Sinh ly hoc t bao

1
SINH L HC T BO

Mc tiu hc tp
1. M t c cu trc ca mng t bo v chc nng c bn ca cc thnh phn cu
to nn mng t bo
2. Trnh by c cc hnh thc vn chuyn qua mng t bo

I. VN CHUYN VT CHT QUA MNG T BO
1. Cu to c bn ca mt t bo ng vt
Mt t bo ng vt in hnh c th chia lm 4 phn c bn
(1) Mng bo tng: mng ngn cch thnh phn ni bo vi thnh phn vt cht v
mi trng bn ngoi t bo.
(2) Dch t bo (cytosol): l mt dch keo cha nhiu loi protein, enzym, cht dinh
dng, cc ion v cc phn t nh ha tan khc nhau, tham gia vo cc qu trnh
chuyn ha khc nhau ca t bo. Cc bo quan v th vi nm l lng trong dch t
tng. T bo tng (cytoplasm) dng bao hm c dch t bo, tt c cc bo quan
(tr nhn) v cc th vi.
(3) Cc bo quan: gm cc cu trc c hnh dng v chc nng c trng, bao gm c
nhn.
(4) Cc th vi (inclusions): Cc cu trc c mt khng thng xuyn trong dch bo
tng, cha cc sn phm bi tit hoc cc cht d tr ca t bo.
2. Mng bo tng
Hnh 1: Cu trc ca mng
bo tng
1: knh; 2: l; 3: cholesterol; 4:
protein ngoi vi; 5: protein
xuyn mng; 6: lp kp
phospholipid; 7: phn a nc
ca phospholipid; 8:
glycoprotein; 9: glycolipid; 10:
protein ngoi vi; 11: dch ngoi
bo; 12: bo tng; 13: phn k
nc ca phn t phospholipid;



2.1. Cu trc
- Cu trc ca mng bo tng (hnh 1) l mt cu trc dng khm lng (fluid mosaic
model) vi cc phn t protein nm xen k trn mt mng kp lipid.
- Mng bo tng ca cc t bo ng vt in hnh c t l v mt khi lng gia
protein v lipid xp x 1: 1 v t l v mt s lng phn t gia chng l
1 protein: 50 lipid.
Sinh ly hoc t bao

2
- Thnh phn lipid rt t thay i gia cc loi mng bo tng khc nhau nhng thnh
phn protein c s thay i rt ln v ng vai tr quyt nh trong hot ng chc
nng ca t bo.
2.1.1. Thnh phn lipid ca mng
Phospholipid
- Chim 75% thnh phn lipid ca mng. Cc phn t phospholidid vi c im cu
trc mt u phn cc (u a nc do c cha phosphat) v mt u khng phn cc
(u k nc do cha 2 ui acid bo) to thnh mt lp lipid kp vi 2 u k nc
quay vo nhau to thnh b khung ca mng bo tng. Cc phn t phospholipid c
th di chuyn d dng gia 2 lp v thay i ch cho nhau to nn tnh linh hot cho
lp lipid kp. Mng ny c kh nng t hn gn khi b thng.
Glycolipid
- Chim khong 5% thnh phn lipid ca mng, cng c cu trc phn cc nhng ch
c phn tip xc vi dch ngoi bo ca mng bo tng. Chc nng cha r, c l
lin quan n vic ghi nhn v truyn t thng tin gia cc t bo, tham gia vo cc
c ch iu ha s sinh trng v pht trin ca t bo.
Cholesterol
- Ch chim 20% thnh phn lipid ca mng bo tng, loi lipid ny khng c
mng bo tng ca t bo thc vt. Cu trc dng vng ca nhn steroid trong cu
trc ha hc ca cholesterol tng tnh vng chc nhng li lm gim i tnh mm do
ca mng t bo ng vt.
2.2. Thnh phn protein ca mng
2.1.2.. Phn loi
- Da vo cch thc phn b trn mng m cc protein c chia lm 2 loi:
+ Protein xuyn mng (integral protein): Nm xuyn qua chiu dy ca lp lipid kp,
hu ht l cc glycoprotein vi thnh phn ng nm quay ra pha ngoi ca mng t
bo.
+ Protein ngoi vi (peripheral protein). Ch gn lng lo vi mt ngoi hoc mt trong
ca mng lipid kp.
2.1.3. Chc nng
Hnh 2: Cc chc
nng ca protein
trn mng
a: knh; b: cht
vn chuyn; c:
receptor; d:
enzyme; e: neo
khung xng t
bo; f: du nhn
dng t bo.
1: dch ngoi bo;
2 mng bo
tng; 3: bo
tng; 4:ligand;
5:c cht; 6: sn phm; 7:vi si; 8: protein MHC
Sinh ly hoc t bao

3
- Cc protein trn mng bo tng c nhng vai tr nh sau trong hot ng sng ca
t bo (hnh 2):
+ Cc knh: l nhng l nm xuyn qua cc protein xuyn mng cho php mt s cht
nht nh i ra ngoi hoc vo bn trong t bo.
+ Cht vn chuyn: l nhng protein xuyn mng thc hin vic vn chuyn cc cht
t pha ny sang pha khc ca mng t bo.
+ Cc receptor: l cc protein xuyn m ng c vai tr xc nh cc phn t c hiu
nh horrmon, cht dn truyn thn kinh v.v..., gn vi chng qua khi ng mt
s cc hot ng chc nng ca t bo.
+ Cc enzyme: c th l protein xuyn mng hay protein ngoi vi, xc tc cho cc hot
ng sinh ha din ra trn mng.
+ Cc neo khung xng t bo: l cc protein ngoi vi mt trong ca mng bo
tng, y l v tr gn ca cc vi si lm hnh thnh nn khung xng ca t bo.
+ Cc du nhn dng t bo (cell identity markers: CIM): ng vai tr ca cc du
nhn dng t bo, thng c cu to glycoprotein hoc glycolipid. Gip t bo ca c
th nhn bit c t bo cng loi trong qu trnh to m cng nh nhn dng v p
ng vi cc t bo l.
2.3. Chc nng ca mng bo tng
2.3.1. Thng tin







Hnh 3: Gradient in - ha
a: m hnh chi tit; b: m hnh n gin
1: dch ngoi bo; 2: mng bo tng; 3: bo
tng







- Mng bo tng c chc nng thng tin t bo, bao gm vic tng tc vi cc t
bo khc trong c th, vi cc t bo l v cc ligand nh cc horrmon, cc cht dn
truyn thn kinh, cc enzyme, cc cht dinh dng v cc khng th trong dch ngoi
bo
Sinh ly hoc t bao

4
2.3.2. Duy tr gradient in - ha
- Mng bo tng duy tr mt s khc bit v nng ca cc cht ha hc v cc ion
gia hai bn mng to nn mt gradient in - ha gia bo tng v dch ngoi bo
(hnh 3)(bng 1).

Ion
Nng ni bo
(mEq/l)
Nng ngoi bo
(mEq/l)
Na
+
15 142
K
+
135 4
Ca
2+
2.10
-4
4
Mg
2+
40 2
Cl
-
4 106
HCO3
-
10 24
HPO4
2-
20 4
SO4
2-
4 1
Cc protein
-
, cc amino
acid
-
, urea v.v...
152 1
Bng 1: Cc thnh phn ion chnh trong dch ni bo v ngoi bo
- Trong dch ngoi bo cation chnh l Natri (Na
+
) v anion chnh l Clo (Cl
-
) trong khi
trong bo tng cation chnh l Kali (K
+
) v 2 loi anion chnh l cc phosphat hu
c (cc nhm PO
3-
gn vo cc phn t hu c nh ATP) v cc acid amin mang in
tch m trong cu trc ca cc protein.
- S khc bit v nng ca cc ion lm cho mt trong ca mng m hn so vi pha
ngoi mng.
2.3.3. Tnh thm chn lc
- Mng bo tng cho php mt s cht i qua nhng li khng cho hoc hn ch s
vn chuyn qua mng ca mt s cht khc, tnh cht ny c gi l tnh thm chn
lc. Tnh cht ny ph thuc vo cc yu t sau ca cht c vn chuyn:
+ Kh nng tan trong lipid: cc cht tan trong lipid (khng phn cc, cc phn t k
nc) d dng i qua lp phospholipid kp ca mng bo tng.
+ Kch thc: Hu ht cc phn t c kch thc ln nh cc protein u khng th i
qua mng bo tng.
+ in tch: Lp phospholipid kp ca mng bo tng khng thm vi tt c cc
phn t phn cc. Tuy nhin mt s cc cht mang in tch c th qua mng nh cc
knh xuyn mng hoc thng qua cc cht vn chuyn. in th m hn bn trong
mng lm tng dng chy ca cc cation vo pha trong mng v cn tr s i vo ca
cc anion.
+ S c mt ca cc knh v cc cht vn chuyn c hiu trn mng: Cc knh v
cc cht vn chuyn trn mng gip cc cht phn cc hoc mang in tch nh cc
ion c th i qua mng, hu ht chng u c tnh chn lc rt cao, mi loi ch phc
v cho mt cht nht nh.
Sinh ly hoc t bao

5
Hnh 4: S khuch tn qua mng
bo tng
a: khuch tn qua lp lipid kp;
b: khuch tn qua knh
1: dch ngoi bo; 2: mng bo
tng; 3: bo tng; 4: lp
phospholipid kp; 5:H20, O2,
CO2, N2, cc steroid, cc
vitamintan trong m, glycerol,
ru, ammonia; 6: knh; 7: l;
8: protein xuyn mng
+ Nc l mt phn t c bit, c th i qua mng bo tng mt cch d dng hn
tt c cc cht khc.
3. S vn chuyn cc cht qua mng bo tng
- S vn chuyn qua mng c thc hin thng qua 3 hnh thc chnh: (1) vn
chuyn th ng (passive transport), khng tiu tn nng lng, (2) vn chuyn ch
ng (active transport), cn tiu tn nng lng v (3) hnh thc vn chuyn bng cc
ti (vesicular transport).
3.1. Cc hnh thc vn chuyn th ng
3.1.1. Khuch tn n gin (simple diffusion)
- Khuch tn n gin l hnh thc khuch tn trong cc phn t vt cht c vn
chuyn t ni c nng cao n ni c nng thp v khng tiu tn nng lng.
- S khc bit v nng ca mt cht 2 bn mng bo tng to nn mt gradient
nng . S khc bit ny lm cho cc phn t cht i t ni c nng cao n
ni c nng thp cho ti khi t ti s cn bng ng hai bn mng m khng i
hi phi cung cp nng lng.
- Sau khi t c cn bng, s khuch tn ca cc phn t vn c tip tc duy
tr tuy nhin nng ca chng hai bn mng khng thay i.
- Hin tng ny ph thuc vo ng nng
(kinetic energy) ca cc phn t nn s khuch tn
s xy ra nhanh hn khi (1) nhit tng, (2)
gradient nng ln v (3) vt th c kch thc
nh.
- Cc phn t tan trong lipid nh oxygen, doxide
carbon, nitrogen, cc steroid, cc vitamin tan trong
lipid nh A, D, E v K, glycerol, ru v ammonia
c th dng i qua lp phospholipid kp ca
mng bo tng theo c 2 pha bng hnh thc
ny (hnh 4). Tc khuch tn ca chng t l
thun vo kh nng tan trong lipid ca cc phn t.
- Cc phn t c kch thc nh khng tan trong
lipid cng c th khuch tn qua mng theo hnh
thc ny thng qua cc knh (hnh 4), nh cc ion
natri (Na
+
), ion kali (K
+
), ion calci (Ca
2+
), ion clo
(Cl
-
), ion bicarbonate (HCO
3-
) v ur. Tc
khuch tn ca chng t l thun vi kch thc
phn t, hnh dng v in tch ca cc phn t.
- Nc khng nhng d dng i qua lp
phospholipid kp m cn khuch tn qua cc knh
ny.
3.1.2. Hin tng thm thu (hnh 4)(osmosis)
- Hin tng thm thu l hin tng vn chuyn
th ng ca cc phn t nc t ni c nng
nc cao (c nng cht ha tan thp) ti ni c
nng nc thp (c nng cht ha tan cao).
Sinh ly hoc t bao

6
Mt dung dch c nng cc cht ha tan cng cao th p lc thm thu cng ln v
ngc li.
- Gradient p lc thm thu c hnh thnh hai bn mng do s c mt ca cc cht
ho tan vi cc nng khc nhau mi bn.
- Di tc ng ca p lc thm thu nc s di chuyn t ni c p lc thm thu
thp n ni c p lc thm thu cao t n s cn bng p lc thm thu.
- Bnh thng p lc thm thu trong t bo cn bng vi p lc thm thu trong
dch ngoi bo nh th tch ca t bo duy tr c s hng nh mt cch tng
i, trong khi p lc thm thu ca huyt tng li cao hn so vi dch k bao
quanh cc thnh mao mch, s khc bit ny lm nc s di chuyn t pha m k v
trong lng mao mch. Cc tnh hung lm gim p lc thm thu ca huyt tng s
lm tr nc trong dch k v dch ngoi bo.
3.1.3. Hin tng khuch tn qua trung gian (facilitated diffusion)
- Hin tng khuch tn qua trung
gian (hnh 5) l hin tng khuch tn
ca cc cht t ni c nng cao n
ni c nng thp nh vai tr trung
gian ca cc protein ng vai tr cht
vn chuyn trn mng bo tng. Tc
ca kiu khuch tn ny ph thuc
vo s khc bit v nng ca cht
c vn chuyn hai bn mng v s
lng ca cc cht vn chuyn c
hiu.
- Trong c th cc ion, ur, glucose,
fructose, galactose v mt s vitamin
khng c kh nng tan trong lipid i
qua lp phospholipid kp ca mng s
di chuyn qua mng theo hnh thc
ny.
- V d: Glucose l mt trong nhng
cht quan trng i vi hot ng sng ca t bo c vn chuyn vo theo hnh thc
khuch tn qua trung gian i vo trong t bo, qu trnh ny din ra theo cc bc
trnh t nh sau:
+ Glucose gn vo cht vn chuyn c hiu pha bn ngoi mng, cc cht vn
chuyn ny khc nhau ty theo tng loi t bo.
+ Cht vn chuyn thay i hnh dng.
+ Glucose i qua mng v gii phng vo trong t bo, ti y enzyme kinase s gn
mt nhm phosphat vo phn t glucose to thnh glucose 6-phosphate. Phn ng
ny gip duy tr nng glucose trong t bo lun lun mc thp to iu kin cho
glucose lun lun c vn chuyn vo bn trong.
3.2. Cc hnh thc vn chuyn ch ng
- Hnh thc vn chuyn ch ng l hnh thc vn chuyn tiu tn nng lng ATP
nhm a cc cht i ngc li chiu gradient nng ca chng.
Hnh 5: S khuch tn qua trung gian
1: dch ngoi bo; 2: mng bo tng; 3:
bo tng; 4: protein xuyn mng; 5:
gradient nng
Sinh ly hoc t bao

7
- Hnh thc vn chuyn ny c thc hin qua vai tr ca cc protein xuyn mng
c hiu ng vai tr nh cc bm hot ng nh ATP y cc ion nh Na
+
, K
+
,
H
+
, Ca
2+
, I
-
, Cl
-
hoc cc phn t nh nh cc acid amin, cc monosaccharide i
ngc li chiu gradient nng ca chng.
- Hnh thc vn chuyn ny c chia lm hai loi (1) vn chuyn ch ng nguyn
pht v (2) vn chuyn ch ng th pht ty theo nng lng ATP c s dng trc
tip hay gin tip trong qa trnh vn chuyn cc cht.
3.2.1. Vn chuyn ch ng nguyn pht (primary active transport)
- Vn chuyn ch ng nguyn pht l hnh thc
vn chuyn trong nng lng t ATP c s
dng trc tip "bm" mt cht qua mng theo
chiu ngc vi chiu gradient nng .
- T bo s s dng nng lng ny thay i hnh
dng ca cc protein vn chuyn trn mng bo
tng qua thc hin vic vn chuyn.
Khong 40% ATP ca t bo phc v cho mc
ch ny.
- Bm natri (hnh 6) l mt v d in hnh cho
hnh thc vn chuyn nguyn pht:
+ Qua hot ng ca bm natri, cc ion natri
(Na
+
) s c "bm" ra khi t bo (ni c nng
ion natri cao hn) v ion kali (K
+
) s c
"bm" vo trong t bo (ni c nng ion kali
cao hn).
+ Bng cch ny bm natri s duy tr c nng
n nh ca ion natri v kali trong v ngoi
t bo, iu ny rt quan trng cho hot ng
sng ca t bo.
+ Tt c cc t bo u c bm natri, trn mi
micro mt vung mng bo tng c ti hng
trm bm nh vy v chng phi hot ng lin
tc duy tr s n nh ca cc ion Na
+
v K
+

do cc ion Na
+
v K
+
lin tc khuch tn qua
mng thng qua cc knh lm ph v trng thi
n nh ca cc ion ny.
+ Bm natri i khi cn c gi l bm
Na
+
/K
+
ATPase do protein thc hin vn chuyn
hot ng nh mt enzyme tch nng lng t
ATP. Trong cu trc ca phn t ATPase gm
c 4 tiu n v ( 2 n v v 2 n v ). Cc tiu n v c hot tnh enzym
chuyn ATP thnh ADP gii phng nng lng v trn chng c c cc v tr gn vi
cc ion pha trong v ngoi t bo. Pha trong t bo c cc v tr gn 3 ion Na
+
v
ATP, pha ngoi t bo c cc v tr gn vi 2 ion K
+
.
+ Qu trnh hot ng ca bm c th chia lm hai giai on:
Hnh 6: Hot ng ca
Bm natri - kali
Sinh ly hoc t bao

8
(1) Khi ba ion Na
+
v ATP gn pha mt trong ca bm, mt nhm phosphate c
chuyn t phn t ATP ti gc acid aspartic ca tiu phn . S c mt ca nhm
phosphate giu nng lng s lm thay i cu trc ca bm lm chuyn 3 ion Na ra
pha ngoi t bo.
(2) Khi 2 ion K
+
gn vo pha mt ngoi t bo, lin kt gia nhm phosphate v acid
aspartic b thu phn. Nng lng c gii phng t qu trnh dephosphoryl
(dephosphorylate) ny s lm thay i cu trc ca bm ln th hai lm cho 2 ion K
+

c a vo bn trong t bo.
+ S c ch hot ng ca bm: Bm s khng hot ng nu nng ca cc ion
Na
+
, K
+
v ATP qu thp. Tc dng ca digitalis, mt loi thuc c s dng trong
vic iu tr suy tim, da trn kh nng kt hp vi tiu phn pha mt ngoi t
bo v qua can thip vo qu trnh dephosphoryl ca bm lm c ch hot ng ca
bm.
- Ngoi bm Na
+
/K
+
, hin tng vn chuyn ch ng nguyn pht cn c thy
trong hot ng ca bm K
+
/H
+
trn mng t bo nim mc d dy, iu khin vic bi
xut ion H
+
vo d dy trong qu trnh tiu ho, bm Ca
2+
c trn h li ni sinh cht
ca cc t bo c duy tr nng ion Ca
2+
trong t bo lun lun di mc
0,1mol/L.
3.2.2. Vn chuyn ch ng th pht (secondary active transport) (hnh 7)
- Trong hnh thc vn chuyn ny nng lng tn tr do s khc bit v gradient nng
ca ion Na
+
c s dng vn chuyn cc cht i ngc li chiu gradient nng
ca chng qua mng.
- Bm natri duy tr mt s khc bit ln v nng ion Na
+
hai bn mng bo tng,
nu c mt con ng qua cho php cc ion Na
+
i t ni c nng cao n ni
c nng thp th nng lng tn tr do s khc bit v nng ca Na
+
s c
chuyn thnh ng nng gip vn chuyn mt cht khc i ngc li chiu gradient
nng ca cht .
- V s khc bit nng ca ion Na
+
c thit lp qua hnh thc vn chuyn ch
ng nguyn pht, i hi ATP mt cch trc tip nn c th coi hnh thc vn chuyn
th pht s dng ATP mt cch gin tip thc hin vic vn chuyn ch ng
qua mng.
- Nhiu loi ion v cht dinh dng c vn chuyn bng hnh thc ny:
+ S vn chuyn glucose, galactose v cc acid amin cng vi ion Na
+
i qua mng t
bo lp mt trong rut non v cc t bo ca ng thn din ra theo cch ny, qua
cc cht dinh dng trong thc n c hp thu mt cch trit ti rut non v c
ng thn ti hp thu a tr li vo mu.
+ S vn chuyn ion Ca
2+
ra ngoi bo tng ca cc t bo tm tht v cc loi t bo
c khc (s vn chuyn ny ca ion Ca
2+
phi hp vi hot ng bm Ca
2+
trn li
ni sinh cht ca cc t bo c s gy ra tnh trng gin c)
Sinh ly hoc t bao

9
+ Cc ion H
+
hnh thnh trong qu chuyn ha t bo c bm ra khi t bo theo
hnh thc vn chuyn ny. C ch ny ht sc quan trng duy tr pH n nh trong
t bo v trong lng ng ln gn ca thn ( gip ti hp thu bicarbonate).
Hnh 7: Hin tng ng vn v i vn
a: hin tng ng vn; b: hin tng i vn
1: dch ngoi bo; 2: mng bo tng; 3: bo tng; 4: protein ng vn; 5: amino acid; 6:
ion Natri; 7: ion calcium; 8: protein i vn; 9:khuch tn th ng theo chiu gradient nng
; 10: vn chuyn ch ng th pht.
- Nng lng tn tr do gradient in ha ca ion Na
+
s lm thay i cu hnh ca
protein vn chuyn
+ Khi ion Na
+
gn vi protein vn chuyn s lm tng i lc ca protein ny vi cht
c vn chuyn.
+ Khi c ion Na
+
v cht c vn chuyn gn vo protein vn chuyn s lm thay
i cu trc ca protein ny gip ion Na
+
v cht c vn chuyn c a qua
mng.
+ Khi hai cht c vn chuyn theo cng mt hng qua mng th qu trnh ny
c gi l hin tng ng vn (symport) nh s vn chuyn ca glucose, cc acid
amin qua nim mc rut v ng thn.
+ Khi hai cht c vn chuyn theo hai hng khc nhau qua mng th qu trnh ny
c gi l hin tng i vn (antiport) nh s vn chuyn ch ng ca ion Ca
2+

ion H
+
qua mng.
- S chnh lch v nng ion Na
+
hai bn mng cng ln th s vn chuyn ch ng
th pht xy ra cng nhanh.
3.3. Hnh thc vn chuyn bng cc ti
- y l hnh thc vn chuyn cho php cc phn t c kch thc ln c th i qua
c mng t bo, hnh thc ny gm c
(1) Hin tng nhp bo (endocytosis) bao gm hin tng thc bo (phagocytosis),
hin tng m bo (pinocytosis), hin tng nhp bo qua trung gian receptor.
(2) Hin tng thi bo (exocytosis)
Sinh ly hoc t bao

10
3.3.1. Hin tng nhp bo
- Thnh phn vt cht ngoi bo c a vo trong cc ti c to thnh t s lm
vo ca mng t bo
- Trong bo tng cc ti nhp bo s ho ln vi lysosome, cc thnh phn trong ti
nhp bo s b thy phn bi cc enzyme v cc n phn s c a vo trong dch
ni bo.











Hin tng thc bo (hnh 8)
- Bo tng v mng t bo to thnh cc gi tc m ly vt th bn ngoi t bo
vi vt th ny vo trong lng bo tng, ti y vt th c bc trong lp mng xut
pht t mng bo tng v c gi l ti thc bo (phagocytic vesicle) hay
phagosome.
- Ch c mt s t bo trong c th thc hin chc nng thc bo. Cc thc bo quan
trng nht l cc bch cu trung tnh v i thc bo (macrophage). Hin tng thc
bo gip a cc vi khun, cc mnh vn t bo vo bn trong cc t bo c kh nng
thc bo.
Hin tng m bo:
- Hin tng qua cc dch ngoi bo v cc phn t ha tan pha ngoi t bo
c a vo bn trong t bo. y l chc nng c thy mi loi t bo ca c
th.
- m bo c thc hin n gin qua s lm vo ca mng bo tng to nn ti
m bo (pinocytic vesicle) mang cc ht dch vo trong lng bo tng.
Hin tng nhp bo qua trung gian receptor (hnh 9):
- Hin tng ny din ra tng t nh hin tng m bo nhng c tnh chn lc cao,
trong t bo la chn cc phn t hay cc vt th c hiu a vo trong bo
tng, nh mc du nng ca chng trong dch ngoi bo rt thp nhng chng
vn c th i c vo bn trong t bo thng qua cc protein xuyn mng ng vai
tr receptor c hiu cho chng trn mng bo tng.
Hnh 8: Hin tng thc bo
1: vi khun hoc vt th l; 2: gi tc;
3: ti thc bo; 4: mng bo tng.
Sinh ly hoc t bao

11
- Cht c i lc vi mt receptor c hiu c gi l ligand, nhng cht ny c th l
cholesterol, st v cc vitamin rt cn thit cho cc qu trnh chuyn ha trong t bo
hoc cc horrmon v.v... nhng i khi y cng l ng xm nhp ca mt s loi
virus trong c virus HIV (human
immuno- deficiency virus).
- Qu trnh nhp bo din ra theo cc
bc sau:
(1) Ligand gn vi receptor c hiu
ca n pha ngoi ca mng bo
tng.
(2) S kt gn ny lm vng mng bo
tng v tr phc hp ligand - receptor
lm xung to thnh ti nhp bo
(endocytosis vesicle) mang phc hp
ni trn.
(3) Trong lng bo tng cc ti nhp
bo ha ln vi nhau to nn mt cu
trc ln hn gi l endosome.
(4) Trong endosome cc receptor tch
khi cc ligand v chia lm hai phn,
phn endosome ch cha cc receptor
v phn endosome ch cha cc ligand.
(5) Phn endosome cha cc receptor s
ho nhp tr li vi mng bo tng
tip tc nhim v.
(6) Phn endosome cha cc ligand s
ha nhp vi cc lysosome v cc
enzyme ca bo quan ny s phn hy
cc ligand s dng cho cc hot
ng sng khc ca t bo.
3.3.2. Hin tng thi bo
- Hin tng thi bo l hin tng cc
cu trc c gi l ti tit (secretory
vesicle) c to thnh trong lng bo
tng tin ti v ha nhp mng ca ti
vo mng bo tng a cc thnh
phn bn trong ti vo dch ngoi bo.

Hnh 9: Hin tng nhp bo qua
trung gian receptor
a: ligand; b: receptor; c: enzyme tiu ha;
d: ligand ging ha