TACTICAL AND MISSION OPERATIONS TACTICAL AND MISSION OPERATIONS

Terrain Flight Mission Planning

- Analyze the Mission (METT-TS)
- Map or photo recon
- Select terrain flight modes
- Primary and alternate routes
- Extract na data
- !eather "rief
- #onduct cre$ "rief
%isual Search Techni&ues
Motie- used $hen at terrain flt altitudes at a's () *ts or faster
+ono"seration sector
,"seration $or* sector
- ac&uisition sector- for$ard ./ degree area
- recognition sector- remainder
Stationary- +oe altitudes $hen hoering
&uic* oerall search /)m and out$ard from a'c
MMS search modes
- For$ard-manual search
- Area trac*
- Prepoint mode
- Search mode
MF0 sensor techni&ues
- Single screen- T1S is "est to detect heat
- 0ual screen day- T%S and T1S
- 0ual screen night- "oth screens in T1S mode
Factors affecting isual search-
Altitude
Airspeed
Terrain and Meteorological conditions
#ues
Movement Smoke
Color Shadows
Light Trails
Obvios sightings Te!tre
"eat
Aerial ,"seration
0 etect- determine o"2ect or actiity exist thru isual search
1 dentify- friendly or enemy3 "y shape and type of armament
4 ocate- laser3 map3 eye3 exact location and tgt "oundries

5 eport- spot report3 AT6S or oice (SA47TE)
Actions on #ontact
0 eploy to coer
4 ocate- use tgt locate
# ontinue to o"sere- use MMS and sight
5 eport- according to S,P
0 eelope the situation as re&uire
# hoose a course of action- #dr determines "ased on mission
1f fired upon3 employ supressie fires
#om"at Position Selection
8 ac*ground- a'c should not "e silhouetted
5 ange- last ('9 of $eapon'o"seration range
A ltitude- leel or higher than engagement area
S un or full moon- not "ehind or to the side of a'c
S hado$- should "e coered "y shado$
# oncealment- a'c should remain mas*ed
5 otor $ash- location should reduce effect of rotor $ash
A rea to manueer- easy ingress and egress routes
F ields of fire- mutually supporting fields of ie$3 designation3 and fire
: #re$ must consider seperation angle3 ceiling3 isi"ility and
o"stacles for 6ellfire engagements $hen selecting position
5ecommend a 6olding Area
#onsider the follo$ing $hen choosing a holding area-
# oer and concealment
, "stacles
; ey terrain
A enues of approach
S ecurity
Techni&ues of Moement
Traeling- enemy contact not li*ely3 continuous moement
Traeling ,er$atch- enemy contact possi"le3 continuous moement
$ith trail a'c $atching lead
8ounding ,er$atch- enemy contact li*ely3 leap frog moement
$atch lead element as coer a'c
TACTICAL AND MISSION OPERATIONS #ont$d TACTICAL AND MISSION OPERATIONS #ont$d
Fundementals of 5econnaissance
< ain and maintain enemy contact
, rient on the 5econ ,"2ectie
5 eport all information rapidly and accurately
5 etain the freedom to maneuer
0 eelop the situation
E nsure max recon force for$ard
5oute 5econaissance
A route reconaissance is conducted to o"tain detailed information
a"out specific route and all ad2acent terrain $here the enemy could
influence moement along the route
To perform a route recon3 cre$ must *no$ the follo$ing-
- 0esignation of route
- 4imits of route
- Time of day route $ill "e used
- Type and num"er of ehicles
5oad classifications = > ?
- % All-$eather- passi"le throughout the year only slightly
affected "y "ad $eather
- & 4imited all-$eather- passi"le $ith reasona"le maint@
in "ad $eather
- ' Fair $eather- "ecomes &uicly impassi"le $ith "ad
$eather
8ypass criteria
- ()*ass eas)- A ('A ton or BxB truc* can cross easily
$ithin immediate icinity
- ()*ass di++i#lt- o"stacle can "e crossed $ithin immediate
icinity "ut some $or* is re&uired
- ()*ass im*ossible- o"stacle can only "e crossed "y repairing
existing structure or ma2or detour is needed
(/ min or B ('A *m detour
?one 5econ
A detailed recon of all natural and man-made features $ithin a
specified area@ May "e used to locate suita"le routes of adance
or to find the enemy(moement to contact)
#ritical tas*s include- Accomplish all route recon tas*s
Find all enemy units3 determine composition
4ocate suita"le "ypass routes
Find suita"le coer and concealment to flan*
0etermine cross-country moement areas
1dentify enemy o"stacles
Area 5econ
An area recon is conducted $hen the commander $ants detailed
information a"out a to$n3 ridgeline3 $ooded area or other
feature@ Area is designated "y a "oundry@ 0iffers from zone
"y the manner of ingress and egress@
Typical o"2ecties are- P'$s and L'$s N(C Areas
,e) Terrain -ARRP$s
Choke Points Danger Areas
Assembl) Areas
Air 5oute 5econ
The principles of an air route recon are the same as a route

recon except the areas of intrest are different@ Primary
concerns are - Lo#ation o+ enem) +or#es
Ease o+ navigation
Sitabilit) o+ landing sites
"a.ards to +light
Perform a Security Mission
The aeroscout mission in all security operations is reconaissance@
-ndamentals os Se#rit)-
M aintain enemy contact
, rient on the main "ody
P erform continuous recon
P roide early and accurate $arning
P roide reaction time and maneuer space
T)*es o+ Se#rit) missions
Screen- maintain sureillance and proide early $arning
"y maintaining contact $ith enemy forces@
A screening force impedes3 harasses enemy $ith
organic and supporting fires and3 $ithin its
capa"ility3 destroys or repels enemy patrols
4?'P? 5econ
Ta#ti#al Considerations- M ission - a"ility to accomplish mission
4 ocation - close to o"2ectie
S ecurity - aries depending on location
Te#hni#al #onsiderations- 4 anding formation
, "stacles
+ um"er of A'#
< round slope
4 oads
A pproach departure directions
S urface conditions
S ize of 4?'P?
Meteorologi#al #onsiderations- #eiling
%isi"ility
0ensity Altitude
!inds

TACTICAL AND MISSION OPERATIONS #ont$d TACTICAL AND MISSION OPERATIONS #ont$d
Security operations contCd
<uard- conducted to gain early $arning3 reaction time3
and maneuer space to the front3 flan*3 or rear
of a moing or stationary force@ A guard force
recons3 screens3 attac*s3 and defends
#oer- tactically self-contained security force that operates
at a great distance from main "ody@ Mission is to
gie main "ody information3 reaction time3 and
maneuer space3 and to defeat enemy@ 1f it cannot
defeat the enemy3 it $ill impede3 harass3 and delay
Tactical communication procedures
%oice communications- used $hen only a"solutely
necessary
"est to operate in secure mode
use clear3 concise3 short3 slo$
transmissions (under () sec@)
neer gie a$ay identity
0igital communications- lo$est FM po$er setting
single "loc*3 high "aud- (A))
#ommunication considerations-
-Authentication- proper S,1 usage $hen entering
net3 calls-for-fire3 change in msn
-M1D1 procedures- *eep accurate records of all
suspected M1D1 incidents
Mea#oning - using false naaids to lure
Intrsion - any unauthorized person on net
/amming - using energy to disrupt commo
Spot- concentrated on single fre&
S$eep- rapid changes of 2amming
on selected fre&s
8arrage- spread of 2amming po$er
oer $ide "and
Inter+eren#e - any energy $hich affects commo
- S1F'1FF usage- using correct transponder mode (3A3.
monitor S1F'1FF reply indications
- Anti2amming- changing fre&s3 po$er settings or secure
modes as appropriate
- 5adio silence- should "e incorporated into S,P and
practiced fre&uently for proficiency
light signals3 hand E arm etc@@

Transmit tactical report
Spot 5eport- S ize
A ctiity
4 ocation
7 nit (if *no$n)
T ime
E &uipment
Target handoer
Alert and target description- type3 num"er and actiity
Target location- grid3 heading3 distance
Method of attac*- scheme of maneuer3 distri"ution of fire
Execution- At my command3 $hen ready
Post attac* method- ingress and egress routes3 next engagement
Easie Maneuers
6elicopters- use air com"at maneuers to "rea* contact or eade
6eat sea*ing missile- turn heat source a$ay from missile3 mas* A'#
Artillery- depart area and determine +8# re&uirements
Tan*s and small arms- turn a$ay ma*ing sharp une&ual turns3 mas*
Dets- try to mas*3 if 2et enters die turn to$ard attac*er and descend
turn sharply a$ay after 2et is committed3 $atch for $ingman
AT<M- if you canCt mas*3 remain oriented on missile3 change
altitude prior to impact
A0A- execute immediate F) deg@ turn a$ay from "urst or stro"e
initiate another F) deg@ turn $ithin () sec@ mas*
1f hit "y fire assess the situation3 maintain control3 and land $hen in
safe area to determine extent of damage
1n all cases employ suppressie fires if time permits
0o$ned aircraft procedures
Low threat environment0 - ?eroize fre&s3 na data3 laser codes and
1FF information3 clear AT6S data entries
- 5emoe3 secure3 or destroy all critical
items such as classified material'e&uipment
- Administer first aid to in2ured personnel
- 7se fastest means aaila"le to report sit@
a) 10
") 4ocation
c) Personnel in2ured and unin2ured
d) #ondition of A'#
e) Eidence of +8# contamination
f) Enemy situation
g) Accessi"ility
h) 1ntentions
"igh threat environment0 accomplish a"oe steps and in addition to
- Secure immediate area
- Prepare A'# for destruction 1A! S,P
- Moe to rendezous point3 E E E 1A! S,P
5eferences- T# (-A)F ATM FM (-((B
FM (-((A
T"ERMAL IMA1IN1 S&STEM T"ERMAL IMA1IN1 S&STEM
T1S
Passie system
Sensitie solely to 15
0etect A degree # difference
6eat differential referred to as 0elta T
T1S $indo$ made of germanium
(Allo$s only 15 energy to pass)
1nfared Properties
A"sorptance
,"2ect a"sor"s 15 energy
5eflectance
,"2ect reflects 15 energy
Transmittance
,"2ect allo$s energy to pass thru it
Emissiity
,"2ect emits certain amt of energy
15 crossoer
At certain times of the day3 o"2ects and their
surroundings reach the same temperature
Soil and egatation do not crossoer
Soil and egatation do crossoer $ith $ater
#rossoer aries $ith-
4ocation
Season
>ear
Effects of $eather
Terrain
T1S
SE+S,5 S7PP,5T
T#7
6E41#,PTE5
1+TE5FA#E
T%
45F'0
T1S #omponents
-o#al lens assembl) collects 15 energy
-O2 lens is moed in and out along
the optical path to change F,%
S#anner mirror scans target area directing
energy to the detectors
345 dete#tors- turn 15 energy to electrical
signal
Cr)ogeni# #ooler maintains operating
temp at -(F) #
Ele#troni# mlti*le!er com"ines output
of the detectors $ith scan position sensor
information into a signal
MMS S)stem Pro#essor- processes signal
$hich is compared line "y line for
necessary corrections or compensations
A<#'A7T, A+A4,< T,
4E%E4 01<1TA4 5EF,5MATTE5
#,+%E5TE5
%10E, 01<1TA4 T,
F,5MATTE5 A+A4,<
#,+%E5TE5
P'#P, T5A#;E5
%10E,
MMS P5,#ESS,5
T1S Performance
Performance of T1S in specific
eniroments is aria"le
Total T1S o"scuration of a scene
rarely occurs
The effect of atmospheric o"scurants
on T1S performance aries proportionately
$ith-
6antit) o+ obs#rant
Densit) o+ obs#rant
Distan#e between sensor and s#ene
T1S image processing modes
Atomati# Low -re7en#) 1ain Limiting (A4F<4) Atomati# Leveling E7ali.tion (A4E)
- 0etail increases in target area $ith high temp ariation - #ontrolled "y 0igital Scan #onerter
- ,erall "rightness may "e controlled $ith leel - E&ualizes output of T1S detectors
- Eliminates un$anted lines on scenes $ith lo$
TIS Integrate contrast
- 1mproe ideo in lo$ contrast scenes - !ill not $or* for first /) secs after sight is
- !ill oerlay image $ith each press of incr po$ered up
- Total of B9 images max
- Scene $ill "lur $hen 4,S is moed
5EFE5E+#ES-
-() ,perators Manual
MMS Student 6andout
T# (-A).
LASER LIMITATIONS AND TEC"NI68ES LASER LIMITATIONS AND TEC"NI68ES
4aser 0efinition
- light amplification "y stimulation
of emission of radiation
- produces high intensity "eam of
energy used for-
5angefinding
4ocating
0esignating
7pdating
- #oherent 3 inisi"le light "eam
- +eodymium laser3 operates at
(@)B. microns (infared spectrum)
#haracteristics of 4aser light
Rele#tan#e - reflects off o"2ects li*e isi"le light
Divergan#e - does not disperse in all directions
li*e ordinary light 3 some dispersion
does occur as distance increases
- different types of reflections may gie
inaccurate ranging data
(a#ks#atter - o"scurants such as rain3 smo*e3 fog3
dust and other particles cause inaccurate
return and false data
,perating #haracteristics
Pulsed "eam- determines range 3 can "e coded
- Time elapsed "et$een transmission and reception
determines range
- Tri-serice code3 compati"le $ith laser guided munitions
,ptical assem"ly on T%S is designed to "e shared $ith 45F'0
F,%
8EAM SP41TTE5
#,MM,+
4E+SE
4ASE5
61-5ES
T%
#AME5A
S1MP41F1E0 T%S'4ASE5 ,PT1#S
4aser controls
- A5M'ST8>',FF s$itch
- First'4ast s$itch- first3 range dtermined "y first echo
last3 $hen target area is cluttered
- #ode list- pulls up code list A - 6
- 4aser fire s$itch #P, cyclic
- 0esignate3 update s$itch #P, cyclic
4aser Adisories
1MPE+0 4S5 1+68T- $hen MMS is pointed $ithin / deg@ of tail
4S5 1+68T- $hen 4,S is 9 deg@ of tail3 laser $ill not fire
MMS or #0S 81T failure- laser stays in ST8> $hen trying to arm
- if already armed laser $ill not gie range
4S5 6,T !+<- $hen internal components reach (B) deg@ F
may "e oeridden
4S5 6,T- $hen internal (F) deg@ F3 may "e oeridden "ut damage
$ill occur
4ASE5 E+E5<> 4,!- $hen laser energy is lo$3 alid data may
not "e receied for long-range tgtCs
4ASE5 FA14- indicates internal "it failure has occured
Laser will not +ire when- T1S integrate is used
Freeze frame is used
#P, MF0 fails
1nternal temp@ exceeds (B) deg@ F

Attenation 9 scattering of energy "y o"scurants
i@e@ dust3 trees 3 arious o"stacles
8nders*ill -caused "y placing laser too lo$ on tgt
causes false foreground targets
Overs*ill - caused "y placing laser too high on tgt
causes intermittent false "ac*ground tgt

NI1"T 2ISION LIMITATIONS AND TEC"NI68ES NI1"T 2ISION LIMITATIONS AND TEC"NI68ES
+ight use of lights
Flash 4ight
4anding 4ight
Anti-collision 4ight
Position 4ights
1nterior 4ighting
15 4ight
Supplemental 4ighting
Additional 4ighting 5e&uirements per F/-(
Flash 4ight
4anding 4ight
Attitude 1ndicator
Position and 1nstrument 4ights
1nterior 4ighting
15 4ight
%isual 1llusions
Fixation Fascination
Flic*er %ertigo
False 6orizons
<round light misinterpretation
5elatie Motion
Altered Planes of 5eference
Structural 1llusion
6eight-0epth Perception
Size-0istance
Auto*enesis
5eersi"le Perspectie
0istance Estimation E 0epth Perception
8inocular %ision
Monocular %ision
<eometric Perspectie
4inear perspectie
Apparent Foreshortening
%ertical position in the Field
5etinal 1mage size
;no$n size
1ncreasing'decreasing size
Terrestrial association
,erlapping contours
Aerial Perspectie
Fading of colors
4oss of detail'texture
Position of light source
0irection of shado$
Motion Parallax
+ight %ision Techni&ues
Scanning
,ff-center %ie$ing
Shapes and Silhouettes
+ight %isual Pro"lems
6yperopia
Astigmatism
Myopia'+ight myopia
Pres"yopia
Types of
%ision
4ight
4eel
Techni&ue
of %ie$ing
#olor
Perception
5eceptors
7sed
Acuity 8lind
Spot(s)
Photopic high central good cones A)'A) day
Mesopic medium-lo$ "oth some cones'rods aries day E night
Scotopic lo$ scan tech@ none rods A)'A)) day E night
Types of %ision
Photopic
Mesopic
Scotopic
+ight %ision Protection
5ed lens goggles
,xygen
Sunglasses
PRECA8TIONS
4anes for hoering
Airfield lighting
Maint@ personnel
Position of A'#
Select departure rte
"I1" INTENSIT& LI1"TIN1
#lose one eye
Alter course
Automatic $eapons fire
Turn a$ay from lights
+%< #onsiderations
#olor discrimination
Air'ground speed limits
4ights
Performance relations
Effects of "right lights
Tunnel ision
Magnification
!eather
Aircraft lighting
0epth perc@ E 0ist@ est
Scanning techni&ues
,"struction detection
Spatial disorientation
Physiology of the Eye
#,5+EA
P7P14
151S
4E+S
,PT1# +E5%E
F,%EA
5ET1+A
,PT1# 01S#
PA5AF,%EA
#141A5> M7S#4E
5EFE5E+#ES-
T# (-A).
FM (-9)(
"ELL-IRE MISSILE S&STEM "ELL-IRE MISSILE S&STEM
Hellfire Launch Modes
ST8>- Ena"les performing the 81T (9)-.G sec to complete)
81T se&uence is 56E3 4auncher and Missiles
-Ena"les coding the Missiles
MA+- -( Missile ( code@
-All Missiles coded primary laser code
-( missile selected3 spun-up and readied at a time
-Min (/ sec interal "et$een firing multiple missiles due to
time re&uired to select3 spin-up and ready next missile@
-,nly mode ena"ling missile step@

+,5M- - Multiple Missiles3 ( code(P51)
-Missiles coded as programmed
-All missiles selected3 spun-up and P51 are readied
-,nly Primary coded missiles can "e fired
-Min H sec interal "et$een firing multiple missiles due
to the time re&uired to sle$ laser hit spot from initial
target to su"se&uent target@
51P4- - Multiple Missiles3 Multiple codes
- Missiles coded as programmed
- All missiles selected3 spun-up and readied
- 56E automatically toggles P51 and A4T codes upon
missile firing@
- (@/ sec interal "et$een firing multiple missiles due
to time to press fire s$itch and missile to leae launcher@
Hellfire Delivery Modes
LOBL- 4oc* on "efore launch
- 6ighest tra2ectory of all deliery modes
- /))CI 9*m ' (())C I /*m ' (H))C I G*m
- Min ceiling I Max range is A)))C
- Min engagement range J H))m
- Max engagement range J G*m Auton ' H*m 5emote
- #onstraint drie J Properly coded laser energy (P#4E)
: All MS4S except ; model $ill default to 4,84 upon seeing P#4E
DIR- 4oc* on after launch - 0irect
- 4o$est tra2ectory $ith max laser designation delay
- I G*m J (A))C $ith . sec delay ' /))C $ith (A sec delay
- Min ceiling I maximum range $ith max delay J G/)C
- Min engagement range J A*m
- Max engagement range J G*m
- #onstraints driers-
- +a system J 0ir!PT $ith MMS s$itch in F!0'S5#6-
- DIR box and range followed by N
- PP+T using MMS 4,S $ith MMS s$itch in PP+T
-MMS LOS and range followed by
- 4aser J laser may "e used $hile current (/ sec)
: Missile flies a modified 4,A4 tra2ectory $hich is slightly
higher than a true 4,A43 "ut lo$er than a 4,84

LO- 4oc* on after launch K 4, (remote only)
- Ena"les missile to clear a AB)C o"stacle $hen launched from
B))m standoff@
-I H*m J (/))C $ith . sec delay ' F))C $ith (/ sec delay
- Min ceiling I max range $ith max delay J G/)C
- Min engagement range J A*m () offset)
- Max engagement range J H*m () offset)

HI! 4oc* on after launch K 61 (remote only)
- Ena"les missile to clear a ()))C o"stacle $hen launched
from (/))m standoff@
- I H*m J (H))C $ith . sec delay ' (/))C $ith (/ sec
delay
- Min ceiling I max range J A)))C
- Min engagement range J 9@/*m () offset)
- Max engagement range J H*m () offset)

LO"L #in range ad$us%#en% & "LL LO"L '
- /)C to .))C a"oe target eleation J A00 /))m to min rng@
- .)(C to H))C a"oe target eleation J A00 ()))m to min rng@
Hellfire #issile See(er orien%a%ion
#A<E-
- Missiles are incapa"le of "eing fired
- Missiles are inactie
-4aunch mode J ST8> or A#P J ,FF
- Missiles are capa"le of "eing coded and programmed

STA5E-
- See*er stares do$n the centerline of the missile "ody
- 0eliery Mode J 4,A4
- A44 4,A4 J missile $ill stare $hile on the launcher
- 4,84 does not stare@
SEA5#6-
- See*er scans in a pre-determined pattern to ac&uire P#4E
- 4,84
- 4aser s$itch ,FF or ST8>( missile expect a
remote "ecause your laser is not up3 therefore it
is loo*ing for P#4E
- 4,A4
- 1mmediately after launch a 4,A4 $ill "egin its
search for P#4E
S4A%E-
- Missile see*er is slaed to the MMS 4,S@
- 4,84 only $ith the laser s$itch in the A5M position@
Missile expects autonomous "ecause laser is ready to fire
T5A#;-
- Anytime the missile see*er ac&uires P#4E the see*er
$ill trac* to that laser energy to the target@
Missile see(er se)uence before and af%er firing!
- 4,84-
- Autonomous- S4A%E then T5A#;
- 5emote- Search(scan) then T5A#;

- 4,A4-
- STA5E then SEA5#6 then T5A#;
LOBL see(er search %i#e li#i%!
- Temperature F)F and a"oe J 9) min limit
- Temperature "elo$ F)F J unlimited
- Allo$ A min see*er cool do$n "efore re-initiating search
"*+O M"N*"L
M"
PE5MA+E+T MA<+ET A4TE+AT,5 (PMA)
P5,%10ES A44 E4E#T51#A4 P!5 T, E#7
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1I+
MEAS75ES #,MP5ESS,5
1+4ET A15 TEMPE5AT75E
NR S-NSOR
4,#ATE0 ,+ =MS+ (51<6T S10E)
SE+0S 01S#5EET +5 S1<+A4 T, E#7
N2 2O,-RNIN2 3 "*+O ONL4
ME#6 T65ES6,40 J ()/L
ME#6 ,%E510E J ()BL
N 2O,-RNIN2 S4S+-M - "*+O ONL4
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N O,-RS--D RO+-1+ION
&"*+O "ND M"N MOD-S'
A#T1%ATES AT (A.L +P@ !144 T6E+
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R*N J T65ES6,40 1S H(/ #
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-N2IN- +OR5*- 3 "*+O ONL4
ME#6 T65ES6,40 J (9(L
ME#6 ,%E5510E J (BGL (SEE 8E4,!)
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T, E#7 A+0 #0S
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FADEC SYSTEM
,5
7"D-1 incor<ora%es logic %o au%o#a%ically override
engine %hreshold o<era%ing li#i%s based on %he engine
o<era%ing condi%ion and when NR droo< exceeds =0>