Professional Documents
Culture Documents
DEFINISI
1. Cancer is a disease that attacks the basic life process of the cell, altering the cell genome (the total genetic
complement of the cell) and leading to wild and spreading growth of the cancereous cells.
The cause of the altered genome is mutation of one or more genes ; or mutation of a large segment of a
DN strand containing man! genes or loss of large segments of chromosomes ("u!ton, 1#$1).
%. Cancer is not a single disease with one cause ; rather it is a group of distinct desease with different
causes, manifestations, treatments and prognosis (&runner).
EPIDEMIOLOGI
pasien kanker di merika, 'ropa, sia
(ulit hitam ) kulit putih
*egetarian + non ,egetarian
-aktor pen!ebab utama . /ingkungan . sosial
-isik . radiasi, perlukaan0lecet
(imia . makanan, industri, farmasi, rokok
"enetik . pa!udara, uterus
*irus . umumn!a pada binatang
(arakteristik dari neoplasma
&enigna 1alignant
1. "row 2lowl!
%. 3suall! encapsuled
4. "row b! e5pandion; do not infiltrate
surrounding tissues
6. Do not spread but remain locali7ed
8. Do not tend to recur when remo,ed
surgicall!
9. Cell usuall! closel! resemble those of normal
tissue from which the! arise
:. ;roduce minimal tissue destruction
$. Do not produce t!pical cahe5ia
#. Do not cause death to host e5cept when
located in areas where the! produce pressure
or obstruction to ,ital organ
1. "row rapidl!
%. <arel! encapsuled
4. =nfiltrate surrounding tissues; tumor process e5tended
out in all direction; poorl! differentiated from normal
tissue
6. 2pread ,ia l!mph stream and0or blood and set up
secondar! tumor in distant sites
8. -re>uentl! tend to recur after surgical remo,al as a
result of infiltration into surrounding tissue
9. Cell usuall! do not resemble those of normal tissue
from which the! are arise
:. ;roduce e5tensi,e tissue destruction as result of
infiltration and metastatic lession
$. ;roduce t!pical cancer cache5ia?anemia, weakness,
loss weight and so on
#. lwa!s cause death unless remo,ed surgicall! before
the! metastasi7e
-rom &ouchard, <., and @wens, N. -.; Nursing care of the cancer patient, 4
rd
ed., 2t. /ouis, 1#:9, The
C.*. 1osb! Co.
T!pes of tumors
Type of cell or tissue Benign tumor Malignant tumor
'pithelium
2kin, outer la!ers
2kin, pigmented la!er
(melanoblast)
"landular epithelium
;apilloma
Ne,us
denoma
2>uamous cell carcinoma
1alignant melanoma
denocarcinoma
1uscle 1!oma 1!osarcoma
Connecti,e tissue
-ibroblast
Cartilage
&one
-att! tissue
-ibroma
Chondroma
@steoma
/ipoma
-ibrosarcoma
Chondrosarcoma
@steosarcoma
/iposarcoma
'ndothelial tissue
&lood ,essels
/!mph ,essels
Aemangioma
/!mphangioma
Aemangiomasarcoma
/!mphangiosarcoma
Ner,e tissue
Neuroglia
1edullar! epithelium
stroc!toma "lioblastoma
1edulloblastoma
/!mphoid and hematopoetic tissue
/!mphosit
1!eloc!tes
/!mphosarcoma
/!mphatic leukemia
1ultiple m!eloma
1!eloid leukemia
B'N=20/@(2= (N('<
1. ;a!udara
%. (olon rektum
4. /aring
6. ;aru
8. /eukemia
9. ;ankreas
:. ;rostat
$. "aster
#. 3terus
1C. 2er,iks
11. /ain . AodgkinDs, Th!roid dll
;<@1@T=-, ;<'*'NT=- E ;'ND=D=(N ('2'ATN
C Change in bowel or bladder habits
A A sore that does not heal
U Unusual bleeding or discharge
T Thickening or lump in the breast F etc
I Indigestion or dificult! in swallowing
O Ob,ious change in wart or mole
N Nagging cough or hoarsenes
;'<N ;'<GT
;romotif s.d rehabilitatif
1. 1emberi dukungan klien prosedur diagnostik
%. 1engenali kebutuhan psiko sosial dan spiritual
4. 1emenuhi kebutuhan cairan dan nutrisi klien
6. 1emberi bantuan bagi klien !ang mendapat pengobatan anti kanker0terhadap keganasan
8. 1embantu klien fase pen!embuhan0rehabiltasi
9. 1embantu klien untuk tindak lanHut pengobatan
:. &erpartisipasi dalam koleksi data penelitian0registrasi kanker
D="N@2T=(
1. <iwa!at keperawatan F pen!akit, sosial, pemeriksaan fisik
%. &iopsi patologis
4. ;emeriksaan darah, darah lengkap, thrombosit, kimia darah. elektrolit F /-T F &3N F chreatinin
6. =maging . foto toraks, scan?nuklir, CT?scan, 1<=.
1NB'1'N . ;'ND'(TN 13/T= D=2=;/=N
Tindakan pengobatan . pembedahan, kemotherapi, radiasi, imunotherapi, atau kombinasi
Benis pembedahan .
1. &iopsi
%. <ekontruksi
4. ;aliatif
6. dHu,ant
8. ;embedahan primer otak
9. <eseksi metastasis
:. ;rofilaksis . polip
$. (uratif
('1@TA'<;=
;enggunaan obat anti kanker !ang bertuHuan mematikan sel kanker
=ndikasi dan prinsip .
1. 2eban!ak mungkin mematikan sel kanker seminimal mungkin mengganggu sel normal
%. Dapat digunakan untuk . pengobatan, pengendalian, paliatif
4. Bangan diberikan Hika baha!a0komplikasin!a lebih besar dari manfaatn!a
6. @bat kemotherapi umumn!a sangat toksik teliti0cermat e,aluasi kondisi pasien
8. @bat dapat diberikan melalui berbagai cara