ISSN (PRINT) : 2320 8945, Volume -1, Issue -1, 2013

117

Identification and Classification of Transmission
Line Faults Using Wavelet Analysis


V. Ashok, K. G. V. S. Bangarraju & V. V. N. Murthy
UCE-JNTUK,CPRI-Bangalore
E-mail : ashoka@ieee.org ,vinodvarma18@gmail.com, vvnmjntuk@gmail.com


Abstract - An accurate fault detection and classification is
required to transmit power from generating station to
various load centers reliably. Transmission line protection
is mainly based on circuit breaker active trippings. This
tripping action depends on the voltage and current
waveforms during the fault. Wavelet analysis which is a
signal processing tool to detect and analyze the fault
occurring in transmission line. Discrete wavelet transform
(DWT) is used for the analysis of the current waveform
during the fault. An approach for transmission line
classification also described in this paper.
MATLAB/Simulink software is used to illustrate the
effectiveness of the proposed approach, an extensive
simulation studies have been carried out for different types
of faults.
Keywords - Classification, DWT, Protection, Wavelets

I. INTRODUCTION
The power system protection is mainly depends on
circuit breaker active trippings at the time of fault. This
operation of circuit breaker is controlled by a series of
protective relay. The quick and precise operation of
these relays is required to prevent malfunctioning of the
power system. For remedy of the faulted zone a precise
study of the waveforms of voltage and current during
the fault incidence is required. Many researchers have
suggested techniques for fault type detection. These
techniques mainly depend on studying the pattern of the
voltage and current waveforms associate with the fault
[1]. In this paper a new technique is proposed for
identification and classification of different type of fault
on a transmission line using discrete wavelet analysis.
Wavelet analysis allows the decomposition of a signal
into different levels of resolution called multi resolution
analysis (MRA).Some application of the wavelet
analysis are used in modeling of the power system
transients, power quality and power system relaying. In
next sections a brief explanation of wavelet analysis
technique, methodology, a case study, results analysis
and conclusion.
II. WAVELET ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE
Wavelet is a short duration wave. It is a
mathematical basis function used to divide a given
function or continuous-time signal into different scale
components. This wavelet analysis is a signal processing
tool which is very useful to analyze a signal. It allows
the decomposition of a signal into different levels of
resolution. The basic function is dilated at low
frequencies and compressed at high frequencies, so that
large windows are used to obtain the low frequency
components of the signal while small windows are used
to obtain reflect discontinuities. Unlike Fourier, which
relies on a single basis function, wavelet analysis uses
basis function of a rather wide functional form such as
Haar wavelet and Dauchies wavelet [3]. This is a new
form of signal analysis is far more efficient than Fourier
analysis whenever a signal is dominated by transient
behavior or discontinuities [4], [5]. In wavelet analysis
we often speak about approximations and details. The
approximations are high scale, low frequency
components of the signal. The details are the low scale,
high frequency components. The filtering process at its
most basis level,like: the original signal decomposes
through two complementary filters and emerges as two
signals. This decomposition process can be iterated,
with successive approximations being decomposed in
turn, so that one signal is broken down into many lower
resolution components. This decomposition process
called as Multi Resolution Analysis(MRA).

Fig. 1 : Wavelet Resolution
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Fig. 2 : Three-level decomposition of a signal 'S'
The above fig.1 and fig.2 shows about wavelet
resolution process and decomposition process of a
signal. Wavelet transform are classified into discrete
wavelet transforms (DWTs) and continuous wavelet
transforms (CWTs). Note that both DWT and CWT are
continuous-time transforms. They can be used to
represent continuous-time signals. CWTs operate over
every possible scale and translation whereas DWTs use
a specific subset of scale and translation values or
representation grid. The wavelet Transform of a
continuous signal x(t) is defined as[1],

(1)
Where a and b are the scaling and translation
parameters respectively and g is the mother wavelet
function.
The discrete wavelet transform is defined as
(2)
Where g[n] is the mother wavelet, and the scaling
and translation parameters a and b are functions of an
integer parameter m, a=
0

and b=n
0

.
III. METHODOLOGY
The identification and the classification of the faulty
phase/phases is an important aspect of transmission line
protection. Fault detection and classification has been a
topic of interest for several years and as a result of this a
number of techniques have been developed by different
researcher from time to time. Some of the important
techniques are wavelet transform technique, neural
network based technique and fuzzy and fuzzy-neural
network based techniques [6].In this paper discrete
wavelet analysis has been used to analyze the faulty
signal. At the incident of fault, variation of both voltage
and current at the location of protective relay is
expected. Severity of the distortion from normal
waveform depends mainly on the type of fault. The
normal operation of system has taken as reference for
our analysis. Wavelet decomposition of the normal state
will gives information about occurrence of fault. Faults
are simulated for the power system including with
ground faults and without ground faults. This can be
identified by zero sequence component of the system.
Taking the maximum value of the percentage of energy
spectrum of signal as the base value of each
decomposed waveform and comparing it with the three
phase currents during the fault and it is possible to
differentiate between similar types of faults. The faulty
signal also analyzed with respective approximation and
detailed coefficients [1]. These wavelet coefficientscan
be helpful to get actual nature of the faulty signal.
IV. CASE STUDY
The general block diagram of a power system is
shown in figure.3; it consisting of two power stations
(source) connected through a single circuit transmission
line of 320 kilometers long. The Simulation model of
the system has been developed using Matlab/Simulink
software.

Fig 3 : A 400kv Transmission System with Fault at
Mid-Point
The line parameters of the power system model are [6],
Line length = 300 km;
Source voltages:
source 1: v1 = 400 kV; source 2: v2 = 400
kV,
where is the load angle;
Source impedance (both sources):
positive sequence impedance = 1.31 + j15.0 ;
zero sequence impedance = 2.33 + j26.6 ;
Frequency = 50 Hz;
Transmission line impedance:
positive sequence impedance = 8.25 + j94.5 ;
zero sequence impedance = 82.5 + j308 ;
positive sequence capacitance = 13 nF/km;
zero sequence capacitance = 8.5 nF/km.

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.

Fig. 4: Simulink model of 400kv Transmission line
.
Post fault samples of three phase current, and
voltages have been collected from the circuit breaker of
the bus bar 1 and 2 at source 1&2. By using the fault
signal data wavelet decomposition bas been performed.
The sampling interval is 1ms and the circuit breaker
transition time is set to 0.04. The transition time of the
fault breaker is set to 0.1 to create (apply) fault in the
transmission line network. Applying different type of
faults and taking part of the waveform from the circuit
breaker, before and after the fault incident is analyzed
by discrete wavelet analysis. To determine the
involvement of ground in fault, presence of zero
sequence components have been considered. It has been
observed that for without ground fault is less than 1 and
with ground faults is more than 100 [6].
The differentiation of phase-phase like faults have
been classified by comparing the percentage of energy
of the current and voltage signals. The faulty signal also
analyzed using approximated and detailed wavelet
coefficients at different decomposition levels.
The simulation can be done by taking the faulty
waves from circuit breaker either one end or two ends of
the transmission line. Effectiveness of the proposed
methodology has been evaluated by conducting different
trials. The figure .4 showsMatlab/Simulink model which
is used for a case study and a program has been
developed on Matlab platform to analyze faulty wave
which is taken from the Simulink model.As the
transmission line model with two sources on both sides
is a widely accepted model for development of
transmission line protective relaying algorithms [6].it
has been considered in this present proposed technique.
V. ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
This proposed technique has been developed on the
basis of extensive simulation studies carried out on the
above 400kv, 320 kilometer transmission line for
variations in fault resistance and fault location and load
angle using Matlab software. For different types of
faults the percentage of energy level of faulted wave has
been shown in table. I & table. II and it is observed for
involvement of ground during the fault

Fig. 5 : No-fault condition on the transmission line
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Fig. 6 : LG (Phase-A to ground) faulton the transmission
line

Fig. 7 : LL (Phase-A to Phase-B) faulton the
transmission line

Fig. 8 : LLL (Phases-ABC)fault on the transmission
line

Fig. 9 : Detection ofLG fault using Symlet wavelet

Fig. 10 : Detection of LL fault using symlet wavelet

Fig. 11 : Detection of LLG fault on transmission line
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Fig. 12 : Detection of LLL fault on transmission line
Table I: Wavelet Energy Levels for With-Out Ground
Fault
Table II: Wavelet Energy Levels for With Ground
Fault

Type of Fault
AG BG CG ABG BCG CAG ABCG
%
Energy
Ea
99.65
82
97.1
383
96.43
46
94.11
11
83.44
04
89.71
38
91.11
67
Eb
96.45
67
99.8
445
96.40
08
95.44
31
99.43
61
95.00
82
99.39
86
Ec
96.54
54
97.0
531
99.65
62
86.21
63
98.28
05
91.54
15
93.92
02
The fig.5 shows No-fault condition of transmission
line and it is taken as a reference waveform for further
analysis of the fault. Fig.6 shows the phase to ground
fault condition of the transmission line and it is can be
either phase A or B or C to ground fault. Fig 7 shows
the double phase fault and it can be occurred between
any of two phases. The fig.8 shows three phase fault of
the transmission line.
Based on the wavelet decomposition of different
faults, it can be analyzed using symlet wavelet to
identify various faults accurately. In Fig.9 to fig.12 have
been shown, after wavelet decomposition of faulty
signals, which are associated with phase and ground
faults and the approximations and details of wavelet
coefficients also observed to get basic nature of faults.
The fault classification has been done based on the
percentage of energy levels of different faults, which are
collected from the circuit breaker of the transmission
line. By comparison of different energy levels of faults
it can be revealed and differentiated easily that type of
fault occurred on transmission line. From the above
table.I, it has been observed that in phase phase fault
condition the percentage of energy of the faulty phases
are less than the un-faulted phases value. From table.II,
with ground fault condition, it has been observed that
the percentages of energy level of faulty phases are
greater than the un-faulty phases value due to presence
of zero sequence component of the system.
VI. CONCLUSION
The proposed discrete wavelet analysis for
identification and classification has been evaluated on a
transmission line network. The faulted phases have been
detected and type of faults also classified by using
percentage of energy levels. A Matlab based program
also developed to verify effectiveness of the proposed
technique for different system configurations.
VII. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors are very grateful to their institutes,
UCE-JNTUK Andhra University and present
organization (C.P.R.I) for direct and indirect support.
The authors thankful to Prof.M.Ramalingaraju, other
faculty and associates of the electrical and electronics
engineering department who are directly or indirectly
helped for this work. The authors also thankful to the
person behind this work, Mr.Tony Thomasfor his
cooperation, encouragement and suggestions.
VIII. REFERENCES
[1] S.M. El Safty and M.A. Sharkas, Identification
of Transmission line faults using Wavelet
Analysis, IEEE Transactions on Industrial
Applications, ID: 0-7803-8294-3/04, 2004.
[2] Fernando H. Magnago and Ali Abur, Fault
Location Using Wavelets, IEEE Transactions on
Power Delivery, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp.1475-
1480,1998.
[3] Amara Graps, An Introduction to Wavelets,
IEEE Computational Science & Engineering,
pp.50-61, 1995.
[4] Mattew N.O. Sadiku, Cajetan M. Akujuobi and
Raymond C.Garcia, An Introduction to
Wavelets in Electromagnetics, IEEE microwave
magazine, pp.63-72, 2005.

Type of Fault

No-
Fault
ABC AB BC CA
%
Energy
Ea
99.999
4
90.6569 94.6128 99.9994 90.1130
Eb
99.993
3
98.7553 94.5621 99.0723 99.9933
Ec
99.994
6
94.2969 99.9946 99.0631 90.2045
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[5] Shyh-Jier Huang and Cheng-Tao Hsieh Ching-
Lien Huang, Application of Morlet Wavelets to
Supervise Power System Disturbances, IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol.14, No. 1,
pp.235-243, 1999.
[6] R.N.Mahanty,P.B.Dutta Gupta, A fuzzy logic
based fault classification approach using current
samples only,EPSR,pp.501-507 ,14 Feb 2006.