, ta bt u i vo phn tch vn . Khi bn t so
snh mt trang ti liu ca mnh vi mt trang ti liu c son tho bng
MS Word, bn s thy rng trang ti liu c son bng L
A
T
E
X nh hn.
Tuy nhin, nu bn nhn k vo cc quyn sch c xut bn
4
v m
s k t trn mt hng, bn s thy rng mi hng thng khng ch qu
66 k t. By gi, bn hy tin hnh kim tra ti liu c son tho bng
L
A
T
E
X, bn cng s c kt qu tng t. Kinh nghim trong ngnh in n
cho thy rng cc hng qu di s gy kh khn cho ngi c, d lm cho
ngi c b mi mt (y cng l l do v sao m cc t bo li chn cch
in dng nhiu ct).
Nh vy, nu bn t tng rng ca phn vn bn, bn v tnh
gy kh khn cho ngi c. Tuy nhin, chng ta vn gii thiu cho cc bn
bit v cc lnh thc hin vic ny (nhng bn nn L
A
T
E
X t ng la
chn cch trnh by chun nht).
3
CTAN:/tex-archive/macros/latex/required/tools
4
cc quyn sch c in bi cc nh xut bn danh ting.
126 Tu bin cc thnh phn ca L
A
T
E
X
Header
Body
Footer
Margin
Notes
_
8

_
7

`
_
1

_
3
_
10

_
9
`

_
11
_
2

`
_
4
`

_
5
`

_
6
`

1 one inch + \hoffset 2 one inch + \voffset

3 \oddsidemargin = 10pt 4 \topmargin = 23pt
or \evensidemargin
5 \headheight = 13pt 6 \headsep = 19pt
7 \textheight = 592pt 8 \textwidth = 390pt
9 \marginparsep = 7pt 10 \marginparwidth = 88pt
11 \footskip = 30pt \marginparpush = 7pt (not shown)
\hoffset = 0pt \voffset = 0pt
\paperwidth = 597pt \paperheight = 845pt
Hnh 6.2 Cc tham s trong vic trnh by trang.
6.5 Cc vn khc vi vic nh dng chiu di 127
L
A
T
E
X cung cp 2 lnh thay i cc tham s ny. Thng thng, cc
lnh ny thng c t trong phn ta ca ti liu.
Lnh u tin ny s gn mt gi tr c nh cho mt tham s bt k:
\setlength{parameter}{length}
Lnh th hai ny s cng thm vo gi tr hin ti ca tham s:
\addtolength{parameter}{length}
Lnh th hai ny hu ch hn lnh th nht (\setlength) bi v bn c
th thao tc da trn cc nh dng sn c. thm vo vo chiu rng ca
phn ni dung 1cm, bn thm lnh sau vo phn ta ca ti liu:
\addtolength{\hoffset}{-0.5cm}
\addtolength{\textwidth}{1cm}
Trong tnh hung ny, bn c th xem thm gi calc. Gi ny s cho php
bn s dng cc ton t s hc trong tham s ca lnh \setlength v cc
v tr khc khi bn nhp gi tr vo tham s ca mt hm.
6.5 Cc vn khc vi vic nh dng chiu
di
Khi c th, ti thng trnh vic s dng cc chiu di thun tu trong cc
ti liu c son tho bi L
A
T
E
X. Thng thng, ta nn da vo cc tham
s c bn nh chiu di, rng ca cc phn t khc ca mt trang. i vi
chiu rng ca mt hnh minh ha, bn nn s dng lnh \textwidth
chnh cho hnh minh ha nm trn trong mt trang.
3 lnh di y s gip bn xc nh chiu rng, cao v su ca chui
vn bn.
\settoheight{variable}{text}
\settodepth{variable}{text}
\settowidth{variable}{text}
V d di y cho thy tc dng ca 3 lnh trn.
128 Tu bin cc thnh phn ca L
A
T
E
X
\flushleft
\newenvironment{vardesc}[1]{%
\settowidth{\parindent}{#1:\ }
\makebox[0pt][r]{#1:\ }}{}
\begin{displaymath}
a^2+b^2=c^2
\end{displaymath}
\begin{vardesc}{Vi}$a$,
$b$ -- l hai cnh k ca
gc vung ca tam gic vung.
$c$ -- l cnh huyn ca
tam gic vung.
$d$ -- cha c cp y!!!!
\end{vardesc}
a
2
+ b
2
= c
2
Vi: a, b l hai cnh k ca gc vung ca
tam gic vung.
c l cnh huyn ca tam gic vung.
d cha c cp y!!!!
6.6 Cc hp
L
A
T
E
X xy dng cc trang bng cch kt hp cc hp. u tin, mi k t l
mt hp nh. Chng s c gn li vi nhau to nn cc t. Sau , cc
t ny li c gn li vi nhau to ra cc t khc. Tuy nhin, vi loi
keo kt dnh c bit th chng c th co dn c c th nm trn trn
mt hng.
y ch l mt cch ni nm na c ch lm vic ca L
A
T
E
X. Khng ch
cc k t mi c th c ng hp. Chng ta c th t hu ht mi th
vo trong mt ci hp (ngay c mt ci hp khc). Khi ny, mi mt hp s
c L
A
T
E
X xem nh mt k t n.
Trong cc chng trc, chng ta bt gp cc hp (bao quanh cc
lnh, . . . ). Mi trng tabular v lnh \includegraphics s h tr bn to
nn cc hp trong ti liu. iu ny c ngha l bn c th sp xp hai biu
bng hay hnh nh k bn nhau. iu duy nht bn cn quan tm y l
tng chiu rng ca hai i tng ny khng c vt qu chiu rng ca
vn bn.
6.6 Cc hp 129
Ngoi ra, bn cng c th ng khung mt on vn vi lnh
\parbox[pos]{width}{text}
hay mi trng
\begin{minipage}[pos]{width} text \end{minipage}
Tham s pos c th c cc gi tr nh c,t hay b canh l hp theo chiu
dc trong mi quan h vi vch gii hn xung quanh phn vn bn. Tham s
width s xc nh chiu rng ca hp. im khc bit chnh gia mi trng
minipage v lnh \parbox l bn khng th s dng tt c cc lnh v mi
trng bn trong mt hp c to bi lnh \parbox. Ngc li, bn c th
lm mi vic bn trong mi trng minipage.
Trong khi lnh \parbox ng khung c on vn bn gm c vic xung
hng, . . . ta c mt lp cc lnh ng khung khc ch lm vic vi cc vn bn
c canh l theo chiu ngang. l lnh \mbox. Lnh ny ch n thun
xp cht mt lot cc hp vo trong mt hp khc. Bn c th ngn chn
vic L
A
T
E
X tch ri 2 t bng cch s dng lnh ny. Lnh ny c tnh linh
hot rt cao.
\makebox[width][pos]{text}
Tham s width xc nh rng ca hp.
5
Bn cnh cc tham s v di,
bn c th s dng cc lnh \width, \height, \depth v \totalheight bn
trong biu thc v di. Cc tham s ny c th c chnh da trn cc
gi tr c c bng cch o rng ca phn vn bn text. Tham s pos
ly cc gi tr sau: c: vn bn s c canh gia, l: vn bn s c dn v
tri, r: vn bn s c dn v bn phi hay s: vn bn s c dn tri ra
trong hp.
Lnh \framebox hot ng tng t nh lnh \makebox nhng n ch
n thun v mt hp bn ngoi phn vn bn.
V d di y cho thy mt s ng dng ca lnh \makebox v lnh
\framebox
5
iu ny c ngha l hp c th nh hn phn ni dung bn trong. Bn c th chnh
rng ca hp l 0pt phn vn bn bn trong hp c son tho m khng b nh
hng bi hp bao quanh.
130 Tu bin cc thnh phn ca L
A
T
E
X
\makebox[\textwidth]{%
gia}\par
\makebox[\textwidth][s]{%
dn tri}\par
\framebox[1.1\width]{ng
khung mt vn bn!} \par
\framebox[0.8\width][r]{ ka,
phn vn bn qu di!!!} \par
\framebox[1cm][l]{khng c
chi, ti cng vy}
Bn c c phn vn bn ny ch?
gia
dn tri
ng khung mt vn bn!
ka, phn vn bn qu di!!!
khng c chi, ti cng vy Bn c c phn vn bn ny ch?
By gi, bn c th iu khin vic nh dng theo chiu ngang, bc
tip theo l vic thc hin nhng nh dng theo chiu dc.
6
.
\raisebox{lift}[depth][height]{text}
lnh ny cho php bn nh ngha thuc tnh theo chiu dc ca hp. Bn
cng c th s dng cc lnh \width, \height, \depth v \totalheight
3 tham s u xc nh kch thc ca hp bn trong tham s text.
\raisebox{0pt}[0pt][0pt]{\Large%
\textbf{Aaaa\raisebox{-0.3ex}{a}%
\raisebox{-0.7ex}{aa}%
\raisebox{-1.2ex}{r}%
\raisebox{-2.2ex}{g}%
\raisebox{-4.5ex}{h}}}
Hy ch kh nng nh
dng ht sc tinh
t v th v ca \LaTeX{}.
Aaaa
a
aa
r
g
h
Hy ch kh nng
nh dng ht sc tinh t v th v ca L
A
T
E
X.
6.7 ng k v thanh ngang
Trong mt s trang cc phn trc, bn thy lnh:
\rule[lift]{width}{height}
Thng thng, lnh ny c s dng v cc hp en.
6
Vic iu khin nh dng hon ton phi l s tng hp hi ho ca vic iu khin
theo chiu ngang v theo chiu dc
6.7 ng k v thanh ngang 131
\rule{3mm}{.1pt}%
\rule[-1mm]{5mm}{1cm}%
\rule{3mm}{.1pt}%
\rule[1mm]{1cm}{5mm}%
\rule{3mm}{.1pt}
Lnh ny rt hu dng v cc hng ngang v hng dc. V d nh ng
k ngang trong phn ta ca trang c to vi lnh \rule.
Mt ng k ngang khng c chiu rng v ch c mt chiu cao xc
nh l mt trng hp c bit. Trong ngnh son tho chuyn nghip, n
c gi l strut. N c s dng m bo rng mt thnh phn trn
trang giy c mt chiu cao nh nht xc nh. Bn c th s dng n trong
mi trng bng chc chn rng mi hng c mt chiu cao xc nh nh
nht.
\begin{tabular}{|c|}
\hline
\rule{1pt}{4ex}Pitprop \ldots\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{4ex}Strut\\
\hline
\end{tabular}
Pitprop . . .
Strut
Ht.
Chng 7
Son tho ti liu ting Vit
son tho c ting Vit trong L
A
T
E
X bn cn s dng gi vnT
E
X. Tin
s Hn Th Thnh, tc gi ca pdfT
E
X v pdfL
A
T
E
X, to ra gi ny. Bn
hy vo trang http://vntex.sourceforge.net c c thng tin mi nht v
gi vnT
E
X cng nh nhng h tr son tho ting Vit khc.
Ti liu tham kho
[1] Leslie Lamport. L
A
T
E
X: A Document Preparation System. Addison-
Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, second edition, 1994, ISBN 0-201-
52983-1.
[2] Donald E. Knuth. The T
E
Xbook, Volume A of Computers and Type-
setting, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, second edition, 1984,
ISBN 0-201-13448-9.
[3] Michel Goossens, Frank Mittelbach and Alexander Samarin. The L
A
T
E
X
Companion. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1994, ISBN 0-
201-54199-8.
[4] Each L
A
T
E
X installation should provide a so-called L
A
T
E
X Local Guide,
which explains the things that are special to the local system. It should
be contained in a file called local.tex. Unfortunately, some lazy sysops
do not provide such a document. In this case, go and ask your local L
A
T
E
X
guru for help.
[5] L
A
T
E
X3 Project Team. L
A
T
E
X2

for authors. Comes with the L

A
T
E
X2

distribution as usrguide.tex.
[6] L
A
T
E
X3 Project Team. L
A
T
E
X2

for Class and Package writers. Comes

with the L
A
T
E
X2

distribution as clsguide.tex.
[7] L
A
T
E
X3 Project Team. L
A
T
E
X2

Font selection. Comes with the L

A
T
E
X2

distribution as fntguide.tex.
[8] D. P. Carlisle. Packages in the graphics bundle. Comes with the graph-
ics bundle as grfguide.tex, available from the same source your L
A
T
E
X
distribution came from.
[9] Rainer Sch opf, Bernd Raichle, Chris Rowley. A New Implementation
of L
A
T
E
Xs verbatim Environments. Comes with the tools bundle as
verbatim.dtx, available from the same source your L
A
T
E
X distribution
came from.
134 TI LIU THAM KHO
[10] Graham Williams. The TeX Catalogue is a very complete listing
of many T
E
X and L
A
T
E
X related packages. Available online from
CTAN:/tex-archive/help/Catalogue/catalogue.html
[11] Keith Reckdahl. Using EPS Graphics in L
A
T
E
X2

Documents, which
explains everything and much more than you ever wanted to know
about EPS files and their use in L
A
T
E
X documents. Available online
from CTAN:/tex-archive/info/epslatex.ps
[12] Kristoffer H. Rose X
Y
-pic Users Guide. Downloadable from CTAN with
X
Y
-pic distribution
Ch mc
Symbols
". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
\(. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
\). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
\, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53, 59
- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
\-. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
., sau khong trng. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
\:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
\;. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
\@. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
\[. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
\\ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 41, 42, 45, 125
\\*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
\]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
A
A4 paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
A5 paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
acute. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
\addtolength. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
aeguill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
amsbsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
amsfonts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53, 74
amslatex. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
amsmath . . . . . . . . . . . 5660, 62, 63, 65
amssymb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53, 66
\and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
\appendix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36, 37
\ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
\arccos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\arcsin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\arctan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\arg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
article class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
\author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37, 91
B
B5 paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
ba chm cho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
babel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 26, 27
\backmatter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
\backslash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
bng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
beamer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94, 95
\begin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40, 98, 110
\bibitem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
\Big . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
\big . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
\Bigg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
\bigg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
\bigskip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
\binom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
bm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
\bmod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\boldmath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
136 CH MC
\boldsymbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
book class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
brazilian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
C
calc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
canh tri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
\caption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49, 50
Cc ch ci Hy lp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
cc lnh d v . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
cc phng trnh di . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
cu trc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
cn bc hai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
\cdot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
\cdots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
center. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
\chapter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
\chaptermark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82, 83
ch mc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
ch nh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
\ci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
\circle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
\circle* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
\cite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
CJK package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
\cleardoublepage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
\clearpage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
\cline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93, 94
commands
\(. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
\). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
\, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53, 59
\-. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
\:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
\;. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
\@. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
\[. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
\\ . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 41, 42, 45, 125
\\*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
\]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
\addtolength. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
\and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
\appendix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36, 37
\ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
\arccos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\arcsin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\arctan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\arg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37, 91
\backmatter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
\backslash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
\begin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40, 98, 110
\bibitem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
\Big . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
\big . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
\Bigg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
\bigg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
\bigskip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
\binom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\bmod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\boldmath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
\boldsymbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
\caption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49, 50
\cdot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
\cdots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
\chapter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
\chaptermark . . . . . . . . . . . . 82, 83
\ci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
\circle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
\circle* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
\cite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
\cleardoublepage . . . . . . . . . . . 50
\clearpage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
\cline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
\cos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\cosh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\cot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\coth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\csc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
\ddots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
CH MC 137
\deg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129, 130
\det . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\dim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\displaystyle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
\documentclass . . . . . . 11, 15, 21
\dq. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
\dum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114, 115
\emph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39, 118
\end. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40, 98
\eps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
\eqref . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
\EUR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
\exp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\fbox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
\flq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
\flqq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
\foldera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
\folderb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
\footnote. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38, 50
\frac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\framebox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
\frenchspacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
\frontmatter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
\frq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
\frqq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
\fussy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
\gcd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\height. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129, 130
\hline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
\hom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\href . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91, 93
\hspace. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117, 123
\hyphenation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
\idotsint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
\iiint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
\iint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
\include . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 17
\includegraphics . . . 77, 88, 93,
128
\includeonly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
\indent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
\index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80, 81
\inf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
\int . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
\item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
\ker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\label. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37, 38, 52
\LaTeX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
\LaTeXe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
\ldots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25, 58
\left . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
\leftmark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
\lg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\lim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\liminf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\limsup. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100, 107
\linebreak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
\linespread. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
\linethickness. . . 104, 105, 108
\listoffigures . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
\listoftables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
\ln. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\mainmatter . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37, 91
\makebox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
\makeindex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
\maketitle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
\mathbb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
\mathrm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
\max . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\mbox. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22, 25, 129
\min . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\multicolumn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
\multiput. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99, 104
\newcommand . . . . . . . . . . . 115, 116
\newenvironment . . . . . . . . . . . 116
\newline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
\newpage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
\newsavebox. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
138 CH MC
\newtheorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63, 64
\noindent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
\nolinebreak. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
\nonumber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
\nopagebreak. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
\not . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
\oval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105, 107
\overbrace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
\overleftarrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
\overline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
\overrightarrow . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
\pagebreak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
\pageref . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37, 85
\pagestyle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
\par . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
\paragraph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
\parbox. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
\parindent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
\parskip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
\part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35, 36
\phantom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50, 62
\pmod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\Pr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\printindex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
\prod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
\protect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
\providecommand . . . . . . . . . . . 116
\ProvidesPackage . . . . . . . . . . 117
\put . . . . . . . . . . . 99103, 105, 107
\qbezier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97, 99
\qquad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53, 59
\quad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53, 59
\raisebox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
\ref . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37, 52, 85
\renewcommand. . . . . . . . . 116, 117
\renewenvironment. . . . . . . . . 117
\right . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
\right.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
\rightmark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
\rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117, 130, 131
\savebox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
\scriptscriptstyle. . . . . . . . . 63
\scriptstyle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
\sec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35, 50
\sectionmark . . . . . . . . . . . . 82, 83
\selectlanguage . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
\setlength. . . . . . . . . 98, 122, 127
\settodepth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
\settoheight. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
\settowidth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
\sin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\sinh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\sloppy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
\smallskip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
\sqrt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
\stackrel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\stretch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117, 123
\subparagraph. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
\subsection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
\subsectionmark. . . . . . . . . 82, 83
\substack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
\subsubsection . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
\sum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
\sup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\tableofcontents . . . . . . . . . . . 36
\tan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\tanh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\TeX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
\texorpdfstring . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
\texteuro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
\textrm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
\textstyle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
\thicklines . . . . . . 101, 105, 108
\thinlines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\thispagestyle . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
\title . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
\tnss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
\today . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
\totalheight. . . . . . . . . . 129, 130
\underbrace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
\underline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39, 55
CH MC 139
\unitlength . . . . . . . . . . . . 98, 101
\usebox. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
\usepackage. . 11, 15, 24, 27, 28,
117
\vdots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
\vec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
\vector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\verb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
\verbatiminput . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
\vspace. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
\widehat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
\widetilde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
\width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129, 130
\xymatrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
comment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
\cos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\cosh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\cot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\coth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
cng thc ton hc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
\csc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
D
\date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
dnh ring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
du ba chm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25, 58
du chm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
du gch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
du mi tn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
du ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
du ngoc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
du ngoc vung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
du phy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
du trch dn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
du trng m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
du tr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
dcolumn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
\ddots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
decimal alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
\deg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129, 130
description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
\det . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\dim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
displaymath. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
\displaystyle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
doc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\documentclass . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 15, 21
dotless v . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
\dq. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
\dum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114, 115

on vn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
n v . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
E
eepic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97, 98, 103
em-dash. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
\emph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39, 118
en-dash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Encapsulated PostScript. . . . . . . . . . 75
\end. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40, 98
enumerate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
environments
abstract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
comment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
displaymath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
enumerate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
eqarray*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
eqarray. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
eqnarray* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
eqnarray. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52, 61
figure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
flushleft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
flushright . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
140 CH MC
frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
itemize. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
lscommand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
math . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
minipage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
picture . . . . . . . . 97, 98, 102, 103
pspicture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
quotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
quote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
subarray. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
tabular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44, 128
thebibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
verbatim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44, 83
verse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
epic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97, 98
\eps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
eqarray. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
eqarray* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
eqnarray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
eqnarray* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
\eqref . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52, 61
eufrak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
\EUR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
eurosym . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
euscript . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
executive paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
\exp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
exscale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 58
extension
.aux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
.cls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
.dtx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
.dvi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 77
.eps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
.fd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
.idx. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 81
.ilg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
.ind. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 81
.ins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
.lof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
.log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
.lot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
.sty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15, 84
.tex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
.toc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
F
fancyhdr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82, 83
\fbox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
figure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
\flq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
\flqq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
flushleft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
flushright . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
foiltex. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
\foldera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
\folderb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
font . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
\footnotesize . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
\Huge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
\huge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
\LARGE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
\Large. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
\large. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
\mathbf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
\mathcal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
\mathit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
\mathnormal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
\mathrm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
\mathsf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
\mathtt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
\normalsize. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
\scriptsize. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
\small. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
\textbf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
\textit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
\textmd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
\textnormal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
\textrm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
\textsc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
CH MC 141
\textsf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
\textsl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
\texttt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
\textup. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
\tiny . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
font encodings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
font size. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
fontenc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 28
\footnote. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38, 50
\footnotesize. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
formulae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
\frac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
\framebox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
\frenchspacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
\frontmatter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
\frq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
\frqq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
\fussy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
G
\gcd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
GhostScript . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
gi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 114
gi makeidx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
graphicx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76, 88, 93, 94
grave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
H
HL
A
T
E
X. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
hL
A
T
E
Xp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
hai mt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
hm ng d. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
hng ngang
ba chm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
\height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129, 130
h phng trnh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
\hline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
\hom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\href. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91, 93
\hspace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117, 123
\Huge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
\huge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
hyperref . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86, 89, 94
hyphen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
hyphenat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
\hyphenation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
I
\idotsint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
ifthen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\iiint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
\iint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
in m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53, 118
in nghing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
\include . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 17
\includegraphics . . . . 77, 88, 93, 128
\includeonly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
\indent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
indentfirst . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
\index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80, 81
\inf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
inputenc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 27, 31
\int . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
international . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
\item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
itemize. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
K
\ker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
khong cch hng kp. . . . . . . . . . . 122
khong trng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
u hng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
dc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124
ngang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
khong trng gia cc hng . . . . . 122
kiu tp tin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
k hiu gii hn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
k hiu in m. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
k hiu v . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
142 CH MC
k t c bit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
k t xung hng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
kch thc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
kch thc font ch. . . . . . . . . . 62, 118
kch thc font ch ca ti liu. . . 13
kch thc font c bn. . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Knuth, Donald E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Korean font
UHC font . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
L
\label. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37, 38, 52
Lamport, Leslie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
\LARGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
\Large . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
\large . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
\LaTeX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
\LaTeXe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
latexsym. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\ldots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25, 58
\left . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
\leftmark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
legal paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
letter paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
\lg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\lim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\liminf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\limsup. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100, 107
\linebreak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
\linespread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
\linethickness. . . . . . . . 104, 105, 108
\listoffigures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
\listoftables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
\ln. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
longtabular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
li ta. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
lscommand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
M
\mainmatter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37, 91
\makebox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
makeidx. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 80
\makeindex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
\maketitle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
marvosym. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
math . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
\mathbb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
\mathbf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
\mathcal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
\mathit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
\mathnormal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
\mathrm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63, 120
mathrsfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
\mathsf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
\mathtt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
\max . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
m ho font ch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\mbox. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22, 25, 129
METAPOST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
\min . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
minipage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Mittlebach, Frank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
mltex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
mltex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
mi trng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
mt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
mt mt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
\multicolumn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
\multiput. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99, 104
N
nm ngang
ngoc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
\newcommand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115, 116
\newenvironment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
\newline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
\newpage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
\newsavebox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
\newtheorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63, 64
nghing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
nhm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
CH MC 143
\noindent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
\nolinebreak. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
\nonumber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
\nopagebreak. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
\normalsize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
\not . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
O
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
\oval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105, 107
\overbrace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
overfull box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
\overleftarrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
\overline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
\overrightarrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
P
package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
packages
aeguill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
amsbsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
amsfonts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53, 74
amslatex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
amsmath . . . . . . . 5660, 62, 63, 65
amssymb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53, 66
babel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 26, 27
beamer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94, 95
bm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
calc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93, 94
dcolumn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
doc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
eepic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97, 98, 103
epic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97, 98
eufrak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
eurosym . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
euscript . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
exscale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 58
fancyhdr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82, 83
fontenc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 28
geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
graphicx . . . . . . . . . . . 76, 88, 93, 94
hyperref . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86, 89, 94
hyphenat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
ifthen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
indentfirst . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
inputenc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 27, 31
latexsym. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
longtabular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
makeidx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 80
marvosym. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
mathrsfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
mltex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
picture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103
ppower4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
prosper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
pstricks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97, 98, 103
pxfonts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
showidx. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
supertabular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
syntonly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 17
tabular. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
textcomp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
txfonts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
ucs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
verbatim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 83
xy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
\pagebreak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
\pageref . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37, 85
\pagestyle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
paper size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13, 86
\par . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
\paragraph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
\parbox. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
\parindent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
\parskip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
\part. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35, 36
PDF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
pdfL
A
T
E
X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86, 94
pdfL
A
T
E
X. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
pdfL
A
T
E
X. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
pdfT
E
X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
144 CH MC
\phantom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50, 62
phn s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
phn chn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
picture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
picture . . . . . . . . . . . . 97, 98, 102, 103
\pmod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Portugus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
PostScript. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
PostScript . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86, 87, 98
ppower4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
\Pr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\printindex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
\prod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
prosper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
\protect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
\providecommand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
\ProvidesPackage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
pspicture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
pstricks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97, 98, 103
\put . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99103, 105, 107
pxfonts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Q
\qbezier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97, 99
\qquad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53, 59
\quad. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53, 59
quotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
quote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
R
\raisebox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
\ref . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37, 52, 85
\renewcommand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116, 117
\renewenvironment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
report class. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
\right . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
\right.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
\rightmark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
roman. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
\rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117, 130, 131
S
sans serif . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
\savebox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Scandinavian letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
\scriptscriptstyle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
\scriptsize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
\scriptstyle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
\sec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35, 50
\sectionmark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82, 83
\selectlanguage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
\setlength. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98, 122, 127
\settodepth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
\settoheight. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
\settowidth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
showidx. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
siu vn bn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
\sin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\sinh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
slides class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
\sloppy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
\small . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
\smallskip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
\sqrt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
\stackrel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\stretch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117, 123
strut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
subarray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
\subparagraph. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
\subsection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
\subsectionmark. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82, 83
\substack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
\subsubsection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
\sum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
\sup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
superscript . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
supertabular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
syntonly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 17
T
table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
CH MC 145
\tableofcontents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
tabular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
tabular. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44, 128
\tan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\tanh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
to ch mc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
tp tin nhp liu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
\TeX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
\texorpdfstring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
\textbf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
textcomp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
\texteuro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
\textit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
\textmd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
\textnormal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
\textrm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63, 118
\textsc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
\textsf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
\textsl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
\textstyle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
\texttt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
\textup. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
tham chiu cho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
tham s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
thng ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
thebibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
\thicklines . . . . . . . . . . . 101, 105, 108
\thinlines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\thispagestyle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
tiu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
ting B o Nha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
tilde. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
du ng ( ~). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
\tiny . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
title . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
\title . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
\tnss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
ton hc
du m. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
du ngoc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
hm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
khong trng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
tr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
ton t tnh tch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
ton t tnh tng. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
\today . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
\totalheight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129, 130
trnh by trang. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
tu chn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 11
ta ca ti liu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
txfonts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
U
ucs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
umlaut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
\underbrace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
underfull hbox. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
\underline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39, 55
\unitlength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98, 101
units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
URL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
\usebox. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
\usepackage. . . 11, 15, 24, 27, 28, 117
V
\vdots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
\vec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
\vector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
\verb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
verbatim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 83
verbatim. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44, 83
\verbatiminput . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
verse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
v tr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
\vspace. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
W
\widehat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
\widetilde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
\width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129, 130
www . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
WYSIWYG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
146 CH MC
X
xy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
\xymatrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Y
ti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
CH MC 147