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THAM LUN BANKING VIETNAM 2013

Pht trin thanh ton qua in thoi di ng
phc v mc tiu tng cng tip cn dch v ti chnh ti Vit Nam

Thc s Nghim Thanh Sn
Ph V trng
V Thanh ton Ngn hng Nh nc

H thng thanh ton bng tin t hnh thnh v pht trin qua nhiu th
k, cng vi l s pht trin ca cc hnh thi tin t khc nhau. Ngy nay, s
pht trin nhanh nh v bo ca cng ngh thng tin v vin thng v ang lm
thay i din mo ca mi quc gia v c bit l thi quen ca ngi dn, trong
c thi quen s dng cc phng tin thanh ton khng dng tin mt. Nhng ng
dng cng ngh thng tin, vin thng trong cc h thng thanh ton thc y
nhanh chng tin trnh hin i ha h thng ti chnh, ngn hng v s pht trin
ca cc phng tin thanh ton khng dng tin mt trn th gii theo hng an
ton, hiu qu v tit kim chi ph x hi. Thanh ton qua in thoi di ng hin
ang tr thnh mt xu hng thanh ton mi, pht trin nhanh, c bit ang pht
huy hiu qu ti mt s nc c t l dn tip xc vi dch v ngn hng thp.
Thanh ton qua in thoi di ng (M-Payment) l mt thut ng c
ch dch v thanh ton hin i da trn nn tng cng ngh vin thng khng dy
ca mng in thoi di ng, cho php khch hng s dng thc hin cc giao dch
thanh ton, chuyn tin thng qua cc thit b di ng nh in thoi di ng, my
tnh bng hay cc thit b di ng c nhn khc ti bt c u, bt c khi no mt
cch nhanh chng, an ton m khng cn thng qua cc knh thanh ton truyn
thng qua ngn hng nh tin mt, sc hay th. Thng thng, M-Payment c
thc hin di hai hnh thc ty thuc vo m hnh p dng v quy nh php l
ca tng quc gia bao gm: (i) kt ni vi ti khon thanh ton ca ngi s dng
c m ti ngn hng; (ii) khng kt ni vi ti khon thanh ton ca ngi s
dng m ti ngn hng v biu hin dng tin in t. Hin nay, trn th gii tn
ti 3 m hnh h thng thanh ton qua in thoi di ng c s kt hp gia ngn
hng v nh cung cp dch v in thoi di ng (MNO) hoc cung cp gii php:
(i) H thng do ngn hng qun l, vn hnh v ngn hng c cp php cung ng
dch v; (ii) H thng do MNO qun l, c s lin kt vi ngn hng nhng ngn
hng c cp php hot ng; (iii) H thng do MNO qun l, vn hnh v c
cp php hot ng.
Thanh ton qua in thoi di ng c nhiu li th do mng li in thoi
di ng c bao ph ln, h tng vin thng sn c v s lng ngi s dng
in thoi di ng rt ln (hin c khong 5 t ngi s dng in thoi di ng
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trn th gii). Thanh ton qua in thoi di ng c mc ph rt r do y l mt
dch v gi tr gia tng ca (MNO) vi c s h tng sn c v tin li (24/7,
chuyn tin tc thi). Vic tn dng s n gin v ph rng ca in thoi di
dng cung cp dch v p ng cc nhu cu chuyn tin v thanh ton cho cc
i tng t c c hi tip xc vi dch v ngn hng l mt hng i ng n
ang c nhiu quc gia trn th gii, c bit l cc nc ang pht trin la
chn. Theo thng k ca Ngn hng Th gii (WB) vo thng 3/2012, c hn
120 sn phm, dch v M-Payment c trin khai trn 70 nc v vng lnh th
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.
M hnh ny v ang mang li thnh cng v nhng li ch to ln v mt kinh t
x hi cho mt s quc gia trin khai.
Kenya mt quc gia Chu Phi vi dn s khong 43,5 triu ngi v thu
nhp bnh qun u ngi vo khong 1.800 USD/ngi/nm, s lng thu bao
in thoi di ng l 29,7 triu (2012). Nh c h thng chuyn tin s dng cng
ngh di ng M-Pesa c hnh thnh vo nm 2007, 1/3 dn s ca Kenya c
tip cn vi dch v chuyn tin v thanh ton phi ngn hng. M-Pesa c nh
gi l mt trong nhng h thng M-Payment pht trin v thnh cng nht trn th
gii. M-Pesa cho php khch hng s dng h chiu hoc giy t ty thn gi,
rt v chuyn tin d dng thng qua cc thit b di ng. Nm 2012, h thng M-
Pesa c tng s 17 triu ti khon c ng k, vi s lng giao dch bnh
qun l 2 triu giao dch/ngy, gi tr mi giao dch di 20 USD. M-Pesa ng vai
tr ng k trong vic pht trin kinh t ca Kenya vi s lng giao dch chuyn
tin gi tr nh thng qua h thng ny ngy cng tng qua cc nm nh kch
thch s pht trin ca cc hot ng kinh t x hi khc. T chc h tr ngi
ngho (CGAP) trong mt bn iu tra kt lun rng thu nhp ca ngi dn
Kenya tng ln t 5% n 30% t khi h bt u s dng M-Pesa
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do nhng
ngi lao ng nng thn di c ti cc th ln lm vic v gi tin cho gia nh
thng xuyn hn nh s dng loi hnh chuyn tin qua di ng rt tin li ny.
Guatemala mt t nc Trung M vi dn s gn 15 triu ngi v thu
nhp bnh qun u ngi t 3.188 USD/ngi/nm (2011), s lng in thoi di
ng ang hot ng Guatemala l 17,5 triu, trong 95% l thu bao tr trc,
ch c 5% l tr sau c hp ng dch v.
thc y qu trnh m rng tip cn dch v ti chnh thng qua phng
tin thanh ton in thoi di ng, Internet, Guatemala ban hnh quy nh v
i l cho ngn hng vo thng 7/2010 nhm khuyn khch s pht trin ca mng
li i l cho ngn hng i vi dch v thu h, chi h, chuyn tin vi chi ph
thp v hiu qu. Quy nh ny thit lp hn mc thanh ton ca mt i l i vi

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"Deployment Tracker for the Unbanked | Mobile Money Live." Web. 21 Dec. 2011. <http://www.wirelessintelligence.com/mobile-
money/unbanked/>.
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"M-PESA: Connecting Urban and Rural Communities." CAGP - Advancing Financial Access to the World's Poor. CGAP, 12 Aug.
2009. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. <http://www.cgap.org/p/site/c/template.rc/1.11.1025/1.26.11223/>.
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mt khch hng (s lng v gi tr giao dch c php). Ngn hng chu trch
nhim xy dng nng lc cho i l v kim sot ri ro hot ng, ri ro cng ngh
m c th dn ti vic khch hng b mt tin.
Philippines mt nc trong khu vc ng Nam vi dn s khong 97
triu ngi, thu nhp bnh qun u ngi t 2.700 USD/ngi/nm (2012), s
lng thu bao in thoi di ng Philippine l 95 triu (2012).
Smart Communication - mt trong hai mng di ng ln nht ti Philippines,
nm 2000 kt hp vi MasterCard ln u tin gii thiu dch v Smart
Money ti khch hng. Dch v ny cho php khch hng s dng ti khon thanh
ton m ti ngn hng chuyn tin sang ti khon Smart Money v s dng
thanh ton cho ngi bn hng thng qua tin nhn in thoi di ng, l mt hnh
thc thanh ton c nhn cho c nhn (P2P) ng k s dng dch v.
Nm 2007, Smart pht trin m hnh thanh ton ca hnh ln mt tm cao
mi khi h tr cho cc giao dch chuyn tin quc t thng quan in thoi di ng.
Dch v ny h tr cho cc cng nhn Philippines lm vic ti nc ngoi gi tin
v cho gia nh trong nc. Vi 10 triu ngi Philippines lm vic ti nc ngoi,
hng nm gi v nc khong 14 t USD tng ng 10% GDP
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, dch v ny
thc s mang li nhiu li ch thit thc cho ngi dn Philippines.
Ti Vit Nam, trong thi gian qua, cc dch v, phng thc thanh ton
khng dng tin mt c pht trin mnh v a dng, p ng ngy cng tt
nhu cu thanh ton trong nn kinh t. Bn cnh vic tip tc hon thin v pht trin
cc phng thc truyn thng, Mobile Banking, Internet Banking v ang tr
thnh phng tin v knh thanh ton ph bin, c tc pht trin nhanh chng do
c cc NHTM ch trng pht trin phc v nhu cu thanh ton bn l ca khu
vc dn c, cng nh cc doanh nghip cung ng dch v thng mi in t. Tnh
n ht nm 2012, tng s lng th ngn hng c pht hnh t xp x 54,2 triu
th, s lng ATM v POS c trin khai lp t trn c nc ln lt l
14.200 ATM v khong 104.000 POS. Theo Bo co ca cc ngn hng thng
mi, tnh n thng 7/2012, c 26 ngn hng thng mi cung ng dch v SMS
Banking vi s lng khch hng s dng dch v l trn 4,1 triu khch hng, thc
hin trn 2,2 triu giao dch; c 19 ngn hng thng mi cung ng dch v Mobile
Banking vi trn 2,9 triu khch hng, thc hin trn 11,9 triu giao dch.
Nh vy, c th thy rng, cc dch v ngn hng hin i c pht trin
a dng v phong ph nhng ch yu tp trung pht trin ti cc thnh ph, tnh
thnh ln, ni mt dn s tip xc vi dch v ngn hng v tn sut giao dch
ln. Bn cnh , a phn cc dch v thanh ton hin i ny u c pht trin
da trn nn tng h thng ti khon c nhn ca khch hng ti cc t chc tn
dng m cha th vn ti nhm i tng dn c khng c ti khon ti cc khu

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Mobile payment in Asia Pacific, KPMG, 2007.
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vc nng thn, vng su, vng xa vn gp nhiu kh khn, thm ch l khng c c
hi tip xc vi cc dch v ti chnh v thanh ton thng qua ngn hng. Theo s
liu thng k ca World Bank, hin nay ch khong 30% dn s tui lao ng
tr ln Vit Nam tip cn c vi cc dch v thanh ton v ti chnh
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.
i vi mng li cung ng cc dch v ti chnh, trong nhiu nm qua cc
t chc tn dng nh Ngn hng Chnh sch X hi, Ngn hng NNo&PTNT Vit
Nam, Qu Tn dng Nhn dn cng mt s t chc Ti chnh Vi m cng c
chnh sch m rng v a dng cc sn phm ti chnh phc v i tng ngi
ngho, dn c sng khu vc nng thn, vng su, vng xa. Tuy vy, mc d c
mt mng li chi nhnh v phng giao dch rng khp c nc nhng kh nng
cung ng dch v ca cc t chc ny cng mi ch p ng c mt phn nh so
vi nhu cu thc t ca ngi dn do s hn ch ca mng li ngn hng truyn
thng.
Dn s ca Vit Nam nm 2012 c tnh 88,78 triu ngi sng tp trung
phn ln khu vc nng thn (chim 67,55%) vi mt c cu dn s tr, phn ln
ngi dn tui lao ng (t 15 tui tr ln l 52,58 triu ngi chim 59,23%),
thu nhp bnh qun u ngi c t khong 1.540 USD/ngi/nm. S lng dn
khu vc nng thn di c ra thnh th lm vic ang ngy mt tng trong nhng
nm gn y.
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Vi c cu dn s tr, a phn sng khu vc nng thn nhng trnh hc
vn v kh nng tip cn cc dch v cng ngh mi ca ngi dn Vit Nam cng
t mc kh so vi cc nc trn th gii. T l ngi dn Vit Nam bit ch t
mc trung bnh khong 90% trong sut nhng nm gn y. T l s dng in
thoi di ng ca ngi dn Vit Nam cng t mc cao, s lng thu bao in
thoi di ng c nc tnh n cui thng 12/2012 l 121,7 triu thu bao, nh vy
trung bnh mt ngi dn s hu nhiu hn 1 thu bao di ng.
So vi cc nc c m hnh M-Payment pht trin c nu trn, c th
thy, Vit Nam c y iu kin v li th pht trin cc dch v thanh ton
qua in thoi di ng phc v nhm dn c khu vc nng thn, vng su, vng xa
vn t c iu kin tip cn vi cc dch v ngn hng truyn thng, qua tng
cng kh nng tip cn dch v ti chnh cho cc i tng ny. y cng chnh l
mng th trng cn rt nhiu tim nng nhng cha c khai thc bi cc
NHTM, iu ny ng ngha l c hi cho cc t chc cung ng dch v trung gian
thanh ton. Cc dch v ti chnh c xem xt c th p dng i vi nhm i
tng ny bao gm: chuyn tin, np tin vo ti khon, chi tr tr cp x hi v
dch v bo him.

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Ngun: World Banks PovCal Net
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Ngun: Tng cc Thng k VN (2012)
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Trn thc t, t nm 2008 n nay, NHNN chp thun cho 09 t chc
khng phi l ngn hng (gi chung l trung gian thanh ton) c thc hin cung
ng dch v V in t thng qua knh Internet v in thoi di ng nhm phc v
nhu cu thanh ton cc giao dch thng mi in t v chuyn tin nh l ca
ngi dn. Tnh n ht nm 2012, tng s lng V in t c pht hnh bi cc
t chc ny l hn 1,3 triu V, s lng giao dch t hn 16 triu vi gi tr gn
5.832 t ng. Quy m trin khai cung ng dch v ca cc t chc ny n nay vn
cn phm vi hp, cha m rng c n nhng i tng khch hng thc s c
nhu cu do mt s nguyn nhn ch quan v khch quan. Theo quy nh php l
hin hnh hin nay, cc t chc cung ng dch v trung gian thanh ton ch c
php m V in t cho khch hng c ti khon thanh ton ti mt NHTM, do
phn no hn ch tnh u vit ca dch v thanh ton qua in thoi di ng l
phc v c cc i tng khch hng khng c ti khon ngn hng.
Trong 09 t chc c Ngn hng Nh nc cp php th im, m hnh
thanh ton qua V in t MoMo do Cng ty C phn dch v di ng trc tuyn
M-Service kt hp vi Ngn hng TMCP Ngoi thng Vit Nam (Vietcombank)
l m hnh pht trin hon ton da trn nn tng mng in thoi di ng. Tnh n
ht thng 12/2012, tng s lng V in t c Cng ty M-Service cung ng cho
khch hng t hn 120 nghn V. Hin nay, Cng ty M-Service c NHNN
cp php th im cung ng dch v V in t MoMo giai on 2 ti mt s tnh
ng bng sng Cu Long, trong phm vi cung ng c m rng ti c i
tng khch hng mc tiu l ngi dn lao ng di c t nng thn ra thnh ph,
ngi dn cc khu vc vng su vng xa c nhu cu thanh ton v chuyn tin
cho ngi thn nhng khng c V in t MoMo v ti khon thanh ton ti ngn
hng. y c th coi l bc pht trin u tin ca mt m hnh M-Payment
c trin khai thnh cng ti mt s nc c iu kin kinh t x hi tng ng
vi Vit Nam.
Trong nhng nm qua, Chnh ph v Ngn hng Nh nc Vit Nam v
ang hon thin khun kh php l ng b nhm qun l v h tr cho s pht
trin ca cc dch v thanh ton khng dng tin mt ni chung cng nh thanh
ton in t ni ring. Hng lot cc Lut, Thng t, Ngh nh, Quyt nh
c ban, trong ng ch l vic ban hnh Lut Giao dch in t s
51/2005/QH11 ngy 29/11/2005 c hiu lc k t ngy 1/3/2006 to hnh lang
php l c bn cho cc giao dch in t ni chung v giao dch qua in thoi ni
ring. Ngy 22/11/2012, Th tng Chnh ph k ban hnh Ngh nh s
101/2012/N-CP v thanh ton khng dng tin mt, trong quy nh v cc dch
v trung gian thanh ton v iu kin cung ng dch v ny l c s php l cc
t chc khng phi ngn hng kt hp vi ngn hng cung ng cc dch v trung
gian thanh ton ni chung bao gm c dch v thanh ton qua in thoi di ng.
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i vi chnh sch khuyn khch pht trin thanh ton khng dng tin mt
hin i, ngy 27/12/2011, Th tng Chnh ph k Quyt nh s 2453/Q-TTg
ph duyt n y mnh thanh ton khng dng tin mt ti Vit Nam giai on
2011-2015 vi mt trong cc mc tiu c th l p dng mt s hnh thc thanh
ton mi, ph hp vi iu kin v c im ca khu vc nng thn, vng su,
vng xa.
Theo ni dung ca n ny, giai on 2011- 2015, NHNN s phi hp vi
cc B, ngnh v a phng ch o tp trung thc hin cc gii php y mnh p
dng cc phng thc thanh ton mi, hin i (thanh ton qua internet, in thoi
di ng); c bit khuyn khch vic p dng cc phng thc, phng tin thanh
ton hin i nhng thn thin, d s dng v ph hp vi iu kin vng nng
thn, vng su, vng xa, k c i vi nhng i tng cha c ti khon ngn
hng, trn c s p dng nhng m hnh trin khai thnh cng mt s nc v
s dng mng li sn c ca cc t chc tn dng v cc t chc khc c lin
quan.
Nh vy, Chnh ph v Ngn hng Nh nc khuyn khch khu vc t nhn
l cc t chc trung gian thanh ton vi th mnh v cng ngh v cc t chc tn
dng vi th mnh v mng li chi nhnh, cng nh kinh nghim v dch v ti
chnh cng hp tc pht trin cc dch v thanh ton qua in thoi di ng, phc
v dn c khu vc nng thn, vng su, vng xa, ng thi gp phn m bo an
sinh x hi v tng trng kinh t nhng vn m bo an ton, hiu qu v bo v
quyn li chnh ng ca ngi dn trong qu trnh s dng dch v./.