Giao Trinh Cung Cap Dien

Giao trnh cung ca p ien
Trang 1

Bi1
KHI QUT V H THNG CUNG CP IN

I. NGUN NNG LNG T NHIN V C IM CA NNG LNG
IN
Ngy nay, nhn dn th gii to ra ngy cng nhiu ca ci vt cht cho x
hi. Trong s ca ci vt cht y c nhiu dng nng lng c to ra. Nng lng c
bp ca ngi v vt cng l mt ngun nng lng c t xa xa. S pht trin
mnh m v lin tc nhng hot ng ca con ngi trn qu t i hi ngy cng
nhiu nng lng.
Thin nhin xung quanh con ngi rt phong ph, ngun nng lng in cng
rt di do. Than , du kh, ngun nc ca cc dng sng v bin c, ngun pht
nhit lng v cng phong ph ca mt tri v trong lng t, cc lung kh chuyn
ng, gi v.v... l nhng ngun nng lng rt tt v qu gi i vi con ngi.
in nng l mt dng nng lng c u im l d sn xut ra t cc dng nng
lng khc nh nhit, ha, c nng.... v ngc li, cng d chuyn thnh cc dng
nng lng khc nh nhit, ha, c nng ...; in nng d dng truyn ti i xa vi
cng sut ln v hiu sut cao. Trong qu trnh sn xut v phn phi in nng c
mt s c im chnh sau:
1. in nng sn xut ra gn nh khng tch tr c ngoi tr cc trng hp
c bit nh c-qui, pin lu tr vi lng cng sut nh.
2. Cc qu trnh v in xy ra rt nhanh.
3. Cng nghip in lc c lin quan cht ch n nhiu ngnh kinh t quc
dn, l mt trong nhng ng lc tng nng sut lao ng, to s pht trin kinh t
x hi v bo m an ninh quc gia.
II. NH MY IN
Hin nay c nhiu phng php bin i cc dng nng lng nh nhit nng,
thy nng, nng lng ht nhn, thnh in nng. V vy c nhiu kiu ngun pht
in khc nhau nh: nh my nhit in, nh my thy in, nh my in nguyn t,
trm phong in, in mt tri, Cho n nay, nc ta ngun in c sn xut
Trang 2

ch yu t nh my nhit in v nh my thu in.
1. Nh my nhit in (N)
Trong nh my nhit in, s bin i nng lng c thc hin theo nguyn
l:

Ngun nhin liu dng to ra nhit nng thng l than, kh t hoc du; c
nng c to ra nh cc Tua-bin v in nng c to ra nh cc my pht
in.
Nh my nhit in c nhng c im sau:
- Thng c xy dng gn ngun nhin liu.
- Tnh linh hot trong vn hnh km, khi ng v tng ph ti chm. khi
ng mt t my phi mt 6 8 gi
- Hiu sut km khong t 30% n 40%.
- Khi lng nhin liu tiu th ln, khi thi lm nhim mi trng.
2. Nh my thy in (T)
y l mt loi cng trnh thu li nhm s dng nng lng ngun nc lm
quay trc Tua-bin pht ra in, qu trnh bin i nng lng trong nh my thy
in l:

V c bn ta c th m t nh my thy in nh s sau:

My pht
Ngun
xoay
chiu
ba pha
H cha
nc
C kh in
nng
Hnh 1.1 Nh my thy in

H
Tuc-bin
Nhit nng C nng in nng
Thy nng C nng in nng
Trang 3

Cng sut nh my thy in c tnh bng cng thc:
P = 9,81. .Q.H (Mw)
Trong : Q : lu lng nc(m
3
/s)
H : cao ct nc (m)
: hiu sut tuc bin
Nh my thy in c c im sau:
- Xy dng ti ni c ngun nc v a hnh ph hp nn thng xa ph ti.
- Vn u t xy dng ln, thi gian xy dng ko di.
- Vn hnh linh hot: thi gian khi ng v mang ti ch mt t 3 n 5 pht.
- Thng t xy ra s c.
- Khng cn tc nhn bo qun nhin liu.
- Hiu sut cao 80 90%.
- Gi thnh in nng thp.
- Thong mt, c th kt hp vi h thng thu li giao thng ng thu v
nui trng thu hi sn.
Ngoi ra cn c nh my in nguyn t, nh my in dng sc gi, nh my
in dng nng lng bc x mt tri, nh my nng lng a nhit.
III. MNG LI IN
1. H thng truyn ti
H thng truyn ti bao gm trm bin p v ng dy.
Trm bin p
Trm bin p trong h thng truyn ti bao gm:
+ Trm tng p: dng tng in p ln trc khi truyn ti i xa gim cc
dng tn tht v in cng nh v kim loi mu.
+ Trm h p: dng h in p xung cho ph hp vi ti s dng.
Phn loi trm bin p:
+ Trm bin p phn xng:
- C cng sut nh;
- Cp in nng cho thit b dng in;
- C cp in p (15 24)kv 0,4kv.
Trang 4

+ Trm bin p trung gian:
- Phn phi in nng n ph ti
- C cp in p (35 220)kv (15 110)kv
+ Trm bin p phn phi:
- C cng sut va v ln
- Phn phi in nng n ph ti
- C cp in p (110 500)kv (35 220)kv
Hin nay nc ta c nhiu trm bin p phn phi v tt c cc trm bin p
ny lin kt vi nhau thnh mng li in quc gia.

Khi lin kt tt c cc trm bin p li th c mt s c im sau:
- Gim chi ph xy dng ngun d phng;
- Nng cao c tin cy cung cp in;
- Sang bng c ph ti in;
- Khi vn hnh th vn hnh chung cho ton mng li in quc gia;
- Tn km chi ph u t ban u.
ng dy
+ Dy dn: yu cu i vi dy dn l phi c kh nng dn in tt. Ngi ta
thng s dng cc loi dy dn nh ng, nhm, dy nhm li thp. Trong cc loi
dy trn th dy ng l loi dn in tt nht; kh nng dn in ca dy ng so vi
C
A B
D
E
N
Hnh 1.2: S lin kt cc tram bin p
Trang 5

dy nhm cao hn khong 30%.Tuy nhin trng lng ca dy ng ln, gi thnh
cao; cho nn, thng thng i vi mng in ngoi tri, trn cao, cng sut truyn ti
ln, on ng truyn ti xa ngi ta s dng dy nhm li thp.
+ Ct in: c ba loi ct chnh:
- Ct g, tre.
- Ct b tng ct st.
- Ct st, thp.
Ct in l loi vt liu phi c kh nng chu lc tt, ty theo kt cu ca tng
loi ct tr tng ng vi tng cp in p s c kch thc khc nhau. ng dy t
trn ct ty theo cp in p m khong cch gia chng s thay i. Thng thng
khong cch gia cc dy dn c b tr trn ct theo cc quy nh sau:
U
m
1Kv D = 0.4 0.6m;
U
m
= (15 22)Kv D = 0.8 1.2m;
U
m
=(35 66)Kv D = 1.2 2 m;
U
m
=110 Kv D = 2 4m ;
U
m
= 220kv D = 4 6m;
U
m
> 220kv D = 6 8m dng dy dn.
+ S cch in: l b phn cch in gia vt dn in v vt khng dn in.
S l loi vt liu phi c tnh cch in cao, chu c in p ng dy lc lm
vic bnh thng cng nh khi b qu in p nh b st nh cm ng.
Phn loi:
- S
- S treo
- S xuyn
+ X ngang: Dng cc s cch in, to khong cch gia cc dy dn, x
thng c s dng t cc vt liu nh st, g.
2. Mng phn phi
Mng phn phi l phn kt ni cc trm phn phi vi cc h tiu th. Cc
ng dy phn phi s cp thng cp in p t (4 34,5)kV v cung cp in
cho mt vng a l c xc nh trc. Mt vi ph ti cng nghip nh c cung
cp trc tip bng ng dy cp s cp.
Trang 6

Mng phn phi th cp gim in p s dng cho cc h ph tI dn dng v
kinh doanh. Dy v cp in khng c vt qu vi trm mt chiu di, sau cung
cp nng lng cho cc h tiu th ring bit. Mng phn phi th cp cung cp cho
hu ht cc h tiu th mc 240/120V ba pha 4 dy, 400/240V ba pha 4 dy, hay
480/277V ba pha 4 dy. Ngy nay, nng lng cung cp cho h tiu th in hnh
c cung cp t my bin p, gim in p cung cp xung 400/240V s dng ba pha
4 dy.
IV. H TIU TH
H tiu th in l mt b phn quan trng ca h thng cung cp in, nhm
bin i in nng thnh cc dng nng lng khc s dng trong sn xut hoc
dn dng.
. H loi 1
L nhng h tiu th in nng m khi h thng cung cp in b s c s gy ra
thit hi v tnh mng con ngi hoc nh hng v chnh tr. Thi gian cho php mt
in i vi h loi 1 bng thi gian t ng cp ngun d phng tr li. i vi h
loi 1 thng phi s dng hai ngun cung cp, ng dy hai l, trm c hai my
bin p hoc c ngun d phng nhm gim xc xut mt in xung rt nh.
. H loi 2
L nhng h tiu th m khi b ngng cung cp in ch dn n nhng thit hi
v kinh t do ngng tr sn xut, h hng sn phm, lng ph lao ng Thi gian
cho php mt in i vi h loi 2 bng thi gian cp ngun d phng tr li. Phng
n cung cp cho h loi 2, c hoc khng c ngun d phng, ng dy n hoc
kp
. H loi 3
L nhng h cho php cung cp in vi mc tin cy thp, ngha l cho php
mt in trong thi gian sa cha, thay th thit b s c, nhng thng khng qu 24
gi. H tiu th in loi 3 thng l nhng h thuc phn xng ph, nh kho, hoc
mt b phn ca mng cung cp in phc v cho nng nghip. Phng n cung
cp cho h loi 3 c th dng mt ngun, ng dy mt l.

Trang 7

V. TRUNG TM IU H THNG IN
Trung tm iu h thng in c trch nhim tnh ton, d bo ph ti tun,
thng, nm ti ca h thng in quc gia, h thng in ba min Bc, Trung, Nam v
cho tng Cng ty in lc; c trch nhim thc hin nh gi an ninh h thng trung
hn cn c trn thng tin cp nht v ph ti, tnh hnh vn hnh ca h thng in v
tin u t xy dng nh my in v li in ; c trch nhim lp k hoch bo
dng, sa cha cho ton b ngun in v li in cn c vo k hoch bo dng,
sa cha ngun in, li in nm ti ca cc n v pht in, Tng cng ty Truyn
ti in quc gia v cc Cng ty in lc ; c trch nhim lp k hoch vn hnh h
thng in cho nm ti cn c vo k hoch pht trin ngun in, kt qu d bo ph
ti nm, k hoch bo dng, sa cha ngun in v li in, k hoch u t xy
dng li in, kt qu nh gi an ninh h thng in trung hn cho nm tip theo v
cc rng buc v sn lng v cng sut trong cc hp ng xut, nhp khu in, hp
ng mua bn in do Cng ty Mua bn in cung cp ; chu trch nhim tnh ton,
lp phng n ngng, gim cung cp in theo k hoch trnh Tp on in lc
Vit Nam ph duyt v thng bo kp thi n cc n v lin quan thc hin.
Trung tm iu h thng in quc gia c trch nhim trc tip ch huy, thc hin
cc bin php ngng, gim cung cp in khn cp m bo an ninh h thng in.
VI. NHNG YU CU V NI DUNG CH YU KHI THIT K H
THNG CUNG CP IN
Mc tiu ca vic thit k cung cp in l m bo cho h tiu th lun lun
in nng vi cht lng nm trong phm vi cho php. Mt phng n cung cp in
c xem l hp l khi tho mn nhng yu cu sau:
- Vn u t nh, ch n tit kim c chi ph v kim loi.
- m bo tin cy cung cp in cao tu theo tnh cht ca h tiu th.
- Chi ph vn hnh hng nm thp.
- m bo an ton cho ngi v thit b.
- Thun tin cho vn hnh v sa cha,
- m bo cht lng in nng, ch yu l m bo lch v dao ng
in p b nht v nm trong phm vi gi tr cho php so vi nh mc.
Trang 8

Nhng yu cu trn thng mu thun vi nhau nn ngi thit k phi bit cn
nhc v kt hp hi ho tu vo tng hon cnh c th. Ngoi ra, khi thit k cung cp
in cn phi ch n nhng yu cu khc nh: c iu kin thun li pht trin
ph ti sau ny, rt ngn thi gian xy dng,
VII. H THNG IN VIT NAM
Theo s liu thng tin ngun in vo thng 01/2000, tng cng sut lp t ca
cc nh my in ca nc ta l 5710MW, cng sut kh dng hn 5382MW, trong
thy in chim 54%; nhit in chim 22%; diesel v tuc bin kh 24%. Tng sn
lng ca cc nh my in nm 1999 l 23,738 t kWh, trong thy in chim
58,7%; nhit in chim 22,7%; diesel v tuc bin kh 18,6%.
T trng tiu th in trong nm 1999 nh sau:
in cng nghip: 38,7%
in nng nghip: 3,0%
in sinh hot: 51,1%
in khc: 7,2%
Nm 1999, tiu th in thng phm ton quc t gn 19,6 t kWh, in sn
xut t hn 23,7 t kWh. D kin nhu cu tiu th in ca nm 2000 khong 26 t
kWh.
n nay li in quc gia bao gm li min Bc (in hnh l li H Ni),
li min Nam (in hnh l li TP.H Ch Minh), li min Trung. Cc li ny
lin kt vi nhau bng cc tuyn dy in p 230kV v 500kV. Hin nay li quc gia
pht trin n tt c cc tnh thnh trong c nc.
Nm 2007: tng sn lng ca cc nh my in n thng 3/2007 l 12,612 t
kWh, trong :
in cng nghip - xy dng: 48,82%
in sinh hot, qun l, tiu dng, dn c: 41,57%
CU HI N TP
1. Trong qu trnh sn xut v phn phi, in nng c nhng c im chnh no?
2. Cho bit ngha ca h thng li in cung cp c ghi nh sau:
220V/380V; 127V/220V.

Trang 9

Bi 2
XC NH NHU CU IN
I. T VN
Nhu cu tiu th in nng l vn cn c xc nh khi cung cp in cho
cc phn xng, cho x nghip. Vic xc nh nhu cu in l vn gii bi ton d
bo ph ti ngn hn hoc di hn.
+ D bo ngn hn l xc nh ph ti ca cng trnh ngay sau khi a cng
trnh vo hot ng, ta gi l ph ti tnh ton.
+ D bo di hn l d bo ph ti s pht trin trong vi nm sau khi a cng
trnh vo hot ng.
+ Ph ti in ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh cng sut, s lng ca cc thit
b, ch vn hnh ca cc thit b, quy trnh cng ngh sn xut...
Qua nhng nhn xt trn ta thy xc nh ph ti tnh ton l nhim v rt quan
trng. Thng xc nh ph ti tnh ton ngi ta chia thnh cc nhm sau y:
Nhm 1: l nhm cc phng php tnh ton c da trn kinh nghim thit
k v vn hnh m ngi ta tng kt li v a ra cc h s tnh ton. Phng php
ny thun tin trong tnh ton nhng ch a ra c kt qu gn ng. Tiu biu ca
nhm phng php ny cc phng php:
* Phng php tnh ton theo h s yu cu.
* Phng php tnh ton theo xut tiu th in nng trn mt n v sn xut.
* Phng php tnh ton theo xut tiu th ca ph ti trn n v din tch sn
xut.
Nhm 2: l nhm cc phng php tnh ton da trn c s l thuyt. Trong
tnh ton nhm phng php ny c xt n nhiu yu t do kt qu tnh ton chnh
xc hn nhng qu trnh tnh ton li phc tp. Cc phng php tiu biu trong nhm
phng php ny l:
* Phng php tnh ton theo cng sut trung bnh v h s hnh dng ca
th ph ti
* Phng php tnh ton theo cng sut trung bnh v phng sai ph ti
(phng php thng k).
* Phng php tnh ton theo cng sut trung bnh v h s cc i (phng
Trang 10

php s thit b hiu qu)
II. TH PH TI IN
th ph ti l mt hm biu din s thay i ca ph ti theo thi gian, n
ph thuc vo cc yu t nh: c im qu trnh cng ngh, ch vn hnh... Tuy
nhin mi loi h tiu th cng c th a ra mt dng th ph ti in hnh.
C th ni th ph ti c trng cho s tiu dng nng lng in ca cc
thit b ring l, ca nhm thit b, ca phn xng hoc ca ton b x nghip v l
ti liu quan trng trong thit, vn hnh. Ty theo yu cu s dng m ta c cc loi
th ph ti khc nhau: th ph ti tc dng P(t), th cng sut phn khng Q(t),
th in nng tiu th A(t). Nu phn theo thi gian kho st th ta c th ph
ti hng ngy, hng thng, hng nm.
1. th ph ti hng ngy
L th mt ngy m (24 gi). th ph ti hng ngy c th v c bng
cch s dng my t ghi hay ghi nhn theo tng khong thi gian nht nh. th
ph ti hng ngy thng c v theo dng hnh bc thang thun tin cho vic tnh
ton.
th ph ti hng ngy cho bit nhp tiu th in nng hng ngy ca h
tiu th, qua c th nh c quy trnh vn hnh hp l (iu chnh dung lng
my bin p, dung lng b......). th ph ti hng ngy cng l ti liu lm cn c
chn thit b in, tnh in nng tiu th.

2. th ph ti hng thng
th ph ti hng thng c tnh theo ph ti trung bnh ca thng. th ph
0
7

11

1
4

1
8

2
0

2
2

2
4

t (gi)

P
(kw
)

P
ma
x
P
mi
n
th ph ti ngy
5

Trang 11

ti hng thng cho bit mc tiu th in nng ca h tiu th xy ra tng thng.
Qua c th nh ra lch sa cha bo tr bo dng thit b in mt cch hp l,
kp thi pht hin ra cc h hng trc khi xy ra s c p ng yu cu cung cp
in nng cho h tiu th.

3. th ph ti hng nm
th ph ti hng nm cho bit thi gian s dng cng sut ln nht, nh nht
hoc trung bnh ca h tiu th, chim ht bao nhiu thi gian trong nm. Qua c
th nh c cng sut ca my bin p, chn c cc thit b in, nh gi mc
s dng v tiu hao in nng.

0
1

5

6

7

8

9

t
(hng thng)

P (kw)

P
max
P
min
2

3

4

10

11

12

Th Ph ti Hng Thng
0

3

t
(gi
)

P (kw)

P
6
P
1

t
(gi
)

P
(kw)

th ph ti ngy
ngh (65 ngy)
th ph ti nm
7

11

1
4

18

20

22

24

P
2

P
3
P
4
P
5
18

20

24

7

0

0

t
(n
m)

P
(kw)

th ph ti ngy lm
vic ( 300 ngy)
600g

2400g

1630g

1915g

860g

1355g

Trang 12

III. CC I LNG C BN
1. Cng sut nh mc
Cng sut nh mc ca thit b thng c nh ch to ghi sn trong l lch
hoc trn th my. i vi ng c, cng sut nh mc ghi trn th my chnh l
cng sut c ghi trn trc ca ng c.
P
m
= P
t
.
c

P
t
: cng sut t ca ng c

c
: hiu sut ca ng c
V hiu sut ng c in tng i cao nn cho tnh ton c n gin,
ngi ta thng cho php b qua hiu sut, lc ny ly P
P
m

i vi cc thit b in lm vic ch ngn hn lp li nh : cn trc, my
hn, khi tnh ton ph ti chng ta quy i v cng sut nh mc ch lm vic
di hn, tc l quy i v ch lm vic c h s tip in % = 100%. Cng thc
quy i nh sau:
i vi ng c
P
m

= P
m
m

i vi my dng bin p (my hn)
P
m
=S
m
. cos
m
.
m

2. Ph ti trung bnh P
tb

Ph ti trung bnh l mt c trng ca ph ti trong mt khong thi gian no
. Tng ca ph ti trung bnh ca cc thit b s c nh gi gii hn di ca
ph ti tnh ton :
t
AP
p
tb

t
AQ
q
tb

Vi:
AP, AQ : in nng tiu th trong khang thi gian kho st (Kw, Kvar)
* i vi mt nhm thit b
n
i
i tb
p P
1

n
1 i
i tb
q Q
T cc gi tr ca ph ti trung bnh ta c th xc nh c ph ti tnh ton,
Trang 13

tnh tn tht in nng. Ph ti trung bnh c xc nh ng vi mt ca lm vic, mt
thng hoc mt nm.
3. Ph ti cc i P
max

a. Ph ti cc i P
max
: l ph ti trung bnh ln nht tnh trong khang thi
gian tng i ngn, thi gian c tnh khong 5-10 n 20 pht tng ng vi mt
ca lm vic c ph ti ln nht trong ngy. Ph ti cc i i khi cng c dng nh
ph ti tnh ton.
Ph ti cc i dng tnh tn tht cng sut ln nht, chn thit b in,
chn dy dn.
b. Ph ti nh nhn P
n
: l ph ti cc i xut hin t 1-2s. Ph ti nh nhn
c dng kim tra iu kin t khi ng ca ng c, dng kim tra cu ch.
Ph ti nh nhn thng xy ra khi ng c khi ng .
4. Ph ti tnh ton P
tt

L thnh phn ch yu chn thit b trong cung cp in. Ph ti tnh ton l
ph ti gi thit khng i v c xem nh l tng ng vi ph ti thc t.
S pht nhit ca cc thit b thng dao ng trong khong 30pht v vy
thng ly tr s trung bnh ca ph ti ln nht trong khong thi gian 30pht lm
ph ti tnh ton ( cn gi l ph ti na gi)
IV. H S TNH TON
1. H s s dng K
sd

L h s gia ph ti tc dng trung bnh v cng sut nh mc ca thit b
i vi mt thit b:
k
sd
= p
tb
/p
m

i vi mt nhm c n thit b:
k
sd
= P
tb
/P
m
=
n
1 i
n
1 i
tbi
pmi / p
Khi v c th ph ti th h s s dng c th c tnh:

n 2 1 m
1 1 2 2 1 1
sd
t ... t t P
t P ... t P t P
k
Ngoi ra ta c th tra bng ph lc.
Trang 14

H s s dng ni ln mc s dng, mc khai thc cng sut ca thit b
in trong mt chu k lm vic. H s s dng l mt s liu dng tnh ph ti tnh
ton.
2. H s ph ti k
pt

L h s ph ti l h s gia cng sut thc t vi cng sut nh mc.
k
pt
= P
thct
/ P
m
= P
tb
/ P
m

Trong trng hp c th ph ti th chng ta c th tnh h ph ti theo cng
thc trn.
H s ph ti ni ln mc s dng, mc khai thc thit b in trong thi
gian ang xt.
3. H s cc i k
max

L t s gia ph ti tnh ton v ph ti trung bnh trong khong thi gian xt.
H s cc i tnh vi mt ca lm vic c ph ti ln nht. k
max
thng c
kho st theo ng cong k
max
f (k
sd
v n
hq
).
k
max
= P
tt
/P
tb
4. H s nhu cu k
nc

L t s gia ph ti tnh ton v cng sut nh mc.
Thc t k
nc
thng do kinh nghim vn hnh c tng kt li.

H s k
nc
c th tra trong bng ph lc.
5. H s thit b hiu qu n
hq

L s thit b gi thit c cng cng sut v ch lm vic vi nhm ph ti
thc t (gm c cc thit b c cc ch lm vic v cng sut khc nhau).
Khi s thit b trong nhm 5 :
n
i
mi
n
i
mi hq
P P n
1
2
2
1
/
Khi s thit b trong nhm 5 tnh ton n
hq
theo phng php sau:
sd
dm
tb
tb
tt
dm
tt
nc
k k
P
P
P
P
P
P
k . .
. max
Trang 15

Gi thuyt:
n : s thit b c trong phn xng
n
1
: s thit b c cng sut
2
1
cng sut ca thit b c cng sut ln nht c
trong phn xng.
P
n
: tng cng sut ng vi s thit b n.
P
n1
: tng cng sut ng vi s thit b n
1
.
Tnh n
*
= n
1
/n ; P
*
=
n
n
P
P
1

T P
*
v n
*
tra bng, th tm c n
hq*
. C c n
hq*
ta tm c n
hq

n
hq
= n
hq*
. n
n
hq
: s thit b hiu qu xc nh ph ti tnh ton

Trang 16

Bng tra tr s k
max
theo k
sd
v n
h
n
hq
Gi tr k
max
theo k
sd

0.1 0.15 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
14
16
18
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
60
70
80
90
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
3.43
3.23
3.04
2.88
2.72
2.56
2.42
2.24
2.10
1.99
1.91
1.84
1.71
1.62
1.56
1.50
1.45
1.40
1.32
1.27
1.25
1.23
1.21
1.19
1.17
1.16
1.16
1.15
1.14
1.14
1.13
1.13
1.12
3.11
2.87
2.64
2.48
2.31
2.20
2.10
1.96
1.85
1.77
1.70
1.65
1.55
1.46
1.41
1.37
1.33
1.30
1.25
1.22
1.20
1.18
1.17
1.16
1.15
1.13
1.12
1.12
1.12
1.11
1.11
1.10
1.10
2.64
2.42
2.24
2.10
1.99
1.90
1.84
1.75
1.67
1.61
1.55
1.50
1.40
1.34
1.30
1.27
1.25
1.23
1.19
1.17
1.15
1.13
1.12
1.12
1.11
1.10
1.10
1.09
1.08
1.08
1.08
1.08
1.07
2.14
2.00
1.88
1.80
1.72
1.65
1.11
1.52
1.45
1.41
1.37
1.34
1.28
1.24
1.21
1.19
1.17
1.16
1.14
1.12
1.11
1.10
1.10
1.09
1.08
1.08
1.08
1.07
1.07
1.07
1.06
1.06
1.06
1.87
1.76
1.66
1.58
1.52
1.47
1.43
1.36
1.32
1.28
1.26
1.24
1.21
1.19
1.17
1.15
1.14
1.13
1.12
1.10
1.10
1.09
1.08
1.07
1.06
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.04
1.65
1.57
1.51
1.45
1.40
1.37
1.34
1.28
1.25
1.23
1.21
1.20
1.17
1.16
1.15
1.13
1.12
1.11
1.11
1.10
1.10
1.19
1.08
1.07
1.06
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.04
1.46
1.41
1.37
1.33
1.30
1.28
1.26
1.23
1.23
1.20
1.18
1.16
1.15
1.14
1.13
1.12
1.12
1.11
1.10
1.09
1.09
1.08
1.08
1.07
1.07
1.06
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.03
1.29
1.26
1.23
1.21
1.20
1.18
1.16
1.15
1.13
1.12
1.11
1.11
1.10
1.10
1.09
1.09
1.08
1.08
1.07
1.06
1.06
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.04
1.04
1.04
1.04
1.03
1.03
1.03
1.03
1.14
1.12
1.10
1.09
1.08
1.08
1.07
1.07
1.07
1.07
1.06
1.06
1.06
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.04
1.04
1.03
1.03
1.03
1.02
1.02
1.02
1.02
1.02
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.05
1.04
1.04
1.04
1.04
1.03
1.03
1.03
1.03
1.03
1.03
1.03
1.03
1.03
1.02
1.02
1.02
1.02
1.02
1.02
1.02
1.02
1.02
1.02
1.02
1.02
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01

Trang 17

V. CC PHNG PHP XC NH PH TI TNH TON
1. Xc nh ph ti tnh ton theo cng sut t v h s nhu cu:
Cng thc tnh:
n
i
i nc tt
P k P
1

Q
tt
= P
tt.
tg
cos
2 2 tt
tt tt tt
P
Q P S
Mt cch gn ng c th ly P
=P
m

Do :
n
i
mi nc tt
P k P
1

Nu trong nhm thit b m h s cos ca cc thnh phn khc nhau th ta phi
tnh cos trung bnh theo cng thc sau:
n
n n
P P P
P P P
...
cos ... cos cos
cos
2 1
2 2 1 1

Khi xc nh ph ti tnh ton theo h s K
nc
trong cung cp in th chnh xc
khng cao do s dng bn tra K
nc
v K
nc
khng ph thuc vo ch vn hnh ca
thit b trong nhm m ph thuc vo h s s dng v h s cc i.
2. Xc nh ph ti tnh ton theo sng sut ph ti trn mt n v din tch sn
xut
Cng thc tnh:
P
tt
= P
0
. F
Trong :
p
0
: sut tiu Th in nng trn 1 m
2
sn xut(Kw/m
2
)
F: din tch sn xut (m
2
) ( l din tch lp t my)
Gi tr P
0
c th tra trong s tay. Gi tr P
0
ca tng h tiu th do kinh nghim
vn hnh thng k li m c.
Phng php ny ch cho kt qa gn ng, v vy n thng c dng trong
giai on thit k s b v tnh ton ph ti ca cc phn xng c mt my mc
sn xut tng i u.
V d:
Trang 18

Xc nh ph ti tnh ton ca phn xng gia cng ngui ca nh my c kh.
Cho bit s
0
= 0.3kva/m
2
, din tch phn xng F = 13.000m
2

Ph ti tnh ton: S
tt
= S
0
.F = 0.3 x 13.000 = 3900kva.
3. Xc nh ph ti tnh ton theo sut tiu hao in nng cho mt n v sn phm
Cng thc tnh:
max
0
T
Mw
P
tt

Trong :
M: s n v sn phm c sn xut ra trong 1 nm (sn lng).
w
0
: sut tiu hao in nng cho mt n v sn phm, kWh
T
max
: thi gian s dng cng sut ln nht, gi
Phng php ny c tnh ton cho cc thit b in c th ph ti t bin i
nh : qut gi, bm nc, my nn kh khi th ph ti trung bnh v kt qu
tnh tng i chnh xc.
4. Xc nh ph ti theo h s cc i k
max
v cng sut nh mc P
m

Khi khng c cc s liu cn thit p dng cc phng php n gin nu
trn hoc khi cn nng cao chnh xc ca ph ti tnh ton th nn dng theo
phng php tnh theo h s cc i
Cng thc tnh:
P
tt
= k
max
. k
sd
. P
m

Trong :
P
m
: cng sut nh mc, kW.
k
max,
, k
sd
: h s cc i v h s s dng.
H s k
sd
trong s tay hoc tnh bng cng thc c nu phn trc.
Khi s dng cng thc ny trong mt s trng hp c th ta c th s dng
cng thc gn ng sau:
Khi n 3 v n
hq
<4
n
i
mi tt
P P
1

i vi cc thit b lm vic ch ngn hn lp li th:
Trang 19

875 . 0
m m
tt
S
S
Trng hp n >3 v n
hq
< 4 ph ti tnh ton c xc nh theo cng thc
mi
n
i
pti tt
P k P
1

Trong :
k
pt
: h s ph ti tng my .
Nu khng c s liu chnh xc, h s ph ti c th ly gn ng nh sau:
k
pt
= 0.9 i vi thit b lm vic ch di hn.
k
pt
= 0.75 i vi thit b lm vic ch ngn hn lp li.
Ghi Ch:
+ Khi n
hq
>300 , K
sd
<0.5 th K
max
c tnh kho st trn th ng vi n
hq
= 300
+ Khi n
hq
>300 , K
sd
>0.5 th P
pt
= 1.05 . K
sd
. P
m

+ Khi thit b ph ti c th ph tp bng phng th ph ti tnh ton ly bng
ph ti trung bnh
P
tt
= P
tb
= K
sd
. P
m

VI. PHNG PHP TNH MT S PH TI C BIT
1. Tnh ton i vi ph ti mt pha
Khi trong mng c cc thit b mt pha th phi phn b cc thit b ln ba pha
sao cho tr s khng cn bng l nh nht.
Nu cng sut khng cn bng nh hn 15% tng cng sut th cc thit b mt
pha xem nh l ba pha c cng sut tng ng.
Nu cng sut khng cn bng ln hn 15% tng cng sut cc thit b im
xt th ph ti quy i v ba pha ca cc thit b mt pha c tnh nh sau:
a. Trng hp cc thit b s dng in p pha:
P
tt3pha
= 3 P
1 pha(max)

P
tt
= P
cb
+ P
tt3pha

Trong :
P
1pha(max)
: tng cng sut cc thit b 1 pha c ph ti ln nht.
b. Trng hp cc thit b mt pha ni vo in p dy
Trang 20

max 1 ) 3 (
3
pha pha tt
P P
P
tt
= P
cb
+ P
tt (3pha)

Trong :
P
1pha(max)
: tng cng sut cc thit b ca pha c ph ti ln nht.
c. Trng hp trong mng mt pha va c thit b mt pha ni vo in p dy
v ni vo p pha:
Cc thit b ni vo p dy phi quy i v p pha vi cc h s i km. Cc h
s quy i cho trong bng di:
H s quy i ph ti 1 pha ni vo in p dy thnh ph ti 1 pha ni vo in
p pha ca mng.
H s quy i
H s cng sut ca ph ti
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
p(ab)a,p(bc)b,p(ca)
c
p(ab)b,p(bc)c,p(ac)
a
q(ab)a,q(bc)b,q(ca)
c
q(ab)b,q(bc)c,q(ac)
a

1.4
-0.4
1.26
2.45
1.17
-
0.17
0.86
1.44
1.0
0
0.58
1.16
0.89
0.11
0.38
0.96
0.84
0.16
0.30
0.88
0.80
0.20
0.22
0.80
0.72
0.28
0.09
0.67
0.64
0.36
-
0.05
0.53

Ph ti tnh ton mt pha bng tng ph ti ca thit b mt pha ni vo in p
pha v quy i ca thit b mt pha ni vo in p dy. Sau ta tnh ph ti ba pha
bng ba ln ph ti ca pha c ph ti ln nht.
V d: Mt mng c cc thit b mt pha ni vo in p dy U
ab
, U
ac
v in p
pha U
ao
. Hy quy i v ph ti pha a.
Gii
Ph ti tc dng ca pha a:
P
faa
= P
ab
.p
(ab)a
+ P
ac
.p
(ac)a
+ P
ao

Ph ti phn khng ca pha a:
Q
faa
= Q
ab
.q
(ab)a
+ Q
ac
.q
(ac)a
+ Q
ao

Trang 21

Trong :
P
ab
, P
ac
, Q
ab
, Q
ac
: tng cng sut tc dng v phn khng ca cc thit b
mt pha ni vo in p dy U
ab
v U
ac
.
P
ao
Q
ao
: tng cng sut tc dng v phn khng ca cc thit b mt pha ni
vo in p pha U
ao
.
p
(ab)a
, p
(ac)a
, q
(ab)a
, q
(ac)a
: cc h s quy i tra bng trn.
2. Tnh ph ti nh nhn
L ph ti cc i xut hin trong khong 1 2 giy.
Ph ti nh nhn thng c tnh di dng dng in nh I
n
. Chng ta tnh
I
n
kim tra lch in p, chn cc thit b bo v, tnh ton t khi ng ca
ng c
Chng ta khng ch quan tm n gi tr ca dng in nh nhn m cn quan
tm n tn s xut hin ca n. Trong mng in dng in nh nhn xut hin khi
ng c khi ng, l h quang hoc my hn lm vic
i vi mt my, dng in nh nhn tnh bng dng in m my.
I
m
= I
mm
= k
mm
I
m

Trong :
k
mm
: bi s m my ca ng c
Nu khng c gi tr k
mm
chnh xc th ta c th chn:
ng c mt chiu th chn k
mm
= (10 30)
ng c xoay chiu rotor lng sc k
mm
= (5 7)
My bin p hn v l h quang k
mm
3
i vi mt nhm my, dng in nh nhn xut hin khi my c dng in m
my ln nht trong nhm m my, cn cc my khc lm vic bnh thng. Cng thc
tnh nh sau:
I
n
= I
mm(max)
+ (I
tt
k
sd
.I
m(max)
)
Trong
I
mm(max)
: dng in m my ln nht trong tt c cc dng in m my ca
cc ng c trong nhm.
I
tt
: dng in tnh ton ca nhm my.
Trang 22

k
sd
: h s s dng ca ng c c dng in m my ln nht.
V d: Tnh dng in nh nhn ca ng dy cung cp cho mt cn trc. S
liu v ph ti nh sau:
ng c P
m
(kW) %
cos
I
m
(A) k
mm

Nng hng
Xe con
Xe ln
12
4
8
15
15
15
0.76
0.72
0.75
27.5 5.5
in p ca mng U = 380/220 V
H s s dng k
sd
= 0.1
Gii
Trong nhm my ng c nng hng c dng in m my ln nht
I
mm(max)
= k
mm
. I
m
= 5,5. 27,5 = 151A
Ph ti tnh ton ca nhm ng c quy i v ch lm vic di hn
( =100%):
P
tt
=
3
1 i
mi mi
P =(12 + 4 + 8) 15 , 0 = 9,3kW
Q =
3
1 i
i mi mi
tg . P
= 12. 15 , 0 .0,85+ 4. 15 , 0 .1+8 15 , 0 .0,88 = 8,2kVA
S
tt
=
2 2
2 , 8 3 , 9 = 12,4kVA
Dng in tnh ton ca nhm my
I
tt
=
38 , 0 . 3
4 , 12
U
S
m
tt
=18,8(A)
Dng in nh mc ca ng c nng hng(quy i v = 100%)
I
m(max)
=27,5. 15 , 0 =10,6 A
Dng in nh nhn cung cp cho cn trc l:
I
n
= 151 + (18,8 0,1. 10,6) = 168,8 A

Trang 23

VII. XC NH CNG SUT TNH TON CC CP TRONG MNG IN

Nguyn tc:
+ P
ttNM
: phi c tnh t cc thit b in nguc tr v pha ngun.
+ Phi k n tn tht trn ng dy v trong my bin p.
+ Ph ti tnh ton NM cn phi k n d kin pht trin ca NM trong 5 10
nm ti.
im 1: im trc tip cp in n cc thit b. dng in, tai y cn xc nh
ch lm vic ca tng thit b (xc nh k
t
; %; k
sd
; cos ).
im 2: Vi nhm thit b lm vic ch khc nhau Xc nh P
tt
bng
phng php s thit b hiu qu.
~
7
35 220 kV
8 8
B1
6 20 kV
7
~
6 20 kV
TPP
5 5 5 5 5
B2
4
0,2; 0,4; 0,6 kV

3
3 3
1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1
2 2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
4
B2
Trang 24

P
tt
= K
M
.P
tb
= k
max
. k
sd
. P
m

.
2 2 2
jQ P S
im 3: s bng ph ti im 2 cng thm phn tn tht ng dy h p.
.
.
dd 2
3
.
S S S
im 4: im tng h p ca cc tram BA phn xng. Tai y ph ti tnh ton
c th tnh bng phng php h s nhu cu hoc tng hp cc ph ti ti cc im 4.
) Q j P ( K S
n n
i 3 i 3 dt 4

K
dt
: h s ng thi (xt ti s ng thi t gi tr cc i) c th chn trong
khong t 0,85 n 1.
im 5: S
5
= S
4
+ S
B2

im 6: S
6
= S
5
+ S
dd

im 7: S
7
= K
dt
( P
6i
+j Q
6i
)
im 8: S
8
= S
7
+ S
B1

Ch : S
8
cha phi l ph ti ca nh my. V khi tnh ph ti nh my cn phi
k n s pht trin ca nh my (5 10 nm) sau.
S
XN
= S
8
+ S
XN

xc nh c S
XN
phi d bo tng trng ph ti.
VIII. XC NH TM PH TI
1. ngha tm ph ti
Tm ph ti l mt im nm trn mt bng ph ti m nu ta t trm bin p
hay t phn phi ngay ti tm ph ti th cc dng tn tht v in hay chi ph v kim
loi mu l thp nht.
2. Xc nh tm ph ti
V tr tm ph ti thng t gn nhng ph ti hoc cc thit b c cng sut
ln, tm ph ti c xc nh nh sau:
Xc nh trc ta ph ti.
Xc nh v tr ph ti hay thit b trn mt bng ph ti
Trang 25

Tm ph ti c xc nh bi I( X
I
;Y
I
)
Trong :
X
I
=
i
i i
P
X P

Y
I
=
i
i i
P
Y P

Vi:
P
i
: cng sut tc dng ph ti th i
X
i
v Y
i
: honh v tung ca ph ti th i
CU HI
1) Hy nu cc phng php xc nh ph ti tnh ton?
2) th ph ti l g? Ti sao phi xy dng ph ti hng ngy, hng thng, hng
nm?
3) Hy nu cc i lng v h s tnh ton thng gp? ngha ca tng thng s
trong qu trnh thit k cung cp in
4) Hy tnh ph ti tnh ton ca mt phn xng c kh c cc my sau:
Tn thit b S lng P
m
, KW
cos
1 my Ton b
My ca di
Khoan bn
My mi th
My khoan ng
My bo ngang
My xc
1
2
3
1
1
1
1
0.65
2
4.5
4.5
2.8
1
1.3
6
4.5
4.5
2.8
0.6
0.65
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
Mt Bng Ph Ti
x
0
y
Trang 26

Bi 3
CHN PHNG N CUNG CP IN
I. KHI QUT
Phng n cung cp in gm cc vn ch yu sau y: cp in p, ngun
in p, s ni in v phng n vn hnh, l nhng vn rt quan trng
c t ra ngay t khi xy dng l v n trc tip pht huy tnh hiu qu ca h thng
cung cp in.
xc nh c phng n cung cp in ti u nht th ta phi xc nh cc
d liu ban u v nhu cu in nng, ng thi xc nh tnh kinh t cho cc phng
n.
m bo cht lng in tc l m bo c tn s v bin in p trong
phm vi cho php
m bo tin cy, tnh lin tc cung cp in sao cho ph hp vi yu cu
ph ti
Thun tin trong qu trnh lp t, sa cha v pht trin.
t c cc ch tiu v kinh t.
II. CHN IN P NH MC CA MNG IN
1. Chn cp in p
Cp in p ca mng in l yu t rt quan trng trong qu trnh cung cp in
v n nh hng trc tip n cc vn chn thit b, dy dn, tn tht in nng,
st p v chi ph trong qu trnh vn hnh.
a. Nu ta chn ng dy c cp in p cao:
Li:
Cc dng tn tht v in
Chi ph kim loi mu
Thit hi:
Chi ph gii ta hnh lang an ton
Chi ph thit b
Khng an ton
Trang 27

b. Nu ta chn ng dy c cp in p thp:
Li:
An ton
Chi ph gii ta hnh lang an ton
Chi ph thit b
Thit hi:
Cc dng tn tht v in
Chi ph kim loi mu
Thng thng, nh hng cho vic chn cp in p trong cung cp in ta
c th s dng cng thc kinh nghim sau:
4, 34 16 U l P
Trong :
U : in p ca mng, kV
l: chiu di ng dy, km
P: cng sut truyn ti, MW
Cng thc ny ch ng khi khong cch gia ph ti v ngun in khng qu
250km v dung lng ca ph ti nh hn 60MVA. Nu cc s liu trn ln hn ta s
dng cng thc:
l 5 , 0 S 3 U
Trong :
U : in p ca mng, kV
S : cng sut truyn ti, MVA
l: chiu di ng dy, km
Ngi ta cng c th xc nh c cp in p cn chn tng ng vi tng
cng sut truyn ti, chiu di ng dy truyn ti bng cch tra bng:
Gi tr gn ng v cng sut truyn ti v khong cch truyn ti ca cc mng
c cp in p khc nhau c lit k bng sau:
Trang 28

Hin nay nc ta c cc cp in p sau:
H th
Cp in p t < 1kv
Trung - Cao th
+ Trung th:
Cp in p 15kv s bt s: 1 2bt
+ Cao th
Cp in p 35kv s bt s: 3bt
Cp in p 110kv s bt s: 9bt
Siu cao th
Cp in p >220kv s bt s: 26 32bt
Cp in p
ca mng
Loi ng dy Cng sut truyn
ti kw
Khong cch,
km
0.22 Trn khng
Cp
< 50
< 100
< 0.15
< 0.2
0.38 Trn khng
Cp
< 100
< 175
< 0.25
< 0.35
6 Trn khng
Cp
< 2000
< 3000
5 ~ 10
< 8
10 Trn khng
Cp
< 3000
< 5000
8 ~ 15
< 10
35 Trn khng 2000 ~ 10.000 20 ~ 50
110 Trn khng 10.000 ~ 50.000 50 ~ 150
220 Trn khng 100.000 ~ 150.000 200 ~ 300
Trang 29

2. Chn ngun in
Trong h thng cung cp in vic chn ngun in c quan h mt thit n
nhiu mt nh: ph ti cp in p, s cung cp in, bo v t ng ho, ch
vn hnh....
Tu theo quy m ca h thng cung cp in m ngun in c th l cc nh
my in (nhit in , thu in ....... ), cc trm bin p khu vc, trung gian hoc cc
trm phn phi hay trm bin p phn xng.
m bo tnh cung cp in ta phi chn ngun in tho mn cc yu cu
sau:
m bo cng sut cp in cho ph ti.
Gn ph ti in.
Phi c ngun d phng.
III. S MNG IN P CAO
xc nh c phng n cung cp in hp l ngoi vic phi tnh ton chn
cp in p, kho st v ngun in ta phi la chn s cung cp in v trong h
thng cung cp in chng c quan h mt thit vi nhau.
a. S trc chnh
S trc chnh thng thch hp cho mng in nng thn v ph ti loi 3 v
n c mt s c im:
n gin r tin
Lp t n gin
Thng xy ra s c (trn ng dy c nhiu mi ni)
St p nhiu cui ng dy
Cc ph ti ph thuc vo nhau
Tnh cung cp in khng cao ( nng cao tnh cung cp in ngi
ta lp my ct phn on)

Trang 30

Hnh 3.1 S trc chnh
b. S hnh tia
u im:
Ni dy r rng, mi h dng in u c cung cp t mt ung
dy c lp. Dng s ny thch hp cho ph ti loi 1 v loi 2.
c im s hnh tia:
Cc ph ti khng ph thuc nhau
Tnh cung cp in cao
D xy dng ng ng dy d phng cho ph ti loi 1 v loi 2
t xy ra s c
Vn u t ban u ln
Chi ph bo tr bo qun cao.....

Ngun in
DCL
MC
DCL
ph
ti 2
ph
ti 2
ph
ti i
ph
ti n
Trang 31

Hnh 3.2: S hnh tia
i vi nhng ph ti quan trng, nng cao tnh lin tc cung cp in ngoi
vic dng s hnh tia, c th t thm ng dy song song ly in t ngun th
hai hoc t phn on th hai n nh s sau:

Hnh 3.3: S cung cp in kiu hnh tia c cung cp bng hai ng dy

Ngun in
DCL
T
MC
T
Ph ti
MC
CT
DCL
T
DCL
CT
DCL
CT
Ph ti
MC
phn on
MC
lin lc
MC
lin lc
Ph ti
Trang 32

pha in p cao ca trm bin p, ngi ta thng t my ct phn on v
my ct lin lc ng ngun d tr nhm nng cao tin cy ca s .
c. S phn nhnh ni hnh vng
u im ca s ny l vn hnh n gin, nng cao c tin cy cung cp
in. Thng thng mch vng c th ct i thnh 2 nhnh ring r (v d ti im N)
hn ch thi gian mt in khi xy ra s c. Loi s ny thng c dng cho
mng in thnh ph hoc cc x nghip c nhiu phn xng c b tr trn phm vi
rng.

. S dn su
S dn su l s cung cp in a in p cao ( 35KV) vo gn tm
ph ti, su trong x nghip n tn cc trm bin p phn xng.
u im:
- Do trc tip a in p cao vo trm bin p phn xng gim bt trm phn
phi, do gim c s lng cc thit b in v s ni dy n gin hn rt
nhiu.
- Do a in p cao vo gn ph ti, nn gim uc tn tht in p, tn tht
in nng, nng cao nng lc truyn ti ca mng.
C
A
B
Hnh 3.4: S s phn nhnh ni hnh vng
N
Trang 33

Khuyt im:
- V mt ng dy dn su r vo nhiu trm bin p nn tin cy s
cp in khng cao. khc khuyt im ny, thng dng 2 dy dn su song song.
t cc thit b bo v chng s c lan trn v qui nh mi mt ng dy dn su
khng nn mang qu 5 trm bin p v dung lng ca mt ng dy khng nn qu
5.000KVA.
- Khi dng dy dn su c cp in p 110-220KV th din tch t ca x
nghip b ng dy chim s rt ln. V th kh c th a ng dy vo trung tm
ph ti c.
S dn su thng c dng cung cp cho cc thnh ph, x nghip c ph
ti ln, phn b trn din tch rng v ng dy in p cao i trong x nghip khng
nh hng n vic xy dng cc cng trnh khc cng nh giao thng vn chuyn
trong thnh ph, x nghip.

IV. S MNG IN P THP
Mng in h p c l mng in ng lc hoc chiu sng trong phn xng
vi cp in p thng l 380/220KV hoc 220/127KV. V th cc thit b ng ct
cho mng h p thng s dng cu dao hoc CB b ng ct mng in.
. S trc chnh

35kv
Phn xng
Hnh 3.5: S cung cp in kiu dn su
Trang 34

Tng t nh mng in cao p, s ny c cc c im nh sau:
n gin r tin.
Lp t n gin.
Thng xy ra s c (trn ng dy c nhiu mi ni).
Gy st p cui ng dy.
Cc ph ti ph thuc vo nhau.
Tnh cung cp in khng cao.
Dng s ny thch hp cho cc thit b c cng cng sut, cng ch lm
vic nh cc ng c my may, cc dy n phn xng....
S hnh tia
Dng cung cp in cho cc ph ti phn tn, t t phn phi c cc ng
dy dn n cc thit b. Loi s ny c tin cy cung cp in tng di cao,
thng c dng trong cc phn xng c cc thit b phn tn trn din rng nh
trong phn xng c kh, lp rp, dt si.

Ngun
in
S
1
S
2
S
i
S
n
CB
T
CB
tb
CB
tb
CB
tb
CB
tb
CB
tb
Hnh 3.6: S trc chnh
Trang 35

S hnh tia c cc c im sau:
Cc thit b khng ph thuc nhau;
Tnh cung cp in cao;
D sa cha;
Vn u t ln.
. S c dng tng hp
S ny thng dng cung cp in cho cc ph ti phn tn, t thanh ci
ca trm bin p c cc ng dy dn n cc t phn phi ng lc, t t phn phi
ng lc c cc ng dy dn n cc thit b.

T phn phi
TC
CB
Hnh 3.7: S hnh tia

Hnh 3.8: S c dng tng hp
Trang 36

i vi s dng tng hp khi xy dng lp t ta cn ch nhng vn sau:
Cc thit b c cng sut ln nn phn b cng mt nhm;
Cc thit b c dng khi ng ln khng c lp chung vi thit b
chiu sng;
Khng nn lp qu nhiu thit b trn cng mt trc chnh.
1. Kt cu ca mng in
Kt cu ca mng in phn xng
Dy dn :
- Dy c v bc cch in, c t trn s cch in hoc t trong ng.
- m bo an ton khi dng dy dn phi m bo cc khong cch sau:
- Chiu cao t dy dn n mt t 3.5 m.
- Tit din dy dn phi tho mn iu kin bn c kh.
Thanh ci :
cc phn xng c mt ph ti ln v phn b u dc theo phn xng th
ngi ta t cc thanh ci dc theo nh xng. T cc thanh ci c cc ng dy
lung trong ng dn n cc t phn phi ng lc. T t phn phi ng lc c cc
ng dy dn n cc my sn xut.
Cp:
Trong phn xng hay dng cp cao su, loi cp ny c th ngoi khng kh
( dn dc tng, x nh ) hoc t trong cc rnh cp.
Thanh ci kiu hp:
Loi thanh ci ny c bc kn trong hp st, mi on thanh ci di khong
3 m, c 0.8 m li c 1 hp ni dy gm cc u cm, cu ch v dy dn n cc my.
Thanh ci kiu hp c lp trn cc gi cch mt t 2.5- 3.5 m.
2. ng dy trn khng
- ng dy trn khng c dng rng ri v so vi ng cp th vn u t t
hn, d thi cng, d pht trin v sa cha nhng ch h hng.
- Theo in p nh mc v phm vi s dng, ngi ta phn ra ng dy trn
khng ra lm 3 cp:
Trang 37

+ Cp 1 : ng dy c U
m
= 35 220 KV.
+ Cp 2 : ng dy c U
m
= 1 22 KV.
+ Cp 3 : ng dy c U
m
< 1 KV.
- ng dy trn khng gm cc b phn c bn: dy dn, ct, x, s, t chng
rung, kp dy
a. Dy dn : yu cu c bn i vi dy dn l dn in tt v bn.
- Dy dn in tt: gm cc loi dy ng, nhm, nhm li thp v thp.
- Bn: dy dn mc trn cao phi vt khong cch t ct ny n ct khc, do
dy dn phi bn. tng bn, ngi ta ch to cc loi dy nhiu si bn li
vi nhau hoc c cu to phn ngoi l nhm, phn li l thp .
b. Ct in :
- Phn loi ct theo vt liu lm ct th c 3 loi ct: ct tre v g, ct b tng ct
st, ct st.
- Ct g, tre: thng c dng mng nng thn, c in p thp v kh nng
chu lc km v chng mc.
- Ct b tng ct st:
+ u : C tui th cao, chu lc tt, bn v tng i r. V th loi ct ny
c dng rng ri c mng in p thp ln cao p.
+ Nhc : nng n, kh khn khi vn chuyn xa.
- Ct st, thp:
+ Ct ny chu lc tt, c th lm cao nn thng c dng lm ct vt
sng, vt ng ci. Do c th ch to tng b phn ri lp rp nn thun tin trong
vic vn chuyn i xa.
+ Gi thnh cao, chi ph bo qun ln v phi sn chng r nh k.
- Phn loi ct theo chc nng th c 2 loi ct: ct no gc v ct trung gian.
+ Ct no gc: kp cht dy dn 1 s im trn ng i ca dy, phi
chu lc ko ln nn ct no phi bn, cng.
+ Ct trung gian: gi dy dn 1 cao cho trc v khng phi chu lc
ko.
c. X ngang : dng s cch in v to khong cch gia cc dy dn.
d. S cch in : cch in gia dy dn v cc b phn khng dn in: x
Trang 38

ngang v ct.
- S phi c tnh nng cch in cao, chu c in p ca ng dy lc bnh
thng v khi qu in p v b st nh. S phi bn, chu c lc ko .
- S c 2 loi chnh :
+ S ng, thng c U
m
<35 KV.
+ S bt, treo thnh chui, s dng trong trng hp ng dy c in p
U
m
35 KV.
Khong cch trung bnh gia cc pha dy dn (D
m
) b tr trn ct c qui
nh:
U
m
1 KV : D
m
= 0.4-0.6 m
U
m
=6-10 KV : D
m
= 0.8-1.2 m
U
m
=35 KV : D
m
= 1-4 m
U
m
=110 KV : D
m
= 4-6 m
V. NG DY CP
- u : Cp c ch to chc chn, cch in tt c t di t hoc trong
hm dnh ring cho cp nn trnh c cc va p c kh.
- Nhc : gi thnh t, v vy cp thng c dng nhng ni quan trng,
kh khn trong vic thc hin r nhnh cp.
- in khng ca cp rt b so vi ng dy trn khng cng tit din nn gim
c tn tht cng sut v tn tht in p (x0 = 0.08 /km).
- Cp c U
m
1KV : c cch in bng cao su hoc du.
- Cp c U
m
>1KV : thng l cp 3 pha c cch in bng du
CU HI
1) Nhng yu cu c bn no m bo mt phng n cung cp in c xem l
hp l.
2) Ti sao chn cp in p l mt trong nhng vn c bn ca vic thit k cung
cp in
3) Nhng yu cu khi thit k ng dy trn khng.
4) Nhng yu cu khi thit k mng cp ngm.
5) So snh u v nhc im ca mng cp ngm v mng trn khng. Phm vi s
dng ca chng
a) S ng. b) S a.
Hnh 3.9: Hnh dng s cch in.
Trang 39

Bi 4
TNH TON TN THT IN P, TN THT
CNG SUT, TN THT IN NNG
I. S THAY TH LI IN
Mng in gm 2 phn t c bn to thnh (ng dy v my bin p). Do ,
chng ta cn thit lp cc m hnh tnh ton c gi l s thay th.
1. ng dy
c im: mng x nghip, nh my c cung cp in bng ng dy in p
trung bnh v thp, chiu di khng ln lm. Do , trong tnh ton c th n gin
coi hiu ng mt ngoi v hiu ng gn l khng ng k dn n in tr ca dy
dn ly bng in tr 1 chiu. m t cc qu trnh nng lng xy ra lc truyn ti,
ngi ta thng hay s dng s thay th hnh .

Trong :
+ Z : tng tr ng dy
+ Y : Tng dn
Y = G + jB
Vi G, B l in dn tc dng v in dn phn khng. Trong G - c trng
cho tn tht cng sut tc, B phn nh hin tng vng quang in, c trng cho
lng cng sut phn khng sinh ra bi in dng gia dy dn vi nhau v gia
chng vi t.
Ta c: Z = R + jX = (r
0
+ jx
0
).l
Y = G + jB = (g
0
+ jb
0
).l
Trong :
r
0
, x
0
: in tr tc dng v phn khng trn 1 n v chiu di dy [ /km].
g
0
, b
0
:in dn tc dng v phn khng trn mt n v chiu di dy [km/ ].
2
Y

2
Y

Z
Trang 40

r
0
: c th tra bng tng ng vi nhit tiu chun l 20
0
C. Thc t phi
c hiu chnh vi mi trng ni lp t nu nhit mi trng khc 20
0
C.
r
0
= r
0
[ 1 + ( - 20)]
r0 Tr s tra bng.
= 0,004 khi vt liu lm dy l kim loi mu.
= 0,0045 khi dy dn lm bng thp.
r
0
cng c th c tnh theo vt liu v kch c dy:
F
r
0
F [mm2]: tit din dy dn.
[mm
2
/km]: in tr sut ca vt liu lm dy.
-
Al
= 31,5 [ mm
2
/km].
-
Cu
= 18,8 [ mm
2
/km].
i vi dy dn bng thp r
0
khng ch ph thuc vo tit din m cn ph thuc
vo dng in chy trong dy. Do , khng tnh c bng cc cng thc c th m
phi tra bng hoc tra ng cong.
x
0
: xc nh theo nguyn l k thut in th in khng 1 pha ca ng dy ti
in 3 pha:
4 tb
0
10 . . 5 , 0
d
D . 2
log 6 , 4 . x
[ /km].
Trong :
= 2 f : tn s gc ca dng in xoay chiu.
D
tb
: khong cch trung bnh hnh hc gia cc dy, [mm]
d : ng knh dy dn, [mm]
: h s dn t tng i ca vt liu lm dy. Vi kim loi mu khi ti dng
xoay chiu tn s 50 Hz th: = 1
Ta c:
016 , 0
d
D . 2
log 144 , 0 x
tb
0 [ /km].

Xc nh D
tb
:

Trang 41

D
tb
= D

D 26 , 1 2 D D
3
tb

3
31 23 12 tb
D D D D

Vi dy dn lm bng thp > > > 1 v li bin thin theo cng t trng
= f(I) lc x
0
xc nh nh sau:
x
0
= x
0
+ x
0

x
0
=
d
D . 2
log 144 , 0
tb
: thnh phn cm khng gy bi h cm gia cc dy.
x
0
= 2 f.0,5 .10
-4
: thnh phn cm khng lin quan n t cm ni b ca
dy dn.
x
0
- thng c tra bng hoc theo ng cong.
Tnh Y: T c im ca ng dy cung cp in cho cc x nghip, nh my ta
thy: lng in nng tn tht do r qua s v in mi (vi cp) l rt nh (v U nh).
Do c th b qua (b qua G) (v n ch ng k vi ng dy c U 220 kV).
Nh vy trong thnh phn ca tng dy ch cn B.
in dn phn khng ca 1 km ng dy xc nh bng biu thc sau: (ph
thuc vo ng knh dy, khong cch gia cc pha).
6
tb
0
10 .
d
D 2
log
58 , 7
b
[ 1/ km ].
Trong thc t b
0
c tnh sn trong cc bng tra (theo F, D
tb
). Ring vi ng
cp cn ph thuc vo cch in. Do , ta buc phi tra trong cc ti liu ring. T
tham s ny ta xc nh c lng cng sut phn khng pht sinh ra do dung dn
1
2
3
D
D
D

1 2 3
D D

1
2 3
D
31
D
23

D
12
Trang 42

ca ng dy nh sau :
Q
C
= U
2
. b
0
.l = U
2
.B
Thc t ch quan tm n b
0
v Q
c
khi U > 20 kV, mng cp hoc mng ng
dy trn khng c in p U > 35 kV.
S thay th ca ng dy trn khng lc ny s nh hnh sau:

2. My bin p
Khi lm vic my BA gy ra nhng tn tht sau:
+ Tn tht do hiu ng Jun, v t thng d qua cun s cp, th cp. Tn tht
do dng Phu-c gy ra trong li thp Vi my bin p 2 cun dy thng s dng
cc s thy th sau:
a. S thay th my bin p hai cun dy:
+ S hnh T:

Z
1
: phn nh tn tht cng sut dy cun s cp
Z
2
: phn nh tn tht cng sut dy cun th cp, cn gi l tng tr th cp
qui v s cp.
+ S hnh : trong tnh ton h thng in thng s dng loi s ny
nhiu hn. Trong cc lng tn tht khng thay i (thay i t) c m t nh
mt ph ti ni trc tip nh hnh sau:

Z
2
Q
j
c

2
Q
j
c

Y

1
2
Z
1
Z
2
Z
B
S
B
= P
fe
+ j Q
fe
Trang 43

Trong :
Z
B
= Z
1
+ Z
2
= (r
1
+ r
2
) + j(x
1
+ x
2
) = r
B
+ jx
B
xc nh cc thng s ca s thay th ta da vo cc thng s cho trc
ca my bin p bao gm:
P
cu
hay P
N
: Tn tht cng sut tc dng trn dy cun vi mc ti nh
mc, thu c qua th nghim ngn mch my bin p.
P
fe
hay P
0
: Tn tht cng sut tc dng trong li thp ca my BA, cn gi
l tn tht khng ti ca my BA (thu c t th nghim khng ti my BA).
u
N
% : in p ngm mch % so vi U
dm
.
I
0
% : Dng khng ti % so vi I
dm
.
Xut pht t nhng thng s ny chung ta s xc nh c cc thng s ca s
thay th my bin p.
Tnh R
B
: xut pht th nghim ngn mch my BA ta c:
P
Cu
= 3.I
2
dm
.R
B

Nhn c 2 v vi U
2
dm

P
Cu
.U
2
dm
= 3.I
2
dm
.U
2
dm
.R
B
(S
dmB
= 3 .U
dm
.I
dm
)
Suy ra:
3
2
dm
2
dm Cu
B
10 .
S
U . P
R

n v ca cc i lng trong cng thc trn
R
B
[ ].
P
CU
[ kW ].
U
dm
[ kV ].
S
dm
[ kVA ].
Cng t th nghim ngn mch my bin p ta c:
100 .
3 / U
Z . I
100 .
3 / U
U
% u
dm
B dm
dm
N
N

Trn thc t v x
B
ln hn rt nhiu so vi r
B
. Do , mt cch gn ng ta c th
ly x
B
z
B
lc ta c:
100 . S
U %. u
100 . I 3
U %. u
x
dm
2
dm N
dm
dm N
B

Trang 44

10 .
S
U %. u
x
dm
2
dm N
B

Vi:
x
B
[ ].
U
dm
[ kV ].
S
dm
[ kVA ].
+ Trng hp my bin p c cng sut nh S
dm
< 1000 kVA th R
B
l ng
k khi ta c:

2
3
2
dm
2
dm Cu
2
dm
2
dm N 2
B
2
B B
10 .
S
U . P
10 .
S
U %. u
R Z x

Tnh Q
fe
: Cn c vo I
0
% (t th nghim khng ti my BA)
100 .
S
S
100 .
U 3
S
I
100 .
I
I
% I
dm
0
dm
dm
0
dm
0
0
S
0
: cng sut khng ti S
0
= P
fe
+ j Q
fe
.
Thc t v Q
fe
ln hn rt nhiu so vi P
fe
. Do ta c th ly gn ng:
100
S %. I
S Q
dm 0
0 fe
b. S thay th my bin p ba cun dy:

Z
1
; Z
2
; Z
3
: tng tr cc cun dy qui i v cng 1 cp in p.
Vi my 3 cun dy nh ch to thng cho trc cc thng s: S
dm
; U
1dm
;
U
2dm
; U
3dm
; I
0
% ; P
0
.
Ngoi ra tham s ngn mch li cho nh sau:
P
12
; U
12
: Tn tht ngn mch v in p ngn mch. Trong P
12
c c
khi cho cun 2 ngn mch, cun 3 h mch, t in p vo cun 1 sao cho
dng trong cun 1 v 2 bng nh mc th dng li. Khi ta c:
(1) P
12
= P
1
+ P
2

Z
3
1
2
Z
1 Z
2
3
S
B
= P
fe
+ j Q
fe
Trang 45

U
12
= U
1
+ U
2

Tng t ta c: P
13
; U
13
; P
13
; U
13

(2) P
23
= P
2
+ P
3

U
23
= U
2
+ U
3

(3) P
13
= P
1
+ P
3

U
13
= U
1
+ U
3

Gii h phng trnh (1); (2); (3) Tm c:
(4) P
1
= 1/2( P
12
+ P
13
+ P
23
)
P
2
= P
12
- P
1
P
3
= P
13
- P
1

(5) U
1
= 1/2(U
12
+ U
13
+U
23
)
U
2
= U
12
- U
1
U
3
= U
13
- U
1
Sau khi c tn tht ngn mch v in p ngn mch ring cho tng cun dy
th vic xc nh tng tr ca tng cun dy c th s dng cng thc nh ca my
bin p 2 cun dy.
II. TNH TON MNG H CP PHN PHI
1. Tn tht cng sut trn ng dy
a. Vi ng dy cung cp:
Trong tnh ton ng dy ti in, ngi ta s dng s thay th hnh (i
vi mng 110 kV, i khi ngay c vi mng 220 kV ngi ta thng b qua phn in
dn tc dng ca ng dy. Tc l trn s ch cn li thnh phn in dn phn
khng Y = jB do dung dn ca ng dy v thng c thay th bng ph ti phn
khng jQ
c
.

Z
2
Q j c

2
Q
j
c

1
2
S
1
S
2
S
2
= P
2
+ jQ
2
S
1
Trang 46

Ch : S = 3.I
2
dm
.Z
M:
U 3
S
I

Z .
U
S
S
2
2

+ Cng sut cui ng dy:

)
2
Q
Q ( j P
2
Q
j S S
2 c
2 2
2 c
2
.
"
2
+ Tn tht cng sut c th xc nh theo cng sut cui ng dy:
X .
U
S
. j R .
U
S
Z .
U
S
Q j P S
2
2
2 "
2
2
2
2 "
2
2
2
"
2
.

+ Cng sut cui ng dy:
.
"
2
'
1
S S S

+ Tn tht cng sut c th xc nh theo cng sut chy u ng dy:
X .
U
S
. j R .
U
S
Z .
U
S
Q j P S
2
1
2 '
1
2
1
12
1
2
1
'
1
.

Khi cng sut chy cui ng dy:
.
1
.
2
.
S ' S " S

+ Cng sut i vo ng dy:
2
Q
j ' S S
1 c
1
.
1
.

Trong ph ti phn khng ca ng dy c th tnh theo in dn phn
khng theo cng thc sau:
2
B
. U
2
Q
2
1
1 c

2
B
. U
2
Q
2
2
2 c

b. ng dy mng phn phi:
i vi ng dy mng phn phi ( 6; 10 kV) c th b qua Y trn s . Hn
na trong tnh ton tn tht cng sut li c th b qua s chnh lch in p gia cc
im u v cui ng dy, ngha l coi U
2
= U
1
= U
dm
. ng thi b qua s chnh
lch dng cng sut gia im u v im cui ng dy. C ngha l coi S
= S
=
S
1
= S
2
. iu ny cho php xc nh d dng lung cng sut chy trn cc on dy
ca mng phn phi.
Trang 47

V d tnh lung cng sut chy trn on 01 hnh sau:

Ta c s thay th:

+ Cng sut chy trn on 01:
n
1 i
i 01
S S

S
23
= S
3
+ S
10
+ S
11

Nh vy tnh tn tht cng sut trong mt phn t no ca mng phn phi
0

1

2

3

4

5

6

10

11

7

9

8

S
1

S
4

S
5

S
6

S
10

S
11

S
9

S
7

S
8

S
3

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

10

11

7

9

8

S
1

S
4

S
5

S
6

S
10

S
11

S
9

S
7

S
8

S
3

Trang 48

nm gia nt i v j ta c th tnh
) jX R .(
U
S
Q P S
ij ij
2
dm
ij
ij ij ij
2. Tn tht in nng trong mng in
+ Nu trong thi gian ph ti in khng thay i, th cng sut l hng s v
tn tht in nng s c tnh nh sau:
A = P.

2
max
8760
0
2
I
dt ). t ( I

Thc t th ng cong ph ti v ng cong tn tht khng bao gi li hon
ton trng nhau, tuy nhin gia T
max
v li c quan h kh khng kht vi nhau =
f(T
max
;cos ). Quan h gia T
max
v thng cho di dng bng tra hoc ng
cong.

+ Trong trng hp khng c bng tra hoc ng cong chng ta c th s dng
cng thc gn ng tnh c theo T
max
nh sau:
8760 . T . 10 124 , 0
2
max
4

V d 1:
Hy xc nh tn tht in nng trong mt nm ca mng phn phi 10 kV nh
hnh v. Tnh theo A%.

T
max
0

cos = 0,6
0,7
0,9
2
S
max2

1
0
S
max1

A-150
A-50
2 km
1 km
Trang 49

Bit: S
max1
= 2 + j 1 MVA
S
max2
= 1 + j0,5 MVA
T
max
= 2700 h
Gii:
V l li phn phi nn ta c s thay th nh sau:

+ tnh c tn tht in nng ca li. Trc tin ta phi xc nh c
P
max
ca li, (cn ch rng A ch lin quan n P m thi).
Tra bng A 150 r
0
= 0,21 /km
A 50 r
0
= 0,63 /km
+ Tn tht cng sut cc i trong mng:
12
2
dm
12
01
2
dm
01
12 01 max
R
U
S
R
U
S
P P P

S
01
= S
max1
+ S
max2
= (2 + j1) + (1 + j0,5)
S
01
=
2 2
5 , 0 1 1 2

S
12
= S
max2
= 1 +j0,5
S
12
=
2 2
5 , 0 1

1 , 55 10 x 1 x 63 , 0 x
10
5 , 0 1
10 x 2 x 21 , 0 x
10
5 , 0 1 1 2
P
6
2
2 2
6
2
2 2
max kW
+ Tn tht in nng trong 1 nm:
A = P
max
. C 2 on u c cng cos v T
max
= 2700 h
tra bng ta c = 1500 h
A = 55,1 x 1500 = 82 500 kWh
+ in nng cc h nhn t li trong mt nm:
A = P
max
.T
max
= (2000+1000)x2700 = 8 100 000 kWh
2
1+j0,5
1
0
2+j1
S
01

S
12

Z
12
Z
01

Trang 50

+ Tn tht in nng tnh theo %:
A% =
02 , 1 100 x
8100000
82500
100 x
A
A
%
3. Tnh tn tht in p trong mng in
a. Tn tht in p trn ng dy mng phn phi:
c im chung ca mng phn phi:
+ C in p thp v ng dy ngn b qua tng dn ca s thay th.
+ Tn tht cng sut nh c th b qua trong tnh ton
+ S chnh lch in p gia cc im nt khng ng k c th dng in p
nh mc tnh.
+ Thnh phn ngang trc ca in p dng rt nh c th b qua.
b. Tnh tn tht in p cho ng dy c nhiu ph ti tp trung:
+ Xt mng phn phi cung cp cho 3 ph ti tp trung nh hnh v.

+ S thay th ca mng s c dng:

+ Cng sut trn cc on:
S
01
= S
3
+ S
2
+ S
1
= (p
1
+ p
2
+ p
3
) + j(q
1
+ q
2
+ q
3
)
S
12
= S
2
+ S
3
= (p
2
+ p
3
) + j(q
2
+ q
3
)
S
23
= S
3
= p
3
+ jq
3
Tnh U theo cng sut chy trn cc on:

2
1
0
S
1
= p
1
+ jq
1
S
2
= p
2
+ jq
2
3
S
3
= p
3
+ jq
3
2
S
2
1 0
S
1
S
01

S
12

3
S
23

S
3
2
1
0
r
01
+ jx
01 3
r
12
+ jx
12
r
23
+ jx
23
P
01
+ jQ
01 P
12
+ jQ
12
P
23
+ jQ
23
Trang 51

dm
23 23 23 23
dm
12 12 12 12
dm
01 01 01 01
23 12 01 3
U
x Q r P
U
x Q r P
U
x Q r P
U U U U

Tng qut cho mng c n ph ti:
dm
ij ij ij ij
U
x Q r P
U

) x Q r P ( .
U . 1000
100
100 .
U
U
% U
ij ij ij ij
2
dm dm

Trong : U - [V].
P
ij
; Q
ij
- [kW] ; [kVAr].
U
dm
- [kV].
r
ij
; x
ij
- [ ].
V d 2:
Cho mng in phn phi nh hnh v. Dy dn trong mng l dy A 50;
D
tb
= 1 m; U
dm
= 10 kV. Hy xc nh U
max
= ?

Gii
S thay th

Tra bng: A=50 r
0
= 0,63 /km
x
0
= 0,355 /km
522 , 0 j 945 , 0
2
355 , 0 x 3 j 63 , 0 x 3
Z
01
Z
12
= 4x0,63 + j4x0,355 = 2,52 + j1,420
2
0
1
3
800+j500 kVA
3 km
4 km
4 km
1000+j1000
500 kW
kVA
2
0
1
3
Z
13
Z
01
Z
12
S
1
S
2
S
3
Trang 52

Z
13
= Z
12
= 2,53 + j1,420
im 2 s c U
max
(v Z
12
= Z
13
nhng S
3
< S
2
)
dm
2 2 2 2
dm
3 2 1 01 3 2 1
12 01 max
U
X Q R P
U
Q Q Q R P P P
U U U

Thay cc tham s vi U
dm
= 10 kV U
max
= 571 V
III. TNH TON MNG KN N GIN
1. Khi nim chung
nng cao tin cy cung cp in ngi ta thng s dng mng in kn. L
mng in m mi h dng in c cung cp t nht t 2 pha. Mng in kn n
gin nht l ng dy kp cung cp in cho 1 ph ti. Ngoi ra mng in kn c th
l mng vng do mt ngun cung cp hoc mch ng dy chnh c 2 ngun cung
cp.

u im:
- Tng cng tnh lin tc cung cp in (v mi h c 2 ngun cung cp),
thng dng cho cc h ph ti loi 1.
- Trong vn hnh bnh thng tn tht in p v cng sut nh hn trong
mng h.
Nhc im:
- Khi s c, chng hn t mt nhnh u ngun mng tr thnh h, tn
tht cng sut v in p u ln, c th vt qu gi tr cho php.
- Thc hin bo v cho mng kn c phn phc tp hn so vi mng h,
thng phi dng bo v c hng hoc bp v c khong cch.
- Tnh ton mng in kn phc tp hn mng h.
2. Xc nh cng sut trn cc nhnh - im phn cng sut
Tnh ton mng in kn l mt vn phc tp. y ta ch xt mng in kn
Mng in kn gm
ng dy mch kp
A B
S
A
2
1
3
S
1
S
2
S
3
Mng in kn kiu
mch vng (1 ngun)
S
1
A B
S
2
S
3
Mng in kn gm
2 ngun cung cp
Trang 53

n gin nht. Ngha l mng ch c 1 mch vng hoc mng ng dy chnh c 2
ngun cung cp. Trc ht phi xc nh phn b cng sut trn cc on ng dy
ca mng kn. Ta dng phng php gn ng vi gi thit sau:
1- B qua tn tht cng sut trong cc on.
2- B qua tn tht in p, coi in p mi im ca mch vng bng in p
nh mc.
3- Ph ti ti cc nt l ph ti tnh ton.
V d:
Cho mng in nh hnh v.

T s thay th ta c s tnh ton nh hnh v

Trong : Ti nt ta c
2
Q
j
2
Q
j S S S
12 C 01 c
1 B 1 1 tt
ta c
2
Q
j
2
Q
j S S S
' 20 C 12 C
2 B 2 2 tt
2
S
1
S
2
0
1
B
1
B
2
S
1
Z
01
S
2
Z
B1
Z
B2
S
Fe
S
Fe
0 0
1
2
Z
20
0
0 1
2
S
tt1 S
tt2
Z
01
Z
12
S
01
S
12
S
20
Trang 54

V d:
Mt s c 2 ngun cung cp nh hnh v :

Trong :
S
1
; S
2
: ph ti tnh ton k c tn tht cng sut trong my BA.
Gi thit S
1
; S
2
l tr s ln nht.
Bit Z
1
; Z
2
; Z
12
; U
A
; U
B
( U
A
U
B
) Cn phi xc nh cng sut trn cc
nhnh S
A1
; S
B2
; S
12
cng chiu ca chng trn s . Chiu ca S
A1
& S
B2
l r
dng cng chiu S
12
ta tm qui c nh trn hnh v. Chng ta c th vit phng
trnh biu din in p dng t ngun A n B (theo nh lut Kirchoff 2, vi chiu qui
c nh hnh).
2 2 B 12 12 1 1 A B A
Z I Z I Z I 3 U U
(*)
Thay dng in nhnh bng cc dng ph ti I
1
; I
2

Ta xt nt I
12
= I
A1
I
1

I
B2
= I
2
- I
12
= I
2
+ I
1
I
A1
thay vo (*) ta c

U
A
U
B
= 3 ( I
A1
Z
1
+ (I
A1
I
1
)Z
12
(I
1
+ I
2
I
A1
)Z
2
)
=
2 2 2 12 1 12 2 1 1 A
Z I Z Z I Z Z Z I 3

Z Z
1B
Z
2B
t:
U
A
U
B
= 3 (I
A1
.Z - I
1
.Z
1B
I
2
.Z
2B
)
Rt ra:
Z 3
U U
Z
Z I Z . I
I
B A B 2 2 1
1 A
(**)
T (**) ta thy dng trn on A 1 gm c 2 thnh phn:
+ Thnh phn ch yu ph thuc vo ph ti 1 v 2 cng tng tr trong mch.
+ Thnh phn th 2 gi l thnh phn dng in cn bng ch ph thuc vo
lch in p gia A v B (U
A
- U
B
) v tng tr ca mch, m khng ph thuc vo
Z
2 A
B 1
2
S
1 S
2
Z
1
Z
12
S
A1
S
12
S
B2
Trang 55

ph ti.
+ Mng in x nghip hay mng in a phng thng c cc in p 2
ngun bng nhau U
A
= U
B
lc :
Z
Z I Z I
I
B 2 2 B 1 1
1 A
(***)
T (***) cho ta rt ra qui tc xc nh dng in i t ngun ra nh sau: Ly
tch cc dng in ph ti vi cnh tay n (tnh bng tng tr Z
iB
) t ph ti tng
ng n ngun bn kia v chia cho tng tr gia hai ngun. Tng t ta c:
Z
Z I Z I
I
A 1 1 A 2 2
2 B

Trong : Z
1A
= Z
1
v Z
2A
= Z
1
+ Z
2
Ch :
+ Ngoi ra cn th li:
I
A1
+ I
B2
= I
1
+ I
2

+ Trong thc t ph ti thng cho di dng cng sut:
S
1
= P
1
+ jQ
1
; S
2
= P
2
+ jQ
2

T (***) nhn c 2 v vi
dm
U 3

Z
Z S Z S
S
B 2 2 B 1 1
1 A
(****)
* Tng qut cho mng kn c n ph ti gia 2 ngun A; B

Z
Z S
S
n
1 i
iB i
1 A (*****)
Sau khi xc nh c cng sut i ra t 2 ngun A; B l S
A1
v S
B2
c th tm
c cng sut trn cc nhnh gia. Chiu ca S
12
(hnh v) l gi thit v trng
hp ny ta c S
12
= S
A1
S
2
. Nu S
12
tnh ra c tr s dng ngha l chiu chn trn
hnh v l ng vi chiu thc. Cn ngc li (nu S
12
mang du m) th chiu ca S
12

l chiu nguc li vi chiu ca hnh v.
im phn cng sut:
Sau khi xc nh c chiu thc v tr s ca S
12
ta c im phn cng sut. V
S bao gm c P v Q. Nn im phn cng sut trong mng in kn c th l duy
Trang 56

nht hoc cng c th l ring r. Ngha l tn ti c im phn cng sut tc dng (k
hiu l ) v c c im phn cng sut phn khng (k hiu l ).
Sau khi xc nh c im phn cng sut trong mng kn c th tch thnh 2
mng h v vic tnh ton s c tin hnh thun li hn. Trong hnh v gi thit
im 2 l im phn cng sut ta s c 2 mng h.

3. Cc trng hp ring v phn b cng sut trong mng in kn:
a. Mng in kn ch k n in tr tc dng (x
0
= 0):
l cc mng c tit din dy nh, in p thp, mng cp di 10 kV lc
(****) c th vit:
S
A1
= P
A1
+ jQ
A1
=
Z
Z jQ P Z jQ P
B 2 2 2 B 1 1 1

Hoc c th vit:
R
R P R P
P
B 2 2 B 1 1
1 A ;
R
R Q R Q
Q
B 2 2 B 1 1
1 A
b. Mng ng nht:
L mng m cc nhnh u c t s x
0
/r
0
= const. T (*****) ta c:
Z
Z S
S
n
1 i
iB i
1 A
V:
iB
0
0
iB 0
0
0
iB 0 0 iB
R
r
x
j 1 L r
r
x
j 1 L jx r Z

iB 0
0
0
iB 0
0
0
iB
L r
r
x
j 1 L r
r
x
j 1 Z Z

=
R
r
x
j 1 L r
r
x
j 1
0
0
0
0
0

Z
2
A B 1
2
S
1 S
12
S
A1
S
12
Z
A1
Z
12
S
B2
Trang 57

R
R S
S
iB
n
i
A
1
1

Ngha l cng sut phn b theo in tr tc dng ca mng. Mng ng nht
khng nht thit phi c tit din ng nht m ch cn c x
9
/r
0
= const.

c. Mng c cng tit din:
r
0
= const. Thng thng th x
0
= const.
L
L S
L jx r
L jx r S
S
n
1
iB i
0 0
iB 0 0 i
1 A

+ Nh vy cng sut phn b theo chiu di
V d 1:
Ngun A cung cp in cho 2 ph ti S
1
; S
2
theo mng kn tan b ng dy l
AC-120 ; dy dn b tr trn mt phng ngang, D
tb
= 3,5 m; U
dm
= 35 kV. Hy xc
nh im phn cng sut

Gii:
V mng ng nht (cng tit din), nn:

L
L S
S
iB i
1 A
4 , 10
8 4 8
8 . 11 8 4 . 10
L
L P L P
P
A 2 2 A 12 1
1 A
MW
6 , 7
8 4 8
8 . 4 8 4 . 10
L
L Q L Q
Q
A 2 2 A 12 1
1 A MVAr
S
A1
= P
A1
+ jQ
A1
= 10,4 + j7,6
2
1
A

4 km

S
2
= 11-j4 MVA
S
A1
S
A2
S
12
8 km

8 km

S
1
= 10-j10 MVA

Trang 58

6 , 10
8 4 8
8 . 10 8 4 . 11
L
L P L P
P
A 1 1 A 21 2
2 A

4 , 6
8 4 8
8 . 10 8 4 . 4
L
L Q L Q
Q
A 1 1 A 21 2
2 A

S
A2
= 10,6 + j6,4
Th li: P
A1
+ P
A2
= P
1
+ P
2
10,4 + 10,6 = 10 + 11
Q
A1
+ Q
A2
= Q
1
+ Q
2
7,6 + 6,4 = 10 + 4
Tnh S
12
: Gi thit c chiu nh hnh v.
S
12
= S
A1
- S
1
= 10,4 - j7,6 [10 - j10] = 0,4 + j 2,4
+ Nh vy trn on 1 2 ta c P
12
i t im 1 2
Q
12
2 1
Vy ta c 2 im phn cng sut::
- im 2 l im phn cng sut tc dng
- im 1 l im phn cng sut phn khng
4. Xc nh tn tht in p trong mng in kn:
i vi mng in kn cn xc nh U trong trng hp bnh thng v lc s
c (trng hp t mt pha).

Lc vn hnh bnh thng cn xc nh tn tht in p ln nht U
max
t ngun
n im phn cng sut (tc im c in p thp nht). Trong mng in kn im
phn cng sut chung cho (P & Q) l im nhn cng sut t 2 pha nn im l
trng nht, c ngha l c in p thp nht.
Tm li trong mng in kn mun x nh U
max
lc bnh thng s phi tin
hnh cc bc sau:
- Xc nh cng sut trn cc nhnh S
A1
; S
A2
; S
12
.
- Xc nh im phn cng sut. Nu im l duy nht cho P & Q th im
A A 1
2
S
1 S
2
S
12
S
A
1
S
A2
Trang 59

c in p thp nht trong mng.
- Nu in p hai ngun bng nhau (U
A
= U
B
) th U
max
tnh bng tn tht in
p t im A n im phn cng sut trn HV (gi thit im 2 l im phn cng
sut chung cho c P v Q).
U
max
= U
A12
= U
A2

dm
12 12 12 12 1 A 1 A 1 A
dm
2 A 2 A 2 A 2 A
max
U
X Q R P Q R P
U
X Q R P
U

- Trng hp im phn cng sut tc dng v phn khng khng trng nhau
th cha r im no s c in p thp hn, lc ny phi tnh U t ngun n c 2
im, sau so snh ri chn c im c U ln hn.
Tr li V d 1. cn xc inh U
max
lc bnh thng:
Tra bng AC-120 ta c r
0
= 0,27 /km v x
0
= 0,4 /km . V mng c 2 im
phn cng sut nn ta phi tnh c 2 U
345 , 1
35
8 x 4 , 0 x 6 , 7 8 x 27 , 0 x 4 , 10
U
X Q R P
U
dm
1 A 1 A 1 A 1 A
1 A
kV
245 , 1
35
8 x 4 , 0 x 4 , 6 8 x 27 , 0 x 6 , 10
U
X Q R P
U
dm
2 A 2 A 2 A 2 A
2 A
kV
Vy U
max
= 1,345

kV v im c in p tht nht l im 1.
Trong mng in kn ngoi U
max
lc vn hnh bnh thng cn phi xc nh
U
max
lc s c. Thng l trng hp t dy trong mng in kn, lc mng tr
thnh h, ph ti ln nht phi cung cp in t mt ngun. Lc ny phi xt s c
trn on no nguy him nht . Trong trng hp c th c th thy ngay t on no
nguy him hn.
a. Xt khi t on A-1:

dm
12 12 12 12
dm
2 A 2 A 2 A 2 A
1 A
U
X Q R P
U
X Q R P
U

A 2
1
S
2
= 11-j4 S
1
= 10-j10
S
21
= 10-j10
S
A2
= 21-j14
Trang 60

= 35 , 3
35
4 x 4 , 0 x 10 4 x 27 , 0 x 10
35
8 x 4 , 0 x 14 8 x 27 , 0 x 21
kV
b. Xt khi t on A-2: mng c dng

U
A2
=
1 , 3
35
4 x 4 , 0 x 4 4 x 27 , 0 x 11
35
8 x 4 , 0 x 14 8 x 27 , 0 x 21
kV
Vy U
max s c
= 3,35 kV
c. Trng hp mng c r nhnh nh hnh v:

Mun xc nh U
max
phi tin hnh cc bc sau:
+ Xc nh phn b cng sut lc bnh thng (tm S
A1
; S
A2
; S
12
; v S
23
).
Trong khi tnh ton nhp S vo nt 2.
+ Xc nh im phn cng sut y c th l im 1 hoc 2 hoc c 2.
+ Nu im 2 l im phn cng sut th tnh t A 2 3 s c U
max
.
+ Nu im 1 l im phn cng sut th tnh U
A1
v U
A23
ri so snh.
Trng hp s c: Gi s t on A-2 lc U
max s c
= U
A123
, iu ny
cng vn cha khng nh c l tn tht in p ln nht khi s c, v iu c
th thy c khi chung ta gi thit t on A-1 lc tn tht in p ln nht s
phi c so snh gia U
A21
v U
A23
mi c th khng nh c.

A
1
2
S
1
= 10-j10 S
2
= 11-j4
S
12
= 11-j4
S
A1
= 21-j14
2
1
A

S
2

S
A1
S
A2
S
1

S
3
S
23
3
Trang 61

Bi 5
TRM BIN P

I. KHI QUT V PHN LOI
1. Khi qut
Trm bin p l ni bin i in nng t cp in p ny sang cp in p khc.
N ng vai tr rt quan trng trong h thng cung cp in. Trong trm bin p, cc
kh c in c ni li vi nhau thnh s ni din. Yu cu ca s ni in l
lm vic m bo, tin cy, cu to n gin, vn hnh linh hot, kinh t v an ton cho
ngi, thit b.
Tnh m bo ca s ph thuc vo vai tr quan trng ca h tiu th, v d
nh vi h tiu th loi mt phi c cung cp bng hai ng dy t hai ngun
c lp. Mi ngun phi cung cp y cng sut khi ngun kia ngng lm vic.
Tnh linh hot ca s th hin bi kh nng thch ng vi nhiu trng thi vn
hnh khc nhau. Do s phi c nhiu thit b, nhng s c nhiu thit b th
xc sut s c li tng v do tnh m bo li gim xung.V vy, tu theo tng
trng hp c th m chn s c tnh m bo v linh hot nht nh.
Ngoi ra, cch b tr thit b trong s phi m bo an ton cho nhn vin vn
hnh. S ni in chnh ca trm bin p c nhiu dng khc nhau do s khc nhau
v phn c nhit, ch lm vic, cng sut, v tr trm bin p trong h thng in
v nhiu in kin khc.
Khi la chn s u in cn ch n c im qu trnh tiu th in nng
v ch lm vic ca trm, v tr trm trong h thng in v s phn phi cng
sut, yu cu i vi my bin p tng p hay gim p, cc phng php hn ch dng
in ngn mch, s thit b phn phi v nhng vn v tin cy.
2. Phn loi
Khi phn loi trm bin p trong cung cp in ngi ta c nhiu tiu ch khc
nhau: Nu da vo nhim v ngi ta chia trm bin p thnh hai loi:
a. Trm bin p chnh hay cn gi l trm bin p trung gian: loi trm ny nhn
in t h thng c cp in p t 35(220kV) v a xung cp 15(22kV)
b. Trm bin p phn xng: nhn in t cc tuyn ra ca trm trung gian v
Trang 62

chuyn xung cp in p ph hp vi ph ti.
Xt v phng din cu trc ngi ta chia trm bin p thnh:
a. Trm bin p ngoi tri: trm ny, cc thit b pha in p cao u t
ngoi tri, cn phn phn phi in p thp th t trong nh hoc t trong cc t ch
to sn chuyn dng phn phi phn h th. Xy dng trm ngoi tri s tit kim
c kinh ph xy dng hn so vi xy dng trm trong nh.
b. Trm bin p trong nh: trm ny, tt c cc thit b in u c t
trong nh.
II. S NI DY CA TRM BIN P
1. S trm bin p chnh
S ni dy pha s cp trong trm ny ph thuc vo nhiu thng s: in p
cung cp a n, cng sut v s lung my bin p, ch lm vic v mc bo
m yu cu ca h tiu th, c trm pht in ring khng, s phn phi bn
trong x nghip, chng trnh pht trin ca x nghip v.v Do vy, c rt nhiu
phng n gii quyt v cng rt kh chn c phng n tha mn y
cc yu cu nu trn .
Thng thng cc trm ny c thc hin theo cc dng sau :
+ Ni n h thng ln bng mt hay hai l vi in p nh mc nh 35kV,
110kV v 220kV.
+ Pha in p t h thng a n, ngi ta c th dng s khng c thanh
ci (khi n hay hai khi, c hay khng c my ct phn on).
+ Pha th cp (pha in p phn phi ) ngi ta dng s vi thanh ci n
hay thanh ci kp.
+ S lng my bin p c bin thin gia mt v ba v thng dng nht l
trm vi hai my bin p.
Cc trm tng ng nhng iu kin bo m yu cu tt nht ca h tiu th
loi 1. Hay gp nht l trm h p vi hai my bin p. Nhng trm ny c ni n
h thng nng lng bng hai l.
Pha s cp, ngi ta dng s c mt thanh ci, khi trm c hai my bin p
v hai l a n ngi ta thch dng s hnh H kinh t hn so vi s khng
Trang 63

thanh ci.

2. S trm bin p phn xng:

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Hnh 5.1 : S mt s trm bin p chnh thng gp
a
b c
Trang 64

Hnh 5.2 : S mt s trm bin p phn xng thng gp

Hnh a : s n gin nht. Pha cao p chi c cu dao cch ly v cu ch. Cu
dao cch ly ch cho php ct dng khng ti my BA n 750 kVA ( cp 10 kV).
Hnh b tng t hnh a: dao cch ly c thay th bng my ct ph ti (cho
php ng ct ngay c khi my bin p ang mang ti).
Hnh c : tng cng m bo cung cp in, dng cho cc trm c cng sut
ln, hoc nhng trm c nhu cu ng ct my bin p thng xuyn.
Hnh d: dng cho cc phn xng thuc h loi 2 hoc 1. Hai my bin p c
cung cp t ng dy trc chnh l kp, hoc t hai ng dy khc nhau ti.
Ch : Khi dng s dn su (35-110 kV) ngi ta thng thay th cc my
ct ca s e) bng h thng dao cch ly, dao ni t t ng gim vn u t.
III. O LNG V KIM TRA TRONG TRM BIN P
Cc dng c o lng v kim tra trong cc trm BA v trm phn phi trung
tm ca x nghip cng nghip c t ra theo di cc ch lm vic ca cc
trang thit b in v xc nh trng thi ca n.
Cc thit b o lng v kim tra phi t sao cho cc nhn vin vn hnh, trc
c th theo di cc ch s ca chng mt cch d dng. Cc dng c o lng v kim
tra ng dy v trm thng c t theo 1 s mu nh sau:

d
e
Trang 65

1. Vi ng dy

2. Vi cc trm

3 35 kV
A

A

kWh
kVArh
3 20 kV
A
kWh
kVArh
3 10 kV
A
kWh
kVArh
A

A

kWh kWh
3 20 kV
A

A

kWh
kVArh
kWh
A

kWh
A

kWh
35 220 kV
A

A

V

Cos
kVArh kWh
cos
W
VAr
3 20 kV
0,6; 0,4 kV
6 20 kV
A

kWh
kVArh
V

Cos

3 20 kV
kWh
0,4 kV
A
V

Cos

Trang 66

IV. CU TRC CA TRM
1. i vi trm bin p phn phi
Gm c ba kiu, mi kiu c u nhc im ring. Ngi thit k cn cn c vo
c im, iu kin ca khch hng m la chn cho h kiu xy dng thch hp.
a. Trm treo
L kiu trm m tt c cc thit b in cao p, h p v c my bin p u c
t trn ct.
* u im: n gin, r tin, xy lp nhanh, t tn t
* Nhc im: km m quan v khng an ton.
Kiu trm ny c s dng nhng ni qu t hn hp v iu kin m quan
cho php. cc thnh ph, th trn, kiu trm ny ang c dng ph bin. Tuy nhin
cc ng dy trn khng trung p v h p cng vi hng trm ngn trm bin p
phn phi kiu treo cng lm mt m quan th cn phi c dn dn thay th bng
ng cp v trm xy.
b. Trm bt
Vi kiu trm ny, thit b cao p t trn ct, my bin p t di t v t
phn phi h p t trong nh xy mi bng, xung quanh trm c tng xy, trm c
cng st bo v.
Kiu trm bt rt tin li cho iu kin nng thn, y qu t ai khng hn
hp lm, li rt an ton cho ngi v gia sc, chnh v th hin nay cc trm bin p
phn phi nng thn hu ht dng kiu trm bt.
c. Trm xy (hoc trm kn)
Trm xy l kiu trm m ton b cc thit b in cao p, h p v my bin p
u c t trong nh mi bng. Nh xy c phn ra thnh nhiu ngn tin thao
tc, vn hnh cng nh trnh s c lan trn t phn ny sang phn khc. Cc ngn ca
trm phI c thng hi, thong kh nhng phi t li mt co, ca st phi kn
phng chim, chut, rn chui qua cc l thng hi, khe ca gy mt in. Mi phi
dc (3 5)
o
that nc. Di gm b my bin p phi xy h du s c
cha du my bin p khi s c, trnh chy n lan trn.

Trang 67

2. i vi trm bin p trung gian
Vi trm bin p trung gian 110/35, 22, 10 (kV) thng pha cao p v bin p
t h ngoi tri, cn phn trung p t trong nh phn phi ging nh kt cu xy
dng trm phn phi.
V. VN HNH TRM BIN P
Cng vic vn hnh Trm bin p nhm pht huy c cc u im ca phng
n thit k v tn dng ht kh nng lm vic ca thit b. V vy, khi vn hnh Tm
bin p trc ht phi nm c tinh thn ca bn thit k v cc ch dn cn thit.
+ Cn c vo qui trnh qui, phm ra nhng qui nh thch hp trong thao
tc vn hnh, thng xuyn v nh k bo tr, sa cha kp thi ngn nga s c
pht trin.
+ Ngoi ra cn vn na cn quan tm trong vn hnh cc Trm bin p c t
hai my tr ln l cho my bin p mang ti bao nhiu, khi no cn vn hnh 1,
2,my th t hiu qu kinh t cao nht? bit c iu ny ta phi xem xt
Vn vn hnh kinh t trm bin p. Xut pht t phng trnh tn tht trong trm
v phn mng sau n.
2
dmB
'
N
'
0
'
B
S
S
P P P

Trong :
P
'
0
= P
0
+ K. Q
0
: tn tht khng ti qui dn ca trm
P0 : tn tht khng ti ca my BA trong trm
K. Q
0
: tn tht khng ti ca cc phn t khc ca h thng (phu thuc
vo lng cng sut phn khng).
K : h s qui i (h s tn tht cng sut tc dng do phi truyn ti
cng sut phn khng gy ra).
P
'
N
= P
N
+ K. Q
N
: tn tht ngn mch qui dn ca trm.
PN : tn tht ngn mch hay tn tht trong dy cun ca my bin p.
Q
N
: tn tht ngn mch ca cc phn t khc trong h thng.
S : cng sut ca ph ti (cng sut truyn ti thc t ca trm).
S
dmB
: dung lng nh mc ca my bin p.
Trang 68

Trm c n my:
2
dm
'
N
'
0
'
B
S
S
. P .
n
1
P . n P
Tram c n+1 my:
2
dm
'
N
'
0
'
B
S
S
. P .
) 1 n (
1
P ). 1 n ( P

Ta thy quan h P
'
N
v S c dng hm bc hai P
'
N
= a + b.S
2
xem hnh v.

Khi: S < S
1
vn hnh 1 my s kinh t.
S1 < S < S2 vn hnh 2 my s kinh t.
S > S
2
vn hnh 3 my s kinh t.
Vy ta c th tnh c cng sut c li chuyn t vic vn hnh n sang (n+1)
my bng cch cn bng 2 phng trnh, rt ra c cng sut gii hn.

) 1 n ( n .
P
P
S S
'
N
'
0
dm
'

Khi tnh s b c th xc nh tr s gn ng theo tn tht cng sut trong trm
khng k n cc phn t khc trn mng.
) 1 n ( n .
P
P
S S
N
0
dm
'

Trong thc t S(t) thay i kh nhiu trong 1 ngy.
S
P
B
P
0

1 my
2 my 3 my
vn hnh kinh t

S
1
S
2
0

Trang 69

T 0 t
1
vn hnh 1 my.
t1 t2 vn hnh 2 my.
t2 t
3
vn hnh 1 my.
Phng thc vn hnh nh vy khng cho php v vic ng ct lin tc my
bin p s gim tui th bin p.
Trong trng hp cn sp xp li, b tr cc my mc lm vic sao cho th
ph ti bng phng hn v ch sau khi tin hnh iu chnh ph ti mi c th vn
hnh c.
Phng thc vn hnh nh trn l n gin, tuy nhin li cha hon ton chnh
xc, v yu cu l vn hnh sao cho tn tht in nng trong trm bin p l t nht (v
A khng ch ph thuc vo P m cn ph thuc vo thi gian v ch vn hnh
ca my). A hng nm tnh bng biu thc.
.
S
S
P t P A
2
dm
tt '
N
'
0
t : thi gian ng my vo li.
: thi gian chu tn tht cng sut ln nht, l mt hm ph thuc vo thi
gian s dng cng sut ln nht v cos
tb
( = f( T
max
; cos
tb
)).
Nh vy ng vi mi ch lm vic ca my BA (lm vic 1 ca, 2 ca, 3 ca) ta
s c tr s t v coi nh khng i ly o hm ca hm A = f(S).

0
S
A
S
tu
( A min).

S
t (gi)
S
2
S
1
0

t
1
t
2 t
3
Trang 70

Bi 6
LA CHN CC THIT B TRONG
LI CUNG CP IN

Trong qu trnh lm vic, ngoi ch lm vic lu di cc thit b in, kh c
in cn phi tri qua cc ch lm vic qu ti v ngn mch. ch lm vic lu
di s lm vic tin cy ca cc thit b, kh c in c m bo bng cch la chn
chng ng theo in p nh mc v dng in nh mc. ch qu ti s lm
vic ca thit b, kh c in c m bo bng cch hn ch gi tr v thi gian tng
in p hay dng in mt gii hn no ph hp vi mc d v bn ca
chng. Cn ch ngn mch s lm vic tin cy ca thit b, kh c in c m
bo bng cch la chn cc tham s ca chng ph hp vi cc iu kin n nh nhit
v n nh lc in ng.
Khi chn cc thit b, kh c in cn phi ch ti hnh thc lp t v v tr lp
t (trong nh, ngoi tri, nhit , m ca mi trng xung quanh v cao lp
t cc thit b, kh c in so vi mt nc bin.
Khi thnh lp s tnh ton dng in ngn mch i vi thit b ta phi
chn ch sao cho khi thit b lm vic trong cc iu kin thc t nng n nht
(tc tnh ton dng ngn mch ln nht c th i qua thit b, kh c in).
Ngoi yu t v an ton, k thut cc thit b, kh c in c la chn cn
phi tho mn cc yu cu hp l v kinh t.
I. LA CHN MY BIN P
1. V tr v s lng my bin p
Vic chn v tr, s lng my bin p trong trm bin p cn xem xt n cc
tiu ch v kinh t k thut, v c bn phi tha cc yu cu sau y:
+ Gn trung tm ph ti, thun tin cho ngun cung cp in a n.
+ An ton, tin cy cung cp in cao.
+ n gin trong vn hnh.
+ Tit kim vn u t v chi ph vn hnh nh.
Ngy nay ngoi cc tiu ch trn chng ta cn phi quan tm thm n yu t vn
Trang 71

tit kim in nng tiu th, cc yu cu c bit nh c kh n mn, bi bm
nhiu, mi trng d chy .
Kinh nghim thit k vn hnh cho thy mi trm ch nn t 1 n 2 my bin
p l tt nht. Khi cn thit c th t 3 my, khng nn t nhiu hn 3 my.
+ Trm 1 my: Tit kim t, vn hnh n gin, C
tt
nh nht. Nhng khng m
bo c tin cy cung cp in nh trm 2 my.
+ Trm 2 my: Thng c li v kinh t hn trm 3 my.
+ Trm 3 my: ch c dng vo trng hp c bit.
Vic quyt nh chn s lng my BA, thng c da vo yu cu ca ph
ti:
H loi I: c cp t 2 ngun c lp (c th ly ngun t 2 trm gn nht mi
trm ch cn 1 my). Nu h loi 1 nhn in t 1 trm bin p, th trm cn phi
c 2 my v mi my u vo 1 phn on ring, gia cc phn on phi c thit b
ng t ng.
H loai II: cng cn c ngun d phng c th ng t ng hoc bng tay. H
loi II nhn in t 1 trm th trm cng cn phi c 2 my bin p hoc trm
ch c mt my amg vn hnh v mt my khc d phong ngui.
H loi II: trm ch cn 1 my bin p. Tuy nhin cng c th t 2 my bin p
vi cc l do khc nhau nh: Cng sut my b hn ch, iu kin vn chuyn v lp
t kh (khng khng gian t my ln). Hoc th ph ti qu chnh lch
(K
k
0,45 l do vn hnh), hoc hn ch dng ngn mch. Trm 3 my ch c
dng vo nhng trng hp c bit.
2. Chn dung lng my BA
V l thuyt nn chn theo chi ph vn hnh nh nht l hp l nht. tuy nhin
cn kh nhiu yu t khc nh hng n chn dung lng my bin p nh: tr s
ph ti, cos ; mc bng phng ca th ph ti. Mt s im cn lu khi chn
dung lng my bin p.
+ Dy cng sut bin p.
+ Hiu chnh nhit .
+ Kh nng qu ti bin p.
+ Ph ti tnh ton.
Trang 72

+ Tham kho s liu dung lng bin p theo iu kin tn tht kim loi
mu t nht.
Dy cng sut bin p: bin p ch c sn xut theo nhng c tiu chun.
Vic chn ng cng sut bin p khng chi m bo an ton cung cp in, m bo
tui th m cn nh hng n ch tiu kinh t k thut ca s cung cp in.
50; 100; 180; 320; 560; 750; 1000; 1800; 3200; 5600 kVA
Ch : Trong cng mt x nghip nn chn cng mt c cng sut v P
tt
khc
nhau (c gng khng nn vt qu 2-3 chng loi) iu ny thun tin cho thay th,
sa cha, d tr trong kho.
My bin p phn xng nn chn c cng sut t 1000 kVA li (lm
chiu di mng h p ngn li gim tn tht).
Hiu chnh nhit : S
dm
ca bin p l cng sut m n c th ti lin tc
trong sut thi gian phc v (khong 20 nm) vi iu kin nhit mi trng l
nh mc. Cc my bin p nc ngoi (chu u) c ch to vi t
0
khc mi
trng ta. V d my bin p Lin X c qui nh:
Nhit trung bnh hng nm l
tb
= + 5
0
C
Nhit cc i trong nm l
cd
= +3 5
0
C
Do , dung lng my bin p cn c hiu chnh theo mi trng lp t
thc t:
)
100
5
1 ( S S
tb
dm
'
dm

tb
nhit trung bnh ni lp t.
S
dm
- Dung lng nh mc bin p theo thit k.
S
'
dm
- Dung lng nh mc hiu chnh.
Ngoi ra cn phi hiu chnh theo nhit cc i ca mi trng xung quanh.
Khi
cd
> 35
0
C cng sut ca bin p phi gim i c mi tng thm, dung
lng phi gim i 1% cho n khi
cd
= 45
0
C. Nu
cd
> 45
0
C phi c lm mt
nhn to.
Qu ti my bin p: trong vn hnh thc t v ph ti lun thay i nn ph
ti ca bin p thng khng bng ph ti nh mc ca n, M mc gi ho cch
in c b tr nhau my bin p theo ph ti. V vy trong vn hnh c th xt ti
Trang 73

kh nng cho php my bin p lm vic ln hn ph ti nh mc ca n (mt lng
no ). Ngha l cho php n lm vic qu ti nhng sao cho thi hn phc v ca n
khng nh hn 20 25 nm v ngi ta xy dng 2 qui tc tnh qu ti:
+ Qu ti bnh thng ca bin p (di hn).
+ Qu ti s c ca bin p (ngn hn).
Kh nng qu ti bin p lc bnh thng:
Qui tc ng cong:
Mc qu ti bnh thng cho php tu thuc vo h s in kn ca ph ti
hng ngy K
qt
= f(k
dk
, t)
cd
tb
cd
tb
dk
I
I
S
S
K

ng cong qu ti bin p theo phng php ny c xy dng theo quan h
gia h s qu ti K
qt
v thi gian qu ti hng ngy (xem hnh v)

H s qu ti :
dm
cd
qt
I
I
K

T xc nh c ph ti cc i cho php:
I
cd
= K
qt
.I
dm

S
cd
= K
qt
.S
dm

Qui tc 1 %: Nu so snh ph ti bnh thng mt ngy m ca my bin
p vi dung lng nh mc ca n. Th ng vi mi phn trm non ti trong nhng
thng ma h, th my bin p c php qu ti 1% trong nhng thng ma ng.
nhng tng cng khng c qu 15 %.
Qui tc 3 %: Trong iu kin nhit khng kh xung quanh khng vt qu
K
qt

t (gi)

0 1 2

24

0,8

0,5

0,6

0,7

K
dk

Trang 74

+35
0
C. H s ph ti ca my bin p gim i 10 % so vi 100% th my bin p c
php qu ti 3 %
C th p dng ng thi c 2 qui tc tnh qu ti nhng cn phi m bo
gii hn sau:
+ Vi my bin p ngoi tri khng vt qu 30 %.
+ Vi my bin p t trong nh khng vt qu 20 %.
Kh nng qu ti s c: qu ti s c my bin p khng ph thuc vo
iu kin nhit xung quanh v tr s ph ti trc khi qu ti. Thng s ny c
nh my ch to qui nh, c th tra trong cch bng.
Khi khng c s liu tra, c th p dng nguyn tc sau tnh qu ti s c cho
bt k my bin p no.
Trong trng hp trc lc s c my bin p ti khng qu 93 % cng sut
nh mc ca n, th c th cho php qu ti 40 % trong vng 5 ngy m vi iu
kin thi gian qu ti trong mi ngy khng qu 6 gi
Chn dung lng my bin p theo ph ti tnh ton:
V ph ti tnh ton l ph ti ln nht m thc t khng phi lc no cng nh
vy Cho nn dung lng chn theo S
tt
khng nn chn qu d. Ngoi ra cn phi
ch n cng sut d tr khi xy ra s c 1 my (dnh cho trm c 2 my). Nhng
my cn li phi m bo cung cp c 1 lng cng sut cn thit theo yu cu ca
ph ti.
+ Trong iu kin bnh thng:
- Trm 1 my S
dm
S
tt

- Trm n my n.S
dm
S
tt

S
dm
: dung lng nh mc hiu chnh nhit ca bin p.
Stt : cng sut tnh ton ca trm.
Trng hp cn thit c th xt thm qu ti lc bnh thng, nh vy c th cho
php chn c my bin p c dung lng gim i tit kim vn u t.
+ Trng hp s c 1 my bin p: hoc t mt ng dy (xt cho trm t 2
my tr ln):
- Vi trm 2 my k
qt
.S
dm
S
sc

- Tram n my (n-1).k
qt
.S
dm
S
sc
Trang 75

S
dm
: dung lng nh mc ca my bin p hiu chnh nhit .
Ssc : Ph ti m trm vn cn phi c cung cp khi c s c.
k
qt
: h s qu ti s c ca my bin p. Khi khng c s liu tra, c th ly
k
qt
= 1,4 vi iu kin h s ti trc lc s c khng qu 93 % v khng ti qu 3
ngy, mi ngy khng qu 6 gi.
II. LA CHN MY CT IN
My ct in l mt thit b dng trong mng in c cng sut ct ln. l
loi thit b ng ct lm vic tin cy, song gi thnh cao nn my ct thng ch
c dng nhng ni quan trng. iu khin my ct ngi ta dng cc b
truyn ng iu khin bng tay hoc bng in.
C th c phn loi theo nhiu cch:
+ Theo phng php dp h quang:
- My ct t, nhiu du.
- My ct khng kh, kh nn.
- My ct chn khng, t sinh kh
+ Theo tc ct: My ct nhanh; va; chm.
+ Theo hon cnh lm vic: trong nh, ngoi tri hoc iu kin c bit.
iu kin chn, kim tra my ct: m bo cc iu kin v U
dm
, I
dm
v kiu
loi, v hnh thc lp t ph hp hp cc ch tiu k thut.

i lng chn & kim tra K hiu iu kin chn
&kim tra

1. in p nh mc [kV]
2. Dng in nh mc [A]
3. Dng ct nh mc [kA]
4. Cng sut ct nh mc
5. Dng in n nh lc in ng

6. Dng n nh nhit trong thi gian t
dn

U
dmMC
I
dmMC
I
dmct
S
dmct
i
dmdd

I
mn

U
dmMC
U
dmm

I
dmMC
I
tt
(I
lvmax
)
I
dmct
I
S
dmct
S
"
N

i
dmdd
i
xktt

I
mdn

dn
gt
t
t
I

Trang 76

III. LA CHN CU CH, DAO CCH LY
1. La chn cu ch
y l loi kh c in thng gp, cu ch dng bo v mch in khi ngn
mch, Thi gian ct mch ca cu ch ph thuc vo vt liu lm dy chy. Dy
chy cu ch lm bng ch, hp kim ch vi thic, km nhm, ng, bc. Ch, km
v hp kim ch vi thic c nhit nng chy tng i thp, in tr sut tng
i ln. Do vy, loi dy chy ny thng ch to c tit din ln v thch hp vi
in p 500V. i vi in p cao, khng th dng dy chy c tit din ln c
v lc nng chy, lng hi kim loi to ra ln, kh khn cho vic dp tt h quang;
do in p ny thng dng dy chy bng ng bc, c in tr sut b, nhit
nng chy cao. Cu ch l mt kh c bo v n gin, r tin nhng nhy
km. N ch tc ng khi dng in ln hn nh mc nhiu ln, ch yu l khi xut
hin dng in ngn mch.
Cu ch c dng rng ri cho mng in di 1000V. cc thit b in
10-35KV, cu ch c dng bo v mng hnh tia, cc my bin p in lc cng
sut b. tng cng kh nng dp h quang khi dy chy b t v bo m an
ton cho ngi vn hnh cng nh cc thit b khc xung quanh, trong cu ch
thng chn y ct thch anh. Ct thch anh c tc dng phn chia nh h quang v
do nhanh chng dp tt h quang. V cu ch c th c lm bng cht xenluyl.
Nhit cao ca h quang s lm cho xenlul bc hi, gy p sut ln nhanh
chng dp tt h quang.
Cu ch c chn theo in p nh mc, dng in nh mc v dng in ct
nh mc (hay sng sut ct nh mc), ngoi ra, cn ch v tr t cu ch
Khi c nhiu ng dy mc ni tip nhau, bo m tnh chn lc th dng
in nh mc ca cu ch pha trc phi ln hn dng in nh mc ca cu ch
pha sau, t nht l mt cp (tnh t ngun n h tiu th)
Dng in nh mc ca cu ch dng bo v ng c in c chn xut
pht t hai iu kin sau:
Theo iu kin lm vic bnh thng:
I
mCC
I
lvdc

Trang 77

I
Ivdc
=
dmdc
P b.
: dng in lm vic ca ng c
y:
b : h s mang ti ca ng c, n l t s gia cng sut ng c tiu th
vi cng sut nh mc ca n.
: hiu sut ca ng c ng vi cng sut tiu th ca n, P
mc
cng sut
nh mc ca ng c
Theo iu kin m my:
Khi m my nh:
I
mCC
5 , 2
mm
I

Khi m my nng :
I
mCC
0 , 2 6 , 1
mm
I

i vi my hn:
I
mCC
6 , 1
mm
I

I
mm
: dng in m my cc i ca ng c
Nu mt ng dy cung cp cho nhiu ng c, th iu kin chn dng in
nh mc ca cu ch s l:
I
m CC
m.
n
L i
Ivdci
I

I
mCC
5 , 2
.
n
l i
mm Ivdci
I I m

y
m : s ng c c cung cp t mt ng dy.
I
mm
dng in m my ca ng c c hiu s (I
mm
-I
Ivdc
) ln nht
2. La chn dao cch ly
Nhim v ch yu ca dao cch ly to ra mt khong h cch in c trng
thy gia b phn ang mang dng in v b phn ct in nhm mc ch m bo
an ton v khin cho nhn vin sa cha thit b in an tm khi lm vic.
Trang 78

Dao cch ly khng c b phn dp tt h quang nn khng th ct c dng
in ln. Nu nhm ln dng dao cch ly ct dng in ln th c th pht sinh h
quang gy nguy him. Do vy, dao cch ly ch dng ng v ct khi khng c dng
in.
Dao cch ly c ch to vi cc cp in p khc nhau, c loi mt pha v loi
ba pha, c loi t trong nh v loi t ngoi tri.
Dao cch ly c la chn theo cc iu kin nh mc, iu kin v n nh lc
in ng v n nh nhit nh sau:
Stt i lng la chn v kim tra Cng thc chn v kim tra
1
2
3

4

in p nh mc [KV]
Dng in nh mc [A]
Dng in n nh lc in ng [KA]
Dng in n nh nhit trong thi gian
t
[A]

U
mDCL
U
mM
I
mDCL
l
tv max

I
max
i
xk

I
o
I
od
gt
t
t

V. La chn aptomat
Aptmt l thit b ng ct h p c chc nng bo v qu ti v ngn mch.
Do c u im hn hn cu ch l kh nng lm vic chc chn, tin cy, an ton,
ng ct ng thi 3 pha v c kh nng t ng ha cao nn ptmt mc d c gi
t hn vn ngy cng c dng rng ri trong li in h p cng nghip, dch v
cng nh li in sinh hot.
Aptmt c ch to vi in p khc nhau: 400 (V), 440 (V), 500 (V), 600
(V), 690 (V)
Ngi ta cng ch to cc loi ptmt 1 pha, 2 pha, 3 pha vi s cc khc nhau:
1 cc, 2 cc, 3 cc, 4 cc.
K hiu ca ptmt cho bng di y:
Trang 79

K
hiu

S
cc
1 cc 1 cc +TT 2 cc 3cc 3 cc + TT 4 cc

Ngoi ptmt thng thng, ngi ta cn ch to loi ptmt chng r in.
Aptmt chng r t ng ct mch in nu dng r c tr s 30 mA, 100 mA hoc
300 mA ty loi.
Aptmt c chn theo 3 iu kin:
U
mA
U
mL

UmA Itt
Icm IN

V. LA CHN THANH GP
Thanh gp thng c dng trong nhng ni m mt ph ti cao. Tit din
thanh dn c la chn theo ch tiu kinh t, theo pht nng hoc theo tn tht in
p cho php, sau phi kim tra n nh nhit v n nh lc in ng khi ngn
mch hoc khi khi ng ng c ln.
1. La chn thanh gp theo iu kin pht nng
I
lvmax
k
1
.k
2
.k
3
.I
cf

I
lvmax
: dng in lm vic lu di i qua thanh gp.
I
cf
: ng in cho php khi nhit mi trng xung quanh +250C (tra bng)
k
1
: h s hiu chnh khi thanh nm ngang = 0,95.
k
2
: h s hiu chnh khi s dng thanh gp nhiu cc.
k
3
: h s hiu chnh khi nhit mi trng xung quanh 25
0
C.
2. La chn thanh gp theo tn tht in p cho php
Ch yu cho cc thanh gp lm bng thp, v tn tht in p khi kh ln.
Trang 80

Bit rng tn tht in p trong thanh gp bng thp c th vit:
l I K 100
U
I l x x r 3
U
dm
. . .
. ]. sin ) " ' ( cos [
%
Trong :
I : dng in ph ti.
l : chiu di thanh gp.
r; x; x : in tr, in khng ngoi v in khng trong ca mt n v
chiu di thanh dn thp [ /km].
K = 100
U
x x r 3
dm
.
] sin ). " ' ( cos .[
: h s c tnh sn ng vi cc loi
thanh thp kch thc khc nhau v cos khc nhau.
Trnh t: tnh tit din thanh thp:
1: Tnh tr s K =
l I
U
.
%

2 : Cn c theo tr s K v cos ca ph ti tra s tay v tm c tr s K
1
gn
nht v nh hn. Tng ng vi K
1
bng cho kch thc v I no ca thanh dn.
Nu tr s ng bng I ph ti th kch thc tra c chnh l kch thc cn tm.
Trng hp I I . Th cn c vo kch thc va tra c v cos tip tc ta s
tm c K
2
v I (v kch thc mi).
3 : Tnh li tr s K theo biu thc:
K =
' '
'
). (
I I
I I
K K K
2 1 1

4 - Kim tra li
U% Ucf%
Trong U% = K.I.l
3. Kim tra thanh gp theo iu kin n nh ng do dng ngn mch
Khi xy ra ngn mch. trong thanh gp t gn nhau s xut hin hiu ng lc
lm cho thanh dn b un Yu cu ng lc phi nh hn hay bng lc un cho
php ca thanh gp.
F
tt
F
cf

Trang 81

Trong :
F
tt
=
2 2
xk
10
a
l
i 76 1 . . ,
[kg] : ng lc tnh ton
F
cf
=
l
W 10
cf
. .
[kg] : ng lc cho php khi thanh dn chu un
Trong :
cf : ng lc cho php ca vt liu lm thanh dn [kG/cm2].
W : Momen chng un ca thanh dn.
Vy:
1,67i
l
W 10
10
a
l
cf 2 2
xk
. .
. .

4. Kim tra thanh gp theo n nh nhit
t I F .
: tra bng
VI. LA CHN DY DN V CP
Dy dn v cp l mt trong cc thnh phn chnh ca mng cung cp in. V
vy, vic la chn dy dn v cp ng tiu chun k thut v tha mn ch tiu kinh
t s gp phn m bo cht lng in, cung cp in an ton v lin tc, ng thi
gp phn khng nh vo vic h thp gi thnh truyn ti v phn phi in nng,
mang li li ch ln khng ch cho ngnh in m cn cho c ngnh kinh t quc dn.
Ty theo loi mng in v cp in p m iu kin kinh t ng vai tr quyt
nh v iu kin k thut ng vai tr quan trng hay ngc li. Do , cn phi nm
vng bn cht ca mi phng php la chn dy dn v cp s dng ng ch v
c hiu qu.
1. Chn dy dn/cp trong mng phn phi cao p
Nguyn tc chn dy dn/cp l phi m bo yu cu v ch tiu kinh t v k
thut. Tuy nhin, thng hai ch tiu ny mang tnh i lp cho nn cn c vo c
im ca phn phi, truyn ti in c xem xt v cc yu t nh hng khc m
vic chn dy/cp s c tin hnh trn c s kinh t hay k thut l chnh. Tuy
nhin, d c chn da trn c s no th cng phi kim tra c s cn li.
Cc phng php chn dy/cp trn c s ch tiu kinh t bao gm:
Trang 82

Phng php chn dy/cp theo mt dng in kinh t.
Phng php chn dy/cp theo khi lng kim loi mu cc tiu.
Cc phng php chn dy/cp trn c s ch tiu k thut bao gm:
Phng php chn dy/cp theo dng in pht nng.
Phng php chn dy/cp theo iu kin tn tht in p.
Phng php chn dy/cp trn c s ch tiu kinh t v k thut:
Phng php mt dng in J khng i.
a. Xc nh tit din dy dn theo mt dng in kinh t (J
kt
):
i vi ng dy truyn ti v phn phi in p cao, do truyn ti cng
sut ln v c ly truyn ti tng i xa nn vn u t, chi ph vn hnh v tn tht
cng sut c ngha quyt nh. Ngoi ra, do vic m bo tn tht in p trong
phm vi cho php c th t c nh cc bin php iu chnh in p cho nn dy
dn/cp trong mng truyn tI v phn phi thng c chn da trn c s m bo
chi ph tnh ton hng nm l thp nht.
n gin trong tnh ton tit din dy dn theo iu kin kinh t, thng cn
c vo mt dng in kinh t (J
kt
). Mt dng in kinh t c xc nh nh sau:
kt
lv
kt
F
I
J
max

Mt dng in kinh t ph thuc vo vt liu loi dy cp v thi gian s
dng cng sut cc i. C th tham kho J
kt
ca Lin X (c) cho bng 6.1

Trang 83

Bng 6.1: Tra mt J
kt
Loi dy dn
Mt dng in kinh t (J
kt
)
ng vi thi gian T
max

(gi/nm)
Di 3000
3000
5000
Trn
3000
Dy trn v thanh ci bng ng.
Dy trn v thanh ci bng nhm.
Cp cch in bng giy, dy dn bc cao su:
- Li ng.
- Li nhm.
Cp ng cch in bng cao su.
2,5
1,3

3,0
1,6
3,5
2,1
1,1

2,5
1,4
3,1
1,8
1,0

2,0
1,2
2,7
Sau khi tra bng tm c J
kt
, tit din kinh t c xc nh theo biu thc:
kt
lv
kt
J
I
F
max

Vi: I
lvmax
: dng in lm vic ln nht

U
S
I
lv
. 3
max
(A)
J
kt
: l mt dng in kinh t (A/mm
2
)
F
kt
: l tit din kinh t (mm
2
)
Chn tit din tiu chun F
tc
gn F
kt
nht.
Sau , cn kim tra iu kin k thut:
- tn tht in p cho php:
U
max
U
cp

- Dng pht nng cho php:
I
lvmax
kI
cp

Nu iu kin k thut b vi phm th phi tng tit din dy.
b. Xc nh tit din dy dn theo iu kin ph tn kim loi mu b nht (V
min
)
i vi mng in cung cp cho cc ph ti phn tn, cng sut nh v thi
Trang 84

gian s dng cng sut cc i thp m mng in nng nghip l mt v d th chi
ph u t xy dng chim t trng ln trong chi ph tnh ton hng nm. Trong
trng hp ny, vic chn dy/cp c tin hnh trn c s cc tiu ha khi lng
kim loi mu.
Xt trng hp ng dy cung cp cho 2 ph ti a, b:

Tn tht in p cho php t ngun 0 n im cui b l . Ty chn gi tr x
0
( /km), tnh U v U:
U = U
cp
- U
Trong : U : thnh phn tn tht in p do cng sut tc dng v in tr
gy nn trn hai on oa v ab.
U = U
oa
+ U
ab

Nu bit U
oa
v U
ab
th tit din F
oa
v F
ab
c xc nh theo biu thc:
/
1 1
. .
.
oa dm
oa
U U
l P
F

) .( .
.
. .
.
/ /
2 2
/
2 2
oa dm ab dm
ab
U U U
l P
U U
l P
F
V = 3(Foa.l1 + Fab.l2).d
/
2
2 2
/
2
1 1
. .
.
3
ab oa dm
U
l P
U
l P
U
d
V

/ /
2
2 2
/
2
1 1
. .
.
3
oa oa dm
U U
l P
U
l P
U
d

Trong : d l khi lng ring ca kim loi cu to dy dn.
iu kin V min l: 0
/
oa
U
V

0
l
1
, r
1
l
2
, r
2

P
1
+jQ
1

r
1

P
2
+jQ
2

r
1

P
b
+jQ
b

r
1

P
a
+jQ
a

r
1

a b
Hnh : S mng cung cp in
Trang 85

0
. .
.
3
/ /
2
2 2
/
2
1 1
/
oa oa dm oa
U U
l P
U
l P
U
d
U
V

/ /
2
2 2
/
2
1 1
. .
oa oa
U U
l P
U
l P

2 /
2
2 2
/
2
1 1
. .
ab oa
U
l P
U
l P

Thay
oa dm
oa
F U
l P
U
. .
.
1 1 /
v
ab dm
ab
F U
l P
U
. .
.
2 2 /
vo biu thc, ta c:
2
2 2
2
2 2
2
1 1
2
1 1
. .
.
.
. .
.
.
ab dm oa dm
F U
l P
l P
F U
l P
l P

2
2
1
2
P
F
P
F
ab oa

ab oa
F
P
P
F
2
1

V vy, iu kin khi lng kim loi mu ca ng dy nh nht l:
const
F
P
1
1

Do: U = U
oa
+ U
ab
=
oa dm
F U
l P
. .
.
1 1
+
ab dm
F U
l P
. .
.
2 2

V:
ab oa
F
P
P
F
2
1

Nn:
ab dm
ab dm
F U
l P
F
P
P
U
l P
U
. .
.
. . .
.
2 2
2
1
1 1 /

T y, xc nh c tit din F
ab
:
2 2 1 1
/
2
. . .
. .
l P l P
U U
P
F
dm
ab

Tng t, xc nh c tit din F
oa
:
Trang 86

2 2 1 1
/
1
. . .
. .
l P l P
U U
P
F
dm
oa

Trng hp tng qut, tit din on li th i xc nh theo iu kin ph tn
kim loi mu nh nht l:
n
i
i i
dm
i
i
l P
U U
P
F
1
/
. .
. .

Trong :
F
i
(mm
2
); P
i
(kW); l
i
(km); (km/ mm
2
); U
m
(kV); U(V).
Da vo tit din tnh ton, tra bng tm tit din tiu chun. Cui cng kim tra
iu kin tn tht in p v pht nng ca ng dy.
c. Xc nh tit din dy dn theo iu kin tn tht in p cho php
Ch tiu v cht lng in p lun c quan tm khi nh gi cht lng cung
cp in. Chn dy/cp trn c s m bo in p ca nt ph ti cui ng dy
khng thp hn gi tr in p cho php chnh l mc ch ca phng php chn dy/
cp theo iu kin tn tht in p cho php. Phng php ny thng c p dng
cho cc ng dy ti cng sut nh v hn ch v cc bin php iu chnh in p
nh mng phn phi th l mt v d.
Xt mng cung cp in n gin

Tng tn tht in p:
Nu ton b ng dy cng chng loi v cng tit din:
dm
n
i
i i
dm
n
i
i i
U
l Q x
U
l P r
U
1
0
1
0
. .

Hnh : S cung cp in
0
P
1
+jQ
1

r
1

p
b
+jq
b

r
1

p
a
+jq
a

r
1

a b
l
1
l
2

P
2
+jQ
2

L
1

L
2

Trang 87

Hay:
// / 1
0
1
0
. .
U U
U
L q x
U
L p r
U
dm
n
i
i i
dm
n
i
i i

n
i
i i i i
dm
X Q R P
U
U
1
1

y:
U: thnh phn tn tht in p do cng sut tc dng v in tr ng
dy gy nn.
U: thnh phn tn tht in p do cng sut phn khng v in khng
ng dy gy nn.
x
0
, r
0
: in tr v in khng trn mt n v chiu di ng dy ( /km).
P
i
, Q
i
: cng sut tc dng v phn khng trn on li th i.
l
i
: chiu di on li th i.
p
i
, q
i
: cng sut tc dng v phn khng ti nt th i.
L
i
: khong cch t nt th I n nt ngun.
V gi tr in khng x
0
t thay i theo tit din dy cho nn c th ly gi tr
trung bnh x
0
tnh U:
i vi ng dy trn khng cao/trung p: x
0
= (0,35 0,42) /km .
i vi ng dy cp: x0 = 0,08 /km .
U = U
cp
- U
Do:
dm
n
i
i i
U
l P r
U
1
0
//

V:
F
r
.
1
0

Nn tit din dy dn F xc nh nh sau:
/
1
. .
.
U U
l P
F
dm
n
i
i i

Hay:
/
1
. .
.
U U
L p
F
dm
n
i
i i

Trang 88

Trong :
F: n v l mm
2

: n v l km/ mm
2
.
P
i
, p
i
: n v l kW.
U
m
: n v l kV.
L
i
, l
i
: n v l km.
U: n v l V.
Cn c vo gi tr tit din F tnh ton, tra bng chn tit din dy dn tiu
chun gn nht. Tra gi tr r
0
v x
0
ng vi tit din dy dn chn, tnh li tn tht
in p U theo biu thc (3.18) hay (3.19) v so snh vi U
cp
. Nu iu kin tn
tht in p cha tha mn th phI tng tit din dy dn ln mt cp v kim tra li
ln na.
d. Xc nh tit din dy dn theo iu kin mt dng in khng i
Vic chn cng mt tit din cho mt tuyn dy theo phng php tn tht in
p cho php, cho trng hp ph ti tp trung, cng sut truyn ti v thi gian s
dng cng sut cc i kh ln nh mng in khu cng nghip l mt v d, s khng
hp l. Khi ny, gim chi ph u t xy dng mng nhng vn m bo iu kin
tn tht in p nm trong phm vi cho php cn s dng phng php chn dy/cp
theo mt dng in khng i.
Xt ng dy c hai ph ti

T U
cp
= U + U, ty chn gi tr x
0
trong gii hn cho php, tnh U
theo biu thc:
dm
n
i
i i
U
l Q x
U
1
0
//

0
p
2
+jq
2

r
1

p
1
+jq
1

r
1

a b
l
1,
F
1
l
2,
F
2

I
1
I
2

Trang 89

U = U
cp
- U =
F
l I
U F
l P
n
i
i i i
dm
n
i
i i
.
cos 3
. .
1 1

Mt khc:

i dm i
U I cos 3 P
i

Do : U = U
oa
+ U
ab

2
2 2 2
1
1 1 1
.
cos 3
.
cos 3
F
l I
F
l I

Trong : cos
1
, cos
2
ln lt l h s cng sut trn on oa v on ob.
Mt dng in khng i c nh ngha l:
2
2
1
1
F
I
F
I
J
Do :
2 2 1 1
/
cos cos
3
Jl Jl U

Suy ra:
2 2 1 1
/
cos cos 3
.
l l
U
J
Tng qut, vi mng in c n ph tI th mt dng in khng i c xc
nh nh sau:
n
i
i i
l
U
J
1
/
cos . 3
.

Trong :
J (A/mm
2
); (km/ mm
2
); U (V).
l
i
: l chiu di ca on th i.
cos
i
: l h s cng sut ca on th i.
chn mt dng in J hp l c v iu kin k thut v kinh t cn so
snh vi mt dng in kinh t J
kt
.
Nu J J
kt
, chn J
Nu J J
kt
, chn J = J
kt

Tit din dy dn cn chn c xc nh theo biu thc:
J
I
F
1
1
v
J
I
F
2
2

Cn c vo gi tr tit din F tnh ton, tra bng chn tit din dy dn tiu chun
Trang 90

gn nht v kim tra li tn tht in p. Nu iu kin tn tht in p cha tha mn
th phI tng tit din dy dn ln mt cp v kim tra li ln na.
e. Xc nh tit din dy dn theo iu kin pht nng
Chn dy/cp theo iu kin pht nng cho php s m bo bn, an ton
trong qu trnh vn hnh v tui th ca dy/cp.
Do thc t, dy/cp c chn la v lp t khc vi cc iu kin nh mc do
cc nh ch to dy/cp qui nh nn dng pht nng cho php nh mc cn phI qui
i v dng pht nng cho php thc t bng cch nhn vi h s hiu chnh k. H s
k c xc nh trn c s loi dy/cp, phng php lp t, nhit mi trng
thc t ti ni lp t .
H s ny c th tra bng 6.2
Bng 6.2: Bng tra h s hiu chnh k
tc
ca
mi
trng
xung
quanh
(
0
C)
cp

ca
dy
(
0
C)
H s k khi nhit ca mI trng xung quanh l
0
C
- 5 0 + 5 +
10
+
15
+
20
+
25
+
30
+
35
+
40
+
45
+
50
15
25
80 1,14
1,24
1,11
1,20
1,08
1,17
1,04
1,13
1,00
1,09
0,96
1,04
0,92
1,00
0,83
0,95
0,83
0,90
0,78
0,85
0,73
0,80
0,68
0,74
25 70 1,29 1,24 1,20 1,15 1,11 1,05 1,00 0,94 0,88 0,81 0,74 0,67
15
25
65 1,18
1,32
1,14
1,27
1,10
1,22
1,05
1,17
1,00
1,12
0,95
1,06
0,89
1,00
0,84
0,94
0,77
0,87
0,71
0,79
0,63
0,71
0,55
0,61
15
25
60 1,20
1,36
1,15
1,31
1,12
1,25
1,06
1,20
1,00
1,13
0,94
1,07
0,88
1,00
0,82
0,93
0,75
0,85
0,67
0,76
0,57
0,66
0,40
0,54

iu kin la chn:
k.I
cp m
I
lv max

Trang 91

Trong :
k: h s hiu chnh theo cc iu kin lp t v vn hnh thc t.
I
cp m
: dng in cho php lm vic lu di ca dy dn, do nh sn xut
qui nh.
I
lv max
: dng lm vic ln nht i trong dy/cp.
Cp trog mng h p thng gp l cp ng hoc nhm c bc cch in
bng giy tm du hoc cao su.
ti in xoay chiu mt pha, in mt chiu thng s dng cp 1, 2 li,
thng dng nht l cp 2 li. Cp 3 li dng ti in xoay chiu 3 pha, cp cho cc
ng c hoc ph ti ba pha i xng. Cp 4 li l cp thng c dng nhiu nht
tI in xoay chiu ba pha n 1kV, cp cho cc ph ti ba pha khng i xng
hoc cc tI ng c cn dy trung tnh. Li th t ca cp ny dng lm dy trung
tnh v c tit din nh hn.
Dy dn h p thng dng l dy dng trong nh, c bc cao su cch in
hoc nha cch in PVC. Mt s trng hp dng trong nh l dy trn hoc thanh
dn nhng phi c t trn s cch in.
2. Phng php chn la dy dn trong mng h p:
Do mng phn phi h p ti cng sut nh v c ly truyn ti ngn nn ch tiu
kinh t ch ng vai tr quan trng m khng ng vai tr quyt nh nh ch tiu k
thut. Ch tiu k thut cn quan tm khi chn dy/cp bao gm:
o Nhit dy/cp khng c vt qu nhit cho php qui nh bi nh ch
to trong ch vn hnh bnh thng cng nh trong ch vn hnh s c
khi xut hin ngn mch.
o st p khng c vt qu st p cho php.

Trang 92

Quy trnh y chn dy/cp trong mng h p:

Dng lm vic cc i
Dng nh mc CB hay cu
ch
I
cp
ca dy m thit b bo v
c kh nng bo v
iu kin lp t
H s hiu chnh
k
Loi dy cp
Tit din
Dng pht nng cho php tnh
ton I
cptt
= I
cp
/k

I
cpm
I
cptt

U U
cp

F F
nh

Tnh st p U Tng tit din dy
Kt thc
Cu ch
I
cp
= 1,31I
n
nu I
n

10A
I
cp
= 1,21I
n
nu I
n

10A
v I
n

25A
I
cp
= 1,1I
n
nu I
n

25A

CB

I
cp
= I
n

Dng pht nng nh mc
I
cptt

N
N
Y
Y
Kim tra n nh nhit
khi xut hin ngn mch
Trang 93

Bi 7
CHNG ST V NI T
I. S HNH THNH ST V TC HI CA ST
1. S hnh thnh st
St l s phng in trong kh quyn gia cc m my v t, hay gia cc m
my mang in tch tri du. Trc khi c s phng in ca st c s phn chia v
tch lu rt mnh in tch trong cc m my ging do tc dng ca cc lung khng
kh nng bc ln v hi nc ngng t trong cc m my. Cc m my mang in
tch l do kt qu ca vic phn tch cc in tch tri du v tp trung chng li trong
cc phn khc nhau ca m my.
Phn di ca cc m my ging thng tch in tch m. Cc m my cng
vi t hnh thnh cc t in my t. pha trn ca cc m my thng tch in
tch dng.
Cng in trng ca t in my t tng dn ln v nu ti ch cng
t ti tr s ti hn 25-30 kV/cm th khng kh b ion ha v bt u tr nn dn
in.
S phng in chia thnh ba giai on. Phng in gia cc m my v t
c bt u bng s xut hin mt dng sng pht trin xung t, chuyn ng tng
t vi tc 100-1000 km/s. Dng ny mang phn ln in tch ca m my, to
nn u cc ca n mt in th rt cao hng trin vn. Giai on ny gi l giai
on phng tia tin o tng bc. Khi dng tin o va pht trin n t v cc vt
dn in vi t th giai on th hai bt u, l giai on phng in ch yu ca
st. Trong giai on ny, cc in tch dng ca t di chuyn c hng t t theo
dng tin o vi tc ln (6.10
4
-10
5
km/s) chy ln v trung ho vi in tch m
ca dng tin o.
S phng in c c trng bi dng in ln qua ch st nh gi l dng
in st v s le mnh lit ca dng phng in. Khng kh trong dng phng in
c nung nng n nhit khong 10.000
0
C v gin n rt nhanh to thnh sng m
thanh.
giai on phng in th ba ca st s kt thc s di chuyn cc in tch ca
Trang 94

my m t bt u phng in, s lo sng bt u bin mt.
Thng phng in st gm mt lot phng in k tip nhau do s dch chuyn
in tch t cc phn khc nhau ca m my. Tin o ca nhng phn phng in
sau i theo dng b ion ho ban u, v vy chng pht trin lin tc v c gi l
tin o dng mi tn.
2. Tc hi ca st
i vi ngi sc vt, st nguy hin trc ht nh mt ngun in p cao c
dng ln. Nh bit, ch cn dng nh khong vi chc milli ampere cng c th
gy nn cht ngi. V th, rt d hiu ti sao khi b st nh trc tip ngi thng b
cht ngay.
Nhiu khi st khng phng in trc tip cng gy nguy him. L do l dng
in st i qua mt vt ni t, n gy nn mt s chnh lch in th kh ln ti
nhng vng gn nhau, hay ni mt cch khc l c gradient. Nu ngi hoc gia sc
ng tr ma khi c dng di cc cy cao ngai ng, nu cy b st nh, c th
in p bc s gy nguy him.
Dng st gy nhit rt ln, khi phng vo cc vt d chy nh mi nh tranh,
g kh, n c th gy nn nhng m chy ln, im ny cn c bit ch i vi
vic bo v cc kho nhin liu v cc vt d chy n.
St cn gy ph hy v mt c hc. c nhiu trng hp cc thp cao, cy ci
b n tung v khi dng st i qua nung nng phn li, hi nc bc ra qu nhanh v
ph v thn cy.
Rt ng ch ti in p c th cm ng cc vt dn hoc cc dy di to thnh
nhng mch vng h cm ng in t khi c phng in st gn. in p cm ng
c th ln n ti hng chc kilovolt v rt nguy him.
Tm li st c th gy nguy him trc tip v gin tip, do cn phi c nhng
bin php bo v thch hp.
II. BO V CHNG ST NH TRC TIP
1. Khi nim
Nhng nguyn tc bo v thit b in nh ct thu li hu nh khng thay i
t nhng nm 1750 khi Franklin kin ngh thc hin bng mt ct cao c nh nhn
Trang 95

bng kim loi c ni n h thng ni t. Trong qu trnh thc hin, ngi ta
nghin cu v a n nhng kin thc kh chnh xc v hng nh trc tip ca
st, vng bo v ca ct thu st v thc hin h thng ni t.
Khi c mt m my tch in tch m i qua nh ca mt ct thu li, nh cm
ng tnh in th nh ca ct thu li s np in tch dng. V nh ca thu li nhn
nn cng in trng trong m my kh ln. iu ny s to nn d dng mt
knh phng in t u ct thu li n m my tch in tch m, do vy s c dng
in phng t m my xung t.
St nh theo qui lut xc sut, v chu nh hng ca nhiu yu t. Do vy vic
xc nh chnh xc khu vc hng nh ca st l rt kh v khng th m bo xc
sut 100% hng ca st n thu li chng st.
Nhng nghin cu t m v chng st cho thy rng iu quan trng l chiu cao
ca ct thu li chng st v h thng ni t m bo.
2. Cc qui nh chung v thit b chng st
- Kim thu st: c th bng thp trn, thp dp, thp ng hoc thp gc vi tit
din phn kim loi ca nh kim khng c nh hn 100mm
2
(nu l thp dp, b
dy khng c nh hn 3,5mm; nu l thp ng, b dy thp ng khng c nh
hn 3mm) v chiu di hiu dng khng c nh hn 200mm. Nu kim thu st t
ti nhng ni d n mn, tit din nh kim khng c nh hn 150mm
2
(nu thp
dt, b dy khng nh hn 4mm; nu l thp ng, b dy thnh ng khng c nh
hn 3,5mm). nh ca kim thu st khng cn vut nhn, nu kim thu st l ng, phi
hn kn nh kim li.
- Dy thu st: Dy thu st phi lm bng thp, tit in khng c nh hn
50mm
2
cng nh khng ln hn 75mm
2
v phi c dn sn dn in. Nu dy thu
st t ti nhng ni d b n mn phi tng tit in ln 75mm
2
. Dy thu st bo v
cho nhng cng trnh nh, chiu di khng c qu 50m, c php s dng loi c
tit din bng 35mm
2
. C nh dy thu st trn nhng kt cu chu lc phi c kp ni
t bit, m bo chc chn v c hc v tip xc tt.
- ai v li thu st: ai v li thu st dng chng st nh thng c th
lm bng thp trn hoc thp dt tit din khng c nh hn 50mm
2
, b dy thp dt
khng c nh hn 3mm, v phi sn dn in. Nu t ti nhng ni d n mn, tit
Trang 96

din khng c nh hn 75mm
2
, b dy khng nh hn 3,5mm.
- Dy xung, dy ni, cu ni: Dy xung c th lm bng thp trn hoc thp
dt tit din khng nh hn 35mm
2
, v b dy thp khng nh hn 3mm. Nu t b
phn thu st n b phn ni t ch t mt dy xung, tit din ca dy xung ny
khng c nh hn 50mm
2
.
- B phn ni t chng st: B phn ni t chng st c th lm bng thp
trn, thp dt, thp gc hoc thp ng vi tit din phn kim loi khng nh hn
100mm
2
(b dy thp dt, thp gc khng nh hn 4mm v b dy thp ng khng nh
hn 3,5mm).
3. Cc cp chng st
Ty theo chc nng s dng, cc cng trnh xy dng c chng st theo s
phn cp nh sau:
a. Cp I: nhng cng trnh, trong c ta ra cc cht kh v hi d chy, cng
nh ct bi hoc cc cht oxy ho khc to thnh cc hn hp n, c th xy ra ngay
trong iu kin lm vic bnh thng k c xy ra trong iu kin bnh thng ngn
hn.
b. Cp II: nhng cng trnh trong c ta ra cc cht kh, hi, bi hoc si chy
v c kh nng kt hp vi khng kh hoc cc cht oxy ho khc to thnh cc hn
hp n. Nhng kh nng ny ch xy ra khi c s c hoc lm sai qui tc, khng th
xy ra trong iu kin bnh thng. Khi xy ra n ch gy ra nhng h hng nh v
khng lm cht ngi.
c. Cp III: tt c nhng cng trnh cn li.
4. Cch thc bo v
a. Theo phng thc bo v trng im:
Ch nhng b phn thng hay b st nh mi phi bo v. i vi cng trnh
mi bng, trng im bo v l bn gc, xung quanh tng chn mi v cc kt cu
nh cao khi mt mi. i vi cc cng trnh mi dc, trng im l cc nh hi, b
nc, b chy, cc gc dim mi v cc kt cu nh cao khi mt mi (nu cng trnh
ln th thm c xung quanh dim mi). Bo v cho nhng trng im nh trn c th
t cc kim thu st ngn (0,2 0,3)m cch nhau khong (5 6)m ti nhng trng im
Trang 97

bo v hoc nhng ai thu st dim ln nhng trng im bo v .
b. Bo v chng st theo nguyn tc ton b:
Theo phng thc bo v ton b th ton b cng trnh u nm trong phm vi
bo v ca ct thu li.
c. Bo v chng st cm ng:
chng st cm ng tnh in, tt c cc b phn kt cu kim loi v cc my
mc ln c trong cng trnh phi ni vi mt b phn ni t chng cm ng st hay
ni vi b phn ni t bo v thit b in.
5. Phm vi bo v
Trn c s nghin cu cc m hnh, ngi ta c th xc nh vng bo v ca ct
thu li. Khong khng gian gn ct thu li m vt c bo v c t trong , rt t
kh nng b st nh, gi l vng hay phm vi bo v ca ct thu li.
a. Mt ct thu li:
Phm vi bo v ca mt ct thu li l hnh nn cong trn xoay c tit din ngang l
nhng hnh trn, cao h
x
c bn knh R
x
. Tr s bn knh bo v R
x
c xc nh
nh sau:
Cch 1: cao h
x
<
3
2
h th: .P
0,8h
h
- 1 1,5h. = R
x
x

cao h
x
>
3
2
h th: .P
h
h
- 1 0,75h. = R
x
x

Cch 2: (da vo hnh 7.1c)
h
h
1
.P 1,6h
= R
x
a
x

Trong :
h
x
: chiu cao ca i tng c bo v nm trong vng bo v ca ct thu
li
h
a
: chiu cao hiu dng ca ct thu li
h
a
= h - h
x

Trang 98

P: l h s, vi h 30m th P = 1
vi h 30m th P =
h
5 , 5

b. Hai ct thu li:
Hnh 7.2 cho phm vi bo v ca hai ct thu li
R
x
c xc nh nh mt ct thu li.
b
x
: b ngang hp nht ca cao bo v cao h
x

2b
x
= 4R
x

a h
a h
a
a
14
7

Trong :
a: l khong cch gia hai ct thu li, n v tnh m
h
a
: l chiu cao hiu dng ca ct thu li, n v tnh m

Trang 99

Hnh 7.2: Vng bo v ca 2 ct thu li.

a) Vng bo v ca 2 ct thu li n gin.
b) Vng bo v ca 2 ct thu li xc nh theo r
x
= 1,6h
a
.P / (1+
h
x
h
)
1,6h
r
x

1,5h
0,75h
Hnh 7.1: Ct thu st (thu li)
a) Ct thu li ni n h thng ni t cho chng
st.
b) Phm vi bo v ca ct thu li
(theo cch xc nh n gin).
c) Phm vi bo v ca ct thu li
xc nh theo r
x
= 1,6h
a
.P / (1+
h
x
h
)
Trang 100

B ngang hp nht ca phm vi bo v ca ct thu li B
x
cao h
x
c th c
xc nh theo ng cong hnh 7.3 i vi nhng ct thu li cao n 30m th t l a/h
a

nm trong gii hn 0 7.
Hai ct thu li ch c tc dng tng h ln nhau nu a/h
a
7.
Mun xc nh b ngang hp nht b
x
ngi ta xc nh t l a/h
a
.
Gi thit: a/h
a
= 3, sau hy tm t l h
x
/h. V d trong trng hp ny t l
h
x
/h = 0,3, tc l h
x
= 0,3h. hnh 7.3a, t im c gi tr 3 trc honh (a/h
a
), ta dng
theo mt ng song song vi trc tung gp ng cong h
x
= 0,3h ti mt im, im
ny c gi tr b
x
/h
a
= 0,9.
Sau tm b ngang hp nht 2b
x
chiu cao h
x
l :
2b
x
= 0,9 . 2h
a

Khi tnh ton t l a/h
a
= 5 7, ngi ta s dng ng cong hnh 7.3b.

Nu c mt thu li cao hn mt ct thu li kia th phn cao hn ca n coi nh
mt ct thu li n v xc nh nh hnh 7.4.
Hnh 7.3: ng cong xc nh b
x
ca hai ct thu li
a) b)
Trang 101

Trng hp trm t nhiu ct thu li (hnh 5.5) th cc phn ngoi ca khu vc
bo v cng c tnh nh cng thc nu trn, vt c cao h
x
nm trong trm s
c bo v nu tho iu kin sau:
D 8 (h-h
x
) vi h 30m
D 8 (h-h
x
)P vi h > 30m
6. in tr ni t ca h thng chng st
bo v i vi qu in p ca st, ngi ta quan tm n in tr tn ca h
thng ni t c dng in st i xung. in tr ny l in tr xung k hiu Rx. Rx
c xc nh theo t l bin in th ca h thng ni t chng st v bin ca
dng in st i vo h thng ni t. Ga tr ca in tr xung khc vi gi tr ca
in tr ca h thng ni t thng thng dng cho bo v an ton. S khc nhau
l do mt dng in chy qua h thng ni t trong thi gian st nh s rt ln v
tnh cht xung ca dng in ny. in tr xung ca mt in cc c xc nh
thng qua h s xung ca h thng ni t .
R
x
= .R
y R l gi tr ca in tr tnh ton hay o lng trong ch tnh ti. Vic
tnh ton h thng ni t trong ch qu l rt kh khn v i hi s dng
nhiu phn t gn ng. Gi tr ca h s xung ty loi v chiu di ca in cc ni
t, ty thuc vo dng in xung chy trong h thng ni t, ng thi ph thuc
vo in tr sut ca t.
Gi tr gn ng ca h s xung i vi cc ni t ng thng ng khi xung
Hnh 7.4: Phm vi bo v ca hai ct thu li
c cao khng bng nhau
Vng cung
1
/

1
h
1

h
2

h
x

h
a

2
Trang 102

c phn u sng 3 6 gy:
Bng 7.1:
in tr sut
ca t
cm
I (kA)
5 10 20 40
10
4

5.10
4

10
5

0,85 0,90
0,6 0,70
0,45 0,55
0,75 0,85
0,50 0,60
0,35 0,45

0,60 0,75
0,35 0,45
0,25 0,30

0,50 0,60
0,25 0,30

Gi tr gn ng ca h s xung i vi cc in cc nm ngang khi sng xung c
phn u sng 3-6 gy cho bng sau:
Bng 7.2:
in tr sut
ca t
cm
L(m)
I,(kA)
10 20 80
10
4
5
10
20
5
10

0,75
1,00
1,15
0,55
0,75

0,65
0,90
1,05
0,45
0,60

0,50
0,80
0,95
0,30
0,45
5.10
4
10
20
0,90
1,00
0,75
0,90
0,60
0,80
10
5
10
20
40
60
0,55
0,75
0,95
1,15
0,45
0,60
0,85
1,10
0,35
0,50
0,75
0,95
2.10
5
20
40
60
80
100
0,60
0,75
0,90
1,05
1,20
0,50
0,65
0,80
0,95
1,10
0,40
0,55
0,75
0,90
1,05

Trang 103

7. Nhng quy nh chung v bo v chng st
a. Phng thc chng st
Cc cng trnh xy dng cn phi s dng cc phng thc chng st nh sau:
+ i vi cng trnh cp I v II nht thit phi s dng phng thc bo v ton
b
+ i vi cng trnh cp III, nu l nhng cng trnh c mt vi phng c nguy
c n chy, hoc nhng cng trnh thng xuyn tp trung ng ngi cn phi s
dng phng thc bo v ton b. Nu l cng trnh khng c cc phng c nguy c
chy n, v tp trung ng ngi th s dng phng thc bo v trng im.
b. B phn thu st
B phn thu st c th s dng hnh thc kim, dy, ai hoc li thu st. Phi cn
c vo cc c im c th ca mi cng trnh thit k cho ph hp vi yu cu v
mt bo v, cng nh nhng yu cu v kinh t, k thut:
Chng st nh trc tip cho cng trnh Cp I nht thit phi b tr kim, dy thu
st t c lp hoc cc b phn thu st khc t trc tip nhng phi cch li vi cng
trnh qua cc loi vt liu khng dn in.Cc b phn thu st ni trn phi m bo
c phm vi cn bo v.
i vi cc cng trnh Cp II, c th b tr chng st c lp, cch ly hoc t
trc tip ln cng trnh. Cn phi tnh ton v so snh v kinh t k thut chn
phng n hp l nht:
Nu b tr thit b chng st c lp hoc cch li vi cng trnh qua cc vt liu
khng dn in, cn phi thc hin theo cc qui nh cho Cp I trnh by trn.
Nu b tr thit b chng st trc tip trn cng trnh cn phi tho mn cc yu
cu sau:
i vi kim hay dy thu st t mi kim hoc dy thu st phi c t nht l hai dy
xung.
i vi li thu st lm bng thp trn, kch thc mi li khng c ln
hn 5x5m. Cc mt li c hn dnh vi nhau.
i vi cc cng trnh Cp III cn phi t thit b chng st ngay trn cng
Trang 104

trnh, ch c php t thit b chng st c lp vi cng trnh trong nhng trng
hp t bit thun li v k thut v kinh t. B phn thu st c th s dng hnh thc
kim, dy, ai hoc li thu st tu tng trng hp c th.
c. in tr ni t
Theo tiu chun c th mc in tr ti a cho php l 10 i vi h thng ni
t chng st . C rt nhiu phng php khc nhau thc hin in tr ca h thng
ni t t yu cu thp. H thng ni t to thnh mng li thng thng bao gm
cc in cc t, cc dy bng v cc chi tit ghp ni vi mt s x l nhn to.
III. BO V CHNG ST NG DY TI IN
Trong vn hnh, s c ct in do st nh vo cc ng dy ti in trn khng
chim t l ln trong ton b s c ca h thng in. Do , bo v chng st cho
ng dy c tm quan trng trong vic m bo vn hnh an ton v lin tc cung
cp in.
bo v chng st cho ng dy, ngi ta treo dy chng st trn ton b
tuyn ng dy, y l bin php tt nht, song rt tn km. Do vy, n ch c
dng cho cc ng dy in p 110 220kV ct st v ct b tng ct thp.
i vi ng dy in p n 35kV ct st v ct b tng ct thp t c bo
v ton tuyn.
Tuy nhin, cc ct ca ng dy ny cng nh ct ca ng dy 110 220kV
u phi ni t. tng cng kh nng chng st cho cc ng dy, c th t
chng st ng hoc tng thm bt s nhng nI cch in yu, nhng ct vt cao,
ch giao cho vi ng dy khc hay nhng on ti trm.
Dy chng st, ty theo cch b tr dy dn trn ct c th treo mt hay hai dy
chng st. Cc dy chng st c treo bn trn ng dy ti in sao cho dy dn
ca c ba pha u nm trong phm vi bo v ca dy chng st.
Phm vi bo v ca mt v hai dy chng st nh hnh 7.5

Trang 105

Di bo v b
x
ca ct treo mt dy chng st c tnh theo cng thc :
Vi h 30m:
- cao
h
h
- 1 h 6 , 0 b h
3
2
h
x
x x

- cao
0,8h
h
- 1 h 2 , 1 b h
3
2
h
x
x x

Bn knh bo v phm vi ngoi ca hai dy chng st cng c tnh theo cng
thc trn.
Pha trong gia hai dy, phm vi bo v c gii hn bi mt cung trn i qua
cc dy chng st v im gia c cao
4
a
h .
Theo ti liu ca Nga th i vi dy chng st t cao h 30m, dI bo v
c tnh theo cng thc
Hnh 7.5: Gc bo v v phm vi bo v ca dy chng st
a
c)
0,6h
1,2h
h
h

a)
0
,
2
h

h

Dy ch ng st
2b
x

h
x

1,2h 0,6h
2b
x

b)
Trang 106

h
h
1
0,8h
= b
x
a
x

i vi cc ct in thng thng, dy dn s c bo v chc chn nu gc
bo v khng qu 25
0
. Gim gc bo v s lm gim xc sut st nh vo dy dn
nhng phi tng gi thnh v phi tng cng chiu cao ct.
IV. BO V CHNG ST T NG DY TRUYN VO TRM
Cc ng dy trn khng d c c bo v chng st hay khng th cc thit b
in c ni vi chng u phi chu tc dng ca sng st truyn t ng dy n.
Bin ca qu in p kh quyn c th ln hn in p cch in ca thit b, dn
n chc thng cch in, ph hng thit b, v mch in b ct ra. Do vy, bo v
cc thit b trong trm bin p trnh sng qu in p truyn t ng dy vo phi
dng cc thit b chng st. Cc thit b chng st ny s h thp bin sng qu in
p n tr s an ton cho cch in cn c bo v.
Thit b chng st ch yu cho trm bin p l chng st van (CSV) kt hp
chng st ng (CSO) v khe h phng in.
Khe h phng in l thit b chng st n gin nht, gm c hai in cc, trong
mt in cc ni vi mch in, cn in cc kia ni vi t (hnh 7.6)
Khi lm vic bnh thng, khe h cch ly nhng
phn t mang in (dy dn) vi t. Khi c sng in p chy
trn ng dy, khe h phng in s phng in v truyn
xung t.
u im ca loi thit b ny l n gin, r tin.
Nhng v n khng c b phn dp h quang nn khi n lm
vic bo v rle c th ct mch in. Do vy nn khe h
phng in thng ch c dng lm bo v ph cng nh
lm mt b phn trong cc loi chng st khc.
Chng st ng (CSO):
Chng st ng c s nguyn l cu to nh hnh 7.7.

Day dn
Hnh 7.6
Khe h phng in
Trang 107

Chng st ng gm c hai khe h phng in l
1
v l
2
. Khe h l
1
c t trong
ng lm bng vt liu sinh kh nh fibr baklt hay phi-niplt. Khi sng in p qu
cao th l
1
v l
2
u phng in. Di tc dng ca h quang, cht sinh kh pht nng v
sn sinh ra nhiu kh lm cho p sut trong ng tng ti hng chc ata v thi tt h
quang.
Kh nng dp tt h quang ca chng st ng rt hn ch. Nu dng in qu ln,
h quang khng b dp tt ngay gy ngn mch tm thi lm cho bo v rle c th ct
mch in. Chng st ng ch yu dng bo v chng st cho cc ng dy khng
c dy chng st, hoc lm phn t ph trong cc s bo v trm bin p.
Chng st van (CSV): gm c hai phn t chnh l khe h phng in v in
tr lm vic. Khe h phng in ca chng st van l mt chui cc khe h nh c
nhim v nh xt. in tr lm vic l in tr phi truyn c tc dng hn ch tr s
dng in ngn mch chm t qua chng st van khi sng qu in p chc thng cc
khe h phng in. Dng in ny cn phi hn ch vic dp tt h quang trong khe
h phng inc d dng sau khi chng st van lm vic. Cht vi lt tha mn c
hai yu cu tri ngc nhau: cn c in tr ln hn ch dng ngn mch v li cn
c in tr nh hn ch in p d, v in p ln kh bo v c cch in.
Hnh 7.8 gii thiu mt loi chng st van.

l
1

l
2

1 2
3
Hnh 7.7: Chng st ng
1. V; 2. in cc; 3. Np
Trang 108

Bo v chng sng qu in p truyn t ng dy vo trm bin p c thc
hin bng cch t chng st van v cc bin php bo v on dy gn trm nh hnh
7.9

on gn trm t 1 2 km c bo v bng dy chng st ngn nga st
nh trc tip vo ng dy. Chng st ng CS01 t u on ng dy gn
trm nhm hn ch bin sng st. Nu ng dy c bo v bng dy chng st
DCS trn ton tuyn th khng cn t CS01.
CS02 dng bo v my ct khi n v tr ct. i vi trm 3 10kV c bo
v theo s n gin hn, khng cn t DCS on gn trm m ch cn t CSO
Hnh 7.8: Chng st van (CSV)
a. dng ng
b. S nguyn l tc ng
b)
a)
Hnh 7.9: S bo v trm 35 110kV
CS 1 CS 2
Dy chng st
Dy d n
MC
BA
CSV
Trang 109

cch trm khong 200m; trn thanh ci ca trm hay st my bin p ta t CSV.
Ngoi ra, bo v chng qu in p cho trm, cn phi hp cch in ca trm
bin p.
Ni t chng st cho trm cn phi m bo qui nh sau:
- i vi trm c trung tnh trc tip ni t, in p t 110kV tr ln th in tr
ni t cho php l 0,5 .
- i vi trm c trung tnh cch in, in p di 110kV th in tr ni t
cho php l 0,4 .
- i vi trm c cng sut b ( 100kVA) th in tr ni t cho php l 10 .
V. NI T
H thng cung cp in lm nhim v truyn ti v phn phi in nng n cc
h dng in. Do vy nn c im quan trng ca n l phn b trn in tch rng v
thng xuyn c ngi lm vic vi cc thit b in. Cch in ca cc thit b in
b chc thng, ngi vn hnh khng tun theo cc nguyn tc an ton.v.vl nhng
nguyn nhn chnh dn n tai nn in git. St nh trc tip hoc gin tip vo thit
b in khng nhng lm h hng cc thit b in m cn gy nguy him cho ngi
vn hnh. Do trong h thng cung cp in nht thit phi c bin php an ton
chng in git v chng st. Mt trong nhng bin php an ton c hiu qu v tng
i n gin l thc hin vic ni t cho thit b in v t cc thit b chng st.
Trang b ni t bao gm cc in cc v cc dy dn ni t. Cc in cc ni
t bao gm in cc thng ng c ng su vo trong t v in cc ngang c
chn ngm mt su nht nh. Cc dy ni t c dng ni lin cc thit b
vi cc b phn ni t.
Khi c trang b ni t, dng in ngn mch xut hin do cch in ca thit b
in b h hng, s chy qua v thit b theo dy dn ni t xung cc in cc v
chy tn vo trong t (hnh 7.10).

Trang 110

Nu tay ngi hoc cc b phn no ca c th ngi chm v thit b th
in p tip xc U
tx
l in p gia ch chm c th ngi vi chn ngi c xc
nh:
U
tx
=
d
-
Vi:
d
: in th ln nht ti im 0.
: th ti im trn mt t, ch chn ngi ng.
Khi ngi i n gn thit b b hng cch in th xut hin in p bc gia
hai chn U
b
.
in p bc c xc nh:
U
b
=
1
-
2
.
tng an ton, trnh khi U
tx
v U
b
cn kh ln c th gy nguy him n tnh
mng ngi, phi c mt s ni t hp l .
VI. TNH TON TRANG B NI T
1. Cc loi ni t
C hai loi ni t: ni t t nhin v ni t nhn to.
a. Ni t t nhin
L loi s dng cc loi ng dn nc hay cc ng bng kim loi khc t trong
a a
U
U
tx
U
b
15 20m 15 20m
Hng tn dng in
trong t

1

2

Hnh 7.10: Phn b in th khi dng in chy trong

t qua mt thanh ni t ng thng ng
Hnh 7.11: Phn b in cc ni t thng
ng thnh hng theo hnh vng
Thit b phn
phi in p cao
A
2
3
m

2 3m
a
A
A-A
a)
1,1U
b

U
c
0,6m 0,8m
a
l

b)
c)
Trang 111

t, cc kt cu kim loi ca cng trnh nh ca c ni t, cc v bc kim loi ca cp
t trong t.v.v...lm trang b ni t. Khi xy dng trang b ni t cn phi tn dng
nhng vt liu t nhin c sn. in tr ni t ny c xc nh bng cch o thc
t ti ch hay da theo nhng ti liu tnh gn ng.
b. Ni t nhn to
Thng c thc hin bng cc thp, thanh thp dt hnh ch nht hay hnh
thp gc di t 2 n 3m ng su xung t sao cho u trn ca chng cch mt t
khong 0.5 n 0.7m. chng n mn kim loi, cc ng thp cc thanh thp dt hay
cc thp gc c chiu dy khng nn b hn 4mm.
Dy ni t cn c tit din tho mn bn c kh v n nh nhit, chu c
dng in cho php lu di. Dy ni t khng c b hn 1/3 tit din dy dn pha,
thng dng cc tit din 120mm
2
, nhm 35mm
2
hoc ng 25mm
2
.
in tr ni t ca trang b ni t khng c ln hn cc tr s qui nh
trong cc quy phm.
2. Tnh ton ni t nhn to
in tr ni t c hin khi ni t t nhin khng tha mn in tr ni t
cho php ln nht [R]
max
ca trang b ni t. Khi in tr ni t nhn to c
tnh theo cng thc sau:
R
nt
=
max
max
] [
* ] [
R R
R R
TN
TN

Bit ni t nhn to gm h thng cc cc ng thng ng (in cc thng
ng) v thanh t nm ngang (in cc ngang) c xc nh theo cng thc:
R
nt
=
ng d
ng d
R R
R R *

Trong :
R
d
: in tr khunh tn ca h thng cc thng ng.
R
ng
: in tr khunh tn ca h thng cc chn ngang.
Cc cng thc xc nh in tr khuch tn ca cc in cc khc nhau cho trong
bng 7.3
Bng 7.3: Cc cng thc xc nh in tr khuch tn ca cc in cc khc nhau.
Trang 112

Kiu ni t
Cch t
in cc
Cng thc tnh, tnh bng
( )
Ch thch

Chn thng
ng, lm bng
thp trn u
trn tip xc vi
mt t

R

=
d
l
l
tt
4
lg
366 , 0

l > d

Chn thng
ng, lm bng
thp trn u
trn nm su
cch mt t mt
khong.

R

=
l t
l t
d
l
l
tt
4
4
lg
2
1 2
lg
366 , 0

l > d

Chn nm ngang
lm bng thp
dt, di nm su
cch mt t mt
khong

R
ng
=
t b
l
l
tt
.
2
lg
366 , 0
2

t
l
2
2,5
b: chiu rng
ca thanh dt,
nu in cc
trn c ng
kinh d th b =
2d

l
d
t
l

d
t
l
b
Trang 113

Tm chn thng
ng su cch
mt t mt
khong

R
= 0,25
ab
tt

a v b l kch
thc di v
rng ca tm
Vnh xuyn, lm
t thp dt t
nm ngang su
cch mt t mt
khong.

R
ng
=
bt
D
D
tt
2
2
8
ln
2

b: chiu rng
ca cc
t < D/2
Nu in cc
trn c ng
kinh D th b =
2d
i vi thp gc, ng knh ng tr c tnh theo:
D = 0,95.b
Vi: b l b rng cc cnh thp gc.
Khi xc nh in tr ni t tng ca ton b mch vng cn phi xt ti nh
hng ca mng che gia cc cc. Trong trng hp ny, h s s dng ca cc in
cc ng
d
v in cc ngang hay thanh nm ngang
ng
, c cho trong bng 5.8.
in tr khuch tn ca n cc c xt n nh hng mng che c tnh theo:
R
d
=
d
d
n
R
*
1

y:
R
1d
: in tr ca mt cc hay mt in cc thng ng.

d
: h s s dng ca cc cc thng ng.
in tr khuch tn ca thanh nm ngang ni gia cc cc ng thng ng c
xt n nh hng mn che:
R
ng
=
ng
ng R
'

D
b
t

b
a

Trang 114

y:
ng R
'
l in tr khuch tn ca thanh ni cha xt ti nh hng mn che
ng
l h s s dng ca thanh ni nm ngang.
Bng 7.4:
S cc chn thng ng

T s a/l (a l khong cch gia cc cc,
l l chiudi cc)
1 2 3
d

ng

d

ng

d

ng

A. Khi cc cc t theo
chu vi mch vng
4
6
8
10
20
30
50
70
100

0,69
0,62
0,58
0,55
0,47
0,43
0,4
0,38
0,35

0,45
0,40
0,36
0,34
0,27
0,24
0,21
0,20
0,19

0,78
0,73
0,71
0,69
0,64
0,60
0,56
0,54
0,52

0,55
0,48
0,43
0,40
0,32
0,30
0,28
0,26
0,24

0,85
0,80
0,78
0,76
0,71
0,68
0,66
0,64
0,62

0,70
0,64
0,60
0,56
0,47
0,41
0,37
0,35
0,33
B. Khi cc cc t
thnh dy
3
4
5
6
10
15
20
30

0,78
0,74
0,70
0,63
0,59
0,54
0,49
0,43

0,80
0,77
0,74
0,72
0,62
0,50
,042
0,31

0,86
0,83
0,81
0,77
0,75
0,70
0,68
0,65

0,92
0,87
0,86
0,83
0,75
0,64
0,56
0,46

0,91
0,88
0,87
0,83
0,81
0,78
0,77
0,75

0,95
0,92
0,90
0,88
0,82
0,74
0,68
0,58

Trang 115

3. Trnh t tnh ton ni t
Trnh t tnh ton nh sau:
+ Xc nh in tr ni t cho php cn thit [R] tiu chun (theo nhng gi
tr in tr ni t chun)
+ Xc nh in tr ni t t nhin Rtn (bng cch o thc t ti cng trnh)
+ Nu R
tn
< [R] nh nu phn trn, trong cc thit b cao p trn 1000V c
dng chm t b v trong cc thit b in p di 1000V th khng cn t thm ni
t nhn to. Cn trong cc thit b in p trn 1000V c dng in chm t ln,
nht thit phi dng ni t nhn to vi in tr khng ln hn 1 .
Nu R
tn
> [R] th phi xc nh ni t nhn to.
+ Qui nh din tch b tr cc in cc, chn s lng v kch tht cc in
cc ng thng ng v cc in cc ngang; ch n vic gim in p bc v
in p tip xc; tnh in tr khuch tn ca cc, thanh nm ngang v ton b h
thng ni t theo cc cng thc trn.
+ i vi thit b in p cao hn 1000V c dng chm t ln phi kim tra
bn nhit ca dy theo cng thc:
S =
c
t
I
qd

y:
- I : dng in ngn mch xc lp, trong tnh ton ly dng in ln
nht i qua dy dn khi ngn mch thit b ang xt hoc l ngn
mch mt pha chm t.
- t
qd
: thi gian qui i hay thi gian gi thit ca dng in i vo t,
[gy].
+ C : hng s.
+ i vi thp: C = 74.
+ Dy ng trn: C = 195.
+ Dy cp rut ng, in p di 10kV: C = 182.
+ Dy nhm trn v cp rut nhm in p di 10kV: C = 112.

Trang 116

VII. GII THIU MT S NT V K THUT CHNG ST MI XUT
HIN GN Y TRN TH

1: n bt st nh trn nhng u thu st t trong
khng trung

2: Truyn dn dng in st i xung t mt cch
bo m

3: H thng ni t c in tr thp lm tiu tn nng
lng st vo trong t d dng.

4: Vic loi tr cc vng mch (li) nm trong t v
s chnh lch in th t bng cch to nn mt tng
tr thp, h thng ni t ng th.

5: Bo v trang thit b c ni n cc ng dy
in lc khi b nh hng tng vt v qu trnh qu
, phng h hng trang thit b v nh tr sn
xut.

1.
4.
5.
2.
3.
Trang 117

6: Bo v cc mch in thoi, mch d liu v mch
tn hiu a n khi b nh hng tng vt v qua
trnh qu , phng h hng thit b v ngng phc
v.

CU HI
1) Tc dng bo v ca ct thu st
2) Phm vi bo ca ct thu st
3) Nu cc loi ni t trong h thng in, tr s ni t cho php ca tng loi ni
t?
4) Phm vi bo v ca hai ct thu st

6.
Trang 118

Bi 8
TNH TON CHIU SNG

I. KHI NIM CHUNG V CHIU SNG
1. c im
Hin nay ngi ta thng dng n in chiu sng nhn to bi v chng c
nhiu u im: thit b n gin, s dng thun tin, gi thnh r, to c nh sng
gn ng nh sng t nhin.
n bao gm bng n (ngun pht sng) v trang b mang bng n cc loi
(chp, chao, hp, mng . . . ).
Trang b mang bng n (hoc trang b n) dng chn hay phn b quang
thng ca bng n, ngn chn hoc hn ch s la mt do bng n gy ra v bo v
bng n khi b h hng do tc ng ca mI trng xung quanh. Trang b n cng
cn c tc dng bo v, ngn cch bng n vi nhng mi trng c th gy ra chy
n.
Tnh kinh t v cht lng chiu sng phn ln ph thuc vo s phn b quang
thng ca n.
2. Cc yu cu c bn
Trong bt k x nghip no, ngoi chiu sng t nhin cn phi dng chiu sng
nhn to, ph bin nht l dng n in chiu sng nhn to.
Khi thit k chiu sng phi p ng yu cu v ri v hiu qu ca chiu
sng i vi th gic. Ngoi ra, chng ta cn phi quan tm n mu sc nh sng, la
chn cc chao chp n, s b tr chiu sng va m bo tnh kinh t, k thut v cn
phI m bo m quan. Thit k chiu sng phi m bo cc yu cu sau:
Khng la mt: V vi cng nh sng mnh m lm cho mt c cm gic
la, thn kinh b cng phng, th gic mt chnh xc.
Khng la do phn x: mt s vt cng tc c cc tia phn x kh mnh v
trc tip, do khi b tr n cn ch trnh.
Khng c bng ti: ni sn xut, cc phn xng khng nn c bng ti m
phi sng ng u c th quan st c ton b phn xng. Mun kh cc bng
Trang 119

ti cc b, thng s dng bng m v treo cao n.
ri yu cu phi ng u: Nhm mc nh khi quan st t v tr ny sang
v tr khc mt ngi khng phi iu tit qu nhiu, gy mi mt.
Phi to c nh sng ging nh sng ban ngy: th gic nh gi c
chnh xc.
3. Cc hnh thc chiu sng
a. Chiu sng chung, chiu sng cc b v chiu sng hn hp
+Chiu sng chung
L hnh thc chiu sng to nn ri ng u trn ton din tch sn xut ca
phn xng. Trong hnh thc chiu sng ny, cc bng n c treo cao trn trn
theo mt quy lut no to nn ri ng u trong phn xng.

Chiu sng chung c dng trong cc cc phn xng c din tch lm vic
rng, c yu cu ri ng u ti mi im trn b mt , chiu sng chung cn
c s dng c xng rn, mc, hnh lang, ng i...
+ Chiu sng cc b
nhng ni cn quan st t m, chnh xc, phn bit r cc chi tit... th cn phi
c ri cao lm vic c. Mun vy phi dng phng php chiu sng cc b,
ngha l t n vo ni cn quan st. Chiu sng cc b thng dng chiu sng
cc chi tit gia cng trn my cng c, chiu sng cc b phn kim tra, lp my...
Ti cc ni chiu sng chung thng khng ri cn thit nn phi dng thm
cc n chiu sng cc b. Cc loi n chiu sng cc b trn my cng c hoc cc
n cm tay di ng thng dng vi in p 12V hoc 36V.

Hnh 8.1: Mt s hnh thc chiu sng thng dng
Trang 120

+ Chiu sng hn hp
L hnh thc chiu sng bao gm chiu sng chung v chiu sng cc b. Chiu
sng hn hp c dng nhng phn xng c nhng cng vic thuc cp I, II, III
ghi trong bng phn phi cng vic. N cng c dng khi phn bit mu sc, li
lm, hng sp xp cc chi tit... hiu sng hn hp thng dng cc phn xng
gia cng ngui, phn xng khun mu, c... cc nh my c kh.
b. Chiu sng lm vic v chiu sng s c
Ngoi h thng chiu sng lm vic cn phi t thm h thng chiu sng s c.
ri ca h thng chiu sng s c phi ln hn 10% ri ca h thng chiu sng
lm vic.
nhng ni nu h thng chiu sng lm vic b mt in m c kh nng pht
sinh chy n gy nhim c hoc nh hng n chnh tr, kinh t th h thng chiu
sng s c s m bo cho ngi lm vic di chuyn ra khi ni nguy him hay tip
tc lm vic trong thi gian ch sa cha.
Khi chiu sng lm vic b mt in, nu cn s tn ngi ra khi phn xng
trnh tai nn th cc n chiu sng s c phi t cc ni my cn quay, h du, b
nc, cu ni, lan can, cu thang... v ri ca n ny khng c nh hn 0,1lux.
Ngun cung cp ca h thng chiu sng s c phi ly ngun d tr hoc
cquy.
H thng chiu sng s c phi lm vic ng thi vi h thng chiu sng lm
vic hoc phi c thit b ng t ng khi h thng chiu sng lm vic b mt in.
c. Chiu sng trong nh, ngoi tri v c im ca ph ti chiu sng
Chiu sng trong nh trnh by trn, cn chiu sng ngoi tri l chiu sng
cc khu vc lm vic ngoi tri nh: sn bi, ng i, ni bc d hng ha... Khi
thit k cn ch n cc yu t kh hu: ma, bi, sng m...
c im ca ph ti chiu sng l bng phng vi h s nhu cu (k
nc
= 0,9 1).
Ph ti chiu sng ph thuc vo ma v v a l.
II. CC I LNG DNG TRONG TNH TON CHIU SNG
1 Quang thng: ( )
Quang thng l mt n v o nh sng xt n c im cm th nh sng
Trang 121

ca mt ngi.
n v o quang thng: lumen ( lm) l quang thng do mt ngun sng im c
cng sng mt candela pht u trong mt gc khi ( ) mt steradian (sr)
Cc thng s c bn ca ngun sng thng dng c trnh by bng 8.1
Bng 8.1
Ngun sng Cng sut (W)
Quang thng
(lm)
Hiu sut
(lm/W)
n nung sng 100 1390 13,9
n hunh quang 40 540 93
Sodium cao p 100 10000 100
Sodium h p 180 33000 183
Thy ngn cao p 1000 58000 58
Metan Halide 2000 190000 95
2 Cng sng
Cng sng l mt phn b trong khng gian ca quang thng do ngun
bc x. Cng sng k hiu l I, n v l candela (cd)
Mt vi tr s cng sng ca cc ngun sng c trnh by bng 8.2
Bng 8.2
Ngun sng Cng sng (cd)
Ngn nn 0,8cd (theo mi hng khng gian)
n nung sng 40W/220V 35cd (theo mi hng )
n nung sng 300W/220V 400cd (theo mi hng)
n nung sng 300W/220V (c chao
n)
1500cd (hng trung tm)
3 chi (L)
L mt phn b I trn b mt theo mt phng cho trc.
n v o chi: cd/m
2
(hoc nt) l chi ca mt phng c din tch 1m
2
v
c cng nh sng 1cd theo phng thng gc vi ngun sng.
Trng hp theo phng to vi php tuyn ca b mt ngun sng mt gc
th chi c tnh theo cng thc:
Trang 122

B = I/ S.cos
Trong : S l din tch b mt c chiu sng.
4. chiu sng (E)
chiu sng l mt quang thng trn b mt c chiu sng . Nh vy, nu
mt b mt din tch S nhn c mt quang thng th ri E c xc nh theo
cng thc :
E =
S

n v ri l lux (lx), 1 lux = 1lm/m
2

ri t l thun vi cng sng v t l nghch vi bnh phng khong
cch t ngun ti mt c chiu sng.
5 trng (M)
trng l mt phn b quang thng trn b mt do mt mt khc pht ra.
n v o trng l :lm/m
2
l trng ca mt ngun hnh cu c din tch mt
ngoi 1m pht ra mt quang thng cu 1lumen phn b u theo mi phng.
M =
S

i vi b mt c chiu sng, chi v trng ph thuc vo h s phn
x (p).
III. NI DUNG THIT K CHIU SNG
1. La chn loi n, cng sut, s lng bng n
a. n nung sng
Cu to:
n nung sng c cu to kh n gin gm dy tc kim loi (loi Tungsteinse,
vonfram) pht sng khi c dng in chy qua, c t trong mt bng thy tinh p
sut rt nh, cha y kh tr (Argon, Kripton, Ne). n nung sng c s dng rng
ri nhng ni khng cn phn bit s khc nhau v mu sc, khng i hi mt phi
lm vic cng thng.
c tnh ca n
Hiu sut sng ca n nung sng kh nh. Hiu sut n cng cao khi cng sut
Trang 123

n cng ln v in p lm vic cng nh.
Cng sut danh nh (40 1000) W
Nhit mu (Tm) 2500 oK 3000oK
Ch s hon mu IRC 100
Tui th khong 1000 gi
c tnh ca n nung sng trnh by bng 8.3
Bng 8.3
Cng sut
(W)
Quang thng (lm) Hiu sut sng (lm/W)
120/127 V 220/230 V 127 V 220 V
40 500 430 12,5 10,0
75 1120 970 14,9 12,9
100 1590 1390 15,9 13,9
200 3430 2990 17,5 14,9
500 9600 8700 19,2 17,4
1000 21000 18700 21,0 18,7

u v nhc im ca n nung sng
u im :
Nhiu chng loi theo kch thc, cp in p v cng sut.
Quang thng gim khng ng k khi xut hin chnh lch in p.
S ni dy n gin, khng cn cc b phn ph.
Kh nng lm vic khng ph thuc vo iu kin ca mi trng (nhit ,
m,)
Gn nh thch hp vi mi iu kin s dng.
Nhc im :
Hiu sut pht sng thp.
Tui th thp hn cc loi n khc.
b. n phng in
Cu to:
Bng n phng in gm mt ng thy tinh c t hai in cc, trong cha hi
kim loi p sut thp.
Trang 124

Hot ng:
Khi xut hin mt in th cao gia hai in cc th dng h quang phng in
c hnh thnh, nhng s phng in ny l mt di mu n sc, thng vng cc
tm, cha phi l nh sng nhn thy c. V vy bng n cn np hi thy ngn
Natri hay Halogen thch hp to ra nh sng.
n hi Natri
C loi bng n p sut thp v loi p sut cao.
+ n hi Natri p sut thp: nh sng n sc mu vng - cam.
c im :
Hiu sut sng cao (100 200)lm/W
Anh sng n sc mu vng _cam IRC=0
Cng sut nh (18 180)W
chi nh
Tui th di khong 8000 gi
Thng dng trong chiu sng bo v, li i, bi xe.
+ n hi Natri p sut cao:
c im :
Hiu sut sng (70 130) lm/W
Nhit mu (2000 2500)oK
Ch s hon mu IRC (20 80)
Tui th n 10000 gi
Thng dng trong chiu sng cc trung tm thng mi, ngn hng, khch sn,
ca hng, trin lm, sn th thao, phng hi tho
n hi thy ngn cao p: n cao p thy ngn c hai loi :
Loi dng thm chn lu, khi lp t phi c chn lu ring ty theo in thv
cng sut ca mi loi bng. Loi ny bt sng rt chm nhng rt n nh.
Loi khng cn chnh lu v bn trong bng c mc ni tip ng phng in
vi mt tim si t Wolfram pht ra khi t nng. Loi ny bt sng nhanh nhng khi
nng ln, bng hay b tt, ngui bng mi bt sng ln li. Bng c ni trc tip vo
li in.
c im :
Trang 125

Hiu sut sng (40 95) lm/W
Nhit mu (3000 4500)
o
K
p dng ging nh vi bng n hi Natri cao p.
n Metal Halide
n Metal Halide cha kh trong n l hn hp kh thy ngn v cc kh
Halogen kim loi p sut cao. S dng n Metal Halide th rt kinh t v gi vn
hnh thp, din t mu sc tt, th hin mu sc nh sng ban ngy v nh sng trng
cho nhng ni c yu cu cao.
n Sodium
+ n hi Sodium p sut cao
n hi Sodium p sut cao cho nh sng l trng m, l ngun sng cho chiu
sng n ng, cng nghip ngoi tri, n pha.
+ n hi Sodium p sut thp
n hi Sodium p sut thp c hiu sut rt cao, cng sut n v nh v tui
th thp hn cc loi n phng in khc.
Bng 8.4: c tnh ca cc n phng in
Loi
Thng
S
Thu
ngn cao
p
Sodium
cao p
Sodium
h p
Metal
halide
Natri cao
p
Natri h
p
cng sut (w)
100
2000
35 - 3500
18
180
70
3500
50 100 80 180
hiu sut Trung
bnh
cao rt cao cao
trung
bnh
cao
ch s hon
mu IRC
50 60 50 < 50 65 90 20 80
hiu sut sng
(lm/w)
40 60 130 220 95 70 130
100
200
nhit mu
3000
4500
2200 1800
3000 60
00
2000
2500
1800
Trang 126

th hin mu
Trung
bnh
mu sc
trunh
thc
th hin
mu
km
th hin
mu tt
trung
thc
km
quang thng
ban u (lm)
1500-
55000
130000 180000
24000
300000

tui th (gi)
24000
2000-
24000
18000
12000 2
0000
10000 10000
n hunh quang
+ Cu to:
Bng l mt ng phng in vi hai in cc v hi thy ngn, thnh trong ca ng c
trng mt lp pht sng (hunh quang). Khi cc tia h quang phng in va chm vo lp pht
sng, mt phn nng lng ca chng bin thnh nhit nng, phn cn li thnh nh sng. C
hai loi bng n hunh quang:
Loi bt sng bng b mi (starter) v cp in p bng chn lu (ballast) thng.
Loi bt sng tc thi khng cn t nng trc.
n hunh quang s dng cho cng vic c yu cu v ri cao (100 150 lux
tr ln) v in p li phi n nh. Khng c dng n hunh quang chiu
sng s c.
+ c im ca n hunh quang :
Hiu sut sng (40 105)lm/W
Nhit mu (2800 6500)
o
K
+ u v khuyt im :
u im :
Din tch chiu sng ln.
Anh sng pht ra gn vi nh sng t nhin.
Quang thng gim t (1 ) khi in p thay i trong phm vi cho php.
Khuyt im :
Cu to phc tp.
Gi thnh cao,cos thp.
Trang 127

Quang thng v phm vi pht quang ph thuc vo nhit . i vi cc loi bt
sng bng b mi, khi nhit di 15
o
C th b mi khng hot ng c.
Nhng loi bng n mi
+ n Halogen
y l bng n nung sng cha hi Halogen, cho php nng cao nhit nung
sng ca dy tc, nng cao cht lng nh sng, lm gim s bc hi ca dy tc
Tungstene lm en dn bng n. Bng n Halogen c nhng u im so vi n
nung sng bnh thng l :
Cng sut nh nhau nhng hiu sut sng cao hn.
nh sng trng hn, nhit mu t 2900oK, ch s IRC cao, t n 100.
Tui th tng ln hai ln, t c 2000 2500 gi.
Kch thc nh hn.
+ Bng n compacte
L mt dng mi ca bng n hunh quang, c cc c im sau :
Cht lng nh sng : nhit mu t t 2700oK n 4000oK. Ch s hon mu
IRC = 85.
Cng sut tiu th thp hn n nung sng bn n nm ln v nh hn so vi
n hunh quang thng.
Hiu sut 85 lm/W.
Tui th khong 8000 gi.
Kh nng sinh nhit thp.
Kch thc bng n nh, hnh dng p.
+ Bng n cm ng in t
y l loi bng n th h mi nht, da trn nguyn l cm ng in t, khng
c in cc, khng c dy tc, vi u im ni bt v tui th (ln khong 60000 gi).
c im ca bng n :
Hiu sut sng (65 70)lm/W
Nhit mu (3000 4000)oK
Ch s hon mu IRC 80
2. B tr n trong khng gian cn chiu sng
Cn c vo din tch cn chiu sng, vo s lng bng n, vo tnh cht yu
Trang 128

cu s dng nh sng m chn cch b tr n thch hp (b tr ri u hay thnh rnh,
thnh cm, s lng bng trong mi cm v.v).
3. La chn cc thit b bo v
La chn cc thit b bo v: ptmt, cu ch:
ptmt (CB) c chn theo iu kin:
U
mCB
U
mL

I
mCB
I
tt

I
cmCB
I
N

Cu ch c chn theo cc iu kin:
U
mCC
U
mL

I
dc
I
tt

Cu ch h p thng dng xa ngun nn dng ngn mch nh, khng cn
kim tra iu kin ct dng ngn mch. Vi cu ch cp trn vn phi m bo iu
kin chn lc.
ptmt c cu to phc tp v t, tuy nhin do lm vic tin cy v thao tc
ng li nhanh lm cho thi gian mt in ngn nn ngy cng c dng nhiu trong
li in chiu sng dn dng v cng nghip.
4. La chn dy dn
Dy dn trong li in chiu sng h p chn theo dng pht nng cho php
k
1
k
2
I
cp
I
tt

Trong :
k
1
: h s hiu chnh nhit , k n s chnh lch gia nhit mi
trng ch to v nhit mi trng s dng, tra s tay.
k
2
: h s hiu chnh nhit , k n s lng dy hoc cp i chung
mt ng (hoc mt rnh).
I
cp
: dng in cho php ca dy dn ng vi tit din cn chn, nh
ch to cho, tra s tay.
Phi kim tra dy dn chn theo iu kin kt hp vi thit b bo v:
+ Nu bo v bng ptmt:
Trang 129

1,5
1,25I
I k k
dmCB
cp 2 1

+ Nu bo v bng cu ch:
0,8
I
I k k
dc
cp 2 1

Ngoi ra khi cn thit, cn phi kim tra dy dn theo iu kin tn tht in p
(nu ng dy di) v iu kin n nh nhit dng ngn mch (nu gn ngun).
IV. THIT K CHIU SNG DN DNG
1. Khi nim
Chiu sng dn dng bao gm chiu sng cho cc khu vc nh sng sinh hot
nh nh , hi trng, trng hc, c quan, vn phng i din, ca hng, siu th,
bnh vin v.v. nhng khu vc ny yu cu chiu sng chung, khng i hi tht
chnh xc tr s ri cng nh cc thng s k thut khc.
Trong chiu sng dn dng ty theo kh nng kinh ph, ty theo mc yu cu
m quan c th s dng mi loi n: n si t, n tup, n halgen, n natri cao
p v thp p.
2. Trnh t thit k
a. Cn c vo tnh cht ca i tng cn chiu sng, chn sut ph ti chiu sng
P
o

b. Chn loi n, cng sut n P
, xc nh tng s bng n cn lp trong khu

vc:
c. Cn c vo din tch cn chiu sng, vo s lng bng n, vo tnh cht yu
cu s dng nh sng m chn cch b tr n thch hp (b tr ri u hay thnh rnh,
thnh cm, s lng bng trong mi cm v.v).
d. V s u dy t bng in n tng bng n. l bn v mt bng cp
in chiu sng.
e. V s nguyn l li in chiu sng.
f. La chn v kim tra cc phn t trn s (ptmt, cu ch, thanh ci, dy
dn)

Trang 130

Ghi ch:
Trong tnh ton chiu sng dn dng th bao gm c tnh ton thit k cho
qut. Trong trng hp ny c hai cch lm:
- Ly sut ph ti chung cho c chiu sng v qut, sau tr cng sut qut
(ly theo thc t) tm c cng sut chiu sng.
- Ly ring sut ph ti cho chiu sng tnh ton thit k chiu sng, cn qut
ly theo thc t, tnh ton ring.
3. V d
Yu cu thit k chiu sng cho mt siu th nh, din tch 10x10 = 100m
2
.
Gii
Siu th yu cu mc chiu sng cao v vy chn sut chiu sng l:
P
o
= 30 W/m
2

Tng cng sut cn cp cho chiu sng siu th l:
P
cs
= P
o
.S = 30 x (10x10) = 3000W
Chn dng loi n hunh quang, cng sut 40W. Vy s lng bng n cn
dng l:
n =
3000
= 75bng
40

S lng ny c b tr thnh 5 dy, mi dy 15 bng chia lm 5 cm, mi cm
3 bng.
Mt bng b tr n v i dy nh hnh 8.2

Trang 131

S nguyn l li in chiu sng cho siu th nh sau:

Hnh 8.3: S nguyn l cp in chiu sng cho siu th
CB
1

CB
T

CB
2
CB
3
CB
4
CB
5

Hnh 8.2: Mt bng cp in chiu sng cho siu th
1; 4: Bng in. 5. ptmt tng.
2. Dy n 5 cm n. 6. Cc ptmt nhnh.
3. Cm n.
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2 2 2 2 2
1
3
5
6 6 6 6 6
4
Bng in
3
Trang 132

La chn ptmt tng CB
T
:
(A) 17,045
220.0,8
3000
I I
tt dmAT

Chn ptmt 30A do LG ch to.
La chn ptmt nhnh:
C 5 ptmt nhnh, dng tnh ton mi nhnh l dng ca 15 n.

(A) 3,409
220.0,8
40 x 15
I I
tt dmAi

Chn dng 5 ptmt 5A do LG ch to.
Thng s k thut ca cc ptmt cho trong bng sau:
Tn
ptmt
U
m
(V)
I
m
(A)
Loi Kiu
S
cc
I
cm
(kA)
S
lng
CB
T
600 30 50AF
ABE
53a
3 2,5 1
CB
1
, CB
2
, CB
3
,
CB
4
, CB
5
.
600 5 50AF
ABE
53a
3 2,5 5

V xa ngun nn khng cn kim tra iu kin ct ngn mch.
La chn dy dn cho 5 dy n.
k
1
k
2
I
cp
I
tt
= 3,409 (A)
D nh dng dy ng bc nha h p, li mm nhiu si do CADIVI ch to,
i ring l: k1 = k2 = 1
Chn dng dy i mm trn loi VCm (2 x 1) c Icp = 10 (A)
Kim tra iu kin kt hp ptmt bo v.

1,5
5 x 1,25
1,5
1,25I
10A I
dmCB
cp

Vy chn dy VCm (2 x 1) cho cc dy n l tha mn.
V ng dy ngn nn khng cn kim tra iu kin tn tht in p.
V xa ngun nn khng cn kim tra n nh nhit dng ngn mch.

Trang 133

V. THIT K CHIU SNG CNG NGHIP
1. Khi nim
Vi cc nh xng sn xut cng nghip thng l chiu sng chung khi cn
tng cng nh sng ti im lm vic c chiu sng cc b.
V l phn xng sn xut, yu cu kh chnh xc v ri ti mt bn cng tc,
nn thit k chiu sng cho khu vc ny thng dng phng php h s s dng.
2. Trnh t thit k
1. Xc nh cao treo n.
3. Cn c vo s b tr n trn mt bng, mt ct, xc nh h s phn x ca
tng, trn
tng
,
trn
, (%).
4. Xc nh ch s ca phng (c kch thc a x b)
5. Tra bng tm h s s dng k
sd
6. Xc nh quang thng ca n
7. Tra s tay tm cng sut n c F F tnh ton
8. V s cp in chiu sng trn mt bng.
9. V s nguyn l cp in chiu sng.
10. La chn cc phn t trn s nguyn l.
3. V d
Yu cu thit k chiu sng cho phn xng c kh c din tch S = 20 x 50 =
1000m
2
Gii
1. Xc nh s lng, cng sut n:
V l xng sn xut, d nh dng n si t, cos = 1.
Chn ri cho chiu sng chung l E = 30 lx.
Cn c vo trn nh cao 4,5m, mt cng tc h
2
= 0,8m, cao treo n cch trn
h
1
= 0,7m. Vy:
H = h - h
1
h
2
= 4,5 0,7 0,8 = 3 m.
Tra bng n si t, bng vn nng c L/H = 1,8. Xc nh c khong cch
gia cc n.
L = 1,8 x H = 1,8 x 3 = 5.4 m.
Trang 134

Cn c vo b rng phng (20m) chn L = 5 m.
n s c b tr lm 4 dy cch nhau 5m, cch tng 2,4m, tng cng 36
bng, mi dy 9 bng.
Xc nh ch s phng:
5
) 50 20 .( 3
50 . 20
b) H(a
b . a

Ly h s phn x tng 50%, trn 30%, tra s tay tm c h s s dng
k
sd
= 0,48.
Ly h s d tr k = 1,3 v h s tnh ton Z = 1,1. Xc nh c quang thng
mi n l:
Lm 2483
36.0,48
0.1,1 1,3.30.100

n.k
kESZ

sd

Tra bng chn bng si t 200W c F = 2528 lumen.
Ngoi chiu sng trong nh xng, cn t thm 4 bng 100W cho 2 phng thay
qun o v 2 phng WC. Tng cng sut chiu sng ton xng l:
P = 36 x 200 + 4 x 100 = 7600 (W) = 7,6 (kW)
2. Thit b li in chiu sng:
t ring 1 t chiu sng cnh ca ra vo ly in t t phn phi phn xng
v. T gm 1 ptmt ba pha v 10 ptmt nhnh mt pha, mi ptmt cp in cho
4 bng n. S cp in trn mt bng v s nguyn l nh hnh 8.4.
- Chn ptmt t ti t phn phi v ptmt t ti t chiu sng.
A) ( 56 , 11
1 . 38 , 0 . 3
6 , 7
cos . U . 3
P
I
dm
tt
tt

- Chn dng ptmt 3 pha 50A do Clipsal ch to c thng s ghi trong bng:
Tn ptmt M s
U
m
(V)
I
m
(A)
S
cc
I
cm
(kA)
ptmt tng v ptmt
nhnh t ti t phn phi
G4CB3050C 400 50 3 6

- Chn cp t t phn phi n t chiu sng:
Chn cp ng 4 li v PVC do Clipsal ch to, tit din 6mm
2
c I
cp
= 45 (A)
PVC(3 x 6 + 1,4)
Trang 135

k
1
k
2
I
cp
= 1 . 1 . 45 I
tt
= 11,56 (A)
- Chn ptmt nhnh:
A) ( 64 , 3
1 220
20 4
I
tt
x
x

Tn ptmt M s
U
m
(V)

I
m
(A)

S cc
I
cm
(kA)
S
lng
ptmt nhnh G4CB2010C 400 10 2 6 10

- Chn dy dn t ptmt nhnh n cm 4 n:
Vi I
tt
= 3,64A chn dy ng bc nha, tit din 2,5mm
2
c I
cp
= 27A M (2
x 2.5)
Kim tra dy dn kt hp ptmt bo v:
+ Vi dy PVC(3 x 6 + 1,4):
A) ( 6 , 41
5 , 1
50 . 25 , 1
) A ( 45
+ Vi dy M (2 x 2.5):
A) ( 33 , 8
5 , 1
10 . 25 , 1
) A ( 27

Trang 136

Hnh 8.4: S nguyn l mng chiu sng xng c kh
TO-50EC-50A
L
1
L
2

50A
T PP
L
3
L
4

PVC (3X6+1.4)
10xQCE-10A
T CS
Trang 137

Bi 9
NNG CAO H S CNG SUT
I. H S CNG SUT COS V NGHA CA VIC NNG CAO H S
CNG SUT
Trong mng in tn ti hai loi cng sut:
+ Cng sut tc dng P: c trng cho s sinh ra cng, lin quan n qu trnh
ng lc. Gy ra moment qua cho cc ng c. Mt phn nh b vo cc tn hao do
pht nong dy dn, li thp. ngun P trc tip lin quan n tiu hao nng lng
u vo nh than, hi nc, lng nc .v.v Tm li P c trng cho qu trnh
chuyn ho nng lng.
+ Cng sut phn khng: Q ngc li khng sinh ra cng. N c trng cho qu
trnh tch phng nng lng gia ngun v ti, N lin quan n qu trnh t ho li
thp my bin p, ng c, gy bin i t thng to ra sc in ng pha th cp.
N c trng cho khu tn tht t tn trong mng. ngun n lin quan n sc in
ng ca my pht (lin quan n dng kch t my pht). Nh vy chuyn ho
c P cn phi c hin din ca Q. Gia P & Q li lin h trc tip vi nhau, m c
trng cho mi quan h l h s cng sut.
S
P
Q P
P
K
2 2
p
cos

Cc i lng P; Q; S; cos lin h vi nhau bng tam gic cng sut.

Nh vy S c trng cho cng sut thit k ca thit b in vic tng gim P,
Q khng tu tin c. Vy cng mt cng sut S (c nh) nu cos cng ln (tc
cng nh) tc l cng sut tc dng cng ln, lc ngi ta ni thit b. c khai
thc tt hn. Nh vy vi tng thit b nu cos cng ln tc thit b i hi lng Q
Q
S
P

S
2
= P
2
+ Q
2

P = S.Cos

Q = S. sin

cos =
2 2
Q P
P
S
P

Trang 138

cng t. ng v phng din truyn ti nu lng Q (i hi t ngun) cng gim th
s gim lng tn tht. V vy, thc cht ca vic nng cao h s cos cng ng
ngha vi vic gim i hi v Q cc h ph ti.
ngha ca vic nng cao h s cos
a. Lm gim tn tht in p trn li in:
Gi thit cng sut tc dng khng i, cos ca x nghip tng t cos
1
ln
cos
2
, ngha l lng cng sut phn khng truyn ti gim t Q
1
xung Q
2
. Khi ,
do Q
1
Q
2

U
X Q PR
U
1
1

2
2
U
U
X Q PR

b. Lm gim tn tht cng sut trn li in:
Z
U
Q P
S
2
2
1
2
1

2
2
2
2
2
S Z
U
Q P

c. Lm gim tn tht in nng trn li in:
.
2
2
1
2
1
R
U
Q P
A R A R
U
Q P
. .
2
2
2
2
2

Ta thy S v A gim t l vi bnh phng lng gim Q.
d. Lm tng kh nng ca ng dy v my bin p:

T hnh 9.1 nhn thy S
2
S
1
, ngha l ng dy v my bin p ch cn ti
cng sut S
2
sau khi gim lng Q truyn ti. Nu ng dy v my bin p chn
Hnh 9.1: Tr s Q tng ng vi tr s gc
2

1

S
1

S
2

Q
2

Q
1

(Q
1
- Q
2
) = Q
B

Q
2

P
2
P
1

Trang 139

ti S
1
th vi Q
2
c th ti lng P ln hn. iu ny cho thy, khi lm gim Q c
th lm tng kh nng ti cng sut P t P
1
ln P
2
ca ng dy v my bin p.
Cc x nghip ca ta c cos
tb
cn kh thp ch vo 0,5 0,6 cn phi phn u
cos = 0,9, mt s nc tin tin cos c th t ti 0,92 0,95.
II. CC GII PHP B COS T NHIN
B cos t nhin cng l mt thut ng ch nhng gii php khng cn t thit
b b m lm tng c tr s cos . chnh l nhng gii php n gin, r tin
lm gim lng tiu th Q ca x nghip. Cc gii php b cos t nhin thng dng
l:
1. Thay ng c thng xuyn non ti bng ng c c cng sut b hn:
Tr s cos ca ng c t l vi h s tI ca ng c, ng c cng non tI th
cos cng thp.
Mi x nghip cng nghip ln c hng ngn ng c cc loi, nu cc ng c
thng xuyn non ti c thay bng ng c c cng sut nh hn (lm cho h s ti
tng ln) th s lm cho cos tng ng c tng ln dn n cos ca ton x nghip
tng ln ng k.
V d, ng c my tin 10kW, nhng do qu trnh gia cng ch cn s dng
cng sut 5,5kW, khi h s ti:
55 , 0
10
5 , 5
t
k
Nu thay ng c my tin 10kW bng ng c 7kW s c h s ti l:
8 , 0
7
5 , 5
t
k
Kinh nghim ch ra rng:
+ Vi nhng ng c c k
t
0,45 th nn thay.
+ Vi nhng ng c c k
t
0,75 th khng nn thay.
+ Vi nhng ng c c k
t
= 0,45 0,75 th cn phi so snh kinh t 2 phng
n: thay v khng thay, xem phng n no c li hn, sau mi quyt nh c thay
ng c non ti bng ng c c cng sut nh hn khng.
Trang 140

2. Tng cng cht lng sa cha ng c
ng c sau khi sa cha thng c cos thp hn so vi trc sa cha, mc
gim thp cos ty thuc vo cht lng sa cha ng c.
Mi x nghip ln thng xuyn c hng trm ng c thay nhau sa cha, chnh
v th nhng x nghip ny phi xy dng phn xng sa cha c kh, ch yu lm
nhim v sa cha ng c.
Nu cht lng sa cha m bo s gp phn khng nhvo vic gim mc tiu
th Q ca ng c sau sa cha v gp phn lm tng cos ca x nghip. V th, tng
cng cht lng sa cha ng c rt cn c cc x nghip cng nghip lu ng
mc.
Tm li, bng cc gii php tng hp v ng b k trn, chc chn s gip cho
cos ca x nghip c nng cao trc khi s dng cc thit b b, iu ny em li
li ch kinh t r rt cho cc x nghip.
V d: mt x nghip c kh trung, qui m c tng cng sut tnh ton l P =
10.000 kW, cos = 0,5 th lng Q tiu th s l:
Q = P.tg = 10.000 x 1,732 = 17,320 (kVAr)
Gi s s dng cc gii php b nhn to nu trn nng c cos ln 0,6, khi
lng Q tiu th ch cn:
Q = 10.000 x 1,33 = 13,300 (kVAr)
Ngha l gim c mt lng tiu th Q l:
17,320 - 13,300 = 4,020 (kVAr)
Nh vy x nghip bt c khon tin mua, lp t, qun l, bo dng 4,020
(kVAr) t b.
III. CC THIT B B COS
Thng thng ngi ta s dng 2 loi thit b b chnh l t in tnh v my b
ng b. c 2 loi thit b ny c nhng u nhc im gn nh tri ngc nhau.
My b ng b: thc cht l loi ng c ng b chy khng ti c mt s
c im ( nhc im):
Va c kh nng pht ra li va tiu th c cng sut phn khng.
Cng sut phn khng pht ra khng ph thuc vo in p t vo n, m ch
Trang 141

yu l ph thuc vo dng kch t (c th iu chnh c d dng).
Lp t vn hnh phc tp, d gy s c (v c b phn quay).
My b ng b tiu th mt lng cng sut tc dng kh ln khong 0,015
0,02 kW/kVA.
Gi tin n v cng sut phn khng pht ra thay i theo dung lng. Nu
dung lng b th s t. V vy, ch c sn xut ra vi dung lng ln 5 MVAr tr
ln.
T in tnh: c u nhc im gn nh tri ngc vi my b ng b.
Gi tin 1 n v cng sut phn khng pht ra hu nh khng thay i theo
dung lng. iu ny thun tin cho vic chia nh ra nhiu nhm nh t su v pha
ph ti.
Tiu th rt t cng sut tc dng khong 0,003 0.005 kW/kVAr.
Vn hnh lp t n gin, t gy ra s c.
Cng sut phn khng pht ra ph thuc vo in p t vo t.
Ch pht ra cng sut phn khng v khng c kh nng iu chnh.
Vy vi mng x nghip ch nn s dng t in tnh, cn my b ng b ch
c dng pha h p (6-10 kV) ca cc trm trung gian.
IV. PHN PHI TI U CNG SUT B TRN LI IN X NGHIP
1. Xc nh tng cng sut phn khng cn b
T hnh 9.2, nu cng sut tc dng khng thay i th:
- ng vi cos
1
c: Q
1
= P.tg
1

- ng vi cos
2
c : Q
2
= P.tg
2

Cng sut cn b ti x nghip nng h s cng sut ca x nghip t cos
1
ln
cos
2
l:
Q
b
= Q
1
- Q
2
= P.tg
1
- P.tg
2

Q
b
= P(tg
1
- tg
2
)
Trong : P l cng sut tc dng tnh ton ca x nghip (kW)
2. Phn phi ti u cng sut cn b
Hnh 9.3 gii thiu cc v tr c th t t b cos trn li in x nghip.

Trang 142

1. t t b pha cao p ca x nghip: t ti v tr ny c li l gi thnh t cao
p thng r hn t h p, tuy nhin ch lm gim tn tht in nng t 1 tr ln li
in, khng gim c tn tht in nng trong trm bin p v li h p x nghip.
2. t t b ti thanh ci h p ca trm bin p x nghip. T in t ti v tr
ny, so vi v tr 1, lm gim thm tn tht in nng trong trm bin p v cng
khng gim c tn tht in nng trn li h p x nghip.
3. t t b ti t ng lc. t t b ti cc v tr ny lm gim c tn tht
in nng trn cc ng dy t t phn phi ti cc t ng lc v trong trm bin p
Hnh 9.2: V tr t t b trn li in x nghip
TPP
2

4 4
3

4 4
3

4
4
3
TL1 TL2 TL3
1
Trang 143

x nghip.
4. t t b ti cc ca tt c ng c. t t b ti cc ca ng c c li nht
v gim tn tht in nng, tuy nhin vn u t s cao v tng chi ph qun l, vn
hnh, bo dng t.
t t b nhng v tr no vi cng sut bao nhiu l li gii ca bi ton
Phn phi ti u thit b b trong li in x nghip. Gii chnh xc bi ton ny rt
kh khn v phc tp.
Trong thc t, b cos cho x nghip, ngi ta tin hnh b nh sau:
1. Vi mt xng sn xut hoc x nghip nh nn t tp trung t b ti thanh
cI h p trm bin p x nghip.
2. Vi x nghip loi va c mt trm bin p v mt s phn xng vi cng
sut kh ln v kh xa trm bin p, gim tn tht in nng trn ng dy t trm
bin p n cc phn xng c th t phn tn t b ti cc t phn phi phn xng
v ti cc ng c c cng sut ln (nm by chc kW).
3. Vi x nghip qui m ln bao gm hng chc phn xng, thng li in
kh phc tp bao gm trm phn phi trung tm v nhiu trm bin p phn xng,
khi xc nh v tr v cng sut b thng tnh theo hai bc:
Bc 1: xc nh cng sut b t ti thanh cI h p tt c cc trm bin
p phn xng.
Bc 2: phn phi cng sut b ca tng trm ( xc nh c t bc
1) cho cc phn xng m trm bin p cp in.
4. Cng c th xt t t b ton b pha cao p. hoc mt phn b bn cao p
v mt phn b bn h p ty thuc vo chnh lch gi t cao v h p.
Trong trng hp b t nhiu im (trng hp 2 v 3), cng sut b ti u ti
im I no xc nh theo biu thc:
i
td
R
R
) Q (Q - Q Q
b i bi

Trong :

i
Q : cng sut phn khng yu cu ti nt i.
Q : tng cng sut phn khng yu cu

n
i
1
Q Q
Trang 144

b
Q : tng cng sut b,

i
R l in tr nhnh n v tr nt i.

td
R l in tr tng ng ca li in.

Ch : biu thc trn khi gii ra ch ly gi tr dng ( 0), nu khi gii ra xut
hin gi tr m th c ngha l ti khng nn t t b, ti Q
b
= 0, b n i v
gii li bI ton (n 1) n, c th cho n khi no c 1 tp nghim dng.
V d 7.1: Mt xng c kh nng nghip cng sut 100kW, cos = 0,6. Hy xc
nh cng sut b t b nng cos ln 0,9.
Gii
Vi cos = 0,6 tg = 1,33
Vi cos = 0,9 tg = 0,48
Tng cng sut b t b l:
Q
b
= P(tg
1
- tg
2
) = 100(1,33 0,48) = 85 (kVAr)
Vy chn dng ba b t b cng sut 30kVAr, in p 400V do Dac Yeong ch
to.
Hy phn phi dung lng b Q
b
= 300 kVAr cho mng in h p U=380 V
nh HV. in tr cc nhnh cho nh hnh v. Ph ti cc h cho trn hnh v cho bng
kVAr.

n
td
R R R
R
1
...
1 1
1
2 1
0,1
1
200 Q
b1
0,2
2
150 Q
b2
0,1
3
150 Q
b3
0,2
4
100 Q
b4
Trang 145

Bi gii:
in tr tng ng ca 4 nhnh:
30
1
1 0
1
2 0
1
1 0
1
2 0
1
1
R
td
, , , ,

Q = 200 + 150 + 150 + 100 = 600
Thay s vo ta c:
1
td
b 1 1 b
R
R
Q Q Q Q ). (
100
1 0 30
1
300 600 200
, .
). (
kVAr
Dung lng b ti cc t ng lc cn li:
Qb2 = 150 (600 300). 1/ 30.0,2 = 100 kVAr.
Qb3 = 150 (600 300). 1/30. 0,1 = 50 kVAr.
Qb4 = 100 (600 300). 1/30.0,2 = 50 kVAr.

Trang 146

TI LIU THAM KHO
1. Cung cp in cho x nghip cng nghip - NXB Khoa hc v K thut 1974.
2. Cung cp in - Nguyn Xun Ph - Nguyn Cng Hin - Nguyn Bi Khu - NXB
Khoa hc v K thut 1998.
3. Cung cp in - D n JICA-HIC - Ban iu khin in - 2003.
4. Hng dn m-un Trang b in 1 (MG), D n Gio dc K thut v Dy ngh.
5. H thng cung cp in Trn Bch Phan ng Khi Ng Hng Quang... -
Gio trnh HBK, 1978.
6. Mng cung cp v phn phi in Bi Ngc th - NXB Khoa hc v K thut
2002.
7. Nh my in v Trm bin p Trnh Hng Thm - o Quang Thch, o Kim
Hoa - NXB Khoa hc v K thut 1996.
8. Thit k cp in Ng Hng Quang V Vn Tm - NXB Khoa hc v K thut
1998.

Giao Trinh Cung Cap Dien

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Giao trnh cung ca p ien

Hnh 7.10: Phn b in th khi dng in chy trong

, xc nh tng s bng n cn lp trong khu

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