Membrane Force

TWO-DIMENSIONAL ELEMENTS
1
Copyright 2010 MSC.Software Corporation
Copy For Politecnico of Milano
2
Two-Dimensional Elements Overview
3
TWO-DIMENSIONAL ELEMENTS (Cont.)
A plate is a structural element with one small dimension and
two large dimensions.
A thin plate is one in which the thickness is much less than the next
larger dimension (roughly 1/15)
For linear analysis, MD Nastran plate elements assume classical
engineering assumptions of thin plate behavior:
4
engineering assumptions of thin plate behavior:
The deflection of the midsurface is small compared with the thickness
The midsurface remains unstrained (neutral) during bending. (This
applies to lateral loads, not in-plane loads.)
The normal to the midsurface remains normal to the midsurface during
bending
Plate and shell elements (except CQUADR and CTRIAR)
have no stiffness in the normal rotational (drilling) degrees
of freedom.
CQUADR and CTRIAR plate elements have stiffness in the drilling
degrees of freedom.
5
No stiffness in the drilling
degrees of freedom or no
rotational stiffness in the
direction normal to the plate
Commonly used parameters for plate and shell elements
For V2001
PARAM, K6ROT, 0. is the default for all linear solution sequences
PARAM, K6ROT, 100. is the default in nonlinear solution sequences
PARAM, SNORM, 20., is the default
For V2004 and later
6
PARAM, K6ROT, 100. is the default for all solution sequences
PARAM, SNORM, 20., is the default
THE QUAD4 ELEMENT
The QUAD4 element is the most commonly used plate
element
It is a 4-noded flat plate element
It is capable of resisting both, in-plane and out-of-plane
loads
It is capable of modeling either plane strain or plane
stress
7
stress
It has terms in its stiffness matrix to account for
transverse shear flexibility and also for membrane-
bending coupling
In-plane penalty bending stiffness term is added with a
default PARAM,K6ROT,100. (see section 5 for further
details)
PARAM,SNORM,20. is a default as well (see section 5)
The QUAD4 Element (Cont.)
8
The QUAD4 Element (Cont.)
Element force output includes:
Fx,Fy Membrane force per unit length
Fxy Membrane shear force per unit length
Mx,My Bending moments per unit length
Mxy Twisting moment per unit length
Vx,Vy Transverse shear forces per unit length
9
Element Stress output includes:
Stress components:
x
,
y
,
xy
, (at center - optionally at corners)
The sign convention for these terms is shown in the next
slides
SIGN CONVENTION OF FORCE OUTPUT FOR
THE QUAD4 ELEMENT
10
SIGN CONVENTION OF STRESS OUTPUT FOR
THE QUAD4 ELEMENT (Cont.)
11
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
CQUAD4 EID PID GRID1 GRID2 GRID3 GRID4 THETA
or MCID
ZOFFS
CQUAD4 1 1 1 2 23 22
TFLAG T1 T2 T3 T4
Element connectivity is defined on the NASTRAN CQUAD4
entry, looking at Element 1 in our rib:
12
CQUAD4 1 1 1 2 23 22
CQUAD4 2 1 2 3 24 23
CQUAD4 3 1 3 4 25 24
CQUAD4 4 1 4 5 26 25
CQUAD4 5 1 5 6 27 26
.bdf file extract
Field Contents
EID Element identification number (integer>0)
PID Identification number of a PSHELL or PCOMP property entry
G1,G2,G3,G4 Grid point identification numbers of connection points. (All interior
angles of this element must be less than 180.)
Theta Material property orientation specification. If real or blank, specifies
material property orientation angle in degrees. If integer, material x-
13
material property orientation angle in degrees. If integer, material x-
axis orientation is along projection onto the plane of the x-axis of the
specified coordinate system.
T1,T2, T3,T4 The continuation entry is optional. If supplied, it describes the
membrane thickness of the element at grid points G1 through G4 (real
0., not all zero). If not supplied, then T1 through T4 is set equal to
the value of T on the PSHELL data entry.
Z
OFFS
Offset from the surface defined by the grid points to the element
reference plane in the element coordinate system.
QUAD4 ELEMENT COORDINATE SYSTEM
The element coordinate system
Is defined based on the order and location of the connecting points
Defines positive sense of normal pressures applied to the element
Used to define layers of a composite material
Used to interpret the element output forces and stresses (element
14
Used to interpret the element output forces and stresses (element
output is in the element coordinate system by default for these
elements)
See illustration on following slide
(Cont.)
15
(Cont.)
Element x-axis bisects the angle 2. Positive direction is
from G1 towards G2.
Element y-axis is perpendicular to the element x-axis and
lies in the plane defined by G1, G2, G3, and G4. Positive
16
lies in the plane defined by G1, G2, G3, and G4. Positive
direction is from G1 towards G4.
Element z-axis is normal to the x-y plane of the element.
Positive sense is defined by the right-hand rule and the
ordering of the connected grids.
QUAD4 ELEMENT PROPERTIES
Are defined using either a PSHELL, PCOMP (composite),
PCOMPG (composite) or PLPLANE (nonlinear) entry.
12I/T
3
17
QUAD4 ELEMENT PROPERTIES (Cont.)
Field Contents
PID Property identification number
MID1 Material identification number for
membrane behavior (integer > 0 or
blank)
T Plate or membrane thickness
bending behavior (integer > 0 or blank,
18
bending behavior (integer > 0 or blank,
MID2 = -1 represents plane strain)
NOTE: THE DEFAULT FOR MID2 IS NOT
TO INCLUDE THE BENDING STIFFNESS.
FOR MOST MODELS, MID2 SHOULD NOT
BE BLANK
12I/T
3
Normalized bending inertia per unit
length (real or blank, default = 1.0). The
default value is correct for solid,
homogeneous plates.
Field Contents
transverse shear behavior
(integer > 0 or blank)
TS/T Transverse shear thickness divided by
membrane thickness (default = .833333).
The default value is correct for solid,
homogeneous plates.
19
homogeneous plates.
NSM Nonstructural mass per unit area (real)
Z1,Z2 Stress recovery distances for bending
(real, default Z1 = -1/2 thickness,
Z2 = +1/2 thickness)
MID4 Material identification number to define
coupling between membrane and bending
deformation
The QUAD4 element can have in-plane, bending, and
transverse shear behavior. The element mechanical
behavior is specified by the presence or absence of a
material ID number in the appropriate field(s) on the
PSHELL entry.
20
To model a membrane plate, use only MID1
To model a plate with bending stiffness only, use only MID2
For bending with transverse shear flexibility, use MID2 and
21
For bending with transverse shear flexibility, use MID2 and
MID3
Note: Mass is not calculated if MID1 is blank.
Use MID3 to include an extra shear term in the element
stiffness calculations (i.e. includes transverse shear
flexibility).
22
For a solid homogeneous plate, MID1, MID2, and MID3
should reference the same material ID
MID4: The MID4 field (bending and membrane
deformation coupling) should be defined only
23
deformation coupling) should be defined only
if the elements cross section is unsymmetric.
Default is blank = symmetric cross section.
For more information on MID4, see the MSC Nastran
Common Questions and Answers.
In summary, the results of leaving an MID field blank are:
MID1 No membrane or coupling stiffness or Mass
MID2 No bending, coupling, or transverse shear
stiffness
MID3 No transverse shear flexibility
24
MID3 No transverse shear flexibility
MID4 No bending-membrane coupling
QUAD4 EXAMPLE
25
QUAD4 EXAMPLE (Cont.)
26
Notice that the in Notice that the in--plane rotation is constrained for the plane rotation is constrained for the
model positioned in the x model positioned in the x--y plane. y plane.
DISP = ALL displacement for all Grid Points
27
Force = All element forces at the center only (default)
28
Stress = ALL element stress at center only (default)
29

HVM
= [(3.024E6)
2
(3.024E6)(2.268E5) + (2.268E5)
2
]
= 2.917E6
-
STRESS(BILIN) = ALL element stress at center plus extrapolated at
the 4 nodal positions
30
STRAIN(BILIN,FIBER) = ALL element strain at the fiber distances
at center plus extrapolated at the 4 nodal positions
QUAD4 ALTERNATE PROPERTY DEFINITION
The PCOMP property entry may be used when the element is a
composite consisting of layers of unidirectional fibers. The information
on the PCOMP entry includes the thickness, orientation, and material
identification of each layer. This information is used within MD Nastran
to compute the entries of a PSHELL entry, which should not be
simultaneously entered by the user for the same element(s). Special
layer-by-layer output is provided when the PCOMP option is used.
31
layer-by-layer output is provided when the PCOMP option is used.
Putting the Nastran prtpcomp=1 system cell at the top of the .dat file
along with echo=sort will print the equivalent PSHELL and MAT2
entries.
See MSC Nastran Reference Manual for detailed information about
simulating composite materials with MD Nastran.
QUADR/TRIAR ELEMENT
In 2004, a new QUADR/TRIAR element was added
Similar to the old QUADR/TRIAR element, it has
stiffness in the drilling degree of freedom
Drilling loads are transferred correctly
The new QUADR/TRIAR element
Contains differential stiffness matrix (can be used in
SOL105)
32
SOL105)
Supports layered composite
Couples the membrane and bending stiffness
Yields correct results for curved shell models
Supports heat transfer
QUADR/TRIAR ELEMENT (Cont.)
Offset is allowed (shell normal should be turned off,
otherwise you will get incorrect results) PARAM,SNORM,0.0
must be specified.
Rotational mass is implemented for the drilling DOF
(param,coupmass,1)
Supports SOL 200
Supports consistent load applicationincluding edge loads
(PLOAD4)
33
(PLOAD4)
Unlike the old QUADR, the new QUADR contains all the
capabilities of the QUAD4.
QUADR/TRIAR have been extended to support
nonlinear analysis as of MD Nastran R2
CQUAD4 1 1 1 2 23 22
A snap shot of the NASTRAN input file for this problem,
showing how the connectivity entry, the property entry, and
the material entry are linked together:
34
$ Referenced Material Records
$ Material Record : aluminum
$ Description of Material : Date: 09-Oct-00 Time: 11:49:27
MAT1 1 1.+7 .33
$ Elements and Element Properties for region : rib_web

PSHELL 1 1 .063 1 1
ANALYSIS OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS
The following slides provide a brief introduction to the
analysis of composite materials.
Please attend the NAS113 Analysis of Composite Materials
with MD Nastran course for a more comprehensive
treatment of composite analysis.
35
PLY DEFINITION
Typically a ply is a flat group of fibers imbedded in a matrix.
The matrix is usually an isotropic material that holds the
fibers together.
In a ply called a tape, the fibers are unidirectional.
In a ply called a cloth, the fibers are woven at 0 and 90
degree directions.
36
degree directions.
TAPE PLIES
Fiber:
Unidirectional in tape
Direction is the 1 axis of the
ply coordinate system
Matrix:
Glue that holds fibers
37
Glue that holds fibers
together
Matrix direction is the 2 axis
90 degrees to the 1 axis
Material properties are:
2D orthotropic material in
Patran
MAT8 in Nastran
MAT8 BULK DATA ENTRY
Defines the ply orthotropic properties.
Elastic properties are E1, E2, NU12, G12, G1Z, G2Z.
Allowables are Xt, Xc, Yt, Yc, S.
Use STRN=1.0 if allowables are in units of strain.
F12 is for the Tsai-Wu failure theorem.
Thermal coefficients of expansion are A1 and A2.
The MAT8 TREF reference temperature is not used since it is overridden by the PCOMP TREF.
Density is RHO.
The MAT8 GE structural damping is not used since it is overridden by the PCOMP GE.
The example below is typical for a graphite/epoxy tape.
38
The example below is typical for a graphite/epoxy tape.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
MAT8 MID E1 E2 NU12 G12 G1Z G2Z RHO
MAT8 1 20.+6 2.+6 0.35 1.0+6 1.0+6 1.0+6 1.3-4
A1 A2 TREF Xt Xc Yt Yc S
-2.3-7 4.5-6 1.3+5 1.2+5 1.1 +4 1.2+4 1.25+4
.bdf file extract
GE F12 STRN
mat8, 1, 20.+6, 2.+6, 0.35, 1.0+6, 1.0+6, 1.0+6, 1.3-4,+
+, -2.3-7, 4.5-6,, 1.3+5, 1.2+5, 1.1+4, 1.2+4, 1.25+4
Materials: Create/
2d Orthotropic/
Manual Input.
Material Name
PATRAN 2D ORTHOTROPIC
39
Material Name
Input Properties
Linear Elastic
Apply
Input Properties
Failure
Apply
Note : Linear Elastic and
Failure properties must
be input separately with
an Apply between and
after.
COMPOSITE MATERIAL
Stack of plies
Each ply has a different direction, material,
and thickness
Composite properties are calculated in the
material coordinate system (X
m
, Y
m
, Z
m
)
40
Z
m
is the same as the element Z axis (Z
e
)
Right hand rule of grid ordering,
G1,G2,G3,G4
X
m
is in the direction of the 0 degree ply
Positive angles are defined by right hand
rule around Z
m
PCOMP BULK DATA ENTRY
Defines the composite layup.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
PCOMP PID Z0 NSM SB FT TREF GE LAM
PCOMP 1 5000.0 HILL 0.0
MID1 T1 THETA1 SOUT1 MID2 T2 THETA2 SOUT2
1 0.0054 0.0 YES 1 0.0054 45.0 YES
MID3 T3 THETA3 SOUT3 etc.
41
1 0.0054 90.0
Z0 is composite offset.
Use default = -(composite thickness)/2
NSM is nonstructural mass
SB is allowable interlaminar shear stress
Put as Bonding Shear Stress in Patran 2D Orthotropic
Material
Required for failure indices
FT is the ply failure theorem
Required for failure indices
TREF is reference temperature
Overrides TREFs on ply MAT8s
GE is element damping
Overrides GE on ply MAT8s
LAM is layup options
MIDi is ply material ID
MAT8 ID
Ti is ply thickness
THETAi is ply angle
SOUTi is data recovery option
PCOMP BULK DATA ENTRY (cont.)
The example composite below is an 8 ply layup, symmetric
about its centerline, with an equal number of plies in each
of the 0, +45, 90 degree directions.
.bdf file extract
42
PCOMP, 1,,, 5000., HILL
, 1, .0054, 0., YES
, 1, .0054, 45., YES
, 1, .0054, -45., YES
, 1, .0054, 90., YES
, 1, .0054, 90., YES
, 1, .0054, -45., YES
, 1, .0054, 45., YES
, 1, .0054, 0., YES
Properties: Composite /
Laminate.
To create a ply, click on a ply
material in Existing Materials.
Repeat for each of the plies
PATRAN COMPOSITE
43
Repeat for each of the plies
Enter Thickness for all layers:
0.0054 in the box under Input
Data <return>
Click on first cell in Orientation
column
Enter Orientations: 0 45 -45 90
90 -45 45 0 in the box under
Input Data.
Apply
CQUAD4 BULK DATA ENTRY
Defines the composite plate.
Material coordinate system can be
defined one of two ways:
MCID (integer) - ID of a user defined
coordinate system whos X-axis is
projected onto the element to define the
elements material coordinate systems X-
axis. This along with the Z-axis of the
element coordinate system defines the
material coordinate system.
THETA (real) - an angle between the
CQUAD4, 1, 1, 1, 2, 5, 4, 99
44
THETA (real) - an angle between the
G1G2 vector of the element and the X-axis
of the material coordinate system. The
positive sense of this angle is the right
hand rule direction around the elements
Z-axis.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
CQUAD4 EID PID G1 G2 G3 G4 THETA or MCID ZOFFS
CQUAD4 1 1 1 2 3 4 99
CQUAD4, 1, 1, 1, 2, 5, 4, 25.0
PATRAN COMPOSITE PROPERTIES
Properties: 2D
Properties / Shell
Property Set Name
Option: Laminate
45
Input Properties
Click on Mat Prop
Name Icon to
select the material
Click on coord. sys. for
projection to material
coord. sys.
OK
Select elements
Apply
PATRAN MATERIAL COORD. Z-AXIS
Meshing : FEM Actions / Verify
Draw Normal Vectors
46
Draw Normal Vectors
Apply
PATRAN MATERIAL COORD. X-AXIS
Properties: Property Actions /
Show Property.
47
Material Orientation
Apply
NASTRAN INPUT FILE
The single ply per line format on PCOMP continuation fields
allows easier cutting and pasting of plies
GRID 1 0. 0. 0.
GRID 2 0. .5 0.
GRID 3 0. 1. 0.
GRID 4 .5 0. 0.
GRID 5 .5 .5 0.
GRID 6 .5 1. 0.
GRID 7 1. 0. 0.
GRID 8 1. .5 0.
SOL 101
CEND
TITLE = Composite Workshop Chapter 2 - Sample Composite Input
SPC = 1
LOAD = 1
DISP = ALL
STRESS =ALL
$
.dat file extract
48
GRID 8 1. .5 0.
GRID 9 1. 1. 0.
$
SPC1,1,1235,1
SPC1,1,135,2,3
$
FORCE 1 3 500. 0. 1. 0.
FORCE 1 6 500. 0. 1. 0.
FORCE 1 6 500. 0. 1. 0.
FORCE 1 9 500. 0. 1. 0.
FORCE 1 7 250. 1. 0. 0.
FORCE 1 8 250. 1. 0. 0.
FORCE 1 8 250. 1. 0. 0.
FORCE 1 9 250. 1. 0. 0.
FORCE 1 7 250. 0. 1. 0.
FORCE 1 8 250. 0. 1. 0.
FORCE 1 8 250. 0. 1. 0.
FORCE 1 9 250. 0. 1. 0.
$
CORD2R, 99,, 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 1.
, 0., 1., 0.
ENDDATA
$
BEGIN BULK
PARAM, POST, -1
$
PCOMP, 1,,, 5000., HILL
, 1, .0054, 0., YES
, 1, .0054, 45., YES
, 1, .0054, -45., YES
, 1, .0054, 90., YES
, 1, .0054, 90., YES
, 1, .0054, -45., YES
, 1, .0054, 45., YES
, 1, .0054, 0., YES
MAT8, 1, 2.+7, 2.+6, .35, 1.+6, 1.+6, 1.+6
,,,,130000., 120000., 11000., 12000., 12500.
$
CQUAD4 1 1 1 2 5 4 99
CQUAD4 2 1 2 3 6 5 99
CQUAD4 3 1 4 5 8 7 99
CQUAD4 4 1 5 6 9 8 99
$
Printed in the f06 file if STRESS=ALL or STRAIN=ALL Case
Control Commands are used.
S T R E S S E S I N L A Y E R E D C O M P O S I T E E L E M E N T S ( Q U A D 4 )
ELEMENT PLY STRESSES IN FIBER AND MATRIX DIRECTIONS INTER-LAMINAR STRESSES PRINCIPAL STRESSES (ZERO SHEAR) MAX
ID ID NORMAL-1 NORMAL-2 SHEAR-12 SHEAR XZ-MAT SHEAR YZ-MAT ANGLE MAJOR MINOR SHEAR
0 1 1 2.55820E+05 2.81603E+04 2.73019E+04 0.0 0.0 6.74 2.59049E+05 2.49319E+04 1.17058E+05
0 1 2 4.96222E+05 1.19674E+04 -2.69492E+03 0.0 0.0 -0.32 4.96237E+05 1.19524E+04 2.42142E+05
0 1 3 -3.72387E+04 4.79000E+04 2.69492E+03 0.0 0.0 88.19 4.79852E+04 -3.73239E+04 4.26546E+04
0 1 4 2.03163E+05 3.17071E+04 -2.73019E+04 0.0 0.0 -8.83 2.07406E+05 2.74647E+04 8.99705E+04
0 1 5 2.03163E+05 3.17071E+04 -2.73019E+04 0.0 0.0 -8.83 2.07406E+05 2.74647E+04 8.99705E+04
0 1 6 -3.72387E+04 4.79000E+04 2.69492E+03 0.0 0.0 88.19 4.79852E+04 -3.73239E+04 4.26546E+04
0 1 7 4.96222E+05 1.19674E+04 -2.69492E+03 0.0 0.0 -0.32 4.96237E+05 1.19524E+04 2.42142E+05
NASTRAN PLY STRESS OUTPUT
49
0 1 7 4.96222E+05 1.19674E+04 -2.69492E+03 0.0 0.0 -0.32 4.96237E+05 1.19524E+04 2.42142E+05
0 1 8 2.55820E+05 2.81603E+04 2.73019E+04 0.0 0.0 6.74 2.59049E+05 2.49319E+04 1.17058E+05
0 2 1 2.20297E+05 -1.59550E+04 9.95088E+03 0.0 0.0 2.41 2.20715E+05 -1.63734E+04 1.18544E+05
0 2 2 9.15727E+04 -7.28449E+03 -2.31267E+04 0.0 0.0 -12.54 9.67154E+04 -1.24272E+04 5.45713E+04
0 2 3 -1.02861E+05 5.81209E+03 2.31267E+04 0.0 0.0 78.47 1.05290E+04 -1.07578E+05 5.90535E+04
0 2 4 -2.31585E+05 1.44826E+04 -9.95088E+03 0.0 0.0 -87.69 1.48844E+04 -2.31987E+05 1.23436E+05
0 2 5 -2.31585E+05 1.44826E+04 -9.95088E+03 0.0 0.0 -87.69 1.48844E+04 -2.31987E+05 1.23436E+05
0 2 6 -1.02861E+05 5.81209E+03 2.31267E+04 0.0 0.0 78.47 1.05290E+04 -1.07578E+05 5.90535E+04
0 2 7 9.15727E+04 -7.28449E+03 -2.31267E+04 0.0 0.0 -12.54 9.67154E+04 -1.24272E+04 5.45713E+04
0 2 8 2.20297E+05 -1.59550E+04 9.95088E+03 0.0 0.0 2.41 2.20715E+05 -1.63734E+04 1.18544E+05
0 3 1 -5.90459E+04 1.03837E+04 8.14704E+03 0.0 0.0 83.40 1.13269E+04 -5.99891E+04 3.56580E+04
0 3 2 1.11984E+05 -1.13646E+03 9.35916E+03 0.0 0.0 4.70 1.12753E+05 -1.90558E+03 5.73294E+04
0 3 3 -4.72039E+04 9.58604E+03 -9.35916E+03 0.0 0.0 -80.88 1.10887E+04 -4.87066E+04 2.98976E+04
0 3 4 1.23826E+05 -1.93411E+03 -8.14704E+03 0.0 0.0 -3.69 1.24352E+05 -2.45970E+03 6.34056E+04
0 3 5 1.23826E+05 -1.93411E+03 -8.14704E+03 0.0 0.0 -3.69 1.24352E+05 -2.45970E+03 6.34056E+04
0 3 6 -4.72039E+04 9.58604E+03 -9.35916E+03 0.0 0.0 -80.88 1.10887E+04 -4.87066E+04 2.98976E+04
0 3 7 1.11984E+05 -1.13646E+03 9.35916E+03 0.0 0.0 4.70 1.12753E+05 -1.90558E+03 5.73294E+04
0 3 8 -5.90459E+04 1.03837E+04 8.14704E+03 0.0 0.0 83.40 1.13269E+04 -5.99891E+04 3.56580E+04
0 4 1 8.79761E+04 9.55942E+01 1.42040E+04 0.0 0.0 8.96 9.02149E+04 -2.14316E+03 4.61790E+04
.f06 file extract
PATRAN PLY OUTPUT REQUEST
Analysis: Analyze /
Entire Model
Translation Parameters
/ OP2
50
Subcases / Create
Output Requests /
Advanced / Element
Stress
Ply Stresses
OK
Apply
PATRAN PLY STRESS RESULTS
51

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TWO-DIMENSIONAL ELEMENTS

$ Elements and Element Properties for region : rib_web

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