Chapter 4 of《GSM RNP&RNO》－Application of Antenna Feeder System-20060327-A-1.0

Table of Contents
Chapter 4 Application of Antenna Feeder System ....................................................................2

4.1 Overview........................................................................................................................... 2
4.2 Antenna Basics................................................................................................................. 3
4.2.1 Types...................................................................................................................... 3
4.2.2 Working Principles.................................................................................................. 4
4.2.3 Important Technology haracteristics.....................................................................!
4.2.4 Antenna "iversity.................................................................................................. 13
4.2.! #elationship $etween antenna lo$e wi"th an" antenna gain................................1%
4.3 Antenna Tilt Planning...................................................................................................... 1&
4.3.1 Antenna Tilt "esign............................................................................................... 1'
4.3.2 Application............................................................................................................ 23
4.4 Antenna (election........................................................................................................... 2)
4.4.1 Pro$lems Present in Antenna (election................................................................2)
4.4.2 Principles *or (electing Base (tation Antenna in +r$an Areas.............................2)
4.4.3 Principles *or (electing Base (tation Antenna in (,$,r$an Areas........................2%
4.4.4 Principles *or (electing Base (tation Antenna in #,ral Areas..............................2&
4.4.! Principles *or (electing Base (tation Antenna along -ighroa"s...........................2&
4.4.) Other onsi"erations *or Antenna (election.........................................................3.
4.4.% Antenna (election #e*erence............................................................................... 3.
4.! om$iner an" /ivi"er +nit.............................................................................................. 32
4.!.1 Principles.............................................................................................................. 32
4.!.2 on*ig,ration o* om$iner an" /ivi"er +nit.........................................................3!
4.) Tower Ampli*ier................................................................................................................ 3%
4.% 0ee"er............................................................................................................................. 3&
4.& /istri$,te" Antenna (ystem............................................................................................ 3'
4.&.1 omposition Principle o* a /istri$,te" Antenna (ystem.......................................3'
4.&.2 Types o* /istri$,te" Antenna (ystems.................................................................4.
4.&.3 1ey Technical In"e2es *or Antenna omponents..................................................43
4.' 3ew Antenna Technology4(mart Antenna Overview.....................................................4%
4.'.1 (mart antenna...................................................................................................... 4%
4.'.2 (mart Antenna Application.................................................................................... !1
5(6 #a"io 3etwork Planning an" Optimi7ation
hapter 4 Application o* Antenna 0ee"er (ystem
0or internal ,se only
4 Application of Antenna Feeder System
4.1 Overview
In a wireless telecomm,nication system8 the antenna provi"es the inter*ace $etween
$ase transceiver station 9BT(: an" o,tsi"e propagation me"i,ms. One set o* antenna
can $oth ra"iate an" receive ra"io waves. When ra"iating ra"io waves8 it converts
high *re;,ency c,rrent into electromagnetic wave< when receiving ra"io waves8 it
converts the electromagnetic wave into high *re;,ency c,rrent.
/,ring network planning8 the right antenna is selecte" accor"ing to the ra"io
environment o* the BT(. The parameters8 s,ch as antenna height8 antenna a7im,th
angle8 tilt angle8 are "eci"e" $ase" on the selecte" antenna.
Antenna is "irectly relate" to ,plink an" "ownlink converges8 so are the ra"io
*re;,ency 9#0: components8 s,ch as *ee"er ca$le8 com$iner8 an" ",ple2er.
0ig,re 1.1 shows the composition o* an antenna *ee"er system
Figre 1.1 omposition o* an antenna *ee"er system
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4.2 Antenna !asics
4.2.1 Types
5enerally8 antennas *or mo$ile comm,nication are passive. Ta$le 1.1 lists the
antenna types in terms o* "i**erent "ivision stan"ar"s.
Table 1.1 Antenna type an" "ivision stan"ar"
/ivision stan"ar" Type
#a"iation "irection

Omni>"irectional antenna
/irectional antenna
(tr,ct,ral *eat,re

?inear antenna
/ish antenna
ap antenna
Polari7ation way

@ertical polari7ation antenna 9,nipolari7ation antenna:
ross polari7ation antenna 9",al polari7ation antenna:

0ig,re 1.2 shows the antennas commonly ,se" in mo$ile comm,nication. They are
"irectional antenna8 omni antenna8 an" in"oor cap antenna *rom le*t to right.
Figre 1.2 Antennas commonly ,se" in mo$ile comm,nication
4.2.2 "or#ing $rinciples
Accor"ing to 6a2well e;,ation8 electromagnetic wave ra"iation can $e generate" i*
alternate c,rrent is present in the con",ctor. The ra"iation capa$ility is relate" to the
length an" shape o* the con",ctor.
0ig,re 1.1 shows the principles o* antenna ra"iation
Figre 1.1 Principles o* antenna ra"iation
As shown in 0ig,re 1.1 9a:8 when the "istance o* the two con",ctors is short8 the
in",ce" electromotive *orce generate" on the i"eal con",ctors will o**set the e**ect o*
each other8 so only a small amo,nt o* energy is ra"iate" $eyon" the two con",ctors.
As shown in 0ig,re 1.1 9$:8 there is a *lare angle $etween the two con",ctors.
Beca,se the c,rrent is generate" in the same "irection8 the in",ce" electromotive
*orce is generate" in the same "irection. In this case8 a larger amo,nt o* energy is
ra"iate" $eyon" the two con",ctors.
As shown in 0ig,re 1.1 9c:8 when the *lare angle is wi"e eno,gh to match wavelength8
the amo,nt o* c,rrent *lowing thro,gh the con",ctors will $e greatly increase". Th,s
intensive ra"iation is generate".
5enerally8 the "irect con",ctor that can generate intensive ra"iation is calle" "ipole. I*
the length o* the two arms o* a "ipole is 1=4 wavelength8 the "ipole is calle"
symmetrical hal*>wave "ipole.
The symmetrical hal*>wave "ipole is a $asic element o* a mo$ile telecomm,nication
antenna. As shown in 0ig,re 1.28 an act,al antenna consists o* m,ltiple "ipoles.
Figre 1.2 omposition o* an act,al antenna
4.2.% &mportant Technology Characteristics
&. Antenna gain
The antenna is passive e;,ipment8 so the concept o* antenna gain is "i**erent *rom
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+nit "ipole
0ee"ing network 0ee"ing
network
Antenna connector
Antenna connector
+nit "ipole
0ee"ing network
/irectional antenna
Omni>"irectional antenna
that o* the power ampli*ier gain. The power ampli*ier can ampli*y power8 $,t the
antenna "oes not increase the energy *or ra"iate" signals. It concentrates the energy
into a certain "irection $y changing the *ee"ing mo"e o* antenna "ipoles thro,gh
assem$ling the antenna "ipoles.
Antenna gain is an important antenna in"e28 in"icating the antenna capa$ility 9the
"irectional antenna: o* concentrating energy into a certain "irection.
The "Bi an" "B" are two ,nits o* antenna gain8 an" the relationship $etween the two
is as *ollowsA
15 . 2 + = dBd dBi
Where8
The "Bi in"icates the energy concentration capa$ility o* the antennas with
"irections 9incl,"ing omni antennas: as compare" with that o* the isotropic
antennas. BiC stan"s *or BisotropicC.
The "B" in"icates that the energy concentration capa$ility o* the antennas with
"irections 9incl,"ing omni antennas: as compare" with that o* the symmetrical
"ipole antennas. B"C stan"s *or B"ipoleC.
0ig,re 1.1 shows the relationship $etween "Bi an" "B".
Isotropic antenna
(ymmetrical "ipole
antenna
Act,al antenna
"B"
"Bi
2.1!"
B
Figre 1.1 #elationship $etween "Bi an" "B"
The "Bi in"icates the gain o* act,al antennas as compare" with that o* isotropic
antennas< the "B" in"icates the gain o* act,al antennas as compare" with that o*
hal*>wave "ipole antennas.
&&. 'irectional diagram
The ra"iation intensity is relate" to ra"iation "irection. I* the relationship $etween the
two is "rawn accor"ing to relative scale8 it is an antenna "irectional "iagram8 or
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ra"iation "iagram.
Three relative scales are availa$le *or "rawing a "irectional "iagram. They areA
?inearity 9power "irectional "iagram:
(;,are root 9*iel" strength "iagram:
/eci$el
The "eci$el scale is more o*ten ,se" among the three8 $eca,se it e2presses the si"e
lo$e level in a simpler way.
The antenna "irectional "iagram is space soli" *ig,re8 $,t the one in common ,se is a
"irectional "iagram within two principle planes perpen"ic,lar to each other8 known as
plane "irectional "iagram. 0or the linear antenna8 since the gro,n" e**ect is great8 it
a"opts the vertical plane an" hori7ontal plane as its principle plane. 0or the plane
antenna8 it a"opts two principles planes8 namely8 D plane an" - plane.
Dssentially8 the "ipole arrangement an" the change o* the *ee"ing phase o* each
"ipole work together to "etermine antenna "irection8 an" the principle o* which is
similar to that o* the light inter*erence e**ect. There*ore8 the energy in some "irections
is ampli*ie"8 $,t the energy in other "irections is weakene". In this case8 lo$es 9or
$eams: an" 7ero points are *orme". The lo$e with the *,llest energy is the maEor lo$e.
The lo$e with the secon" *,llest energy lo$e is the *irst si"e lo$e8 an" so on. 0or the
"irectional antenna8 it has a $ack lo$e.
0ig,re 1.1 shows a hori7ontal plane an" a vertical plane o* a "irectional antenna.
Figre 1.1 /irectional "iagram o* the "irectional antenna 9hori7ontal plane an"
vertical plane:
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Ta$le 1.1 list the parameters relate" to the antenna "irectional "iagram.
Table 1.1 Parameters relate" to the antenna "irectional "iagram
Parameter /escription
Fero
power
point lo$e
wi"th
It re*ers to the incl,"e" angle
$etween the 7ero ra"iation
"irections on $oth si"es o* the
ma2im,m maEor lo$e.
-al*
power
point lo$e
wi"th
It re*ers to the incl,"e" angle a*ter
the ma2im,m electrical *iel" *alls $y
..%.% points 9i* power *alls $y hal*8
the gain *alls $y 3"B:.
It is "ivi"e" into two typesA
hori7ontal hal* power point lo$e
wi"th an" vertical hal* power lo$e
wi"th.
(i"e lo$e
s,ppressi
on ratio
It re*ers to the ratio o* the ma2im,m
maEor lo$e to the ma2im,m si"e
lo$e.
0ront>to>
$ack ratio
4
Dlectric tilt
angle
4
&&&. $olari(ation
Polari7ation is a ra"iation *eat,re "escri$ing the space "irection *or the *iel" strength
vector o* electromagnetic wave. 5enerally8 the space "irection o* the *iel" strength
vector works as the polari7ation "irection o* the electromagnetic wave.
The electromagnetic wave with the space "irection o* the electric *iel" vector
,nchange" at any time is calle" straight line polari7e" wave. I* the lan" is taken as a
re*erence8 the "irection o* the electric *iel" vector parallel to the lan" is calle"
hori7ontal polari7e" wave< the "irection o* the electric *iel" vector perpen"ic,lar to the
lan" is calle" vertical polari7e" wave. The space "irection o* the electric *iel" vector is
changea$le. I* the trace o* the electric *iel" vector en" is a circle8 the electromagnetic
wave is calle" circ,lar polari7e" wave< i* the trace is an ellipse8 the electromagnetic
wave is calle" ellipse polari7e" wave. Both the circ,lar polari7e" wave an" ellipse
have a *eat,re8 which is rotating phase.
The electromagnetic waves o* "i**erent $an"s are transmitte" $y "i**erent polari7ation
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mo"es. 5enerally8 the vertical polari7ation is ,se" in mo$ile comm,nication< the
hori7ontal polari7ation is ,se" in $roa"casting systems< an" the ellipse polari7ation is
,se" in satellite comm,nication.
The 5(6 antenna can $e "ivi"e" into two types8 namely8 single polari7ation antenna
an" ",al polari7ation antenna. With the help o* polari7ation "iversity technology8 a
",al polari7ation antenna can promise BT( to receive goo" signals thro,gh re",cing
the m,lti>path e**ect in mo$ile comm,nication. Two speci*ications8 .G='.G an" 4!G
are availa$le to the ",al polari7ation antenna. Beca,se 5(6 $an"s are more
*avora$le to the hori7ontal polari7e" wave than to the vertical polari7e" wave8 the
.G='.G cross polari7ation antenna is sel"om ,se" at present.
&). Antenna tilt
Antenna tilt is commonly ,se" to enhance the signal level *or the serving cell an"
re",ces the signal inter*erence on other cells. Ta$le 1.1 lists the antenna tilt type an"
relate" "escriptions.
Table 1.1
Antenna type /escription
6echanical tilt It is set $y lowering the antenna to a re;,ire" position
thro,gh a"E,sting antenna mo,nt.
Dlectrical tilt It is controlle" $y changing the phase o* antenna "ipole.
Note:
In actual project implementation, electrical tilt and mechanical tilt can be used
together to control the antenna tilt angle.
The tilt angel o* an electrical tilt antenna is *i2e"8 known as preset tilt. The latest
technology ena$les an electrical tilt antenna to a"E,st its tilt angles8 an" this kin" o*
electrical tilt antenna is calle" electrical a"E,stment antenna.
). )oltage standing wave ratio *)S"+,
0or @(W# o* the $ase station antenna in a mo$ile comm,nication cell,lar system8 its
ma2im,m val,e m,st $e e;,al to or less than 1.!A1. I*
Z
A stan"s *or antenna inp,t
impe"ance8 an"
Z
0 stan"s *or antenna stan"ar" characteristic impe"ance8 the
re*lection coe**icient isA
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=
Z
A
Z0
Z
A
+Z0
, VSWR =
1+
1
8 where
Z
0
is !. ohm. The ret,rn loss can also
in"icate the match characteristic o* the port8 that is8 R.L.(dB) = 20 lg lg i* @(W# H
1.!A1 an" #.?. H >13.'&"B.
When antenna inp,t impe"ance is inconsistent with its characteristic impe"ance8 the
re*lection wave an" inci"ent wave will overlap on *ee"er ca$le to *orm stan"ing wave.
The ratio o* the ma2im,m to minim,m val,e o* neigh$or is the @(W#.
I* the ratio is too large8 the ra"iation power will $e re",ce" $eca,se part o* the power
transmitte" into the antenna is re*lecte" $ack to the power ampli*ier. 0,rthermore8 the
ca$le loss is meas,re" when @(W#H1 9it means *,ll match:8 so the re*lection power
increases the ca$le loss. In a""ition8 the transmitter o,tp,t power cannot reach the
"esigne" rate" val,e.
The *actors in the previo,s paragraph will "ecrease coverage area. 6oreover8 the
re*lection power will ret,rn to the power ampli*ier o* the transmitter. I* the power is too
high8 it will "amage the power t,$e. In this case8 the comm,nication system cannot
work normally.
At present8 however8 the transmitter o,tp,t power can reach the rate" power ,n"er
certain mismatch con"itions 9*or e2ample8 when @(W# I 1.% or 2..:. #elate"
calc,lation shows that compare" with the power loss when @(W# H 1.38 the power
loss is "ecrease" $y only ..23"B when @(W#H1.!8 which can $e neglecte"
accor"ing to mo$ile comm,nication *a"ing. I* the @(W# is too low8 however8 it will
increase antenna man,*act,ring cost. There*ore8 the $alance $etween the cost an"
@(W# m,st $e emphasi7e".
)&. Front-to-bac# ratio *F.!,
The "i**erence $etween the level o* the si"e lo$es within $ack 1&.J3. an" the
ma2im,m $eam is in"icate" $y positive val,e. 5enerally8 the antenna *ront>to>$ack
ratio ranges *rom 1& "B to 4!"B. 0or "ensely pop,late" areas8 to re",ce the
inter*erence generate" $y $ack lo$es8 the antenna with greater *ront>to>$ack ratio
sho,l" $e ,se".
)&&. $ort isolation
0or the antenna with m,ltiple ports8 s,ch as ",al polari7ation antenna an" ",al>$an"
",al polari7ation antenna8 the isolation $etween the ports *or $oth transmission an"
reception m,st $e greater than 3."B.
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)&&&. $ower capacity
Power capacity re*ers to the average power capacity. The antenna contains co,pling
"evices8 s,ch as match8 $alance8 an" phase shi*t8 so the power it can $ear is limite".
(,ppose the power o* a single carrier is 2.W8 i* one antenna port can inp,t ,p a
ma2im,m o* si2 carriers8 the total inp,t power o* the antenna is 12.W. There*ore8 the
power capacity o* the antenna single port m,st $e greater than 2..W when
environmental temperat,re is )! "egree elsi,s.
&/. 0ero point filling
To make the ra"iation level within service areas more even8 the *irst 7ero point o* the
lower si"e lo$e nee"s to $e *ille" $y ,sing the shape">$eam "esign. 5enerally8 when
the 7ero "epth is >2."B greater than the main $eam8 it means that the 7ero point
*illing is present in antenna.
It is recommen"e" that the 7ero point *illing technology sho,l" $e applie" to high gain
antennas with great height 9*or e2ample8 the antenna height is 1.. meters: to improve
near$y coverage an" avoi" the ,ne;,al coverage ca,se" $y signal *l,ct,ation.
/. 1pper side lobe sppression
0or a cell,lar system8 to re",ce the inter*erence $etween neigh$or cells8 the $ase
station antenna sho,l" re",ce the si"e lo$es aiming at the inter*erence cells. In this
case8 the ,pper si"e lo$e s,ppression ratio can $e enhance" an" the ratio o* gar$age
signals to ,se*,l signal 9/=+: o* the coverage area is improve". The level o* the *irst
,pper lo$e m,st $e smaller than >1&"B relative to the ma2im,m gain o* the maEor
lo$e. There is no s,ch re;,irement *or the antenna o* macro cell $ase station.
/&. Antenna inot interface
To improve the relia$ility o* passive intermo",lation an" #0 connection8 the inp,t
inter*ace o* $ase station antenna a"opts %=1)/I3>0emale. Be*ore the antenna is
availa$le8 a cover m,st $e installe" at the antenna port to prevent o2i"e an"
contamination.
/&&. $assive intermodlation *$&2,
It is the inermo",lation e**ect ca,se" $y the non>linearity present in the passive
components8 s,ch as connector8 antenna8 *ee"er8 an" *ilter8 working ,n"er high power
signals o* m,ltiple carriers.
5enerally8 it is grante" that passive components are o* linearity. +n"er high power
con"ition8 nonlinearity is present in passive components to some e2tent mainly ",e to
the *ollowing ca,sesA
6etals o* "i**erent materials are contacte" together.
The contact s,r*ace o* the same materials is ro,gh.
The components are not tightly connecte".
6agnetic s,$stances are present.

Intermo",lation pro",cts will "ist,r$ the comm,nication system< especially the
intermo",lation pro",cts *alling within the receiving $an" have a remarka$le negative
e**ect on the system receptivity. There*ore8 the re;,irements on the passive
components8 s,ch as the connector8 *ee"er8 antenna8 are strict in a 5(6 system.
5enerally8 the val,e o* the antenna passive intermo",lation in"e2 m,st reach
>1!."Bc.
/&&&. Antenna si(e and weight
I* all electric in"icators are met8 the antenna sho,l" $e as small as possi$le in si7e
an" as light as possi$le in weight *or storage8 transport8 installation8 an" sec,rity
p,rposes.
3ow carriers have higher re;,irements on antenna si7e8 weight8 an" shape.
There*ore8 $oth technical in"icators an" the previo,s non>technical *actors m,st $e
emphasi7e" in antenna selection. 5enerally8 the antenna installe" in ,r$an area
sho,l" $e small8 light8 an" eye catching.
/&). "ind loading
The $ase station antenna m,st $e installe" on the top o* high $,il"ings an" towers. In
coastal areas8 where the win" is strong all the year aro,n"8 so it is re;,ire" that the
antenna can work normally against the win" at the spee" o* 3)m=s an" are not
"amage" when the win" spee" reaches !!m=s.
The antenna itsel* can stan" strong win". In areas where the win" is strong8 the
antenna is "amage" mainly $eca,se the tower or the s,pporting $ar is "amage".
/). "or# temperatire and hmidity
The $ase station antenna works normally when environment temperat,re ranges
>4. to K)! an" environmental relative h,mi"ity ranges *rom . to 1..L.
/)&. 3ightning protection
All #0 inp,t ports o* the $ase station antenna are re;,ire" to $e "irectly gro,n"e"
thro,gh "irect c,rrent.
/)&&. 4Three proof5 capability
The $ase station antenna m,st have Bthree proo*C capa$ility8 that is8 moist,re proo*8
salt atmosphere proo*8 an" mil"ew proo*. 0or the omni antenna8 it can $e installe" in
reverse "irection accor"ing to installation instr,ctions an" the Bthree proo*C
re;,irements.
4.2.4 Antenna diversity
&. 'iversity featres
(ignal *a"ing in mo$ile ra"io environment will give rise to serio,s pro$lems. With the
movement o* the mo$ile station8 the #aleigh *a"ing varies rapi"ly with signal
instantaneo,s val,e8 while the logarithm normal *a"ing varies with signal average
val,e 9me"ian val,e:. The two val,es will "eteriorate receiving signals greatly8 so they
are the main *actors that attri$,te" to ,nsta$le receiving signal in mo$ile
comm,nication.
Tho,gh signal sta$ility can $e improve" thro,gh increasing transmitting power8
antenna si7e an" height8 s,ch metho"s cost m,ch in mo$ile comm,nication8 an" they
are sometimes *ar $eyon" reality.
This pro$lem can $e solve"8 however8 with the help o* "iversity technology. The
"iversity technology ena$les antenna to receive the signals with little "epen"encies
$,t carrying the same in*ormation on several tri$,taries. A*ter that8 the antenna
com$ines the signals *rom each tri$,tary an" o,tp,t the com$ine" signal. In this
case8 the "eep *a"ing pro$a$ility can $e greatly re",ce" at the receiving en".
5enerally8 "iversity technology is applie" at $ase station si"e.
The "iversity can $e "ivi"e" into two types8 namely8 e2plicit "iversity an" implicit
"iversity. The implicit "iversity implies the "iversity *,nction in the signals to $e
transmitte" thro,gh signal processing technologies8 s,ch as #A1D receiving
technology8 channel interleaving technology8 anti>*a"ing error correction technology8
an" so on8 $,t only the e2plicit "iversity technology is intro",ce" here,n"er. The
e2plicit "iversity can also $e "ivi"e" into two types8 namely8 $ase station e2plicit
"iversity an" common e2plicit "iversity.
Accor"ing to $ase station e2plicit "iversity8 several $ase stations "istri$,te" in space
*,lly or partially cover the same area. Beca,se m,ltiple signals are availa$le8 the
e**ect o* signal *a"ing can $e greatly re",ce". Beca,se electric waves are transmitte"
on "i**erent paths an" the sha"ow e**ect o* lan"*orms an" gro,n" o$Eects varies8 the
m,ltiple slow *a"ing signals transmitte" via in"epen"ent *a"ing paths are irrelevant to
each other.
Beca,se each signal is not likely to ,n"ergo "eep *a"ing sim,ltaneo,sly8 i* the
"iversity com$ination is ,se" to select the tri$,tary with the $est signal>to>noise ratio
*rom all tri$,taries8 namely8 the $ase station an" mo$ile station with the $est signal
are selecte" to esta$lish the comm,nication8 the sha"ow e**ect an" other geographic
e**ect can $e ease". There*ore8 $ase station e2plicit "iversity is also calle" m,ltiple
$ase station "iversity.
5enerally8 the e2plicit "iversity is ,se" *or s,ppressing #aleigh *a"ing. The
s,ppression ways incl,"eA
Tra"itional space "iversity
0re;,ency "iversity
Polari7ation "iversity
/irection "iversity
Time "iversity
0iel" component "iversity

I* the space "iversity8 polari7ation "iversity8 an" "irection "iversity are ,se"8 at least
two set o* receiving antennas are nee"e" at the "iversity receiving si"e< i* the
*re;,ency "iversity8 *iel" component "iversity8 an" time "iversity are ,se"8 only one
set o* receiving antenna is eno,gh.
The e2plicit "iversity8 however8 improves the ,plink signal ;,ality only. 0or the mo$ile
station is restricte" in terms o* si7e8 price8 an" $attery capacity8 an" so on8 the space
"iversity o* m,ltiple antenna cannot $e reali7e".
To improve the transmitting ;,ality o* "ownlink signals8 yo, can employ the reciprocity
principle *or linear system to e;,ally shi*t the "iversity technology o* the mo$ile station
receiving en" to $ase station transmitting en". An" this technology is calle" transmit
"iversity technology.
0or the transmit "iversity technology8 one pro$lem is present. That is8 the reciprocity
principle is applica$le only when a mo$ile channel is simpli*ie" to an appro2imately
linear time>variant system. 6oreover8 when the reciprocity principle *or reception an"
transmission o* the linear system is applica$le8 the signals m,st $e transmitte" an"
receive" on the same $an" so that the *a"ing *eat,res o* the signals are the same.
In *act8 *re;,ency "ivision ",ple2 90//: are more o*ten ,se" in a mo$ile
comm,nication system8 where the interval $etween reception an" transmission is *ar
greater than coherence $an"wi"th. To prevent 0// *rom "eteriorating the transmit
"iversity8 yo, can reali7e the transmit "iversity thro,gh controlling the close" loop.
In 358 the transmit technology is wi"ely ,se".
&&. 'iversity and synthesis
The relevant coe**icients $etween the ;,antity o* the "iversity tri$,taries an" the
receiving "iversity "etermine "iversity *eat,res. I* the relevant coe**icients o* each
tri$,tary are i"entical8 vario,s "iversity sol,tions can reali7e the same relevant
per*ormances. In a""ition8 we m,st consi"er how to synthesi7e the m,ltiple signals
receive" thro,gh the "iversity technology $eca,se proper synthetic technology can
$ring *orth "esira$le per*ormance.
0or e2ample8 i* the M m,ltiple "iversity is a"opte"8 the M signals $e*ore synthesis are
S
1
(
t
)
, S
2
(
t
)
, ...S
q
(
t
)
. Beca,se the synthesis can $e per*orme" at the $ase$an" o,tp,t
en" $etween each "iversity antenna an" receiver an" $ehin" the interme"iate
*re;,ency o,tp,t en" o* the receiver an" the "etection8 the S
i
(t)
here can $e
,n"erstoo" as a general *orm o* the high *re;,ency signal8 interme"iate *re;,ency
signal an" $ase$an" signal. The synthesis concerns how to com$ine an" s,m ,p the
S
i
(t)
. The synthesi7e" signal is e2presse" as *ollowsA
S
(
t
)
= k
1
S
1
(
t
)
+ k
2
S
2
(
t
)
+ ... + k
q
S
q
(
t
)
Where
k
1
, k
2
, ..., k
q in"icates weighting coe**icient. I* "i**erent weighting coe**icients are
selecte"8 "i**erent synthesis metho"s are pro",ce".
The *o,r synthetic techni;,es commonly ,se" are as *ollowsA
6a2im,m ratio compo,n" 96#:
D;,al gain compo,n" 9D5:
(elective compo,n" 9(D:
(witch compo,n" 9(W:

Where the 6# is "e*ine" as *ollowsA
A*ter weighting the voltage amplit,"e o* the ,se*,l signals8 per*orm relevant synthesis
*or the signals an" non>relevant synthesis *or noise power. When the weighting
coe**icient is e;,al to the signal>to>noise ratio o* each signal8 the ma2im,m
synthesi7e" signal>to>noise ratio o* the synthesi7e" signals is e;,al to the s,m o* the
signal>to>noise ratio o* each tri$,tary signal. In this case8 the 6# is present.
0or the "etails o* the previo,s synthesis technologies8 they are not intro",ce" in this
te2t$ook. In mo$ile comm,nication8 the space "iversity an" polari7ation "iversity are
commonly ,se". The "iversity gain "esigne" in a proEect in a$o,t 3.!"B. The
*ollowing three sections intro",ce the space "iversity an" polari7ation "iversity in
"etail.
&&&. Space diversity
It is per*orme" ,sing the ran"om change o* the *iel" intensity in space. In mo$ile
comm,nication8 any space change will res,lt in great change o* the *iel" intensity. The
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larger the space "istance8 the less relevance o* the signals transmitte" on m,lti>paths
is an" the less likely *or the "eep *a"ing to occ,r sim,ltaneo,sly8 so the space
technology can re",ce the e**ect o* the "eep *a"ing to the minim,m. 0or this p,rpose8
the antenna space "istance m,st $e "etermine". 5enerally8 the space "istance
$etween two receiving antennas ranges *rom 12N to 1&N.
In act,al proEect implementation8 the hori7ontal "istance $etween "iversity antennas
sho,l" $e ..11 times higher than the vali" height o* the antenna. I* is ,se" to
in"icate this parameter8 the relationship $etween an" the act,al antenna height 9h:
is
=
h
D
. 0or antennas place" hori7ontally8 when
O 1.8 two signal can $e irrelevant

to each other. 0or e2ample8 i* the antenna is 3. meters in height8 a goo" space
"iversity gain can $e o$taine" when the antenna "istance is a$o,t 3 meters.
&). $olari(ation diversity
At present8 ",al polari7ation antenna is wi"ely ,se" in act,al proEects. Theoretically8
$eca,se the me"i,m "oes not give rise to co,pling e**ect8 no m,t,al inter*erence is
present when a *re;,ency carries the signal with two polari7ation mo"es. In act,al
mo$ile comm,nication8 however8 the co,pling e**ect is always present. This means
that a*ter the signals are transmitte" via mo$ile ra"io me"i,ms8 the energy o* the
vertical polari7e" wave will leak into the hori7ontal wave8 an" vice versa. ompare"
with the amo,nt o* the main energy8 however8 the amo,nt o* the leake" energy is
little. There*ore8 goo" "iversity gain can still $e o$taine" with the help o* polari7ation
"iversity.
Beca,se the e**ect o* the 4! polari7ation antenna is $etter than that o* the .='.
polari7ation antenna8 the comm,nication networks now mainly ,se the 4!
polari7ation antenna. The greatest a"vantage o* the polari7ation antenna is that one
set o* polari7ation antenna can meet the re;,irements8 th,s re",cing the installation
cost.
). Comparison between space diversity and polari(ation diversity
The greatest a"vantage o* the polari7ation "iversity is to save installation space. 0or
the space "iversity8 it is reali7e" $y two set o* receiving antennas with a certain
"istance. 0or the polari7ation "iversity8 however8 it can $e reali7e" $y only one set o*
antenna8 which contains two gro,ps o* "ipoles.
When the transmitting antenna o* the mo$ile station "eclines8 the polari7ation
"iversity o$tains $etter relevant statistics than the space "iversity. Apart *rom some
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special per*ormances o* space "iversity antenna the polari7ation "iversity antenna
has8 the polari7ation "iversity antenna is a**ecte" $y the local ra"io transmitting or
scattering.
The environment meas,rement per*orme" in ,r$an area shows that the "iversity gain
o* a 4! ",al polari7ation antenna e;,als the space "iversity gain8 $,t the "iversity
gain o* a .='. ",al polari7ation is 1"B lower than the space "iversity gain. In the
open areas8 s,ch as s,$,r$an areas8 the "iversity gain nee"s to $e *,rther meas,re".
In a""ition8 any gro,p o* "ipoles o* the 4! ",al polari7ation "iversity antennas can
transmit signals8 $,t only the vertical polari7e" "ipoles o* the .='. ",al polari7e"
antenna can transmit signals.
4.2.6 +elationship between antenna lobe width and antenna gain
One *,nction o* the antenna is concentrating energy8 so i* the ra"iation intensity in
some "irection is strong< the ra"iation intensity in other "irection is weak. 5enerally8
the ra"iation intensity in a "irection can $e enhance" thro,gh re",cing the wi"th o*
the lo$es on the hori7ontal plane. When the antenna gain is certain8 the antenna
hori7ontal hal* power angle is reversely proportional to the vertical hal* power angle8
an" the relationship $etween the two is as *ollowsA

32400
log 10
a
G
Where8
5a is antenna gain8 in the ,nit o* "Bi.
is vertical hal* power angle8 in the ,nit o* "egree.
is hori7ontal hal* power angle8 in the ,nit o* the "egree.

Accor"ing to the *orm,la8 when the gain an" hori7ontal hal* power angle is known8 the
vertical hal* power angle can $e o$taine".
0or e2ample8 there is an omni antenna. I* the antenna gain is 11"Bi8 an" the
hori7ontal hal* power angle is 3).G8 the vertical hal* power angle is
=
15 . 7
10 360
32400
10 / 11
.
/,e to the "i**erence o* antenna "esign an" man,*act,ring8 slight "i**erence is
present *or the vertical hal* power angle o* the act,al omni antenna. An" s,ch
"i**erence is "etermine" $y the *oc,s an" implementation ways o* the electrical
"esign.
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0ig,re 1.1 shows the relationship o* the antenna gain8 vertical hal* power angle an"
hori7ontal hal* power angle.
Figre 1.1 #elationship o* the antenna gain8 vertical hal* power angle an" hori7ontal
hal* power angle.
As shown in 0ig,re 1.18 when the antenna gain is small8 the vertical hal* power angle
an" hori7ontal hal* power angle are large< when the antenna gain is large8 the vertical
hal* power angle an" hori7ontal hal* power angle are small.
In a""ition8 the antenna gain "epen"s on "ipole ;,antity. The larger the "ipole
;,antity8 the larger the antenna gain is8 an" the larger the antenna apert,re 9e**ective
antenna receiving area: is. 0or e2ample8 *or a '..6-7 omni antenna8 i* the antenna
gain increases $y 3"B8 the antenna length "o,$les. 5enerally8 there*ore8 the gain o*
the omni antenna "oes not e2cee" 11"Bi8 an" the antenna length now is a$o,t 3
meters.
4.% Antenna Tilt $lanning
In cell,lar comm,nication8 coverage theory8 *re;,ency m,ltiple2ing theory an" B((
*,nctional algorithm are all $ase" on reg,lar cell,lar layo,t. The "esign o* proEect
!=1!=2.14 All rights reserve" Page1& o* !4
parameters is the main *actor that a**ects the cell,lar layo,t in ra"io network planning.
In a wireless network system8 the macro>BT( layo,t an" the act,al location o* each
$ase station8 antenna height8 lo$e wi"th8 "irection8 tilt angle8 an" DI#P together *orm
a speci*ic cell,lar network.
5enerally8 the per*ormance in"e2es o* the antenna itsel* are selecte" accor"ing to the
ra"io networking characteristics8 s,ch as the $ase station "ensity an" macro
coverage goal. Once the location o* a $ase station is "etermine"8 it sel"om changes.
0or the antenna height8 "irection an" tilt angle8 however8 they are *inally "etermine"
accor"ing to the parameters speci*ie" previo,sly an" the act,al coverage goal o* a
cell.
-ere,n"er is the analysis o* the relationship among antenna height8 "irection8 tilt
angle8 an" coverage goal 9s,ppose that the cell ra"i,s is #:8 an" the antenna tilt
angel is *inally recommen"e" accor"ing to this analysis. The propagation o* ra"io
signals is closely relate" to the environment. 0or e2ample8 "ense $,il"ings an" the
re*lection ca,se" $y mo,ntains8 water s,r*ace8 or h,ge glass walls will a**ect ra"io
propagation. There*ore8 it is not necessarily that all the environments are *avora$le to
ra"io propagation. -owever8 the reg,larity o* cell,lar str,ct,re an" the coverage area
an" goal o* a cell are the *o,n"ation *or a goo" network8 so they m,st $e care*,lly
consi"ere" ",ring network planning.
4.%.1 Antenna Tilt design
The *ollowing *actors m,st $e consi"ere" in antenna tilt "esignA
Antenna height
A7im,th angle
Antenna gain
@ertical hal* power angle
D2pecte" coverage area

0or the $ase stations "istri$,te" in ,r$an areas8 when the antenna has no tilt angle or
the angle is very small8 the serving area o* each cell is "etermine" $y the antenna
height8 a7im,th angle8 antenna gain8 transmit power8 lan"*orms an" gro,n" o$Eects.
In this case8 the coverage ra"i,s can $e calc,late" $y the commonly>,se"
propagation mo",le *orm,las8 s,ch as Ok,m,ra>-ata an" O(T231.When the tilt
angle o* the antenna is large8 the coverage ra"i,s cannot $e calc,late" o,t $eca,se
the angle is not consi"ere" in the previo,s *orm,las. I* acc,rate propagation mo",le
an" "igital map are provi"e"8 however8 the coverage ra"i,s can $e calc,late" o,t $y
planning so*tware. In this case8 the antenna vertical hal* power angle an" tilt angle
helps to calc,late the coverage ra"i,s "irectly $ase" on the triangle geometry *orm,la
as *ollowsA
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I* the nee"e" coverage ra"i,s is / 9m:8 the antenna height is - 9m:8 the tilt angle is
8 an" the vertical hal* power angle is8 the relationship $etween the $eams o* the
maEor antenna lo$e an" the gro,n" is shown in 0ig,re 1.1.
Figre 1.1 #elationship $etween the $eams o* the maEor antenna lo$e an" the
gro,n"
As shown in this *ig,re8 when the antenna tilt is . "egrees8 the $eams o* the maEor
antenna lo$e8 or the maEor energy8 ra"iate hori7ontally< when the antenna tilt angle is
8 the e2tension line o* the maEor lo$e an" the gro,n" will ,ltimately intersect at one
point 9point A:. Beca,se a $eam wi"th is present in the vertical "irection *or the
antenna8 intense ra"iation is present in the area *orm point A to point B.
Accor"ing to the technical per*ormance o* the antenna8 the antenna gain "ecreases
slowly within hal* power angle8 $,t it "ecreases sharply $eyon" the hal* power angle8
especially *or the ,pper lo$e. There*ore8 when the antenna tilt angle is consi"ere"8
the scope $etween the e2tension line o* the hal* power angle to intersection point
9point B: can $e taken as the act,al coverage area o* the antenna.
Base" on the previo,s analysis an" the principles o* triangle geometry8 the
relationship $etween the antenna height8 tilt angle an" coverage "istance can $e
o$taine" as *ollowsA
= arctan arctan arctan arctan arctan arctan 9-=/: K =2
This *orm,la can calc,late the coverage "istance a*ter the a"E,stment *or tilt angle.
Act,al res,lts o* on>site optimi7ation proEects show that this *orm,la is o* great
signi*icance. -owever8 the application o* this *orm,la meets limite" con"itions. It can
$e applie" when the tilt angle is 1.! times greater than the hal* power angle8 an" the
"istance 9/: m,st $e less than the "istance calc,late" $y the previo,s *orm,la when
no tilt angle is present. 0or the wi"th o* vertical $eams in the previo,s *orm,la8 it is
provi"e" in the speci*ic antenna technical in"e2es.
0ig,re 1.2 shows the relationship $etween coverage "istance an" antenna tilt angle
when the vertical $eam wi"th o* the antenna is 1% "egrees. 9The antenna height is 4.
meters.:
Figre 1.2 #elationship $etween coverage "istance an" tilt angle 9The wi"th o* the
vertical $eam is 1% "egrees8 an" the antenna height is 4. meters.:
0ig,re 1.3 shows the relationship $etween coverage "istance an" antenna tilt angle
when the vertical $eam wi"th o* the antenna is ).! "egrees. 9The antenna height is
4. meters.:
Figre 1.% #elationship $etween coverage "istance an" tilt angle 9The wi"th o* the
vertical $eam is 1% "egrees8 an" the antenna height is 4. meters.:
The previo,s two *ig,res shows the relationship $etween the coverage "istance an"
the wi"th o* the antenna vertical $eams when antenna height an" tilt angle are
certain. The smaller the wi"th o* the vertical $eam8 the shorter the coverage "istance
is. There*ore8 i* the cross coverage are e**ectively controlle"8 the antennas with
smaller vertical $eam wi"th an" with the 7ero point *illing *,nction sho,l" $e selecte"
",ring the planning phase. In this case8 the cross inter*erence can $e controlle" an"
the in"oor coverage near the $ase station.
-owever8 i* the vertical $eam wi"th grows smaller8 the hori7ontal lo$e will grow wi"er
or the antenna gain will grows larger. In this case8 new cross inter*erence is ca,se"
an" the cross coverage area $etween neigh$or cells is too large. There*ore8 the
antennas o* me"i,m gain are o*ten selecte" in ,r$an areas. 0or e2ample8 i* the
antenna o* )! "egrees an" 1!"Bi is selecte" *or a 5(6 '..6-7 $ase station8 the
vertical $eam wi"th is a$o,t 13 "egrees to 1! "egrees.
7ote8
The a"E,stment o* the tilt angle can serve to control the cross coverage an" to
improve the in"oor coverage near the $ase station8 $,t the coverage *ar *rom the
$ase station will get worse.
4.%.2 Application
0or the p,rpose o* application an" necessary overlaps o* a"Eacent cells8 the "istance
9/: *rom the $ase station in pop,late" ,r$an areas to the target coverage area can $e
simpli*ie" as the "esigne" cell ra"i,s 9#:. The antenna height 9-: re*ers to the relative
height *rom the $ase station an" target coverage area. This te2t$ook intro",ces the
application o* antenna tilt planning in the areas similar to plains.
Antenna tilt can $e "ivi"e" into mechanical tilt an" electrical tilt8 an" their e**ect on
coverage is almost the same. Beca,se electrical tilt antennas are e2pensive8
mechanical antennas are more o*ten ,se". Dm,lation shows that i* the mechanical tilt
is greater than 1. "egrees8 the lo$es are "istorte"8 which will ca,se ,ne2pecte"
inter*erence against other cells. There*ore8 it is $etter to keep the mechanic tilt within
1. "egrees.
I* only *or the convenience o* controlling network ;,ality8 the a"aptation o* the
electrical a"E,stment antenna will win more a"vantages. Beca,se the electrical
a"E,stment antennas are e2pensive8 electrical antennas with a certain preset tilt angle
9*or e2ample8 ) "egrees to % "egrees: are more o*ten ,se" in act,al networking.
When the network nee"s to $e e2pan"e" an" optimi7e"8 the electrical tilt antenna
an" the mechanical tilt antenna work together to set the tilt angles greater than 1.
"egrees.
Accor"ing to the previo,s analysis an" in com$ination with the common antenna
height 92! meters to !. meters:8 the re*erence tilt angles can $e provi"e" *or the cells
whose ra"i,s is 2!. meters8 !.. meters8 &.. meters8 an" 1... meters in pop,late"
,r$an areas. The case is the same *or other sit,ations.
Ta$le 1.1 lists the re*erence tilt angles *or antennas in pop,late" ,r$an areas.
Table 1.1 #e*erence tilt angles *or antennas in pop,late" ,r$an areas
Antenna mo"el @ertical hal*
power angle
ell ra"i,s
#9m:
Antenna
height 9m:
Tilt angle
9"egree:
)! "egrees8 a gain o* 1! "Bi 1! 2.. 2! 1!
)! "egrees8 a gain o* 1! "Bi 1! 2.. 2! 13
)! "egrees8 a gain o* 1! "Bi 1! 2!. 3. 14
)! "egrees8 a gain o* 1! "Bi 1! 2!. 3! 1!
)! "egrees8 a gain o* 1! "Bi 1! 2!. 4. 1%
)! "egrees8 a gain o* 1! "Bi 1! !.. 2! 1.
)! "egrees8 a gain o* 1! "Bi 1! !.. 3. 11
)! "egrees8 a gain o* 1! "Bi 1! !.. 3! 12
)! "egrees8 a gain o* 1! "Bi 1! !.. 4. 12
)! "egrees8 a gain o* 1! "Bi 1! &.. 3. 1.
)! "egrees8 a gain o* 1! "Bi 1! 1... 3. 2
Accor"ing to the ta$le8 when the cell ra"i,s is small8 the coverage area cannot $e
e**ectively controlle" even thro,gh mechanically tilting the antenna. In this case8 the
coverage area can $e controlle" thro,gh lowering the antenna height only. I* it is har"
*or the antenna height to $e lowere"8 the antenna electrical tilt together with the
antenna mechanical tilt m,st $e ,se".
The previo,s metho"s *or calc,lating tilt angles are mainly applica$le *or the "ense
$ase station networking with the "istance within 12.. meters 9that is8 # H &.. meters:
$etween stations.
When the "istance *rom the $ase station to the coverage target is greater than &..
meters8 large area coverage is still $eing emphasi7e". In this case8 it is ,nnecessary
*or yo, to consi"er the e**ect o* the vertical hal* power angle when estimating the
antenna tilt angle. 5enerally8 the tilt angle now is 1 "egree to 4 "egrees. In special
cases8 s,ch as the $ase station has alrea"y $een installe" at a high position8 the tilt
angle may also $e large.
-owever8 $eca,se the environment aro,n" the $ase station is rather complicate"8 the
re*lection ca,se" the near$y mo,ntains8 water s,r*ace8 h,ge glass walls has an e**ect
on antenna tilt angle. The re*lection o* this kin" will easily ca,se ,ne2pecte"
inter*erence against the neigh$or *re;,encies an" time "ispersion e**ect. In a""ition8
the sha"ow e**ect ca,se" $y $,il"ing roo*s8 *ront "ense $,il"ings an" mo,ntains m,st
$e also consi"ere". In act,al networking8 however8 geographic environment8 s,ch as
the $arrier o* high $,il"ings an" mo,ntains8 aro,n" the $ase station can $e ,se" to
control coverage area.
When a network is implemente" in a pop,late" ,r$an area8 the maEor lo$e o* the
antenna cannot $e "irectly parallel to the street8 or Bwaveg,i"eC e**ect will easily
occ,r. In this case8 it is rather har" to prevent cross coverage. When a cell is re;,ire"
to cover the area a$ove the antenna height8 yo, can ,se a "irectional antenna an"
,pli*t this antenna.
When the antenna maEor lo$e tilts8 the e**ect o* the antenna $ack lo$es m,st $e also
consi"ere". 5enerally8 the *ront>to>$ack ratio o* the antenna is a$o,t only 2."B8 so
the $ack lo$es with strong signals will ca,se m,ch inter*erence against ,pper
coverage. As a res,lt8 it is recommen"e" that electrical tilt antennas sho,l" $e ,se"
in pop,late" ,r$an areas8 tho,gh "own tilt is still present in $ack lo$es. In a""ition8
the e**ect o* the ,pper si"e lo$e m,st also $e consi"ere".
5enerally8 the vertical hal* power angle o* an omni antenna is vertically symmetric
along the hori7ontal plane8 so it can work well regar"less that it is inversely installe"
or ,pwar"ly installe". In act,al proEect implementation8 however8 the vertical
"irectional "iagram o* a speci*ic omni antenna m,st $e consi"ere". I* electrical tilt is
availa$le8 care*,l consi"eration m,st $e given to inverse installation.
4.4 Antenna Selection
The antenna selection is a very important part in a mo$ile comm,nication network.
The antenna m,st $e selecte" accor"ing to the act,al con"itions8 s,ch as coverage
re;,irement8 tra**ic vol,me8 inter*erence8 an" the ;,ality o* service o* the network. A
proper antenna can enlarge coverage area8 re",ce inter*erence8 an" improve the
;,ality o* service.
Beca,se antenna selection is closely relate" to coverage re;,irement8 the antenna
application environment can $e "ivi"e" into *o,r types accor"ing to lan"*orms or
tra**ic "istri$,tion. They areA ,r$an area8 s,$,r$an area8 r,ral area8 an" highroa".
4.4.1 $roblems $resent in Antenna Selection
This section intro",ces the pro$lem present in antenna application *rom the *ollowing
perspectivesA
The antenna is selecte" only $ase" on the covere" tra**ic "istri$,tion8 $,t little
consi"eration is given to the relationship $etween lan"*orms an" antenna
"irectional "iagram. 0or e2ample8 i* all antennas ,se" in a network are o* the
same type8 when the antenna is installe" at a high position8 the phenomenon o*
P$lin" ,n"er towerC will $e present $eca,se the wi"th o* the $eams in vertical
plane is narrow.
Too large antenna mechanical tilt angle res,lts in the "istortion o* the "irectional
"iagram. In this case8 coverage pro$lem or inter*erence pro$lem will occ,r.
Dm,lation shows that the restrictions on tilt angles m,st vary in accor"ance with
the antennas with "i**erent gains.
Too m,ch attention is *oc,se" on the high gain per*ormance o* the antenna $,t
little attention is given to its "raw$acks. As a res,lt8 the gains o* almost all the
antennas ,se" in a network are ;,ite high. A high gain antenna has many
"raw$acks8 incl,"ing large si7e8 great weight8 high si"e lo$e8 "eep 7ero lo$e8
an" narrow vertical $eams.
3o consi"eration is given to the "i**erence $etween the vertical polari7ation

antenna an" ",al polari7ation antenna in terms o* application. The ",al
polari7ation antenna is selecte" *rom the perspective o* installation.
4.4.2 $rinciples for Selecting !ase Station Antenna in 1rban Areas
Base stations are "ensely "istri$,te" in ,r$an areas. There*ore8 it is re;,ire" that the
coverage area o* each $ase station is as small as possi$le so as to re",ce cross
coverage an" inter*erence among $ase stations8 an" enhance *re;,ency re,se rate
as well. In this case8 an antenna m,st meet the *ollowing re;,irements in principle.
&. Selection of antenna hori(ontal half power beam width
Beca,se a large n,m$er o* $ase stations are "istri$,te" in ,r$an areas8 overlapping
coverage an" *re;,ency inter*erence rises as serio,s pro$lems in a network. To
re",ce the overlapping areas o* neigh$or sectors an" the inter*erence $etween $ase
stations8 yo, can set the $eam wi"th o* the antenna hori7ontal hal* power to a smaller
val,e. 5enerally8 antennas whose hori7ontal hal* power $eam wi"th is )!G are
selecte"8 $,t antennas whose hori7ontal hal* power $eam wi"th is a$ove '.G are not
selecte".
&&. Selection of antenna gain
The $ase stations in ,r$an areas are not re;,ire" to cover a large area8 so the
antennas with me"i,m gain are recommen"e". Th,s the antenna vertical $eam can
$e wi"er8 which can improve the coverage ;,ality within the areas to $e covere". In
a""ition8 the si7e an" weight o* the antenna with me"i,m gain are small8 which is
help*,l *or installing the antenna an" re",cing cost. Accor"ing to present antenna
speci*ications8 antennas with a gain o* 1!"Bi 9'..6-7: an" 1!>1& "Bi 91&.. 6-7:
are recommen"e" in ,r$an areas.
0or the $ase stations on the o,tskirt o* a city8 i* it is re;,ire" to cover a large "istance8
yo, can select the antennas with higher gains8 s,ch as 1%"Bi an" 1&"Bi.
In principle8 when "esigning $ase station coverage in ,r$an areas8 yo, sho,l" select
the antennas with a *i2e" electrical tilt angle. The "egrees o* the electrical tilt angle
can $e set accor"ing to act,al con"itions 9the recommen"e" val,e is )G to 'G:.
In ,r$an areas8 to enhance *re;,ency re,se rate an" re",ce cross inter*erence8 yo,
can select the shape">$eame" antenna with the *irst ,pper si"e lo$e s,ppresse" an"
the lower si"e lo$e *ille".
Beca,se space restriction is present in the antenna installation in ,r$an areas8 the
",al polari7ation antenna is recommen"e". An" it is $etter to select the antenna with
a smaller si7e when the electrical speci*ications o* the antennas are the same or
nearly the same.
4.4.% $rinciples for Selecting !ase Station Antenna in Sbrban Areas
Beca,se the environment is s,$,r$an areas are largely "i**erent *rom that in ,r$an
areas8 antennas ,se" in s,$,r$an areas can $e selecte" accor"ing to the re;,ire"
coverage area. 5enerally8 in s,$,r$an areas8 an antenna can $e selecte" accor"ing
to the *ollowing principlesA
The antennas whose hori7ontal hal* power $eam wi"th is )!G or '.G can $e
selecte" accor"ing to act,al con"itions. I* $ase stations are sparsely "istri$,te"8
the antennas whose hori7ontal hal* power $eam wi"th is '.G is *irst consi"ere".
I* the $ase stations are "ensely "istri$,te"8 the antennas are selecte" $y
re*erring to the principles *or selecting $ase station antenna in ,r$an areas.
Omni antennas are not recommen"e" *or the p,rpose o* smooth e2pansion in
the *,t,re.
4.4.4 $rinciples for Selecting !ase Station Antenna in +ral Areas
In r,ral areas8 tra**ic vol,me is small an" $ase station are sparsely "istri$,te"8 so
some $ase stations are re;,ire" to cover a large area. In this case8 the antennas are
selecte" $ase" on the *ollowing principlesA
onsi"ering the constr,ction cost8 yo, are recommen"e" to select an omni

antenna *or the $ase stations whose coverage area is small an" tra**ic vol,me is
low. -owever8 $eca,se the gain o* the omni antenna is low8 the coverage o* an
omni antenna is shorter than that o* a "irectional antenna. When the $ase station
is re;,ire" to cover a long "istance8 the "irectional antenna m,st $e selecte" to
reali7e the coverage. 5enerally8 a high gain vertical polari7ation antenna whose
hori7ontal hal* power $eam wi"th is '.G is recommen"e".
One point nee"s to $e note". That is8 i* the $ase station antenna is installe" at a
high position8 $,t the area nee"s to $e covere" lies in a low location 9the
"epression angle is greater than !G:8 when an omni antenna is ,se"8 the kin"
with a preset tilt angle or with 7ero point *illing *,nction are recommen"e" to
improve the coverage ;,ality o* this area. In this case8 the phenomenon o* B$lin"
,n"er towerC an" the signal *l,ct,ation ca,se" $y ,neven coverage can $e
avoi"e".
4.4.6 $rinciples for Selecting !ase Station Antenna along 9ighroads
The principles *or selecting antennas along highroa"s are as *ollowsA
0or the $ase stations "esigne" to cover the areas along railways an" highroa"s8
a "irectional antenna with narrow $eams can $e selecte".
0or the $ase station "esigne" to cover the highroa"s an" the villages scattere"
aro,n" the highroa"s8 an omni antenna can $e selecte".
0or the $ase station "esigne" to cover highroa"s only8 an &>shape" antenna can
$e selecte"8 $eca,se the &>shape" antenna help reali7e the highroa" coverage
with only a *ew $ase stations.
0or the $ase station "esigne" to cover the highroa"s an" the towns on $oth
si"es o* the highroa"s8 the antenna whose hori7ontal hal* power $eam wi"th is
21.G can $e selecte" accor"ing to act,al con"itions. It is recommen"e" to give
the priority to the &>shape" antenna an" the 21.Gantenna *or highroa"s
coverage.
0ig,re 1.1 shows the application o* a 21.G antenna.
Figre 1.1 Application o* a 21.G antenna
0ig,re 1.2 shows the application o* an &>shape" antenna
Figre 1.2 Application o* an &>shape" antenna
4.4.: Other Considerations for Antenna Selection
Apart *rom the $asic principles *or selecting the antenna in "i**erent places are
provi"e" in the previo,s parts8 other *actors8 s,ch as system e2pansion an"
e;,ipment per*ormance8 m,st $e consi"ere" *or antenna selection.
-ere,n"er is an e2ampleA
I* the 21.G antenna an" ,se" to cover the highroa"s near$y a small town8 an" only a
cell is ,se" to promise the coverage re;,irements8 yo, sho,l" consi"er whether the
tra**ic o* this area will increase in the *,t,re an" whether to meet the e2pansion
re;,irements $y a""ing carriers. 5enerally8 once a carrier is a""e" to the $ase
station8 the com$iner loss will increase8 so the coverage "istance will "ecrease a*ter
the e2pansion. There*ore8 when selecting an antenna8 yo, sho,l" consi"er these
pro$lems $e*orehan" an" work o,t a goo" plan *or the selection o* antenna gain an"
$ase station type.
4.4.; Antenna Selection +eference
Ta$le 1.1 lists the antenna selection re*erences.
Table 1.1 Antenna selection re*erence
?an"*orm (tation type #e*erence
+r$an areas /irectional
station
5enerally8 select the antennas with low
or me"i,m gains an" preset electrical tilt
angle "epen"ing on $ase station "ensity.
An electrical a"E,stment antenna or
mechanical tilt angle can $e selecte".
(,$,r$an
areas
/irectional
station
5enerally8 select the antennas with high
gain< $oth electrical a"E,stment tilt
antenna an" mechanical tilt antenna are
ok.
Plains Q
#,ral areas
/irectional
station
5enerally8 select the '.G antennas< $,t
the $est choice is the vertical signal
polari7ation antennas.
/irectional
station
(elect the antennas with 7ero point *illing
*irst regar"less o* tilt angle.
D2pressways /irectional
station
0irst select the &>shape" antennas8 an"
then consi"er ,sing the power splitter o*
..!=..! con*ig,ration< it is pre*erre" to
have 7ero point *illing *,nction.
/irectional
station K Omni
station
0irst consi"er the 21.G antennas8 an"
then consi"er ,sing the "irectional
antenna an" omni antenna together.
6o,ntain
areas
Omni station 0irst consi"er the antennas with 7ero
point *illing *,nction8 an" then consi"er
the antennas with low gain< the antenna
tilt angel is consi"ere" last.
/irectional
station
0irst consi"er the antennas with low gain
an" wi"e vertical $eams8 an" then
consi"er a""ing tile angle.
4.6 Combiner and 'ivider 1nit
The *,nctions o* the com$iner an" "ivi"er ,nit incl,"eA
Transmitting an" receiving signals
om$ining an" *iltering transmitting signals
0iltering receiving signals
Ampli*ying an" "ivi"ing low noise
Provi"ing *ee"ing *ee"ers *or tower ampli*ication

There*ore8 the com$iner an" "ivi"er ,nit ena$les m,ltiple transmitting signals an"
receiving signals to share the same antenna ,nit.
4.6.1 $rinciples
The com$iner an" "ivi"ing ,nit has the *ollowing "etection an" alarm *,nctionsA
(tan"ing wave "etection

When it "etects that the stan"ing wave e2cee"s the preset threshol" 91.!A1 or
2.!A1:8 it gives o,t alarm signals an" in"ications8 th,s monitoring the *ee"er
stat,s.
?ow noise ampli*ier *a,lt alarm

I* *a,lt signals are taken *rom the s,pporting c,rrent o* the low noise ampli*ier8 it
generates alarm signals when the c,rrent e2cee"s a certain limit or no c,rrent is
generate".
Tower ampli*ication alarm

When the tower ampli*ier is working8 i* *a,lt signals are taken *rom the s,pporting
c,rrent o* the tower ampli*ier8 it generates alarm signals when the c,rrent
e2cee"s a certain limit or no c,rrent is generate".
ontrol *,nction
It can control the power atten,ation over the maEor reception path an" the
"iversity reception paths 9the "ynamic is 1! "B an" step length is 1 "B:< it can
"rop o,t the *ee"er *or the tower ampli*ication con*ig,ration< an" it can select the
*ee" c,rrent *or "i**erent tower ampli*iers.
Take -,awei e;,ipment *or e2ample8 it can provi"e three mo",les *or the com$iner
an" "ivi"er ,nit. They are /+8 (+8 an" D/+.
The schematic "iagram o* /+ is shown in 0ig,re 1.1.
Figre 1.1 (chematic "iagram o* /+
The schematic "iagram o* (+ is shown in 0ig,re 1.2.
Figre 1.2 (chematic "iagram o* (+
The schematic "iagram o* D/+ is shown in 0ig,re 1.3.
Figre 1.% (chematic "iagram o* D/+
The loss o* "i**erent com$iner an" "ivi"er ,nit varies8 an" it is con*ig,re" $ase" on
the con*ig,ration o* act,al station types. Theoretically8 the insertion loss is 3"B *or
each two>in>one com$ination< an" the ",ple2er insertion loss is a$o,t 1"B.
4.6.2 Configration of Combiner and 'ivider 1nit
This section takes -,awei e;,ipment as an e2ample to e2plain the con*ig,ration o*
vario,s com$iner an" "ivi"er ,nits. 0or "etails8 see Ta$le 1.1.
Table 1.1 on*ig,ration o* com$iner an" "ivi"er ,nit 9take -,awei e;,ipment as an
e2ample:
3,m$er o*
carriers *or
each cell
3ormal
con*ig,ration
plan
?arge
coverage
con*ig,ration
plan
#emark
% R & T#Ss 2 /+s K 2
(+s
> ?arge station< mainly
locate" in ,r$an areas<
sel"om applie" to large
coverage.
! > )T#Ss /+ K /+
K (+
/+ K /+ K
(+
Applica$le to large
coverage con*ig,ration
plans< it works when
com$ine" with -,awei
concentric circle
technology.
3 > 4T#Ss /+ K (+ 2 /+s >
1 > 2T#Ss /+ D/+ or 2
/+s
Applica$le to the sector
with no more than 2
carriers< it will $e
replace" ",ring system
e2pansion.
7ote8
The large converge plan is not implemente" thro,gh a""ing the n,m$er o* antennas
an" *ee"ers to a cell. In act,al networking8 accor"ing to the coverage an" capacity
re;,irements o* "i**erent $ase stations an" when the con"itions o* ,plink an"
"ownlink $alance are met8 yo, can per*orm the con*ig,ration *le2i$ly an" com$ine the
act,al B( so*tware algorithms to ena$le the coverage ;,ality to reach the $est. 0or
e2ample8 yo, can a"opt the con*ig,ration o* T*ee"er K ampli*ier 94.W8 ).W8 or &.W:U8
an" a"opts the concentric circle control technology applica$le to the sit,ation when
the coverage o* each carrier in a cell is inconsistent.
4.: Tower Amplifier
In terms o* technical principle8 a tower ampli*ier is ,se" to re",ce the noise coe**icient
o* the $ase station receiving system8 th,s improve the sensitivity o* the $ase station
receiving system.
The contri$,tion o* the tower ampli*ier to ,plinks is "isting,ishe" accor"ing to the low
noise ampli*ier per*ormance o* the tower ampli*ier itsel* $,t not accor"ing to its gain
only. I* a tower ampli*ier is installe"8 the ,plink an" "ownlink m,st $e mo"i*ie" an"
calc,late" accor"ing to the metho"s *or testing the tower ampli*ier sensitivity. In
a""ition8 the s,$ $an" tower ampli*ier or the all $an" tower ampli*ier sho,l" $e
selecte" accor"ing to "i**erent $an"s.
The tower ampli*ier in"e2es incl,"e $an"8 gain8 noise coe**icient8 insertion loss8 an"
so on.
4.!.2 I. 1Ta$le 1.1 shows the principles o* a triple2 tower ampli*ier. This tower
ampli*ier transmits an" receives signals ,sing one *ee"er8 an" the $ypass *,nction is
present. 9A,tomatic $ypass is present when *a,lts occ,r8 an" the receiving gain at
this time is a$o,t >2"B.:
Figre 1.1 Principles o* a triple2 tower ampli*ier
4.; Feeder
The *ee"er selection is rather important *or the whole "esign o* a cell,lar system.
Beca,se the *ee"er is e2pose" to o,t"oors8 it m,st stan" the ro,gh environments.
Both the *oam an" air can $e presse" into the *ee"er as ins,lation me"i,m. I* the air
is ,se" as the ins,lation me"i,m8 short circ,it can easily occ,r8 so the air is sel"om
,se".
&. Feeder selection
Two types o* *ee"ers are in common ,se8 namely8 %=&P *ee"er an" !=4P *ee"er. They
are selecte" as *ollowsA
0or 5(6 '..6-7

I* the re;,ire" *ee"er length is shorter than &. meters8 ,se the %=&P *ee"er<
otherwise ,se the !=4P *ee"er.
0or 5(6 1&.. 6-7

I* the re;,ire" *ee"er length is shorter than !. meters8 ,se the %=&P *ee"er<
otherwise ,se the !=4P *ee"er.
&&. Feeder technical inde<es
Table 1.1 Technical in"e2es *or *ee"ers in common ,se
0ee"er type 1..>meter atten,ation 9"B: (tan"ing
wave
9Any
length:
> &'.6-7 1...6-7 1%..6-7 2...6-7 >
(V0V>!.>22 9%=&P: 4..3 > !.&% ).4) 1.1!
?/0!>!.A 9%=&P: 4..3 4.3 !.&% ).4) 1.1!
?/0)>!. 9!=4P: 2.'& 3.1% 4.31 4.%% 1.1!
614%4A 9%=&P: > 4.3 > ).) 1.1!
-022/>A 9%=&P: > 4.4% > ).% 1.1!
0(W4>!.B 91=2P: 11.2 11.' 1).1 1%.% 1.1!
&&&. Feefer installation
The *ee"ers to $e selecte" m,st $e the shortest an" are easy *or installation an"
maintenance. The c,rvat,re o* the *ee"er m,st comply with the speci*ications
re;,ire" $y the man,*act,rers. When the *ee"er enters the e;,ipment room8 its
e2ternal con",ctor m,st $e well gro,n"e" regar"less o* the installation position o* the
antenna.
4.= 'istribted Antenna System
With the "evelopment o* the mo$ile comm,nication8 ,sers have higher re;,irements
on the ;,ality o* service. They hope they can make s,ccess*,l calls anywhere an"
anytime. In some places8 s,ch as in large $,il"ings8 t,nnels8 ,n"ergro,n" railways8
where the environments are rather complicate"8 only o,t"oor $ase stations cannot
promise the coverage8 which will res,lt in $lin" spots an" conversation $reak.
6oreover8 in some areas where high $,il"ings are "ensely "istri$,te"8 the strong
signals *rom $ase stations will ca,se *re;,ent 6( han"over 9ping pong e**ect: an"
remarka$le inter*erence. In this case8 the conversation may $e $roken.
To solve the previo,s pro$lems8 yo, can a"opt a "istri$,te" antenna system. With the
help o* the "istri$,te" antenna system8 the capacity o* a$,n"ant cells can $e
trans*erre" to other cells< th,s the system capacity is well allocate".
4.=.1 Composition $rinciple of a 'istribted Antenna System
0ig,re 1.1 shows the composition principle o* a "istri$,te" antenna system. In terms
o* *,nction8 it is e;,al to one set o* signal polari7ation antenna connecte" to a $ase
station.
Figre 1.1 omposition principle o* a "istri$,te" antenna system
As shown in this *ig,re8 the "ownlink signal *rom the $ase station *irst enters the
"istri$,te" antenna system thro,gh an inter*ace. Then the power splitter "ivi"es the
signal into several tri$,taries8 an" the en" o* each tri$,tary connects to a mini
antenna8 which has a certain coverage capacity. When a signal is not strong eno,gh8
the $ilateral ampli*ier ampli*ies the antenna gain. On the contrary8 the "ownlink
signals *orm each tri$,tary enters the $ase station thro,gh the mini antenna8 power
splitter8 an" $ilateral ampli*ier.
In this system8 signals can $e transmitte" an" "istri$,te" $y one o* the *ollowing
me"i,msA
oa2ial ca$le an" #0 power splitter
Optical transmission link
?eaky *ee"er
4.=.2 Types of 'istribted Antenna Systems
&. Coa<ial cable
The coa2ial ca$le "istri$,te" antenna system is o*ten ,se" *or in"oor coverage. The
"esign o* this type is *le2i$le8 the cost is e**ective an" the installation is convenient.
The atten,ation o* coa2ial ca$le is relatively small8 so the antenna selection "epen"s
on coverage area an" installation restrictions.
0ig,re 1.1 shows the coa2ial ca$le "istri$,te" antenna system
Figre 1.1 oa2ial ca$le "istri$,te" antenna system
&&. 3ea#y feeder
It is $etter to ,se leaky ca$le in narrow an" long coverage areas8 $,t loa" matching 9it
can $e either loa" or antenna: is re;,ire" at the en" o* the leaky *ee"er.
?eaky *ee"er looks like the contin,o,s transverse antenna8 so its coverage mainly
"epen"s on its ro,te. The coverage o* the leaky *ee"er is reali7e" $y the small
win"ows provi"e" on coa2ial ca$les8 $eca,se the signals are ra"iate" to the
coverage areas thro,gh these win"ows.
0ig,re 1.1 shows the leaky *ee"er "istri$,te" antenna system.
Figre 1.1 ?eaky *ee"er "istri$,te" antenna system
ompare" to other antenna systems8 the leaky *ee"er antenna system has the
*ollowing a"vantagesA
The possi$ility o* signal sha"ow an" $arrier is small. 0or e2ample8 i* a "istri$,te"
antenna is ,se" in a complicate" t,nnel8 the "istance $etween the mo$ile station
an" an antenna may $e $arre"< th,s the coverage cannot $e promise".
The signal *l,ct,ation is slight. I* the leaky *ee"er is ,se"8 the signal *l,ct,ation is
slight in complicate" environment.
The m,ltiple service coverage can $e provi"e". The leaky *ee"er ha" a wi"e
working $an"8 so several ra"io systems can share a leaky *ee"er. 0or e2ample8
some ra"io systems8 s,ch as paging system8 alarm system8 $roa"casting
system8 an" mo$ile phone system8 are o*ten ,se" in t,nnels8 $eca,se these
systems can share a leaky *ee"er8 the antenna installation is simpli*ie" greatly.
ompare" with the coa2ial ca$le8 $oth the e;,ipment cost an" installation
e2pen"it,re o* the leaky *ee"er are higher.
&&&. Optical fiber
The *i$er "istri$,te" antenna system can replace the coa2ial "istri$,te" antenna
system in some complicate" environments where the transmission "istance is large.
5enerally8 the *i$er "istri$,te" antenna system is more applica$le to the $ase station
"esigne" to cover ,n"ergro,n" areas s,ch as t,nnels8 $eca,se the space *or #0
*ee"er installation is rather limite".
0ig,re 1.1 shows the *i$er "istri$,te" antenna system. The *i$er "istri$,te" antenna
systems provi"e" $y "i**erent carriers may $e "i**erent.
Figre 1.1 0i$er "istri$,te" antenna system
The *i$er "istri$,te" antenna system has the *ollowing a"vantagesA
The n,m$er o* *ee"ers is small *or in"oor installation.
Thinner *ee"ers are applica$le.
Optical *i$ers can $e ,se" to re",ce electromagnetic inter*erence.
The "esign in complicate" network is more *le2i$le.

ompare" with the coa2ial *ee"er8 the transmission loss o* the *i$er is lower in a short
"istance8 $,t the cost is more an" it re;,ires local power an" a,tomatic "etection
e;,ipment.
&). Smmary
The comparison o* the previo,s three types o* "istri$,te" antenna system is
s,mmari7e" in Ta$le 1.1.
Table 1.1 omparison o* "istri$,te" antenna systems
Type A"vantage /isa"vantage
oa2ial ca$le 0le2i$le "esign
ost e**ective
#eali7a$le
5reat loss
?eaky *ee"er 0le2i$le "esign -igh cost
Optical *i$er
?ow loss
Dasily installe"
-igh cost
In*le2i$le "esign
Power re;,ire"
4.=.% >ey Technical &nde<es for Antenna Components
&. Two-in-one combiner *%d! mi<ed bridge,
Ta$le 1.1 lists the technical in"e2es *or the com$iner.
Table 1.1 Technical in"e2es *or a two>in>one com$iner
In"e2 5(6'..6-7 5(61&..6-7
Working $an" &'. R ').6-7 1%1. R 1&&.6-7
Port im$alance ..2!"B
Insertion loss 3.)"B
Port stan"ing wave 1.!"B
Power capacity 2.W
&&. ?@al power distribtor
The e;,al power "istri$,tor "istri$,tes the energy o* the $ase station to several
tri$,taries. 0or the p,rpose o* simpli*ying proEect "esign8 only two types o* e;,al
power "istri$,tor is ,se" in the system. 0or the technical in"e2es8 see Ta$le 1.1.
Table 1.1 Technical in"e2es *or an e;,al power "istri$,tor
In"e2 1>to>2 1>to>4
Working $an" &.. R 2!..6-7
Power "istri$,tion
ratio
1A1 1A1A1A1
Insertion loss 3.!"B ).!"B
Port stan"ing wave 1.!"B
onnector type 3X0emale

7ote8
The insertion loss in this ta$le incl,"es "istri$,tion loss.
&&&. $ower copler
The co,pler here re*ers to $ilateral co,pler8 or ,ne;,al power "istri$,tor. The co,pler
speci*ications m,st $e selecte" accor"ing to act,al proEect "esign. 0or the p,rposes
o* even coverage an" energy saving8 as more $ase station signals as possi$le m,st
$e "istri$,te" to each antenna as more as possi$le.
Ta$le 1.1 lists the technical in"e2es *or the %"B co,pler8 1."B co,pler8 an" 1!"B
co,pler.
Table 1.1 Technical in"e2es *or a power co,pler
In"e2es %"B
co,pler
1."B
co,pler
1!"B co,pler
Working $an" &.. R 2!..6-7
o,pling "egree %"B 1."B 1!"B
Insertion loss 1.2"B ..!"B ..3"B
Port stan"ing wave 1.!
onnector type 3X0emale
0or the small>si7e" in"oor coverage8 the three types o* co,plers in this ta$le can meet
the proEect "esign re;,irements. 0or large scale in"oor converge8 the tr,ck ampli*ier
m,st $e ,se".
&). &ndoor antenna
The antennas ,se" in the "istri$,te" antenna system are re;,ire" to have a low gain
an" eye>catching appearance. When selecting an in"oor antenna8 yo, sho,l" select
the wi"e$an" antenna an" consi"er whether it is possi$le *or m,ltiple systems to
share a "istri$,te" antenna system.
In t,nnels8 to enlarge coverage area as m,ch as possi$le8 yo, can ,se a "irectional
antenna along the t,nnel "irection. Two types o* antennas are availa$le. They are
$i"irectional antenna an" ,ni"irectional antenna.
In t,nnels8 the a"vantage o* the $i"irectional antenna is that it can cover the "istance
along the two "irections o* the t,nnel as compare" with the ,ni"irectional antenna i*
their gain is the same. I* yo, inten" to ,se two ,ni"irectional antennas to cover the
"istance along two "irections8 yo, sho,l" a"" a power splitter. There*ore8 the
$i"irectional antenna 9&>shape" antenna: is recommen"e": $eca,se this kin" o*
antenna is cost e**ective an" $rings no e2tra loss.
). Coa<ial connector
Beca,se the length o* the *ee"ers ,se" *or the in"oor "istri$,te" antenna system is
"etermine" accor"ing on>site re;,irement8 coa2ial connectors m,st $e "esigne" *or
the *ee"ers. The system ,ses two types o* coa2ial connectors.
Ta$le 1.1 lists the technical in"e2es *or a coa2ial connector
Table 1.1 Technical in"e2es *or a coa2ial connector
Type 3 type 3 type
/escription oa2ial connector>3 type
connector>!.Y=right
angle=male>n,t installation>
con*ig,re" with (V@>!.>%>1
oa2ial connector>3 type
connector>!.Y=right
angle=*emale>con*ig,re" with
%=&C?/0!>!.A ca$le
0ee"er
speci*ication
(V@>!.>%>1 %=&P
Impe"ance !.Y
(tan"ing 1.2
wave
)&. 3ea#y feeder
-ere,n"er a %=&P leaky *ee"er is taken as an e2ample to e2plain the technical in"e2es
*or a leaky *ee"er. 0or "etails8 see Ta$le 1.1.
Table 1.1 Technical in"e2es *or a leaky *ee"er
In"e2 /escription
haracteristic
impe"ance
!.Y
Atten,ation
constant
'..6-7A ...!1"B=m< 1&..6-7A ...%)"B=m
o,pling loss '..6-7A %2"B< 1&..6-7A &4"B< 9the loss 2 meters away *rom
the co,pling hole with an error o* J1."B:
0ee"er str,ct,re
speci*ication
%=&P
Type o* s,pporting
connector
14.4.121
0ire>proo*
per*ormance
Be proo* against *lames an" ,ltraviolet
)&&. Coa<ial cable *feeder,
When "esigning a "istri$,te" antenna system8 yo, sho,l" ,se the *ee"er to connect
all the antenna components. Ta$le 1.1 lists two speci*ications o* *ee"ers in common
,se. 0or the (V@>!.>%>1 speci*ication8 the cost is low an" it is *le2i$le8 $,t the loss is
great< *or the ?/0!>!.A>%=&P speci*ication8 the loss is less8 $,t the cost is high an" it
is in*le2i$le. The *ormer *ee"er is more applica$le to the tri$,tary connection *rom
power splitter to antenna8 an" the later *ee"er is more applica$le to the tr,nk
connection *rom one power splitter to another power splitter.
Table 1.1 Technical in"e2es *or a coa2ial ca$le
In"e2 (V@>!.>%>1 ?/0!>!.A>%=&P
haracteristic
impe"ance
!.Y !.Y
Atten,ation constant '..6-7< ..22"B=m
1&..6-7< ..31"B=m
1...6-7A ...44)"B=m
2...6-7A ...)!'"B=m
Type o* s,pporting 3
connector
14.4.1&4 14.4.121
0le2i$ility 5oo" Poor
)&&&. 3oad
When the leaky *ee"er is ,se"8 a small antenna can $e ,se" as the loa" *or its en"s8
or the loa" can $e "irectly ,se" as a match. Ta$le 1.1 lists the technical in"e2es *or
the loa".
Table 1.1 Technical in"e2es *or loa"
Working $an" . to 25-7
haracteristic impe"ance !.Y
Port stan"ing wave I 1.1!
onnector type 3X6ale
Power capacity 2W
4.A 7ew Antenna TechnologyBSmart Antenna Overview
4.A.1 Smart antenna
With the rapi" "evelopment o* glo$al comm,nication services8 the wireless mo$ile
comm,nication as the maEor means o* in"ivi",al comm,nication in the *,t,re attracts
peopleZs great attention. -ow to eliminate co>channel inter*erence 9I:8 m,ltiple
access inter*erence 96AI: an" the e**ect o* m,lti>path e**ect is a maEor consi"eration
on how to improve the per*ormance o* a wireless mo$ile comm,nication system.
The smart antenna a"opts the "igital signal processing technologies8 s,ch as the
switche" $eam technology an" a"aptive spatial "igital processing technology8 to
pro",ce space "irectional $eams so that the antenna maEor $eam can aim at the
"irection where ,ser signals arrive an" the si"e lo$es or 7ero lo$es can aim at the
"irection where inter*erence signals arrive. In this case8 the mo$ile ,se" signals can
$e e**iciently ,se" an" the inter*erence signals can $e e**ectively remove" an"
s,ppresse".
The smart antenna is man"atory *or T/>(/6A< *or W/6A an" /A62...8 the
smart antenna is optional.
The greatest "isa"vantage o* a tra"itional $ase station is that it wastes m,ch ra"io
signal energy. There*ore8 only a small amo,nt o* signal energy can reach the
receiving part. 6oreover8 apart *rom ,se*,l signals8 the signals receive" $y a $ase
station contain inter*erence noises. 0or the smart antenna8 however8 it listens to ,sers
signals more e**ectively an" ,ses signal energy sent to them.
/i**erent *rom the tra"itional /A68 0/6A8 or /6A8 the smart antenna intro",ces
(/6A8 which is a *o,r>"imensional m,ltiple access. The (/6A technology
ena$les a ,ser to "isting,ish signals accor"ing to their space propagation paths
,n"er same timeslot8 same *re;,ency or same a""ress co"e.
The smart antenna is similar to a space *ilter8 which can re",ce the inter*erences
among ,ser signals remarka$ly when it is controlle" $y the parallel antenna $eams
aiming at "i**erent ,sers. To $e speci*ic8 the smart improves the per*ormance o* the
*,t,re mo$ile comm,nication system in terms o* the *ollowing aspectsA
Dnlarge coverage area
#e",ce inter*erence an" enhance system capacity
Dnhance spectr,m ,tili7ation ratio
Improve $ase station sensitivity
#e",ce $ase station transmit power
#e",ce electromagnetic environment poll,tion

The smart antenna is "ivi"e" into two typesA switche" $eam antenna an" a"aptive
antenna8 $etween which the a"aptive antenna is the maEor type.
0or reali7ation reasons8 the smart antenna is mainly ,se" at $ase station si"e.
&. 2ltiple-beam antenna
The m,ltiple>$eam antenna selects the $eam that is "irecte" towar"s a *i2e"
"irection. The $ase station si"e selects the $eams that can $est improve signal
;,ality an" s,ppress restriction to comm,nicate with the mo$ile station. The $eam
wi"th is "etermine" $y the n,m$er o* array elements.
When a ,ser moves in a cell8 the $ase station selects "i**erent $eams so as to make
the signals receive" strongest. Beca,se the ,ser is not necessarily at the center o*
the *i2e" $eams8 the receive" signal is poor when the ,ser is at the $eam e"ge. In
a""ition8 $eca,se8 the m,ltiple>$eam antenna o*ten selects a $eam accor"ing to the
ma2im,m receiving power8 it cannot a"apt itsel* to a"E,st the 7ero s,ppression
inter*erence o* the $eams. There*ore8 the m,ltiple>$eam antenna always cannot
receive the $est signals. ompare" with the a"aptive antenna8 however8 the m,ltiple>
$eam antenna has some a"vantages8 s,ch as its str,ct,re is simple an" it nee"s not
E,"ge the arriving "irection o* ,ser signals.
0ig,re 1.1 shows the schematic "iagram o* a m,ltiple>$eam antenna.
Figre 1.1 (chematic "iagram o* a m,ltiple>$eam antenna
A m,ltiple>$eam antenna consists o* a gro,p o* low gain antenna array elements8
B0W8 an" switche" $eam logical circ,it.
&&. Adaptive antenna
An a"aptive antenna is an antenna array that can change the antenna "irectional
"iagram "ynamically accor"ing to noise8 inter*erence an" m,lti>path e**ect. It can
monitor ,sers an" a"E,st itsel* to s,ppress the 7ero point inter*erence o* the $eams
thro,gh changing the "irectional "iagram so that it can receive the signal>inter*erence
ratio to the ma2im,m.
0ig,re 1.1 shows the schematic "iagram o* an a"aptive antenna 9*or single ,ser:.
Figre 1.1 (chematic "iagram o* an a"aptive antenna 9*or single ,ser:
This *ig,res shows the schematic "iagram o* an a"aptive antenna when only one
,ser is present. When m,ltiple ,sers are present8 the sit,ation is *ar more
complicate". An a"aptive antenna consists o* the *ollowing *o,r partsA
Antenna array
The n,m$er 93: an" list way o* antenna array elements is "irectly relate" to the
per*ormance o* the a"aptive antenna.
5enerally8 the antenna arrays are liste" in three waysA linear e;,al spacing 9?D(:8
circle e;,al spacing 9D(:8 an" plane e;,al spacing 9PD(:8 among which the ?D( is
in common ,se.
The n,m$er o* array elements is & or 1) in act,al application.
Analog>to>"igital conversion or "igital>to>analog conversion

On "ownlinks8 this part converts analog signals to "igital signals< on ,plinks8 this part
converts "igital signals to analog signals
B0W
A"aptive "igital signal processor

An a"aptive antenna can i"enti*y the arriving "irection o* ,ser signals an" *orm a
maEor $eam in this "irection. In 0ig,re 1.18 W stan"s *or weight vector8 y 9t: stan"s *or
o,tp,t. The y 9t: is e2presse" $y the *ollowing e;,alityA
!=1!=2.14 All rights reserve" Page!. o* !4
=
+ + =
1
1
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
M
j
T
j
T
k
T
t n W t S W t S W t y
Where8 (k 9t: is the arriving signals o* the e2pecte" ,sers *rom the "irection [ 9k:< (E 9t:
is the arriving inter*erence signals o* other ,sers *rom the "irection [9E:8 with the total
n,m$er o* 6>1< n 9t: is noise vector< an" W is weighting vector.
The a"aptive "igital signal processor ampli*ies the e2pecte" signal an" s,ppresses
the inter*erence signals an" noise signals thro,gh selecting a proper weighting vector.
There are two tasks leave *or the smart antenna. One is i"enti*ying arriving "irection
o* ,ser signals< the other is reali7ing the "igital matri2. The representative algorithms
*or the smart antenna to i"enti*y the "irection o* arrival 9/OA: o* the signals are 6,sic
algorithm8 #(P#IP algorithm8 an" ma2im,m likelihoo" algorithm. The a"aptive
$eams are shape" *or o$taining the $est weighting coe**icient thro,gh a"aptive
algorithms.
0or which algorithm is selecte"8 a"aptive r,les m,st $e consi"ere"8 an" the r,les in
common ,se incl,"e (I3#8 66(D8 minim,m variance8 an" ma2im,m likelihoo". It
has $een prove" that the *o,r r,les can help the a"aptive antenna to o$tain the $est
weighting coe**icient val,e which has the same stale sol,tion 9Wiener sol,tion:.
The a"aptive algorithms in common ,se are "irect sampling covariance matri2
inversion algorithm 9/6I:8 vario,s minim,m mean s;,are algorithms 9?6(:8 rec,rsion
least s;,are algorithm 9#?(:8 an" constant mo"el algorithm 96A:.
4.A.2 Smart Antenna Application
&. Omni-directional beam and shaped beam
The *,nctions o* the smart antenna are reali7e" thro,gh transmitting an" receiving
shape">$eams a"aptively. A smart antenna transmits an" receives shape">$eams
$ase" on the geometric str,ct,re o* the $ase station an" the ,ser signals re;,ire"
an" receive" $y the system.
In a mo$ile comm,nication system8 the smart antenna a"opts shape">$eams on the
,plink signals o* each ,ser8 which serves to improve the per*ormance o* the system
"irectly. -owever8 i* the ,ser is in receiving stat,s an" in i"le mo"e8 it is impossi$le *or
the $ase station to know the location o* the ,ser. In this case8 the $ase station
per*orms the transmission ,sing the omni "irectional $eams. 0or e2ample8 the
physical channels8 s,ch as the pilot channel8 synchroni7ation channel8 $roa"cast
channel an" paging channel are availa$le *or the omni "irectional $eams.
!=1!=2.14 All rights reserve" Page!1 o* !4
0ig,re 1.1 shows a $ase station with the omni "irectional coverage8 an" the $eams
transmitte" on "i**erent channels are "i**erent. There*ore8 the $ase station m,st
provi"e $oth the omni "irectional an" "irectional shape">$eams. In this case8 the
omni "irectional channels re;,ires m,ch higher transmit power 9the possi$le
ma2im,m transmit power re;,ire" $y the omni "irectional channels is 1.1g3 "B
higher than that re;,ire" $y "e"icate" channels8 where 3 stan"s *or the n,m$er o*
antenna array elements:. An" this m,st $e consi"ere" in system "esign.
Figre 1.1 overage area re;,ire" $y "i**erent channels
&&. Shared downlin# channel and discontinos
In the mo$ile comm,nication systems provi"ing IP "ata services8 the m,ltiple ,ser
share" "ownlink an" ,plink channels are "esigne" an" the "iscontin,o,s
transmission technologies are applie" $etween $ase stations an" ,ser terminals.
0or the $ase station ,sing smart antennas8 it cannot know the location o* the ,ser ",e
to the ,ser movement. In this case8 there*ore8 the $ase station can a"opt the omni
"irectional $eams only. In a""ition8 the $ase station can also per*orm "irectional
transmission *or each ,ser $y a""ing on more access process. Both the two metho"s
can $e ,se" $eca,se each metho" has a"vantages.
&&&. Smart antenna alignment
The real time an" a,tomatic alignment technology m,st $e applie" to the smart
antenna when it is in ,se. 0or act,al $ase stations8 however8 the ra"io link o* each
path cannot necessarily $e the same an" its per*ormance changes with the time8
working level an" environment. I* real time an" a,tomatic alignment are not
per*orme"8 "ownlink shape">$eams will $e serio,sly a**ecte". In this case8 the
a"vantages o* the smart antenna are inapplica$le8 or even the comm,nication *ail,re
will occ,r.
&). Frame strctre and physical layer technolgy
The application o* the smart antenna has no special re;,irement on the physical layer
technologies o* a mo$ile comm,nication system. 0,rthermore8 the $asic payer
technologies8 s,ch as mo",lation an" "emo",lation8 spectr,m sprea"ing8
interleaving8 error correction8 an" "ata m,ltiple connection8 are completely the same.
I* the smart antenna is ,se"8 however8 the physical layer can $e "esigne" in a more
e**ective way. 0or e2ample8 in a T/>(/6A system8 i* the synchroni7ation /6A
technology is a"opte"8 the receiver can $e simpli*ie"< i* a speci*ie" ,plink an"
"ownlink pilot timeslots are "esigne" *or the physical layer timeslots8 the inter*erence
against cell search an" ran"om access is re",ce". There*ore8 all the previo,s
technologies ena$le the *,nctions o* the smart antenna to $e *,lly playe".
). Combination of the smart antenna with other anti-interference
technologies
At present8 the $alance $etween the comple2ity an" the real time reali7ation
possi$ility o* antenna algorithms m,st $e emphasi7e". There*ore8 the practical smart
antenna algorithms can neither han"le the m,lti>path inter*erence8 whose "elay
e2cels the wi"th o* one chip8 nor overcome the channel "eterioration ca,se" $y the
/oppler D**ect.
When the m,lti>path e**ect is great8 "esira$le res,lts can $e o$taine" only thro,gh
applying the anti>inter*erence "igital processing technologies to the smart antenna.
These "igital signal processing technologies incl,"e Eoint "etection8 inter*erence
cancellation8 rake receiver. ,rrently8 there are practical algorithms *or the
com$ination o* the smart antenna an" the technologies o* Eoint "etection an"
inter*erence cancellation8 $,t the algorithms *or the com$ination o* the smart antenna
an" the rake receiver technology are still in research.
)&. $roblems of beam shapping speed
/,e to the mo$ility o* ,ser terminals8 mo$ile comm,nication is time>varia$le channel.
0or the smart antenna8 its receive" signals shape the ,plink an" "ownlink $eams8 so
the T// perio" cannot $e too long. 0or e2ample8 when a ,ser terminal moves at the
spee" o* 1..km=h higher8 the /oppler shi*t is near to 2..-78 an" the location change
reaches 2&cm in 1.ms. In this case8 the location change will $e greater than one
wavelength at 25-7 $an"8 which will ca,se great error against shaping the "ownlink
$eams. There*ore8 the T// perio" is e2pecte" to $e re",ce" at least $y hal* so that
the interval $etween transmission an" reception can $e controlle" within 2>3ms. In
this case8 the smart antenna can work normally. I* the terminals in this system are
re;,ire" to move at a higher spee"8 the T// ,plink an" "ownlink switching perio"
m,st $e *,rther re",ce".
)&&. Considerations for e@ipment complication
The per*ormance o* the smart antenna is improve" with the increase o* the n,m$er o*
antenna array elements8 $,t the greater the n,m$er o* antenna array elements8 the
more complicate" the system is. In this case8 the amo,nt o* the $ase$an" "igital
signals to $e processe" will increase geometrically. 3owa"ays8 especially $eca,se
the /6A system is more in *avor o* wi"e$an"8 the chip rate is alrea"y ;,ite high8
stricter re;,irements are p,t *orwar" to microelectronic technologies ",e to the
complication o* $ase$an" processing. As a res,lt8 the n,m$er o* antenna array
elements will not $e too great. ,rrently8 the n,m$er ranges *rom ) to 1).
In a""ition8 the complication o* the mo$ile comm,nication environment ca,ses other
pro$lems *or the smart antenna< s,ch as the m,lti>path e**ect is great an" message
so,rces generally o,tn,m$er antenna array elements.
/,e to the characteristic o* m,ltiple so,rces an" m,ltiple paths8 the *ollowings m,st
$e consi"ere" in the research an" "evelopment o* the smart antenna.
Thoro,ghly ,n"erstan" the mo$ile comm,nication environment8 especially the

space characteristics. To achieve this8 yo, nee" to re$,il" the mo"els *or mo$ile
comm,nication an" o$tain great e2perimental res,lts.
Base" on the ,n"erstan"ing o* the characteristics o* the mo$ile environments8

"evelop new algorithms. An" these algorithms m,st seamlessly cooperate with
mo$ile comm,nication systems an" other ra"io technologies.
#esearch the cooperation $etween the smart antenna an" the technologies8
s,ch as power control8 m,ltiple ,ser "etection8 synchroni7ation technology8 an"
rake receiver technology.
These previo,s *actors m,st $e consi"ere" *or the p,rpose o* eliminating
inter*erence8 $alancing8 ,tili7ing an" improving system per*ormance.

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Table of Contents

Chapter 4 Application of Antenna Feeder System ....................................................................2

ross polari7ation antenna 9",al polari7ation antenna:

?inearity 9power "irectional "iagram:

(;,are root 9*iel" strength "iagram:

6etals o* "i**erent materials are contacte" together.

The contact s,r*ace o* the same materials is ro,gh.

The components are not tightly connecte".

6agnetic s,$stances are present.

Tra"itional space "iversity

0iel" component "iversity

6a2im,m ratio compo,n" 96#:

D;,al gain compo,n" 9D5:

(elective compo,n" 9(D:

(witch compo,n" 9(W:

O 1.8 two signal can $e irrelevant

5a is antenna gain8 in the ,nit o* "Bi.

is vertical hal* power angle8 in the ,nit o* "egree.

is hori7ontal hal* power angle8 in the ,nit o* the "egree.

@ertical hal* power angle

D2pecte" coverage area

3o consi"eration is given to the "i**erence $etween the vertical polari7ation

onsi"ering the constr,ction cost8 yo, are recommen"e" to select an omni

Transmitting an" receiving signals

om$ining an" *iltering transmitting signals

0iltering receiving signals

Ampli*ying an" "ivi"ing low noise

Provi"ing *ee"ing *ee"ers *or tower ampli*ication

(tan"ing wave "etection

?ow noise ampli*ier *a,lt alarm

Tower ampli*ication alarm

0or 5(6 '..6-7

0or 5(6 1&.. 6-7

oa2ial ca$le an" #0 power splitter

Optical transmission link

The n,m$er o* *ee"ers is small *or in"oor installation.

Thinner *ee"ers are applica$le.

Optical *i$ers can $e ,se" to re",ce electromagnetic inter*erence.

The "esign in complicate" network is more *le2i$le.

Dnlarge coverage area

#e",ce inter*erence an" enhance system capacity

Dnhance spectr,m ,tili7ation ratio

Improve $ase station sensitivity

#e",ce $ase station transmit power

#e",ce electromagnetic environment poll,tion

Analog>to>"igital conversion or "igital>to>analog conversion

A"aptive "igital signal processor

Thoro,ghly ,n"erstan" the mo$ile comm,nication environment8 especially the

Base" on the ,n"erstan"ing o* the characteristics o* the mo$ile environments8

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Chapter 4 of《GSM RNP&RNO》－Application of Antenna Feeder System-20060327-A-1.0

Chapter 4 of《GSM RNP&RNO》－Application of Antenna Feeder System-20060327-A-1.0

The contact s,race o the same materials is ro,gh.

Provi"ing ee"ing ee"ers or tower ampliication

?ow noise ampliier a,lt alarm

The n,m$er o* ee"ers is small or in"oor installation.

Optical i$ers can $e ,se" to re",ce electromagnetic intererence.