Chuong 1294 1968

ATN Chng 1: Tng quan v cng ngh WiMAX
SVTH : Trn Vn Xang - Lp 03DT3 Trang 1

Lun vn

TNG QUAN V CNG NGH WiMAX



CHNG 1
TNG QUAN V CNG NGH WiMAX

Gii thiu chng: Trong chng 1 ny s tm hiu v nhng khi nim c
bn, v cu trc, cc bng tn s dng trong h thng mng WiMAX. Qua
chng ta c th thy c cc ng dng thc t v nhng u nhc im
ca cng ngh WiMAX so vi cc phng thc truyn thng khc.

1.1 Gii thiu v wimax
WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access - Kh nng tng
tc ton cu vi truy nhp vi ba) l mt cng ngh ra i da trn chun 802.16 ca
IEEE cho php truy cp v tuyn u cui (last mile) nh mt phng thc thay th
cho cp, DSL v WLAN.
H tiu chun IEEE 802.16 nh ngha cc giao din v tuyn trong mng v
tuyn ni th (WiMAX) cho vic truy nhp v tuyn bng rng c nh (BWA), n
cung cp chng cui cho cng ngh truy nhp ti cc hotpot vi thoi, video v
nhng dch v d liu tc cao. u im ni bt nht ca BWA l n c chi ph
thp cho s lp t v bo tr so vi nhng mng hu tuyn truyn thng hoc so
vi mng truy nhp quang, c bit l cho nhng vng xa xi hoc nhng vng c
a hnh kh khn.WiMAX chnh l mt gii php cho vic m rng mng truyn
dn quang v n c th cung cp mt dung lng ln hn so vi cc mng cp hoc
cc ng thu bao s (DSL). Cc mng WiMAX c th c xy dng d dng
trong mt thi gian ngn bng cch trin khai mt s lng nh cc trm gc (BS)
trn cc to nh hoc trn cc ct in to ra nhng h thng truy nhp v tuyn
dung lng ln.
H thng WiMAX cho php kt ni bng rng v tuyn c nh (ngi s
dng c th di chuyn nhng c nh trong lc kt ni), mang xch c (ngi s

dng c th di chuyn tc i b), di ng vi kh nng ph sng ca mt trm
anten pht ln n 50km di cc iu kin tm nhn thng (LOS) v bn knh ln
ti 8km khng theo tm nhn thng (NLOS).
1.2 M hnh h thng
M hnh ph sng mng WiMAX tng t nh mt mng in thoi di ng :

Hnh 1.1 M hnh h thng WiMAX

Mt h thng WiMAX c m t nh hnh gm c 2 phn :
- Trm pht: ging nh cc trm BTS trong mng thng tin di ng vi cng
sut ln, c th ph sng khu vc rng ti 8000km
2
.
- Trm thu: c th l cc anten nh nh cc loi card mng tch hp (hay gn
thm) trn cc mainboard ca my tnh nh WLAN.
Cc trm pht c kt ni ti mng Internet thng qua cc ung truyn
Internet tc cao hay kt ni ti cc trm khc nh l trm trung chuyn theo

ng truyn trc x (line of sight) nn WiMAX c th ph sng n nhng khu
vc xa.
Cc anten thu pht c th trao i thng tin qua qua cc ng truyn LOS hay
NLOS.Trong trng hp truyn thng LOS, cc anten c t c nh ti cc im
trn cao, tn hiu trong trng hp ny n nh v t tc truyn ti a. Bng tn
s dng c th tn s cao, khong 66GHz, v tn s ny t b giao thoa vi cc
knh tn hiu khc v bng thng s dng ln. Mt ng truyn LOS yu cu phi
c c tnh l ton b min Fresnel th nht khng h c chng ngi vt, nu c
tnh ny khng c bo m th cng tn hiu s suy gim ng k. Khng
gian min Fresnel ph thuc vo tn s hot ng v khong cch gia trm pht v
trm thu.

Hnh 1.2 Min Fresnel trong trng hp LOS

Trong trng hp truyn NLOS, h thng s dng bng tn thp hn 2-
11GHz, tng t nh WLAN, tn hiu c th vt cc vt chn thng qua ng
phn x, nhiu x, tn x . n ch. Cc tn hiu nhn c pha thu bao
gm s tng hp cc thnh phn nhn c t ng i trc tip, cc ng phn

Min Fresnel th nht

x, nng lng tn x v cc thnh phn nhiu x. Nhng tn hiu ny c nhng
khong tr, s suy gim, s phn cc v trng thi n nh lin quan ti ng
truyn trc tip l khc nhau.

Hnh 1.3 Truyn sng trong trng hp NLOS

Hin tng truyn sng a ng cng l nguyn nhn dn n s thay i
phn cc tn hiu. Do s dng phn cc cng nh ti s dng tn s m c
thc hin bnh thng trong trin khai LOS li kh khn trong cc ng dng NLOS.
Nu ch n thun tng cng sut pht vt qua cc chng ngi vt khng
phi l cng ngh NLOS. iu kin ph sng ca c LOS v NLOS b chi phi bi
cc c tnh truyn sng ca mi trng, tn hao trn ng truyn (path loss) v
qu cng sut ca ng truyn v tuyn.
1.3 Cc u v nhc im ca cng ngh WiMAX
1.3.1 Mt s u im chnh ca cng ngh WiMAX
1.3.1.1 Lp vt l ca WiMAX da trn nn k thut OFDM (ghp knh phn
tn trc giao)
K thut ny gip hn ch hiu ng phn tp a ng, cho php WiMAX hot
ng tt trong mi trung NLOS nn bao ph rng hn, do khong cch gia
trm thu v trm pht c th ln n 50km.
Cng nh k thut OFDM, ph cc sng mang con c th chng ln ln nhau
nn s tit kim, s dng hiu qu bng thng v cho php truyn d liu vi tc
cao: ph tn hiu 10MHz hot ng ch TDD (song cng phn thi) vi t s

ng xung/ng ln (downlink-to-uplink ratio) l 3:1 th tc nh tng ng
s l 25Mbps v 6.7Mbps.
1.3.1.2 H thng WiMAX c cng sut cao
Trong WiMAX hng truyn tin chia thnh hai ng : hng ln( uplink) v
hng xung (downlink), hng ln c tn s thp hn hng xung v u s
dng k thut OFDM. OFDM s dng ti a 2048 sng mang, trong 1536 sng
mang dnh cho thng tin c chia thnh 32 knh con, mi knh con tng ng
48 sng mang. WiMAX cn s dng thm iu ch nhiu mc thch ng t BPSK,
QPSK n 256 - QAM kt hp cc phng php sa li nh ngu nhin ho, m
ho sa li Reed Solomon,m xon t l m t 1/2 n 7/8, lm tng tin cy kt
ni vi hot ng phn loi sng mang v tng cng sut qua khong cch xa hn.
Ngoi ra WiMAX cn cho php s dng cng ngh TDD v FDD cho vic
phn chia truyn dn hng ln v hng xung.
1.3.1.3 Lp MAC da trn nn OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiple Access- truy nhp OFDM)
rng bng tn ca WiMAX t 5MHZ n trn 20MHz c chia nh thnh
nhiu bng con 1.75Mhz, mi bng con ny c chia nh hn nh k thut OFDM,
cho php nhiu thu bao truy cp ng thi mt hay nhiu knh mt cch linh hot,
m bo hiu qu s dng bng thng.OFDMA cho php thay i tc d liu
ph hp vi bng thng tng ng nh thay i s mc FFT lp vt l; v d mt
h thng WiMAX dng bin i FFT ln lt l: 128 bit, 512 bit, 1048 bit tng
ng vi bng thng knh truyn l: 1.25MHz, 5MHz, 10MHz; nh vy s d dng
hn cho user kt ni gia cc mng c bng thng knh truyn khc nhau.
1.3.1.4 Chun cho truy cp v tuyn c nh v di ng tng lai
- WiMAX do din n WiMAX xut v pht trin da trn nn 802.16, tp
chun v h thng truy nhp v tuyn bng rng cho di ng v c nh ca
IEEE, nn cc sn phm, thit b phn cng s do din n WiMAX chng
nhn ph hp, tng thch ngc vi HiperLAN ca ETSI cng nh Wi-Fi.
- H tr cc k thut anten: phn tp thu pht, m ho khng gian, m ho thi
gian.

- H tr k thut h tng mng trn nn IP : QoS (trong cc dch v a phng
tin, thoi), ARQ (gip bo m tin cy kt ni), .
1.3.1.5 Chi ph thp
- Thit lp, ci t dch v WiMAX d dng s gim chi ph cho nh cung dch
v cng nh khch hng.
- To iu kin thun li pht trin cc dch v truyn thng a phng tin
cc vng su, vng xa, nhng ni kh pht trin h tng mng bng rng,
khc phc nhng gii hn ca ng truyn Internet DSL v cp.
- CPE v tuyn c nh c th s dng cng loi chipset modem c s dng
trong my tnh c nhn (PC) v PDA, v khong cch gn cc modem c
th t lp t trong nh CPE s tng t nh cp, DSL v cc trm gc c
th s dng cng loi chipset chung c thit k cho cc im truy cp
WiMAX chi ph thp v cui cng l s lng tng cng tha mn cho vic
u t vo vic tch hp mc cao hn cc chipset tn s v tuyn (RF),
lm chi ph gim hn na.
1.3.2 Mt s nhc im ca cng ngh WiMAX
- Di tn WiMAX s dng khng tng thch ti nhiu quc gia, lm hn ch
s ph bin cng ngh rng ri.
- Do cng ngh mi xut hin gn y nn vn cn mt s l hng bo mt.
- Tuy c gi l chun cng ngh nhng tht s cha c chun do hin
gi ang s dng gn 10 chun cng ngh khc nhau. Theo din dn
WiMAX ch mi c khong 12 hng pht trin chun WiMAX c chng
nhn bao gm : Alvarion, Selex Communication, Airspan, Proxim Wilreless,
Redline, Sequnas, Siemens, SR Telecom, Telsim, Wavesat, Aperto,
Axxcelera.
- V gi thnh: D cc hng, tp on sn xut thit b u cui (nh Intel,
Alcatel, Alvarion, Motorola) tham gia nghin cu pht trin nhng gi
thnh vn cn rt cao.

- Cng ngh ny khi xng t nc M, nhng thc s cha c thng tin
chnh thc no cp n vic M s dng WiMAX nh th no, khc phc
hu qu s c ra sao. Ngay c Vit Nam,VNPT ( vi nh thu nc ngoi
l Motorola, Alvarion) cng trin khai mt s tnh min ni pha Bc,
c th l Lo Cai nhng cng ch gii hn l cc im truy cp Internet ti
Bu in tnh, huyn ch cha c nhng kt lun chnh thc v tnh hiu qu
ng k ca h thng.
1.4 Cu trc ca WiMAX
V cu trc phn lp, h thng WiMAX c phn chia thnh 4 lp:
- Lp con tip ng (convergence) lm gi vai tr giao din gia lp a truy
nhp v cc lp bn trn.
- Lp a truy nhp ( MAC layer).
- Lp truyn dn (transmission).
- Lp vt l (physical layer)
Cc lp ny tng ng vi 2 lp di cng cng ca m hnh OSI,c
tiu chun ho giao tip vi nhiu ng dng lp trn.
1.4.1 Cc c tnh ca lp vt l ( PHY)
C 3 kiu lp vt l ( PHY) c a ra trong chun 802.16 :
- WirelessMAN PHY SC: S dng iu ch n sng mang.
- WirelessMAN PHY OFDM 256 im FFT: S dng ghp knh phn chia
theo tn s trc giao c 256 im bin i Fourier nhanh (FFT). iu ny l
bt buc cho cc bng tn c min cp php.
- WirelessMAN PHY OFDMA 2048 im FFT: S dng a truy nhp phn
chia theo tn s trc giao c 2048 im FFT. a truy nhp c s dng
bng cch gi mt tp con nhiu sng mang cho cc my thu ring bit.
u tin l Wireless Metropolitan Area Network - Single carrier physical layer
(MAN v tuyn - lp vt l n sng mang) da trn tp chun 802.16c, hot ng
bng tn 11-66GHz. Trm gc (Base Station-BS) ch cn mt anten ng hng,
truyn d liu hng xung cc user c m s nhn dng kt ni (Connection

Identifer - CID). Cc my thu (Subcriber Station - SS) vi cc anten nh hng,
hng v pha cc BS (my pht). Tn hiu x l pha my pht bao gm: ngu
nhin ho, m ho sa li, sp xp cc k hiu, sa dng xung (pulse shaping) truc
khi truyn i. Ngu nhin ho bo m khi phc tn hiu pha u thu v nu tn
hiu khng c m ho gi ngu nhin th nng lng s tp trung ti mt s tn
s no nh ph vch, iu ny to ra nguy him cho my thu, b dao ng VCO
ca my thu c th kho pha ti cc tn s ny thay v ti tn s sng mang s dn
n khng gii iu ch c v s mt thng tin ca lung d liu. B m ho sa
li FEC bao gm m Reed Solomon, m chp (m xon), c th c thm m kim
tra chn l hay m xon turbo (Convolution turbo code - CTC). T l m ph thuc
vo iu kin ca knh truyn v t s bt li (Bit error rate- BER). Cc k thut iu
ch thng l QPSK, 16-QAM, i khi s dng 64 - QAM. Chun ny p dng cho
kt ni vi ba im - im (point to point- PPP) v im - a im (point to multi
point- PMP); gip tit kim thi gian, chi ph hn so vi vic lp t cp.
Ngoi ra, tp chun 802.16a cng h tr WirelessMAN PHY SC nhng dnh
cho bng tn di 11GHZ v hot ng trong NLOS. SS c th l mt my tnh vi
v modem gn ngoi ni vi mt anten ng hng. Tp chun ny cng h tr
song cng TDD v FDD, nh 802.16c, s dng thm cc k thut cn bng v uc
lng knh khc phc hiu ng a ng, v nng cht lng tn hiu vn
phi s dng TCM( trellis coded modulation), FEC, ghp xen, h thng anten thch
ng (Adaptive Antenna System - AAS), m ho khng gian thi gian (Space Time
coding - STC).
WirelessMAN 256 sng mang da trn tp chun 802.16d, cung cp dch v
kt ni bng rng trong nh. Cc SS l cc thit b anten dng trong nh v c th di
chuyn vi tc thp (portable). Nh s dng OFDM nn cho php kt ni NLOS
di 11GHz, v lm b bt khi cn bng trong b thu.Cc k thut h tr cng
gm: FEC vi Reed-Solomon, AAS, STC, ghp xen; thi gian k hiu v s im
FFT c th thay i cho ph hp vi bng thng tng ng.
Vi WirelessMAN OFDMA 2048 sng mang: tng t nh WirelessMAN
256 sng mang nhng c nhiu u im hn. Da trn tp chun 802.16e (2005),

vi s h tr ca OFDMA lp vt l, cho php cc user (SS) di chuyn vi tc
cao, khong gn 125km/s, s dng m ho knh l m xon, m xon turbo, m
khi, m kim tra chn l mt thp (Low Density Parity Check- LDPC); d liu
c ngu nhin ho, ghp xen trnh tn tht khi khi phc v li cm.Ngoi k
thut AAS, STC cn s dng thm phn tp thu pht (Multi In Multi Out MIMO).
1.4.2 Cc c tnh ca lp truy nhp (MAC)

Hnh 1.4 Phn lp ca WiMAX so vi m hnh OSI
Chun 802.16 ca IEEE a ra cng mt lp MAC cho tt c lp PHY (n
sng mang, 256 OFDM, 2048 OFDMA). Lp MAC ny l kt ni c nh hng
im - a im.Hot ng truy nhp knh lp MAC ca WiMax hon ton khc
so vi WiFi. WiMax h tr phng php truyn song cng FDD v TDD s dng
k thut truy nhp TDMA/OFDMA. u im ca phng php ny l n cho php
linh ng thay i rng bng tn ln hoc xung, dn n c th thay i tc
pht (Upload) hoc thu (Download) d liu ch khng phi l c nh nh trong
ASDL hay CDMA.Trong WiFi tt c cc trm truy nhp mt cch ngu nhin n
im truy cp (Access point - AP), chnh v vy khong cch khc nhau t mi nt
n AP s lm gim thng lng mng. Ngc li, lp MAC ca 802.16, lch trnh
hot ng cho mi thu bao c nh trc, do vy cc trm ch c duy nht mt
ln cnh tranh knh truyn dn l thi im gia nhp mng. Sau thi im ny, mi
trm c trm pht gc gn cho mt khe thi gian. Khe thi gian c th m rng

Physical Layer
Tranmission
MAC Layer
Convergence
Physical Layer

MAC Layer
M hnh OSI Kin trc phn lp
ca WiMAX

hay co hp li trong qu trnh truyn dn. u im ca vic t lch trnh l ch
truyn dn vn hot ng n nh trong trng hp qu ti v s lng thu bao
ng k vt qu cho php, v n cng c th tng c hiu qu s dng bng
tn. Vic s dng thut ton lch trnh cn cho php trm pht gc iu khin cht
lng dch v (Quality of Service -QoS) bng vic cn bng nhu cu truyn thng
gia cc thu bao.
1.5 So snh WiMAX vi WiFi
WiMAX v WiFi s cng tn ti v tr thnh nhng cng ngh b sung ngy
cng ln cho cc ng dng ring.c trng ca WiMAX l khng thay th WiFi.
Hn th WiMAX b sung cho WiFi bng cch m rng phm vi ca WiFi v mang
li nhng thc t ca ngi s dng "kiu WiFi" trn mt quy m a l rng
hn.Cng ngh WiFi c thit k v ti u cho cc mng ni b (LAN), trong khi
WiMAX c thit k v ti u cho cc mng thnh ph (MAN).Trong khong thi
gian t 2008 - 2010, hy vng c 802.16 v 802.11 s xut hin trong cc thit b
ngi s dng t laptop ti cc PDA, c hai chun ny cho php kt ni v tuyn
trc tip ti ngi s dng ti gia nh, trong vn phng v khi ang di chuyn.
Mc d c cng mc ch nh nhau nhng chng ta thy cng ngh s dng trong
mng WiMAX c mt s u im so vi WiFi:
- Sai s tn hiu truyn nhn t hn
- Kh nng vt qua vt cn tt hn
- S thit b s dng kt ni ln hn hng trm so vi hng chc trong WiFi.
- Lp vt l MAC (Medium Access Control) dng trong WiMAX da trn k
thut phn chia theo khe thi gian cho php ng nht bng tn gia cc thit
b (TDMA) hiu qu hn s vi WiFi (s dng CSMA-CA rt gn
CSMA-CD s dng trong mng Ethernet).Chnh v vy ph sng v tuyn s
t c tt hn.
Mng WiMAX khng th thay th c WiFi trong cc ng dng nhng n
gp phn b sung hnh thnh mng khng dy. Xu hng chung ca mng khng
dy l ci thin phm vi ph sng vi hiu qu tt nht. K thut ni bt l

chim lnh v khng gian, tch hp vi cc k thut hin ti v quan tm n cc
yu t c bn nh cng sut tiu th thp, phm vi ln, tc truyn d liu cao.
Trong mng khng dy cht lng ti lp thp nht c th iu khin tr trong
qu trnh truyn v cc dch v nh thoi, video.
WiMAX v WiFi ng dng trong hai mi trng khc nhau. Mc ch ca
WiMAX s hng ti khng ch l phm vi ph sng mng di ng m c nhng
mng cng cng khc. Mt trong cc hng pht trin quan trng khc ca
WiMAX l gii quyt kt ni cho mng VoIP trong tng lai khng xa.
1.6 Cc di tn p dng
1.6.1 Cc di tn cp php 11-66 GHz
Di tn t 11-66 GHz hot ng trong cc mi trng vt l c bc sng
ngn,tm nhn thng (LOS) v nh hng ca a ng l khng ng k. Thng
thng, rng bng tn ca knh trong di tn ny l 25 MHz hoc 28 MHz. di
tn ny, giao din v tuyn p dng kiu iu ch sng mang n WirelessMAN SC
1.6.2 Cc di tn cp php di 11 GHz
Cc tn s di 11 GHz hot ng trong cc mi trng vt l c bc sng
ln hn,iu kin LOS l khng cn thit v c th chp nhn a ng ln hn.
N c kh nng h tr LOS gn v NLOS.
Giao din Kh nng
p dng
Cc tu chn Phng thc
song cng
WirelessMAN-SC
TM
11-66 GHz TDD, FDD
WirelessMAN-SC
a
TM
Cc bng tn di
11GHz c cp php
AAS, ARQ,
STC
TDD, FDD
WirelessMAN-OFDM
TM
Cc bng tn di
11GHz c cp php
AAS, ARQ,
Mesh, STC
TDD, FDD
WirelessMAN-OFDMA Cc bng tn di
11GHz c cp php
AAS, ARQ,
STC
TDD, FDD
WirelessHUMAN
TM
Cc bng tn di 11
GHz c min cp
php
AAS, ARQ,
Mesh, STC
TDD
Bng 1.1 c tnh ca cc giao din v tuyn

1.6.3 Cc di tn c min cp php di 11 GHz (ch yu t 5-6 GHz)
y l bng tn c nhiu nc cho php s dng khng cn cp php v vi
cng sut ti cao hn so vi cc on bng tn khc trong di 5GHz (5125-5250
MHz ), thng c s dng trong cc ng dng trong nh. Bng tn ny thch hp
trin khai WiMax c nh, rng knh l 10 MHz.
1.7 ng dng ca WiMAX
i vi cc doanh nghip, WiMAX cho php truy cp bng rng vi chi ph
hp l. V phn ln cc doanh nghip s khng c chia thnh khu vc c
ng cp, la chn duy nht ca h i vi dch v bng rng l t cc nh cung
cp vin thng a phng. iu ny dn ti s c quyn. Cc doanh nghip s
c hng li t vic trin khai cc h thng WiMAX, nh to ra s cnh tranh
mi trn th trng,gim gi v cho php cc doanh nghip thit lp mng ring ca
mnh. iu ny c bit ph hp i vi cc ngnh nh kh t, m, nng nghip,
vn ti, xy dng v cc ngnh khc nm nhng v tr xa xi, ho lnh.
i vi ngi s dng l h gia nh nhng vng nng thn (ni dch v
DSL v cp cha th vn ti), WiMAX mang li kh nng truy cp bng rng.
iu ny c bit ph hp cc nc ang pht trin ni m h tng vin thng
truyn thng vn cha th tip cn.
Cng ngh WiMAX cch mng ho phng php truyn thng. N cung cp
hon ton t do cho nhng ngi thng xuyn di chuyn, cho php h lu li kt
ni thoi, d liu v cc dch v hnh nh. WiMAX cho php ta i t nh ra xe, sau
i n cng s hoc bt c ni no trn th gii, hon ton khng c ng ni.
minh ho kh nng ca WiMAX cho cc ng dng c phn cp trong phn
trc, mt vi m hnh s dng tiu biu c nhm thnh hai loi ln: cc mng
cng cng v ring.
1.7.1 Cc mng ring
Cc mng ring, c dng dnh ring cho mt t chc, c quan hoc c s
kinh doanh, cung cp cc lin kt thng tin chuyn dng m bo chuyn giao tin

cy thoi, d liu v hnh nh. Trin khai n gin v nhanh thng c u tin
cao, v cc cu hnh tiu biu l im ti im hoc im ti a im.
1.7.1.1 Chuyn v cc nh cung cp dch v v tuyn
Cc nh cung cp dch v v tuyn (WSPs) s dng thit b WiMAX
chuyn lu lng t trm gc v cc mng truy cp ca h, nh c minh ho
hnh 1.5

Hnh 1.5 Minh ho chuyn v nh cung cp dch v
Cc mng truy cp da trn WiFi, WiMAX hoc bt k cng ngh truy cp v
tuyn c ng k c quyn. Nu mng truy nhp s dng thit b WiFi, th ton b
mng WSP c xem nh mt hot zone. V cc WSP thng cung cp thoi, d
liu v hnh nh, nn c im QoS ca WiMAX gn lin s gip u tin, ti u
ho dung lng chuyn v. Thit b WiMAX c th c trin khai nhanh, to iu
kin thun li cho vic gii thiu nhanh mng WSP. Nh c minh ho, iu
kin thun li chuyn v thu t cng ty in thoi a phng s tng chi ph hot
ng, v trin khai gii php cp quang c th rt tn km v yu cu lng thi
gian ng k, tc ng chng li s gii thiu dch v mi.Hn na, cp quang,
DSL khng c li nhun trong cc vng nng thn, ngoi thnh, v hu ht cc

phin bn ca DSL,cng ngh cp khng cung cp c dung lng yu cu cho
cc mng ny.
1.7.1.2 Cc mng gio dc

Hnh 1.6 Minh ho v mng gio dc
Cc ban ph trch trng hc c th s dng mng WiMAX kt ni cc
trng vi tr s ban trong mt qun (huyn), nh c minh ho di. Mt s
yu cu chnh cho h thng trng hc l NLOS, rng bng tn cao (>15 Mbps),
kh nng im ti im im ti a im, v ph rng. Cc mng gio dc da
vo WiMAX s dng QoS, c th thc hin y cc yu cu thng tin lin lc,
bao gm h thng thoi, hot ng d liu (nh cc bo co ca sinh vin), email,
truy cp internet, intranet (d liu), gio dc t xa (hnh nh) gia tr s ban v tt
c cc trng trong vng; gia cc trng vi nhau.
Gii php WiMAX cung cp vng ph rng, lm cho n c li nhun, c bit
cho cc trng nng thn khng c hoc c t c s h tng thng tin lin lc, b
phn tn khp ni. Khi ban ph trch trng hc s hu, vn hnh cc mng ring,
h c th p ng li nhng thay i v v tr v cch b tr cc tin nghi ca h.

iu ny gim ng k chi ph vn hnh cc tuyn thu hng nm. Cc gii php c
dy khng th cung cp kh nng trin khai nhanh chng, gi thnh thp, v hu ht
cc phin bn DSL, cng ngh cp khng c thng lng c yu cu bi cc
mng gio dc ny.
1.7.1.3 An ninh cng cng
Cc c quan an ninh cng cng ca chnh ph, nh: cnh st, cu ho, tm
kim v cu h, c th s dng cc mng WiMAX h tr p li nhng tnh
hung cp cu v tnh trng khn cp khc,nh c minh ho hnh 1.7.
Ngoi ra cn cung cp truyn thng thoi hai chiu gia trung tm gii quyt
nhanh v cc i p li tnh trng khn cp, mng tip sng cc hnh nh video, d
liu t a im v tai nn hoc thm ha ti trung tm iu khin. D liu ny c
th c tip sng ti cc i chuyn gia cp cu hoc nhn vin khn cp, l
nhng ngi c th phn tch cc tnh hung trong thi gian thc, nh th l h
ang . WiMAX QoS cho php mng x l cc loi lu lng khc nhau. Cc
gii php WiMAX c kh nng trin khai cao, do i p ng ban u c th
thit lp mt mng v tuyn tm thi ti a im v tai nn, s kin, hoc thm ho
t nhin trong khong vi pht. H cng c th tip sng lu lng t mng ny tr
v trung tm gii quyt nhanh hoc trung tm iu khin, qua mng WiMAX hin
hnh.


Hnh 1.7 Minh ho v mng an ninh cng cng
Cc gii php c dy khng phi l cc gii php thch hp, do tnh khng th
d on, khng n nh ca cc v tai nn v cc thm ho. y c l cng yu
cu c tnh di ng, v d nh: mt cnh st ang phi truy cp c s d liu t mt
phng tin chuyn ng, hoc mt lnh cu ho phi ti thng tin v tuyn ng
tt nht ti ni xy ra ho hon hoc kin trc ca ta nh ang b chy. Cc my
quay video trong xe cu thng c th cung cp trc thng tin v tnh trng ca
bnh nhn, trc khi xe cu thng n bnh vin. Trong tt c cc trng hp ,
WiMAX h tr tnh di ng v rng bng tn cao, m cc h thng bng hp
khng th chuyn c.
1.7.1.4 Cc phng tin lin lc xa b
Cc nh sn xut ga, du c th s dng thit b WiMAX cung cp cc
tuyn ni thng tin lin lc t cc phng tin trn mt t ti cc gin khoan du,
cc b khoan, h tr cc hot ng t xa, cc phng tin lin lc c bn v an
ninh, nh c minh ho hnh 1.8.

Cc hot ng t xa bao gm: vic x l s c t xa cc vn thit b phc
tp, kim tra nh hng a im, v truy cp c s d liu. V d, cc on video
ca cc thnh phn hoc cc cm lp rp gp s c c truyn ti i chuyn gia
trn mt t phn tch. An ninh gm: kim tra n cnh bo, gim st video. Cc
phng tin lin lc c bn gm: in thoi, email, truy cp internet, trao i video.

Hnh 1.8 Minh ho v mng lin lc xa b
1.7.2 Cc mng cng cng
Trong mng cng cng,cc ti nguyn c truy cp, chia s vi nhng ngi
s dng khc nhau, gm c cc hng kinh doanh v cc c nhn ring bit. Ni
chung mng cng cng yu cu li nhun qua vic cung cp vng ph song khp
ni, v v tr ca ngi s dng hoc l c nh hoc c th d on c. Cc ng
dng chnh ca mng cng cng l truyn thng thoi v d liu, mc d truyn
thng video ang tr nn ph bin hn. An ninh l mt yu cu then cht, v nhiu
ngi s dng cng chia s mt mng. H tr km theo VLAN v m ho d liu l

gii php an ninh c s dng. Mng cng cng bao gm mt s bi cnh s dng
c minh ho di y.
1.7.2.1 Nh cung cp dch v v tuyn truy cp mng
Cc nh cung cp dch v v tuyn (WSPs) s dng mng WiMAX cung
cp kt ni ti c khu dn c (thoi, d liu v video) v hng kinh doanh (ch yu
l thoi v internet), c minh ho hnh 1.9.

Hnh 1.9 Minh ho v mng WiMAX ca nh cung cp dch v
WSP c th l mt CLEC (cc nh cung cp tng i ni ht cnh trnh) m
bt u vic kinh doanh vi t hoc khng c c s h tng c lp t. V
WiMAX rt d trin khai, nn CLEC c th lp t mng nhanh chng v vo
th cnh tranh vi ILEC (nh cung cp sng mang tng i ni ht).
K thut QoS gn lin vi WiMAX rt ph hp vi hn hp lu lng c
mang bi CLEC. QoS MAC cng a ra dch v a mc cung cp cho cc nhu
cu dch v khc nhau ca khch hng. H tr nhiu loi dch v cho php cc
lung thu nhp khc nhau, tuy nhin n gim chi ph thu c t khch hng, v

tng ARPU (thu nhp trung bnh trn mi ngi s dng). WSP ch cn mt h
thng qung co v mt c s d liu khch hng.
Cc nh vn hnh t bo cng quan tm ti ng dng WiMAX trong mng ca
h. Cc nh vn hnh c cc c s h tng qung co v khch hng, nhng trin
khai gii php WiMAX s m rng th trng trong vng dch v ca h. Tt c cc
gii php c dy (bao gm: cp quang, DSL, v cp) yu cu cc chi ph ban u
ng k xy dng c s h tng. Ni c th, cc gii php c dy khng ph hp
vi cc th trng ang pht trin cc nc, nh cc vng nng thn, th trn nh
hoc ra ngoi ca cc trung tm ln.
1.7.2.2 Kt ni nng thn
Cc nh cung cp dch v s dng WiMAX pht trin dch v cho cc th
trng t c quan tm trong cc vng nng thn, vng ngoi ca cc thnh ph,
nh c minh ho hnh 1.10.

Hnh 1.10 Minh ho v mng WiMAX cho kt ni vng nng thn

S phn pht kt ni nng thn l vn then cht trong cc nc ang pht
trin v cc vng t c quan tm ca nhng nc pht trin, m khng c
hoc c rt t c s h tng c gi tr. Kt ni thng thn ch yu cung cp dch v
internet v in thoi. V WiMAX cung cp vng ph rng nn y l mt gii php
mang li li nhun nhiu nht.

Kt Lun chng : Vi nhng ni dng c trnh by trong chng 1
cho chng ta mt ci nhn tng qut v cng ngh WiMAX, chng ta c bn
hiu c cu trc bn trong, u nhc im ca wimax, v nhng ng
dng trong thc t ca n. Khi nm vng nhng kin thc c bn ri
th chng ta s d dng hn trong vic tm hiu nguyn l hot ng cng
nh cch thc x l tn hiu trong WiMAX s c trnh by trong cc
chng sau.

CHNG 2
K THUT IU CH OFDM

Gii thiu chng: Trong chng 2 s trnh by nhng khi nim c bn,
u nhc im, nguyn l iu ch v gii iu ch ca k thut iu ch
OFDM. Qua chng ta s thy c nhng u im ca k thut ny khi
c ng dng trong cng ngh WiMAX ni chung v nhng k thut truyn
thng khc.
2.1 Gii thiu k thut iu ch OFDM
2.1.1 Khi nim
K thut iu ch OFDM, v c bn, l mt trng hp c bit ca phng
php iu ch FDM, chia lung d liu thnh nhiu ng truyn bng hp trong
vng tn s s dng, trong cc sng mang con (hay sng mang ph, sub-carrier)
trc giao vi nhau. Do vy, ph tn hiu ca cc sng mang ph ny c php

chng ln ln nhau m pha u thu vn khi phc li c tn hiu ban u. S
chng ln ph tn hiu ny lm cho h thng OFDM c hiu sut s dng ph ln
hn nhiu so vi cc k thut iu ch thng thng.

Hnh 2.1: So snh gia FDMA v OFDM

S lng cc sng mang con ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh rng knh v
mc nhiu. Con s ny tng ng vi kch thc FFT. Chun giao tip v tuyn
802.16d (2004) xc nh 256 sng mang con tng ng FFT 256 im, hnh thnh
chun Fixed WiMAX, vi rng knh c nh.Chun giao tip 802.16e (2005)
cho php kch c FFT t 512 n 2048 ph hp vi rng knh 5MHz n
20MHz, hnh thnh chun Mobile WiMAX (Scalable OFDMA ), duy tr tng
i khong thi gian khng i ca cc k hiu v khong dn cch gia cc sng
mang vi rng knh.


a) Tn hiu OFDM

b) Ph OFDM
Hnh 2.2 Tn hiu v ph OFDM
2.1.2 Lch s pht trin:
D thut ng OFDM mi ph bin rng ri gn y nhng k thut ny c
xut hin cch nay hn 40 nm:
- Nm 1966, R.W. Chang pht minh ra k thut OFDM M.

- Nm 1971, mt cng trnh khoa hc ca Weisteins v Ebert chng minh
rng phng php iu ch v gii iu ch OFDM c th c thc hin
thng qua php bin i IDFT (bin i Fourier ri rc ngc) v DFT ( bin
i Fourier ri rc). Sau , cng vi s pht trin ca k thut s, ngi ta
s dng php bin i IFFT v FFT cho b iu ch OFDM.
- Nm 1999, tp chun IEEE 802.11 pht hnh chun 802.11a v hot ng
ca OFDM bng tn 5GHz UNI.
- Nm 2003,IEEE cng b chun 802.11g cho OFDM hot ng bng tn
2.4GHz v pht trin OFDM cho h thng bng rng, chng t s hu dng
ca OFDM vi cc h thng c SNR( t s S/N) thp.
Ngy nay, k thut OFDM cn kt hp vi cc phng php m ha knh s
dng trong thng tin v tuyn, gi l Coded OFDM, ngha l tn hiu trc khi iu
ch s c m ha vi nhiu loi m khc nhau hn ch cc li xy ra trn knh
truyn. Do cht lng knh ( fading v t s S/N) ca mi sng mang con ph l
khc nhau, ngi ta thc hin iu ch tn hiu trn mi sng mang vi cc mc
iu ch khc nhau, gi l iu ch thch nghi (adaptive modulation) hin ang
c s dng trong h thng thng tin my tnh bng rng HiperLAN ca ETSI
Chu u.
2.1.3 Cc u v nhc im ca k thut OFDM
Ngoi u im tit kim bng thng knh truyn k trn, OFDM cn c mt
s u im sau y :
- H thng OFDM c th loi b hin tng nhiu xuyn k hiu ISI (Inter-
Symbol Interference) nu di chui bo v (guard interval) ln hn tr
truyn dn ln nht ca knh truyn.
- OFDM ph hp cho vic thit k h thng truyn dn bng rng.
- Cu trc my thu n gin.
Tuy nhin, bn cnh , OFDM cng c mt s nhc im sau :

- Vic s dng chui bo v gip gim hin tng ISI do phn tp a ng
nhng chui bo v khng mang thng tin c ch, chim mt phn bng
thng ca ng truyn lm gim hiu sut ng truyn.
- Do yu cu v tnh trc giao gia cc sng mang ph nn h thng OFDM
kh nhy cm vi hiu ng Dopler, dch tn (frequency offset) v dch thi
( time offset) do sai s ng b.
- ng bao bin ca tn hiu pha pht khng bng phng, gy ra mo phi
tuyn cc b khuch i cng sut u pht v u thu.
2.2 Nguyn l iu ch OFDM
2.2.1 S trc giao ca hai tn hiu
Nu k hiu cc sng mang con c dng trong h thng OFDM l s
i
(t) v
s
j
(t). m bo tnh trc giao cho OFDM, cc hm sin ca sng mang con phi
tha mn iu kin sau :

Trong :

f=
T
1
l khong cch tn s gia hai sng mang con, T l thi gian k hiu, N
l s cc sng mang con, N.f l bng thng truyn dn v t
s
ldch thi gian.
Du * trong cng thc (2.1) ch s lin hp phc.V d: nu tn hiu l
sin(mx) vi m =1,2. th n trc giao trong khong t - n .
Trong ton hc, s hng trc giao c c t vic nghin cu cc vector.
Theo nh ngha, hai vect c gi l trc giao vi nhau khi chng vung gc
vi nhau (to nhau mt gc 90
0
) v tch ca 2 vect l bng 0.

( ) ( )
}
+
=
T t
t
j i
s
s
dt t s t s
T
*
1 k, i=j
0, ij
(2.1)
(2.2)

s
k
(t) =
0 , k khc
e
(j2kft)
, k=1,2,.,N
Hnh 2.3 Tch ca hai vect vung gc
bng 0


2.2.2 S iu ch

Hnh 2.4 B iu ch OFDM
Gi s bng thng h thng l B chia thnh Nc knh con, vi ch s knh con
l n, n e { } L L L L , 1 ,..., 1 , 0 , 1 ,..., 1 , + , nn N
FFT
=2L+1. Dng d liu u vo{ }
l
a
chia thnh N
FFT
dng song song vi tc d liu gim i N
FFT
ln thng qua b
chia ni tip/song song. Dng bit trn mi lung song song{ }
l
a li c iu ch
thnh mu ca tn hiu phc a mc
n k
d
,
, n l ch s song mang ph, i l ch s khe
thi gian tng ng vi Nc bit song song sau khi qua b S/P, k l ch s khe thi
gian ng vi Nc mu tn hiu phc.Cc mu tn hiu pht
n k
d
,
c nhn vi xung
c s gii hn ph ca mi sng mang, sau c dch tn ln n knh con
tng ng bng vic nhn vi hm phc e
jL
s
t
,
lm cc tn hiu trn cc sng mang
trc giao nhau. Tn hiu sau khi nhn vi xung c s v dch tn cng li qua b
tng v cui cng c biu din nh sau
Xung
c s
Xung
c s
Xung
c s
X
X
X
e
jL
s
t
e
jn
s
t
e-
jL
s
t
{ }
l
a
L i
a
+ ,

n i
a
,

L i
a
,

L k
d
+ ,

n k
d
,

L k
d
,

m
,
(t)
m(t)


m
k
(t)=
+
=

L
L m
t j
n k
s
e kT t S d

) (
'
, (2.3)
Tn hiu ny c gi l mu tn hiu OFDM th k, biu din tng qut tn hiu
OFDM s l
m(t)=
) (
'
t m
k
k
=
=
= k
+
=

L
L m
t j
n k
s
e kT t S d

) (
'
, (2.4)
Trc khi pht i th tn hiu OFDM c chn thm chui bo v chng
nhiu xuyn k hiu ISI.
Php iu ch OFDM c th thc hin c thng qua php bin i IDFT v
php gii iu ch OFDM c th thc hin c bng php bin i DFT. Thay v
s dng IDFT ngi ta c th s dng php bin i nhanh IFFT cho b iu ch
OFDM, s dng FFT cho b gii iu ch OFDM. iu ch OFDM bng phng
php bin i ngc Fourrier nhanh cho php mt s lng ln cc sng mang con
vi phc tp thp.
2.2.3 Thc hin b iu ch bng thut ton IFFT
Tn hiu sau b gii iu ch OFDM khi chuyn i tng t thnh s, lung
tn hiu trn c ly mu vi tn s ly mu
t
a
=
B
1
=
FFT
N
1
=
FFT
S
N
T
(2.5)
ti thi im ly mu t=kT+lt
a,
, S
(t-kT) =S
0
, do vy (2.3) vit li :
m
k
(kT
s
+lt
a
) =S
0
+
=
+
L
L n
lt kT jn
n k
a S s
e d
) (
,

=
S
0
+
=
L
L n
lt jn kT jn
n k
a S S s
e e d

.
. , (2.6)
Do
S
kT
S =2 k
f
k f
S
S
2
1
= ,
kt qu 1 =
S S
kT jn
e

Tng t nh vy, vi
FFT FFT S
S
a S
N
nl
j
N f
f jn
lt jn
e e e

2
1
2
= = , (2.6) c vit li:

m
k
(kT
s
+lt
a
)=S
0
+
=
L
L n
N
nl
j
n k
FFT
e d
2
,
(2.7)
Php biu din (2.7) trng vi php bin i IDFT. Do vy b iu ch OFDM
c th thc hin mt cch d dng bng php bin i IDFT.
2.2.4 Chui bo v trong h thng OFDM
u im ca phng php iu ch OFDM khng ch th hin hiu qu s
dng bng thng m cn c kh nng lm gim hay loi tr nhiu xuyn k hiu ISI
(Inter Symbol Interference) nh s dng chui bo v (Guard Interval- GI ). Mt
mu tn hiu c di l T
S
, chui bo v tng ng l mt chui tn hiu c di
T
G
pha sau c sao chp ln phn pha trc ca mu tn hiu nh hnh v sau:

Hnh 2.5 Chui bo v GI
Do , GI cn c gi l Cyclic Prefix (CP). S sao chp ny c tc dng
chng li nhiu xuyn k hiu ISI do hiu ng phn tp a ng.
Nguyn tc ny gii thch nh sau: Gi s my pht i mt khong tn hiu c
chiu di l Ts, sau khi chn thm chui bo v c chiu di T
G
th tn hiu ny c
chiu di l T =T
S
+T
G
. Do hiu ng a ng multipath, tn hiu ny s ti my
thu theo nhiu ng khc nhau. Trong hnh v m t trang bn,hnh a,tn hiu theo
ng th nht khng c tr, cc ng th hai v th ba u b tr mt khong
thi gian so vi ng th nht. Tn hiu thu c my thu s l tng hp ca tt
c cc tuyn, cho thy k hiu ng trc s chng ln vo k hiu ngay sau , y
chnh l hin tng ISI.Do trong OFDM c s dng chui bo v c di T
G
s d
dng loi b hin tng ny. Trong trng hp T
G

MAX
nh hnh v m t th
phn b chng ln ISI nm trong khong ca chui bo v, cn thnh phn tn hiu
c ch vn an ton. pha my thu s gt b chui bo v trc khi gi tn hiu n
b gii iu ch OFDM.Do , iu kin cn thit cho h thng OFDM khng b
nh hng bi ISI l:
Phn tn hiu c ch

Phn tn hiu c ch

GI

T
G

MAX
(2.8)
vi
MAX
l tr truyn dn ti a ca knh.

a ) Khng c GI

b) C GI
Hnh 2.6 Tc dng ca chui bo v
Vic s dng chui bo v m bo tnh trc giao ca cc sng mang con, do
vy n gin ho cu trc b nh gi knh truyn, b cn bng tn hiu my thu.
Tuy nhin, do chui bo v khng mang thng tin c ch nn tng ph ca tc
truyn nn ph tn hiu s tng, tiu tn bng thng, lm gim hiu sut s dng
bng thng mt lng l:
G S
S
T T
T
+
= (2.9)

2.2.5 Php nhn vi xung c bn

Trong a s cc h thng v tuyn, tn hiu trc khi truyn i u c nhn
vi xung c bn. Mc ch chnh l gii hn ph tn hiu pht sao cho ph hp
vi rng knh truyn.Trong trng hp rng ph tn hiu ln hn rng
knh truyn th s gy nhiu xuyn knh cho h thng khc. Trong OFDM, tn hiu
trc khi pht i c nhn vi xung c bn c b rng ng bng b rng ca mt
mu tn hiu OFDM, xung c bn thng l xung vung hay xung ch nht. Sau khi
chn thm chui bo v th xung c bn k hiu l S(t) c rng l T
S
+T
G
.

Hnh 2.7 Xung c bn

Trong thc t xung c bn thng c s dng l b lc cos nng (Raise
cosine filter).
2.3 Nguyn l gii iu ch OFDM
2.3.1 Truyn dn phn tp a ng
Knh truyn dn phn tp a ng,v mt ton hc, c biu hin qua p
ng xung h(, t) v hm truyn t H(j , t).i vi p ng xung, bin l tr truyn
dn ca knh, l khong thi gian tn hiu i t my pht n my thu. Bin i
Fourier ca p ng xung cho ta hm truyn t ca knh
H(j,t) =
}

d e t h
j
) , ( (2.10)
Gi s khng c AWGN, mi lin h gia tn hiu thu u(t), tn hiu pht m(t)
v p ng xung:
S(t)
T
S
-T
G

T
0


Hnh 2.8 M hnh knh truyn
Trong min thi gian l tch chp ca tn hiu pht v p ng xung ca
knh:
u(t) =m(t)
*
h( t , )
=
d t m t h
maz
}

0
) ( ) , ( (2.11)
2.3.2 Nguyn tc gii iu ch
2.3.2.1 S

Hnh 2.9 B thu tn hiu OFDM
Cc bc thc hin y u ngc li so vi pha my pht. Tn hiu thu s
c tch chui bo v, gii iu ch khi phc bng tn gc, gii iu ch cc
sng mang con, chuyn i mu tn hiu phc thnh dng bt (tn hiu s) v
chuyn i song song sang ni tip
h(,t)
H(j,t)
m(t) u(t)
Gii
iu ch
Gii
iu ch
Gii
iu ch
X
X
X
e-
jL
s
t
e
jn
s
t
e
jL
s
t
L k d ,
^

n k d ,
^

L k d ,
^

L i a ,
^

n i a ,
^

L i a ,
^

u(t)
)
`
l a
^



Hnh 2.10 Tch chui bo v

Sau khi tch chui bo v khi lung tn hiu u(t), lung tn hiu nhn c l:
u(kT
S
+t)=u(kT+t) (2.12)
2.3.2.2 Thc hin gii iu ch bng thut ton FFT
Gi thit mt mu tin OFDM Ts c chia thnh N
FFT
mu tn hiu, tn hiu
c ly mu vi chu k ly mu l t
a
.
Khi rng mt mu l :
t
a
=
FFT
s
N
T
(2.13)
Sau khi ly mu, tn hiu nhn c s tr thnh lung tn hiu s:
u
(t) => u
k
(kT
s
+nt
a
) , n=0,1,2,....,N
FFT
1 (2.14)
Mu tn hiu sau khi gii iu ch l k d ,
^
c biu din di dng s:
l k d ,
^
=
) (
1
0
'
S
) (
a S S
FFT
nt kT jl
N
n
a S k
a
e nt kT u
T
t
+
+

(2.15)
Tch s biu din thnh phn m thnh tch hai thnh phn (2.15) c vit li
di dng:
l k d ,
^
=
a S S S
FFT
nt jl kT jl
N
n
a S k
a
e e nt kT u
T
t

+
1
0
'
S
) ( (2.16)
Vi
T
1
2
S
= , th 1
2
= =
jlk kT jl
e e
S S

Mt khc,
FFT
a
S
a S
N
t
T
t

2 1
2 = = nn (2.16) vit li:
t
(k-1)T
(k-1)T
S

kT
kT
S


l k d ,
^
=
FFT
FFT
N n j
N
n
a S k
e nt kT u
N
/ 2
1
0
'
FFT
) (
1

+ ( 2.17)
Biu thc trn chnh l php biu din DFT vi chiu di N
FFT.
2.4 ng dng v hng pht trin ca k thut iu ch OFDM
Ngy nay, k thut OFDM c tiu chun ho l phng php iu ch
cho cc h thng pht thanh s nh DAB (Digital Audio Broadcasting), DRM
(Digital Radio Mondiale - h thng pht thanh s ng di thay cho h thng
AM), cc h thng truyn hnh s mt t DVB-T (Digital Video Broadcasting for
Terrestrial Transmission Mode), DVB-H (Digital Video Broadcasting for
Handheld) v t ngi bit rng s nng cao tc ng truyn trong h thng
ADSL l nh k thut OFDM.Nh k thut iu ch a sng mang v cho php
chng ln ph gia cc sng mang m tc truyn dn trong ADSL tng ln ng
k.
2.4.1 H thng DRM

Hnh 2.11 H thng DRM
M
ho
ngun
Tin
m ho

Ghp
knh
Tin
m ho
Phn tn
nng
lng
M
ho
knh
Ghp
xen
Pht
pilot
M ho
knh
Phn tn
nng lng
Phn tn
nng lng
M ho
knh
Tin
m ho
Thng
tin
truy
nhp
knh
Thng
tin m
t DV
D liu
D liu

nh
x

O
F
D
M

DRM l h thng pht thanh s thay th cho h thng pht thanh truyn thng
AM. Tn s sng mang cho h thng DRM tng i thp, nh hn 30MHz, ph
hp cho vic truyn sng khong cch ln. Mi trng truyn sng ca h thng l
knh phn tp a ng c s tham gia phn x mt t v tng in li nn phm vi
ph sng ca DRM rt ln, c th ph sng a quc gia hay lin lc a.
Cc tham s c bn ca DRM theo ETSI, nh sau:
rng bng: B=9.328kHz
di FFT: N
FFT
=256.
S sng mang c s dng truyn tin: N
C
=198.
Do tr truyn dn tng i ln nn h thng DRM c thit k ch dnh cho
cc my thu tnh hay xch tay. iu ny khc hn so vi h thng DAB hay DVB
c thit k cho my thu c tc di chuyn tng i ln nh t, tu ho.
2.4.2 Cc h thng DVB
2.4.2.1 DVB-T
- Gii thiu :
Th h my pht s ra i khc phc nhc im ca my pht tng t nh
kh nng mang nhiu chng trnh trn mt knh RF, h tr kh nng thu tn hiu
a ng v thu di ng My pht s DVB-T v my pht hnh tng t ging
nhau, ch khc nhau phn iu ch.

Hnh 2.12 S khi b DVB-T
- c im :
Tn hiu truyn i c t chc thnh tng khung, c 4 khung lin tip to
thnh 1 siu khung.L do ca vic to khung l phc v t chc mang thng tin

tham s ca pha pht bng cc sng mang bo hiu thng s pha pht
(Transmission Parameters Signalling carriers- TPS). Vic hnh thnh siu khung l
chn s nguyn ln gi m sa sai reed-Solomon 204 byte trong dng truyn
ti MPEG-2 d ta chn bt k cu hnh no trnh vic chn thm cc gi m
khng cn thit. Mi khung cha 68 symbol OFDM trong min thi gian c nh
s t 0 n 67.Mi symbol ny cha hng ngn sng mang (6817 vi ch 8K,
1705 vi ch 2K) nm dy c trong di thng 8MHz ( nc ta chn di thng
8MHz, mt s nc khc chn 7MHz). Nh vy, mt symbol ODFM s cha:
Sng mang d liu: c iu ch M-QAM, vi mode 8K l 6048
sng mang v mode 2K l 1512.
Sng mang dn ng (pilot symbol, mang thng tin pha pht
khi phc tn hiu: cc pilot ny thng c iu ch BPSK vi mc
cng sut 2.5dB
Pilot lin tc: gm 177 pilot vi mode 8K, 15 vi mode 2K, c v tr
c nh trong 8MHz pha thu sa li tn s v pha, t ng iu
chnh tn s.
Pilot ri rc: 524 vi mode 8K, 131 vi mode 2K, khng c v tr c
nh trong min tn s nhng c ri u trong di tn 8MHz, gip
u thu t ng iu chnh t p ng knh tt nht.
Sng mang thng s pht TPS: cha nhm thng s pht c iu
ch BPSK, gm 68 sng mang trong mode 8K, 17 trong mode 2K
lun c v tr c nh trong biu chm sao BPSK v trong di
thng 78MHz.
trnh nhiu gia cc k hiu ISI v nhiu tng h gia cc sng mang ICI,
ngui ta thc hin chn thm chui bo v GI vo mi symbol. Vic chn thm ny
c thc hin bn pha pht vi thi gian bo v T
G
khc nhau theo quy nh ca
DVB: 1/4 T
U
, 1/8 T
U
, 1/16T
U
, 1/32 T
U
(T
U
: chiu di phn tn hiu c ch).



2.4.2.2 DVB-H : in thoi di ng truyn hnh
- S :

Hnh 2.13 S thu ca DVB-H

Cu trc my thu ca in thoi di ng DVB-H c cho trn hnh gm 2
phn:
Mt b gii iu ch DVB-H (gm khi iu ch DVB-T, module Time
slicing v module MPE-FEC) v mt u cui DVB-H.
Tn hiu vo l tn hiu DVB-T. Khi iu ch DVB-T thu li cc gi dng
truyn ti MPEG-2, tn hiu ny cung cp cc mode truyn dn (2K, 8K v
4K) vi cc tn hiu mang thng s truyn dn - TPS tng ng.Module
Time Slicing gip tit kim cng sut tiu th v h tr vic chuyn giao
mng linh hot hn. Module MPE-FEC cung cp m sa li tin cho php b
thu c th ng u vi cc iu kin thu c bit kh khn. Tn hiu ra
khi gii iu ch DVB-H c dng cc gi ca dng truyn ti TS hoc cc
IP Datagrams (khi thu tn hiu DVB-H).u cui DVB-H gii m cc IP
Datagrams,hin th ni dung ca cc chng trnh DVB-H.


Hin nay nhiu hng sn xut in thoi c cc th h TD DVB-H u
tin: NOKIA 7700 v 7710, PHILIPS HoTMAN 2, SIEMENS
Kin trc ban u ca cc my TD DVB-H hin nay gm:
in thoi tch hp 3 bng tn s: GSM, GPRS v UMTS (3G).
B thu DVB-H.
Camera 1.3M pixel.
Mn hin th VGA (640 x 480).
Mn hnh cm bin - touch screen.
m thanh ng ra Stereo.
H tr chun khng dy Bluetooth.
B nh trong c dung lng 1Gbit
Hng NOKIA tuyn b t nay hng s tung ra th trng khong 60 thit b
sang trng c tch hp DVB-H .
DVB-H ang c nhng u th vt tri ca mnh: Tit kim nng lng Pin
ti 90%, thu tn hiu trong mi trng di ng tt, tn hiu c ng gi dng IP
v truyn tn hiu di dng qung b ti cc my in thoi di ng. Bi vy ng
dng cng ngh qung b DVB-H cho ng xung (downlink) ca cc my in
thoi trong mng di ng dng nh l mt gii php mang tnh t ph m cc th
h mng vin thng 2G (GSM); 2,5G (GPRS) v 3G (UMTS) hin nay cha th
khc phc ngay c. l khng b hn ch v bng thng khi ti cng mt thi
im s thu bao s cc dng dch v truyn hnh trc tuyn tng vt.
S hi t gia cng ngh qung b DVB-H v vin thng ang c cc hng
truyn thng ln trn th gii th nghim ti nhiu nc trn th gii (m hnh
DVB-H & GPRS hay DVB-H & UMTS) v chnh thc a ra sn phm ca
mnh vo u nm 2005 nh Nokia, Philips, Siemens...cc hng sn sut my pht
s hng u th gii (Harris, Intelco, Rohde&Schwarz...) cng xut xng cc
thit b tch hp cng ngh DVB-H. Cuc ua gia in thoi di ng 3G v in
thoi di ng truyn hnh DVB-H bt u! Vi nhng u th ca mnh, TD

truyn hnh cng ngh DVB-H ang m ra nhng trin vng mi cho ngi s
dng.
STT c im DVB-T DVB-H
1
Tc bit ca mt knh
truyn hnh c nt tiu
chun SDTV
4-5 Mbit/s 128-384 Kbit/s
2 Mn hin th
Mn hnh TV c trung bnh v
ln.
Mn hnh in
thoi nh.
3 Anten
Anten trn mi nh (anten
Yagi), trong nh (anten roi)
hoc anten trn t.
Anten bn trong
in thoi.
4 Ngun cung cp C nh v l ngun lin tc.
Ngun nng
lng Pin v c
gii hn.
5 Ch thu
Thu c nh, thu xch tay trong
nh v thu trn phng tin
giao thng.
Cc my cm tay
di ng.

Bng 2.1 So snh gia DVB-T v DVB-H
Hin nay vi cng ngh pht s mt t (DVB-T) chng ta c th pht c
khong 6-7 chng trnh TV (SDTV) trn mt knh sng (vi tc tng l 27,14
Mbit/s). Trong khi cng ngh IP Datacast (DVB-H) d dng tng thch vi cc
mn hnh c nh (vi inch) ca cc u cui cm tay. Vi mn hnh nh th ch vi
tc 128-384 Kbit/s trn mt knh (hay mt chng trnh TV yu cu) c th
phn phi mt knh video cht lng cao. Chnh cng ngh ny lm tng hiu
qu ca qu trnh pht qung b v c th truyn c t 10 n 55 chng trnh
TV trn mt knh sng.

Ngoi ra, trong h thng thng tin di ng th h th 4 (4G), k thut OFDM
cn cn th kt hp vi cc k thut khc nh phn tp anten (MIMO- Multi In
Multi Out- a anten pht thu) nhm nng cao dung lng knh v tuyn v kt hp
vi CDMA nhm phc v dch v a truy nhp vo mng.Mt vi hng nghin
cu vi mc ch thay i php bin i FFT trong b iu ch OFDM bng
Wavelet nhm ci thin s nhy cm ca h thng i vi hiu ng dch tn do mt
ng b v gim di ti thiu ca chui bo v trong OFDM; tuy nhin, kh
nng ng dng nhng k thut ny cn c kim chng trong tng lai.

Kt lun chng: Trong chng ny trnh by nhng vn c bn ca
k thut iu ch OFDM, nhng u nhc im, nguyn l iu ch, gii
iu ch. Qua chng ta s d dng hn trong vic nghin cu k thut a
truy nhp phn tn trc giao OFDMA c s dng trong cng ngh
WiMAX s trnh by chng 3.

CHNG 3
K THUT OFDMA TRONG WiMAX

Gii thiu chn: Trong chng 3 ny s trnh by v nhng khi nim c
bn, cc c im v tnh cht ni bt ca k thut a truy nhp phn tn
trc giao OFDMA. Qua chng ta c th thy c nhng u im ca k

thut ny trong vic x l truyn nhn tn hiu ni chung v ng dng trong
cng ngh WiMAX ni ring.

3.1 Gii thiu k thut OFDMA
OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access - a truy nhp
phn tn trc giao ) l mt cng ngh a sng mang pht trin da trn nn k thut
OFDM. Trong OFDMA, mt s cc sng mang con, khng nht thit phi nm k
nhau, c gp li thnh mt knh con (sub-channel) v cc user khi truy cp vo
ti nguyn s c cp cho mt hay nhiu knh con truyn nhn ty theo nhu
cu lu lung c th.
3.2 c im
OFDMA c mt s u im nh l tng kh nng linh hot, thng lng v
tnh n nh c ci thin.Vic n nh cc knh con cho cc thu bao c th, vic
truyn nhn t mt s thu bao c th xy ra ng thi m khng cn s can thip
no, do s gim thiu nhng tc ng nh nhiu a truy xut (Multi access
Interfearence- MAI)



Hnh 3.1 ODFM v OFDMA

Hnh 3.2 m t mt v d v bng tn s thi gian ca OFDMA, trong c 7
ngi dng t a n g v mi ngi s dng mt phn xc nh ca cc sng mang
ph c sn,khc vi nhng ngi cn li.

F A d A D a D
A d A D a D
A c e A c E a c E
A c e A c E a c E
B e g B E g b E g
B e g B E g b E g
B F g B F g b F g
B F g B F g b F g
t
Hnh 3.2 V d ca biu tn s, thi gian vi OFDMA.
Th d c th ny thc t l s hn hp ca OFDMA v TDMA bi v mi
ngi s dng ch pht mt trong 4 khe thi gian, cha 1 hoc vi symbol OFDM.
7 ngi s dng t a n g u c t c nh (fix set) cho cc sng mang theo
bn khe thi gian.
3.3 OFDMA nhy tn

Trong v d trc ca OFDMA, mi ngi s dng u c mt s sp t c
nh (fix set) cho sng mang. C th d dng cho php nhy cc sng mang ph
theo khe thi gian nh c m t trong hnh.
Vic cho php nhy vi cc mu nhy khc nhau cho mi user lm bin i
thc s h thng OFDM trong h thng CDMA nhy tn. iu ny c li l tnh
phn tp theo tn s tng ln bi v mi user dng ton b bng thng c sn cng
nh l c li v xuyn nhiu trung bnh, iu rt ph bin i vi cc bin th ca
CDMA. Bng cch s dng m sa li hng i (Forward Error Correcting - FEC)
trn cc bc nhy, h thng c th sa cho cc sng mang ph khi b fading su
hay cc sng mang b xuyn nhiu bi cc user khc. Do c tnh xuyn nhiu v
fading thay i vi mi bc nhy, h thng ph thuc vo nng lng tn hiu
nhn c trung bnh hn l ph thuc vo user v nng lng nhiu trong trng
hp xu nht.
f A b
c
c B
A
B c
B a
C
A
t
Hnh 3.3 Biu tn s thi gian vi 3 ngi dng nhy tn a, b, c u c 1 bc
nhy vi 4 khe thi gian.
u im c bn ca h thng OFDMA nhy tn hn hn cc h thng DS-
CDMA v MC-CDMA l tng i d dng loi b c xuyn nhiu trong mt t
bo bng cch s dng cc mu nhy trc giao trong mt t bo.
Mt v d ca vic nhy tn nh vy c m t trong hnh 3.4 cho N sng
mang ph,n lun lun c th to ra N mu nhy trc giao.

A F e D c b
B A f E d c
C B a F e d
D C b A f e
E D c B a f
F E d C b a

Hnh 3.4 6 mu nhy tn trc giao vi 6 tn s nhy khc nhau
3.4 H thng OFDMA

Hnh 3.5: Tng quan h thng s dng OFDMA
Ngun tn hiu lm mt bt c iu ch bng tn c s thng qua cc
phng php iu ch nh QPSK ,M- QAM Tn hiu dn ng (bn tin dn
ng, knh hoa tiu - pilot symbol) c chn vo ngun tn hiu, sau c
iu ch thnh tn hiu OFDM thng qua bin i IFFT v chn chui bo v GI.
Lung tn hiu s c chuyn thnh tn hiu tng t trc khi truyn trn knh v
iuch bng
tn gc
Chn k t
dn ng
IFFT Chn GI DAC
DAC Tch GI IFFT
Tch k t
dn ng
Cn bng
knh
Khi phc
knh truyn
Gii iu ch
bng tn gc
Knh
truyn

tuyn qua anten pht. Tn hiu ny s b nh hng bi fading v nhiu trng
AWGN( Addictive White Gaussian Noise ).
Tn hiu dn ng l mu tn hiu c bit trc pha pht v pha thu,
c pht km vi tn hiu c ch nhm khi phc knh truyn v ng b h
thng.

Hnh 3.6 Mu tn hiu dn ng trong OFDMA

Pha my thu s thc hin ngc li so vi my pht. khi phc tn hiu
pht th hm truyn phi c khi phc nh vo mu tin dn ng i km. Tn
hiu nhn c sau khi gii iu ch OFDM c chia lm hai lung tn hiu.
Lung th nht l tn hiu c ch c a n b cn bng knh. Lung th hai l
mu tin dn ng c a vo b khi phc knh truyn, sau li c a n
b cn bng knh khi phc li tn hiu ban u.

i vi knh hng xung :


Hnh 3.7 OFDMA downlink

Hnh 3.8 Cu trc cm trong OFDMA downlink
Cu trc cm bao gm 1 knh con trong min tn s v n k hiu OFDM trong
min thi gian, cha N sng mang. Mi sng mang c th c iu ch khc nhau.

i vi knh hng ln :


Hnh 3.9 OFDMA uplink

Hnh 3.10 Cu trc cm trong OFDMA uplink
Cu trc cm gm 1 knh con trong min tn s v 3 k hiu OFDM trong min
thi gian, mi cm ch 144 sng mang d liu, s dng iu ch thch nghi trn
tng user; mi user c th yu cu t 1 n 32 knh con; 2 knh con c s dng

lm ranging (php o c li bng cch o thi gian truyn ca tn hiu in t) v
yu cu bng thng (nu c) ca user .
Khi cp sng mang cho cc user, OFDMA to ra mt dy c bn cc sng
mang ri thc hin dch vng dy khi cp cho cc user khc nhau.
3.4.1 Chn chui dn ng min tn s v min thi gian

Hnh 3.11 Chn chui dn ng trong min tn s v thi gian
Mu tin dn ng c th c chn cng vi mu tin c ch c min tn s
v min thi gian nh trn hnh. Tuy nhin khong cch gia hai mu tn hiu dn
ng lin tip nhau tun theo quy lut ly mu c min tn s v min thi gian.
min tn s, s bin i knh v tuyn ph thuc thi gian tr truyn dn ln nht
ca knh
max
(maximum propagation delay or delay spread). Vi r
f
l t s ly mu
(oversampling) min tn s, f
s
l khong cch lin tip gia hai sng mang con,
khong cch gia hai mu tin dn ng min tn s D
f
phi tho mn iu kin
sau:

max
1
1
f
f S
r
D f
=
>
(3.1)
t
f

T s ly mu ti thiu min tn s r
f
phi l 1. T s ny c th ln hn 1, khi
, s mu tin dn ng nhiu hn mc cn thit v knh truyn c ly mu
vt mc (oversampling). Trong trng hp khong cch gia hai mu tin dn
ng khng tha mn iu kin ly mu nh trn, r
f
<1, th knh truyn khng th
c khi phc hon ton thng qua mu tin dn ng.
Tng t nh min tn s, khong cch gia hai mu tin dn ng lin tip
trong min thi gian D
t
cng phi tha mn iu kin ly mu tng ng. S bin
i ca hm truyn v tuyn min thi gian ph thuc vo tn s Doppler. Theo
tiu chun ly mu th khong cch D
t
phi tho mn iu kin:

max
1
1
2 ( )
f
D t S S
r
f D T T
= >
+
(3.2)
T s r
t
c gi l t s ly mu min thi gian. Trong trng hp iu kin
trn khng tho mn th hm truyn knh v tuyn cng khng th khi phc hon
ton my thu.
3.4.2 iu ch thch nghi
iu ch thch nghi (adaptive modulation) cho php h thng iu chnh
nguyn l iu ch tn hiu theo t l tn hiu trn nhiu (SNR) ca ng truyn v
tuyn. Khi ng truyn v tuyn c cht lng cao, nguyn l iu ch cao nht
c s dng lm tng thm dung lng h thng. Trong qu trnh suy gim tn
hiu, h thng WiMAX c th chuyn sang mt nguyn l iu ch thp hn duy
tr cht lng v s n nh ca ng truyn. c im ny cho php h thng
khc phc hiu ng fading la chn thi gian. c im quan trng ca iu ch
thch nghi l kh nng tng di s dng ca nguyn l iu ch mc cao hn,
do h thng c tnh mm do i vi tnh trng fading thc t.


Hnh 3.12 iu ch thch nghi
K thut iu ch v m ho thch nghi l mt trong nhng u vit ca OFDM
v n cho php ti u ho mc iu ch trn mi knh con da trn cht lng tn
hiu (t l SNR) v cht lng knh truyn dn.
3.4.3 Cc k thut sa li
Ngoi m xon rt ph bin s dng trong cc h thng v tuyn, WiMAX
cng nh c h thng OFDM thng s dng mt s m sau:
3.4.3.1 M ha LDPC (Low-Density-Parity-Check)
Vi nhng ngi thit k thng tin, c bit trong lnh vc khng dy v h
thng mng, gii hn Shannon c xem nh l k vng cao nht. n nay cc nh
thit k pht trin v ci thin cc k thut m ho sa sai nhm a hiu sut
OF DM Cells
(64 mode)
OF DMA Cell
(2k mode)
64QAM users
16QAM users
QP S K users

knh ngy cng tin gn ti gii hn Shannon. Vic tm ra cc phng n FEC l
mt nhu cu trong vic nng cao hiu sut truyn tin, LDPC l mt trong nhng
phng n .
M LDPC a n gii php FEC m khi thc hin tin gn hn ti gii hn
Shannon. M LDPC da trn c s ma trn H cha mt vi gi tr "1".M ho c
thc hin bng vic s dng cc ng thc t ma trn H to ra cc bit kim tra
chn l. Qu trnh gii m c thc hin bng s dng "cng vo mm" vi cc
ng thc trn xc nh cc tr s gi. Qu trnh x l c lp theo phng
php tng tc trong b m ho tc cao. M LDPC c th gy ra nn li l im
yu chung ca TCCs. ch ra nn li, cc m u ra nh l phng php BCH c
th phi hp vi cng ngh LDPC.M u ra BCH c hiu ng nn li thp. Cc
cng ngh qung b video s s dng phng php ny pht trin tiu chun
DVB-S2.
Vi kh nng linh hot ca LDPC, m c th c xy dng chnh xc theo
ng kch c ca khi hoc t l m, tuy vy thc hin thc t c th buc phi xc
nh trc kch c khi v tc m c th t c. Sau khi xc nh kch c khi
v tc m, ma trn H c xy dng vi n ct v (n-k) hng c cha mt vi gi
tr 1.
Ma trn H c xy dng thch hp l ma trn c khong cch ti thiu (d
min
)
ln. Khi s c s lng 1 trong ma trn H nh v nh vy s lng ct ca H
cn c c tng bng 0 hng ti nh cc m c xy dng ngu nhin. Khong
cch ti thiu trong v d m sau ch l 4, do c th ch cn xem xt cc ct 0, 1,
3 v 4 ca ma trn H.
V d v to m: Mt b to m LDPC n gin c s dng gii thiu v
m (16,9) vi ma trn H sau.Cc tham s trong v d l:
k bit bn tin = 9
n-k bit chn l = 7
T l m =k/n =9/16


Hnh 3.13 V d v mt ma trn m LDPC
Trong v d m trn, cc ct t n0 n n8 tng ng vi phn bn tin ca khi
m, cn cc ct t n9 n n15 tng ng vi (n-k) bit chn l v ma trn con th
pha di c dng hnh tam gic nhm n gin ho hn qu trnh m ho.V d,
m ho bit chn l n9 ch cn bit n0, n1 v n2. ng thc logic c s 2 c th vit
c trc tip t hng ca ma trn H theo dng ca b to m LDPC nh sau:
Vit ng thc chn l cho hng u tin to m n9
n0 +n1 +n2 +n9 =0
n9 =n0 +n1 +n2
Tip tc thc hin vi cc hng cn li s c y 7 ng thc
n9 =n0 +n1 +n2
n10 =n3 +n4 +n5
n11 =n6 +n7 +n8
n12 =n0 +n3 +n6
n13 =n1 +n4 +n7
n14 =n2 +n5 +n8
n15 =n12 +n13 +n14
hon chnh b to m LDPC, ngi thit k cn chuyn cc ng thc logic
c s 2 thnh cc mch in 3 u vo o (exclusive) hoc cng XOR v thanh ghi
cc u ra. m ho c h thng,th t cc bit truyn trong knh cn bo m th
t l n0 ... n15. S dng phng php ny s khng cn n yu cu xc nh ma

trn sinh m thay vo l phng php s dng ln lt cc ng thc ma trn
sinh m ho d liu.
- B gii m LDPC
B gii m LDPC nhn cc khi d liu,gm c cc bit sai do nhiu, vi 5
hoc 6 bit sa sai s quyt nh gi tr 0 hay 1 ca bit nhn c. Gii m khi s
dng qu trnh lp gm vic gii (n-k) ng thc kim tra chn l ca ma trn
H.Vic gii cc ng thc trong trng hp ny c ngha cp nht cc gi tr tht
ca cc bit trong cc ng thc l 1 hay 0 s dng truyn lan tin cy hoc cc xp x
n gin ca truyn lan tin cy. Qu trnh ny c lp li nhiu vng, thng t 30
n 60, gii m hon ton khi d liu nhn c.
B gii m c th dng khi mt t m c xc nh ng (tho mn tt c
cc ng thc kim tra chn l) hoc khi thi gian qui nh ht m khng tm c
t m. Cc khi kch thc ln v tng tc m rng s nng cao hiu sut ca m
nhng c hai s yu cu nng lc x l, tc d liu v b nh chim dng cao
hn.
M LDPC ang chng minh rng n t tng ch m tuyt vi vi di t l
m v kch c khi rng. Li ch chnh khi s dng LDPC l hiu sut tng ch o
c theo dB c th c s dng theo nhiu cch nh gim cng sut truyn,tng
thng lng s liu,khong cch truyn xa hn, hoc tng tin cy ca ng
truyn thng tin. Khi cng sut pht b gii hn th tng ch m ho do m LDPC
to ra s l s khc bit gia thng tin chnh xc v khng c thng tin.
3.4.3.2 M ho Reed-Solomon
- Gii thiu:
c im quan trng ca m RS l khong cch ti thiu trong b m (n,k) l
n-k+1. Vi bt k gi tr nguyn dng t 2
m
-1 lun tn ti m RS sa t symbol
li.V d:
n =2
m
-1
n-k=2t
k=2
m
-1-2t
d
min
=2t+1=n-k+1

a thc sinh s l:
2 2t
g(x) (x )(x )...(x ) = + + +

= 2
2t 1 2t
0 1x 2t 1
2x
g g g ... g x x
+ + + + +
(3.3)
vi
2 2t
, ,...,

l cc nghim.
V d: m =8 , t =16
n =255
k =n 2t =223
d
min
=33 (3.4)
- Cch to m:
Cho a thc m(x) l thng tin cn m ho, k =n-2t
m(x) =m
0
+m
1
x++m
k-1
x
k-1

Thc hin chia x
2t
m(x) cho g(x), ta c b(x) l phn d:
x
2t
m(x) =a(x)g(x)+b(x)
b(x) =b
0
+b
1
x+b
2t-1
x
2t-1
(3.5)
Cui cng, a thc m ho s l : b(x)+x
2t
m(x)
S to m:

Hnh 3.14 S to m RS
- Gii m:
Vi c(x) l a thc m gi i, r(x) l a thc nhn c v e(x) l li tc ng.

n 1
0 1 n 1
c(x) c cx ... c x

= + + +



n 1
0 1x n 1
r(x) r r x ... r x

= + + +
(3.6)

e(x) r(x) c(x) =

2 n 1
0 1 2 n 1
e ex e x ... e x

= + + + +

Gi s e(x) c v li ti cc v tr x
j1
, x
j2
, x
jv
..

j1 j2 ... jv
j1 j2 jv
e(x) e x e x e x
+ +
= +
(3.7)
V tr cc li l:
j1 j2 jv
j1 j2 jv
Z , Z ,...,Z = = =

Cc gi tr li l:
j1 j2 jv
e ,e ,...,e

- Tnh syndrome:

Hnh 3.15 S syndrome thu ca RS

n 1
0 1x n 1
r(x) r r x ... r x

= + + +

i i i
c( ) m( )g( ),i 1,2,...,2t = =
(3.8)
vi
i
l cc nghim trong a thc sinh.
Ta c mi quan h:
n 1
i i i i ij
j
j 0
r( ) c( ) e( ) e( ) e
=
= + = =

Syndrome nhn c l:
1 2 2t
S (S,S,...,S ) =

vi cc gi tr:
i
i
S r( ) =


3.5 iu khin cng sut
Thng thng, vi h thng thng tin di ng, iu khin cng sut bao gm
iu khin cng sut vng h v iu khin cng sut vng kn nhm thay i cng
sut pht ca MS tng ng vi khong cch vi BTS.
- iu khin cng sut vng h: BTS o cng trng ti im thu, tnh ra
c li, tnh ra cng sut pht ph hp.
- iu khin cng sut vng kn: MS o cng trng,gi ln BSC, BSC
s tnh tan cho MS tng hay gim cng sut cho ph hp
Trong WiMAX dng iu khin cng sut vng kn, cc thut ton iu khin
cng sut c s dng ci tin hiu sut tng th ca h thng, n c thc
hin nh trm gc gi thng tin iu khin cng sut ti tng CPE n nh mc
cng sut pht sao cho mc thu c ti trm gc lun mc nh trc. Trong
mt mi trng fading thay i khng ngng mc hiu sut nh trc ny c ngha
l CPE ch truyn cng sut theo yu cu, ngc li mc cng sut pht ca CPE
s khng ph hp. Cng sut pht s lm gim nng lng tiu th tng ca CPE v
nhiu tim n t cc trm gc ln cn.Vi LOS, cng sut pht ca CPE xp x t l
vi khong cch ca n ti trm gc, vi NLOS n ph thuc rt nhiu vo khong
trng v chng ngi vt.

Kt lun chng : Trong chng 3 ny c bn trnh by v k thut
OFDMA, cc tnh cht, cc m sa li c s dng trong k thut ny. Qua
, chng ta c th tm hiu su hn v k thut ny bng cch xy dng mt
chng trnh m phng n gian thy c r hn qu trnh x l truyn
nhn tn hiu trong cng ngh WiMAX.

CHNG 4
CHNG TRNH M PHNG H THNG OFDM


Gii thiu chng: hiu hn nhng vn c c trnh by trong
nhng chng trc. Trong chng cui cng ny s trnh by chng trnh
m phng qu trnh x l tn hiu trong WiMAX da trn k thut iu ch
OFDM. y l chng trnh c vit bng Matlab, chng trnh bao gm
s khi m phng s pht v thu OFDM, m phng knh truyn, tnh
BER, so snh tn hiu OFDM v QAM, s khi m phng h thng
OFDM bng simulink ca Matlab.

4.1 M phng h thng OFDM bng simulink

u tin, b pht nh phn Bernoulli s to chui tn hiu.Chui d liu u
vo c m ho bi b m Reed-Solommon v c iu ch bi b Mapping
Hnh 4.1 S khi b pht v thu tn hiu OFDM

QPSK. IFFT l hu ch cho OFDM v n pht ra cc mu ca dng sng c thnh
phn tn s tho mn iu kin trc giao. D liu sau khi c bin i s c
chn thm CP v chui hun luyn gip cho qua trnh c lng knh v ng
b my thu.
M phng knh truyn a ra cc c trng ca knh truyn v tuyn chung
nh nhiu, a ng v xn tn hiu. Dng hai khi trong Matlab: Multipath
Rayleigh fading, AWGN
Tn hiu thu sau khi loi b CP v chui hun luyn s c a vo IFFT
chuyn cc mu min thi gian tr li min tn s. a vo b c lng knh v
b knh gim nh hng knh truyn n tn hiu.Cui cng, tn hiu c gii
iu ch v gii m RS



Hnh 4.2 v 4.3 cho thy tc ng ca knh truyn n ph tn hiu OFDM.
Hnh 4.7 Chm sao QPSK sau CE Hnh 4.6 Chm sao QPSK trc CE

V knh truyn l mt knh fading chn lc tn s nn ph tn hiu OFDM nhn
nhng tn s khc nhau chu s tc ng khc nhau. Hnh 4.4 v 4.5 cho thy bin
tn hiu OFDM nhn nh hn bin tn hiu OFDM truyn i.
Hnh 4.6 v 4.7 cho thy tc dng ca b c lng v b knh.Hnh 4.6 chm
sao QPSK trc khi c lng knh c bin v pha rt khng n nh. Hnh 4.7
chm sao QPSK sau khi c lng knh nhng im ch dao ng nh quanh mt
v tr c nh tc l bin v pha gn nh n nh.

4.2 Mt s lu thut ton ca chng trnh

4.2.1 Lu m phng knh truyn

H nh 4.8 Lu m phng knh truyn

Tham kho m ngun Matlab ti file chng trnh: ch.m, ch_clipping.m,
ch_noise.m ch_multipath.m,

4.2.2 Lu m phng thu pht tn hiu OFDM
Bt u
Chun ha tt c cc d liu trc khi
s dng knh so snh
Thit lp v tnh ton hiu ng xn tn
hiu
Thit lp v tnh ton hiu ng a
ng
Thit lp v tnh ton nhiu
Kt thc


Hnh 4.9 Lu m phng pht
k t OFDM

Hnh 4.10 Lu m phng thu
K t OFDM
Bt u
c d liu vo Chia d liu thnh tp hp
song song
Chuyn i d liu nh phn {0,1}
thnh phn cc {-1,1}

Thc hin FFT

Thc hin IFFT
Chuyn tn hiu song song thnh
chui ni tip

Chuyn i d liu phn cc {1,1}
thnh nh phn {0,1}

Khi phc dng bit bi t d liu
min tn s thnh chui ni tip

Ghi d liu

Bt u
Kt thc
Kt thc

Vi lu thut ton pht k t OFDM tham kho m ngun ti file: tx.m,
read.m, tx_chunk.m, tx_dechunk.m
Vi lu thut ton thu k t OFDM tham kho m ngun ti file: rx.m,
write.m rx_chunk.m, rx_dechunk.m.
4.2.3 Lu m phng thu pht tn hiu QAM

Vi lu thut ton m phng pht tn hiu QAM tham kho m ngun ti file
chng trnh: QAM.m, read.m
Hnh 4.11 Lu m phng pht
tn hiu QAM
Kt thc
Pht 16-QAM
Chuyn i d liu nh phn {0,1}
thnh phn cc {-1,1}
Nhp s sng mang
Chuyn d liu phn cc {-1,1}
thnh 4 mc {-3,-1,1,3}
S sng mang =
ly tha ca 2
Nhp li. S sng phi
mang l ly tha ca 2

S
Bt u
c d liu vo


Vi lu thut ton m phng thu tn hiu QAM tham kho m ngun ti
file chng trnh: QAM.m, write.m

Hnh 4.12 Lu m phng thu
tn hiu QAM
Bt u
Khi to mc 0 cho tc
Tng s lng sng mang cho d
liu gc v thi hn tn s cao
Khi phc d liu thnh dng
ni tip
Sp xp chnh xc gia cc mc
{-3,-1,1,3}
Chuyn d liu phn cc {-1,1}
thnh nh phn {0,1}
Kt thc
Ghi d liu ra

4.2.4 Lu m phng thut ton tnh BER

Hnh 4.13 Lu m phng
thut ton tnh BER
Bt u
S lng bit li = 0
i = 1
Li = | D liu vo(i) - D liu ra(i )|
S bit li = s bit li + 1
Kt thc
i=i+1
BER =100*s bit li/ di d
liu (%)
Li>0
i<= di
d liu vo

S

S

4.3 So snh tn hiu QAM v OFDM

Hnh 4.14 Tn hiu QAM v OFDM pht min tn s

Hinh 4.15 Tn hiu QAM v OFDM thu min tn s


Hnh 4.16 cho chng ta thy ph ca tn hiu OFDM rt ging vi ph tn hiu
ca m thanh ban u. Chng t phng thc iu ch OFDM tt hn so vi QAM

Kt lun chng: Trong chng cui cng ny trnh by qu trnh x l
tn hiu trong WiMAX thng qua vic m phng h thng OFDM bng
simulink ca Matlab, vi nhng scope hin th tn hiu gip cho vic phn
tch nh gi tc ng ca knh truyn n tn hiu, tc dng ca b c
lng v b knh. Tuy nhin, simulink ny ch dng li mc n gin,
tc l ch m phng h thng OFDM bng gc vi phng thc iu ch
QPSK. Trong chng cng so snh tn hiu OFDM v tn hiu QAM, file
m thanh ca chng thy r nhng u im ca OFDM.

Hnh 4.16 So snh tn hiu m thanh c iu ch bng phng thc
QAM v OFDM

Chuong 1294 1968

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ATN Chng 1: Tng quan v cng ngh WiMAX

SVTH : Trn Vn Xang - Lp 03DT3 Trang 1

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