C

U

T
R

C

D

L
I

U

V

G
I

I

T
H
U

T

1

1
TRNG H CNG NGH THNG TIN
CU TRC D LIU V GII THUT
C

U

T
R

C

D

L
I

U

V

G
I

I

T
H
U

T

1

2
Ti Liu Tham Kho
Trn Hnh Nhi, Dng Anh c. Gio trnh Cu
Trc D Liu 1, HQG Tp. HCM, 2000.
Robert Sedgewick. Cm nang thut ton (bn dch
ca nhm tc gi H KHTN), NXB Khoa hc k thut,
1994.
P. S. Deshpande, O. G. Kakde. C & Data Structures,
2004.
Dr. Dobb's. Algorithms and Data Structures, 1999
A.V. Aho, J.E Hopcroft, J.D Ullman. Data structures
and Algorithms, Addison Wesley, 1983.
C

U

T
R

C

D

L
I

U

V

G
I

I

T
H
U

T

1

3
Ni Dung Chng Trnh
Bui 1: Gii thiu v CTDL & Gii Thut.
Cc thut ton tm kim.
Bui 2: Interchange Sort, Selection Sort, Bubble
Sort, Insertion Sort.
Bui 3: Shaker Sort, Shell Sort, Heap Sort.
Bui 4: Quick Sort, MergeSort, Radix Sort.
Bui 5: Cu trc ng, Danh sch lin kt n.
C

U

T
R

C

D

L
I

U

V

G
I

I

T
H
U

T

1

4
Ni Dung Chng Trnh
Bui 6: Stack, Queue.
Bui 7: Danh sch lin kt kp.
Bui 8: Cy, Cy nh phn, cy nh phn tm
kim.
Bui 9: Cy cn bng (AVL).
Bui 10: Cc CTDL m rng.
Bui 11: n tp.
C

U

T
R

C

D

L
I

U

V

G
I

I

T
H
U

T

1

5
CHNG 1
TNG QUAN V CTDL V THUT TON
C

U

T
R

C

D

L
I

U

V

G
I

I

T
H
U

T

1

6
Ni Dung
Tng quan v CTDL v thut ton
Cc tiu chun ca CTDL
Vai tr ca CTDL
phc tp ca thut ton
Thc hin v hiu chnh chng trnh
Tiu chun ca chng trnh
C

U

T
R

C

D

L
I

U

V

G
I

I

T
H
U

T

1

7
S Cn Thit Ca Thut Ton
Ti sao s dng my tnh x l d liu?
Nhanh hn.
Nhiu hn.
Gii quyt nhng bi ton m con ngi
khng th hon thnh c.
Lm sao t c nhng mc tiu ?
Nh vo s tin b ca k thut: tng cu
hnh my chi ph cao
Nh vo cc thut ton hiu qu: thng minh
v chi ph thp
Mt my tnh siu hng vn khng th cu vn mt
thut ton ti!
C

U

T
R

C

D

L
I

U

V

G
I

I

T
H
U

T

1

8
Thut Ton
Thut ton: Mt dy hu hn cc ch th c th
thi hnh t mc tiu ra no .
V d: Thut ton tnh tng tt c cc s nguyn
dng nh hn n gm cc bc sau:
Bc 1: S=0, i=1;
Bc 2: nu i<n th s=s+i;
Ngc li: qua bc 4;
Bc 3:
i=i+1;
Quay li bc 2;
Bc 4: Tng cn tm l S.
C

U

T
R

C

D

L
I

U

V

G
I

I

T
H
U

T

1

9
Cc Tiu Chun Ca Thut Ton
Xc nh
Hu hn
ng
Tnh hiu qu
Tnh tng qut

C

U

T
R

C

D

L
I

U

V

G
I

I

T
H
U

T

1

10
Biu Din Thut Ton
Dng ngn ng t nhin
Dng lu (s khi)
Dng m gi
Ngn ng lp trnh
C

U

T
R

C

D

L
I

U

V

G
I

I

T
H
U

T

1

11
Biu Din Bng Ngn Ng T Nhin
NN t nhin thng qua cc bc c tun t
lit k biu din thut ton.
u im:
n gin, khng cn kin thc v v cch
biu din (m gi, lu ,...)
Nhc im:
Di dng, khng cu trc.
i lc kh hiu, khng din t c thut
ton.
C

U

T
R

C

D

L
I

U

V

G
I

I

T
H
U

T

1

12
Lu
L h thng cc nt, cung hnh dng khc nhau
th hin cc chc nng khc nhau.
A
B
A
Begin
End
Thc hin A Gi hm A Vo / Ra d liu
iu kin r nhnh B
ng
Sai
Nt gii hn bt u /
kt thc chng trnh
C

U

T
R

C

D

L
I

U

V

G
I

I

T
H
U

T

1

13
Biu Din Bng Lu
Bt u a
max
= a
0
i<n
i

= 1

a
max
l ln nht Kt thc
a
max
< a
i
i

= i+1

a
max
=a
i
S
S


Tm phn t mang
gi tr ln nht
trong mng
C

U

T
R

C

D

L
I

U

V

G
I

I

T
H
U

T

1

14
Biu Din Bng M Gi
Ngn ng ta ngn ng lp trnh:
Dng cu trc chun ha, chng hn ta
Pascal, C.
Dng cc k hiu ton hc, bin, hm.
u im:
cng knh hn lu khi.
Nhc im:
Khng trc quan bng lu khi.
C

U

T
R

C

D

L
I

U

V

G
I

I

T
H
U

T

1

15
Biu Din Bng M Gi
Mt s quy c
1. Cc biu thc ton hc
2. Lnh gn: = (AB)
3. So snh: ==, !=
4. Khai bo hm (thut ton)
Thut ton <tn TT> (<tham s>)
Input: <d liu vo>
Output: <d liu ra>
<Cc cu lnh>
End
C

U

T
R

C

D

L
I

U

V

G
I

I

T
H
U

T

1

16
Biu Din Bng M Gi
5. Cc cu trc:
Cu trc chn:
if then [else ] fi
Vng lp:
while do
do while ()
for do od
6. Mt s cu lnh khc:
Tr gi tr v: return [gi tr]
Li gi hm: <Tn>(tham s)
C

U

T
R

C

D

L
I

U

V

G
I

I

T
H
U

T

1

17
Biu Din Bng M Gi
V d: Tm phn t ln nht trong mng mt
chiu.

a
max
=a
0
;
i=1;
while (i<n)
if (a
max
<a
i
) a
max
= a
i
;

i++;
end while;



C

U

T
R

C

D

L
I

U

V

G
I

I

T
H
U

T

1

18
Biu Din Bng Ngn Ng Lp Trnh
Dng ngn ng my tnh (C, Pascal,...) din t
thut ton, CTDL thnh cu lnh.
K nng lp trnh i hi cn hc tp v thc
hnh (nhiu).
Dng phng php tinh ch tng bc
chuyn ho bi ton sang m chng trnh c
th.
C

U

T
R

C

D

L
I

U

V

G
I

I

T
H
U

T

1

19
Phc Tp Ca Thut Ton
Mt thut ton hiu qu:
Chi ph cn s dng ti nguyn thp: B nh,
thi gian s dng CPU,
Phn tch phc tp thut ton:
N l khi lng d liu cn x l.
M t phc tp thut ton qua mt hm
f(N).
Hai phng php nh gi phc tp ca
thut ton:
Phng php thc nghim.
Phng php xp x ton hc.
C

U

T
R

C

D

L
I

U

V

G
I

I

T
H
U

T

1

20
Phng Php Thc Nghim
Ci thut ton ri chn cc b d liu th nghim.
Thng k cc thng s nhn c khi chy cc
b d liu .
u im: D thc hin.
Nhc im:
Chu s hn ch ca ngn ng lp trnh.
nh hng bi trnh ca ngi lp trnh.
Chn c cc b d liu th c trng cho
tt c tp cc d liu vo ca thut ton: kh
khn v tn nhiu chi ph.
Ph thuc vo phn cng.
C

U

T
R

C

D

L
I

U

V

G
I

I

T
H
U

T

1

21
Phng Php Xp X
nh gi gi thut ton theo hng tim xp x
tim cn qua cc khi nim O().
u im: t ph thuc mi trng cng nh phn
cng hn.
Nhc im: Phc tp.
Cc trng hp phc tp quan tm:
Trng hp tt nht (phn tch chnh xc)
Trng hp xu nht (phn tch chnh xc)
Trng hp trung bnh (mang tch d on)
C

U

T
R

C

D

L
I

U

V

G
I

I

T
H
U

T

1

22
S Phn Lp Theo Phc Tp Ca Thut Ton
S dng k hiu BigO
Hng s : O(c)
logN : O(logN)
N : O(N)
NlogN : O(NlogN)
N
2 :
O(N
2
)

N
3 :
O(N
3
)

2
N :
O(2
N)
N! :O(N!)

phc tp tng dn
C

U

T
R

C

D

L
I

U

V

G
I

I

T
H
U

T

1

23
D Liu
Theo t in Ting Vit: s liu, t liu c,
c da vo gii quyt vn
Tin hc: Biu din cc thng tin cn thit cho bi
ton.

C

U

T
R

C

D

L
I

U

V

G
I

I

T
H
U

T

1

24
Cu Trc D Liu
Cch t chc lu tr d liu.
Cc tiu chun ca CTDL:
Phi biu din y thng tin.
Phi ph hp vi cc thao tc trn .
Ph hp vi iu kin cho php ca NNLT.
Tit kim ti nguyn h thng.
C

U

T
R

C

D

L
I

U

V

G
I

I

T
H
U

T

1

25
Vai Tr Ca Cu Trc D Liu
Cu trc d liu ng vai tr quan trng trong
vic kt hp v a ra cch gii quyt bi ton.
CTDL h tr cho cc thut ton thao tc trn i
tng c hiu qu hn

C

U

T
R

C

D

L
I

U

V

G
I

I

T
H
U

T

1

26
Thc Hin V Hiu Chnh Chng Trnh
Chy th.
Li v cch sa:
Li thut ton.
Li trnh t.
Li c php.
Xy dng b test.
Cp nht, thay i chng trnh theo yu cu
(mi).

C

U

T
R

C

D

L
I

U

V

G
I

I

T
H
U

T

1

27
Tiu Chun Ca Mt Chng Trnh
Tnh tin cy
Gii thut + Kim tra ci t
Tnh uyn chuyn
Tnh trong sng
D hiu v d chnh sa
Tnh hu hiu.
Ti nguyn + gii thut