S GIO DC O TO TIN GIANG

TRNG TRUNG HC PH THNG CHUYN TIN GIANG

GIO VIN HNG DN: THY KIM SN

NHM THC HIN:
NGUYN NH THU
NGUYN MINH TM
L TRUNG HIU
QUANG BNH
TRN ANH KIT
L MNH THNG
LP 10 TON
NM HC 2008-2009

LI NI U
Phng trnh v t l mt ti ly th v ca i s, li cun nhiu ngi
nghin cu say m v t duy sng to tm ra li gii hay, y tng phong ph v ti u.
Tuy c nghin cu t rt lu nhng phng trnh v t mi mi vn cn l i
tng m nhng ngi am m Ton hc lun tm ti hc hi v pht trin t duy.
Mi loi bi ton phng trnh v t c nhng cch gii ring ph hp. iu ny
c tc dng rn luyn t duy ton hc mm do, linh hot v sng to. Bn cnh , cc
bi ton gii phng trnh v t thng c mt trong cc k thi hc sinh gii Ton cc
cp THCS, THPT. Chnh v th, chng ti quyt tm su tm ti liu, chn lc chi tit v
di s hng dn, du dt ca quy thy c b mn Ton trng THPT Chuyn Tin
Giang, chng ti bin san chuyn PHNG TRNH V T ny mi ngi c
ci nhn tng qut v phng trnh v t. C th l:
H thng ha kin thc v k nng gii phng trnh v t.
Cung cp ti liu v k nng gii phng trnh v t.
c bit l k nim ngy Nh gio Vit Nam 20/11; chng ti mun dnh
chuyn PHNG TRNH V T knh tng quy thy c; knh chc thy c
lun di do sc khe, nhiu may mn v thnh cng trong cuc sng.
Chng ti hy vng chuyn ny s mang li cho bn c nhiu iu b ch v
gip cc bn cm nhn thm v p ca Ton hc qua cc phng trnh v t.
Mc d c gng rt nhiu, nhng chuyn c th cn mt vi thiu st. Chng ti
lun bit n khi nhn c nhng y kin ng gp quy bu v s thng cm!
Cui cng chng ti xin cm n thy Kim Sn v quy thy c to mi iu
kin chng ti hon thnh chuyn ny.
CC HC SINH LP TON KHA 2008- 2011

TRANG
I. PHNG PHP BIN I TNG NG
II. PHNG PHP T N PH

4
9

III. PHNG PHP H PHNG TRNH

32

IV. PHNG PHP LNG GIC

37

V. PHNG PHAP BT NG THC

49

I. PHNG PHP BIN I TNG NG

1. Bnh phng 2 v ca phng trnh
a)
Phng php

Thng thng nu ta gp phng trnh dng :

bnh phng 2 v , iu i khi li gp kh khn
3

A + 3 B = 3 C A + B + 3 3 A.B

A + B = C + D , ta thng

A+ 3 B =C

v ta s dng php th : 3 A + 3 B = C ta c phng trnh : A + B + 3 3 A.B.C = C

b)
V d
Bai 1. Gii phng trnh sau:
x 2x + 3 = 0
x

0
Gii: k:
(1) x = 2 x + 3

(1)

x2 = 2x + 3
x2 2x 3 = 0
x=3

Vy tp nghim ca phng trnh l S = { 3}

Bai 2. Gii phng trnh sau:
Gii: 2. Trc cn thc
2.1. Trc cn thc xut hin nhn t chung
a) Phng php
Vi mt s phng trnh ta c th nhm c nghim x0 nh vy phng trnh
lun a v c dng tch ( x x0 ) A ( x ) = 0 ta c th gii phng trnh A ( x ) = 0

hoc chng minh A ( x ) = 0 v nghim , ch iu kin ca nghim ca phng trnh

ta c th nh ga A ( x ) = 0 v nghim
b) V d
Bi 1 . Gii phng trnh sau :

3 x 2 5 x + 1 x 2 2 = 3 ( x 2 x 1) x 2 3 x + 4

Gii:

) (
( x 2 ) ( x

)
3x + 4 ) = 3 ( x 2 )

2
2
Ta nhn thy : 3 x 5 x + 1 3 x 3 x 3 = 2 ( x 2 )

Ta c th chuyn v ri trc cn thc 2 v :

2 x + 4

3 x 2 5 x + 1 + 3 ( x 2 x + 1)

3x 6

x 2 2 + x 2 3x + 4

D dng nhn thy x=2 l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh .

x 2 + 12 + 5 = 3 x + x 2 + 5
5
x 2 + 12 x 2 + 5 = 3 x 5 0 x
3

Bi 2. Gii phng trnh sau (OLYMPIC 30/4 ngh) :

Gii: phng trnh c nghim th :

Ta nhn thy : x=2 l nghim ca phng trnh , nh vy phng trnh c th phn tch
v dng
( x 2 ) A ( x ) = 0 , thc hin c iu ta phi nhm , tch cc s hng nh sau :

x2 4

x 2 + 12 4 = 3 x 6 + x 2 + 5 3

D dng chng minh c :

x 2 + 12 + 4

= 3( x 2) +

x2 4
x2 + 5 + 3

x+2
x +1
( x 2)

3= 0
2
x2 + 5 + 3
x + 12 + 4
x=2
x+2
x+2
5

3 < 0, x >
3
x 2 + 12 + 4
x2 + 5 + 3

Bi 3. Gii phng trnh : 3 x 2 1 + x = x3 2

Gii: k x 3 2
Nhn thy x=3 l nghim ca phng trnh , nn ta bin i phng trnh
3

x 2 1 2 + x 3 = x 3 2 5 ( x 3) 1 +

2
( x 3) ( x + 3 x + 9 )
=
2
3 2
3 x2 1
x3 2 + 5
(
) + 2 x 1 + 4
x+3

Ta chng minh :

x+3

1+
3

(x

1) + 2 x 1 + 4
2

= 1+

x+3
3

x 1 +1 + 3
2

<2<

x 2 + 3x + 9
x3 2 + 5

Vy pt c nghim duy nht x=3

2.2. a v h tm
a) Phng php
Nu phng trnh v t c dng A + B = C , m : A B = C
dy C c th l hng s ,c th l biu thc ca x . Ta c th gii nh sau :

A + B = C
A B
= C A B = , khi ta c h:
2 A = C +
A B
A B =

b) V d
Bi 4. Gii phng trnh sau : 2 x 2 + x + 9 + 2 x 2 x + 1 = x + 4
Gii:

) (

2
2
Ta thy : 2 x + x + 9 2 x x + 1 = 2 ( x + 4 )

x = 4 khng phi l nghim

Xt x > 4

Trc cn thc ta c :

2x + 8

2x + x + 9 2x x + 1
2

= x + 4 2x2 + x + 9 2x2 x + 1 = 2

Vy ta c h:

x = 0
2 x 2 + x + 9 2 x 2 x + 1 = 2
2
2 2x + x + 9 = x + 6

8
2
2

x
=
2 x + x + 9 + 2 x x + 1 = x + 4
7

8
Vy phng trnh c 2 nghim : x=0 v x=
7
2 x 2 + x + 1 + x 2 x + 1 = 3x
2
2
2
Ta thy : ( 2 x + x + 1) ( x x + 1) = x + 2 x , ( khng c du hiu trn ).
Bi 5. Gii phng trnh :

Ta c th chia c hai v cho x v t t =

1
th bi ton tr nn n gin hn
x

3. Phng trnh bin i v tch

S dng cc ng thc

u + v = 1 + uv ( u 1) ( v 1) = 0

au + bv = ab + vu ( u b ) ( v a ) = 0

A2 = B 2
Bi 1. Gii phng trnh :
Gii: pt

)(

x +1 1

3
3

x + 1 + 3 x + 2 = 1 + 3 x 2 + 3x + 2
x = 0
x + 2 1 = 0
x = 1

Bai 2. Gii phng trnh : 3 x + 1 + 3 x 2 =

Gii:
+ x = 0 , khng phi l nghim
+ x 0 , ta chia hai v cho x:
3

x +1
x +1 3
+ x = 1+ 3 x +1 3
1
x
x

Bi 3. Gii phng trnh:

Gii: k x 1

x + 3 x2 + x

x 1 = 0 x = 1

x + 3 + 2 x x + 1 = 2x + x2 + 4 x + 3

x = 1
x +1 1 = 0
x = 0
4x
=4 x
Bi 4. Gii phng trnh : x + 3 +
x+3
pt

x + 3 2x

)(

Gii:
k: x 0
2

Chia c hai v cho

4x
4x
4x
=2
1
x + 3 : 1+
= 0 x =1
x+3
x+3
x
+
3

Dng hng ng thc

Bin i phng trnh v dng : Ak = B k

Bi 1. Gii phng trnh :
3x = x

3+x

Gii:
k: 0 x 3 khi pt cho tng ng: x 3 + 3 x 2 + x 3 = 0
3

3
1
10
10 1

x+
=

x
=

3 3 3
3

Bi 2. Gii phng trnh sau : 2 x + 3 = 9 x 2 x 4

Gii:
k: x 3 phng trnh tng ng :

(1+

3+ x

x = 1
x + 3 + 1 = 3x
= 9x

x = 5 97
x + 3 + 1 = 3 x

18
2

Bi 3. Gii phng trnh sau : 2 + 3 3 9 x 2 ( x + 2 ) = 2 x + 3 3 3 x ( x + 2 )

Gii: pt

x + 2 3 3x

= 0 x =1

Bi tp ngh
Gii cc phng trnh sau :

1) x 2 + 3x + 1 = ( x + 3) x 2 + 1
2)

4 3 10 3 x = x 2 (HSG Ton Quc 2002)

3) 2 ( 2 x ) ( 5 x ) = x +

( 2 x ) ( 10 x )

4) 3 x 2 + 4 = x 1 + 2 x 3
5) 3 x 2 1 + 3x3 2 = 3 x 2
6) 2 x 2 11x + 21 3 3 4 x 4 = 0 (OLYMPIC 30/4-2007)
7) 2 x 2 1 + x 2 3x 2 = 2 x 2 + 2 x + 3 + x 2 x + 2
8) 2 x 2 + 16 x + 18 + x 2 1 = 2 x + 4
9) x 2 + 15 = 3x 2 + x 2 + 8

II. PHNG PHP T N PH

1. Phng php t n ph thng thng
i vi nhiu phng trnh v t, gii chng ta c th t t = f ( x ) v ch
y iu kin ca t nu phng trnh ban u tr thnh phng trnh cha mt bin
t quan trng hn ta c th gii c phng trnh theo t th vic t ph xem
nh hon ton .Ni chung nhng phng trnh m c th t hon ton
t = f ( x ) thng l nhng phng trnh d .
Bi 1. Gii phng trnh:

x x2 1 + x + x2 1 = 2

Giai:
k: x 1
Nhn xt.

x x 2 1. x + x 2 1 = 1

1
t t = x x 2 1 th phng trnh c dng: t + = 2 t = 1
t

Thay vo tm c x = 1
Bi 2. Gii phng trnh: 2 x 2 6 x 1 = 4 x + 5
Gii
4
iu kin: x
5
t2 5
t t = 4 x + 5(t 0) th x =
. Thay vo ta c phng trnh sau:
4
t 4 10t 2 + 25 6 2
2.
(t 5) 1 = t t 4 22t 2 8t + 27 = 0
16
4
(t 2 + 2t 7)(t 2 2t 11) = 0
Ta tm c bn nghim l: t1,2 = 1 2 2; t3,4 = 1 2 3
Do t 0 nn ch nhn cc gi tr t1 = 1 + 2 2, t3 = 1 + 2 3
T tm c cc nghim ca phng trnh l: x = 1 2 vax = 2 + 3
Cch khc: Ta c th bnh phng hai v ca phng trnh vi iu kin
2x2 6x 1 0
Ta c: x 2 ( x 3) 2 ( x 1) 2 = 0 , t ta tm c nghim tng ng.
n gin nht l ta t : 2 y 3 = 4 x + 5 v a v h i xng
(Xem phn dt n ph a v h)
Bi 3. Gii phng trnh sau: x + 5 + x 1 = 6
iu kin: 1 x 6

t y = x 1( y 0) th phng trnh tr thanh:

y 2 + y + 5 = 5 y 4 10 y 2 y + 20 = 0 ( vi y 5)
1 + 21
1 + 17
(loai), y =
2
2
11 17
T ta tm c cc gi tr ca x =
2
( y 2 + y 4)( y 2 y 5) = 0 y =

)(

Bi 4. (THTT 3-2005) Gii phng trnh sau : x = 2004 + x 1 1 x

Gii: k 0 x 1

t y = 1 x pttt 2 ( 1 y )

(y

+ y 1002 ) = 0 y = 1 x = 0

Bi 5. Gii phng trnh sau : x 2 + 2 x x

1
= 3x + 1
x

Gii:
iu kin: 1 x < 0
Chia c hai v cho x ta nhn c: x + 2 x

1
1
= 3+
x
x

1
, ta gii c.
x
Bi 6. Gii phng trnh : x 2 + 3 x 4 x 2 = 2 x + 1
Gii: x = 0 khng phi l nghim , Chia c hai v cho x ta c:
1
1

x + 3 x = 2
x
x

t t = x

t t= 3 x

1
1 5
, Ta c : t 3 + t 2 = 0 t = 1 x =
x
2

Nhn xt : i vi cch t n ph nh trn chng ta ch gii quyt c mt lp

bi n gin, i khi phng trnh i vi t li qu kh gii
2. t n ph a v phng trnh thun nht bc 2 i vi 2 bin :
2
2
Chng ta bit cch gii phng trnh: u + uv + v = 0 (1) bng cch
2

u
u
Xt v 0 phng trnh tr thnh : + + = 0
v
v
v = 0 th trc tip
Cc trng hp sau cng a v c (1)
a. A ( x ) + bB ( x ) = c A ( x ) .B ( x )

u + v = mu 2 + nv 2
Chng ta hy thay cc biu thc A(x) , B(x) bi cc biu thc v t th s nhn
c phng trnh v t theo dng ny.

a) Phng trnh dng : a. A ( x ) + bB ( x ) = c A ( x ) .B ( x )

Nh vy phng trnh Q ( x ) = P ( x ) c th gii bng phng php trn nu
P ( x ) = A ( x ) .B ( x )

Q ( x ) = aA ( x ) + bB ( x )

Xut pht t ng thc :

x 3 + 1 = ( x + 1) ( x 2 x + 1)

x 4 + x 2 + 1 = ( x 4 + 2 x 2 + 1) x 2 = ( x 2 + x + 1) ( x 2 x + 1)

)(

x4 + 1 = x2 2 x + 1 x2 + 2x + 1

4 x 4 + 1 = ( 2 x 2 2 x + 1) ( 2 x 2 + 2 x + 1)
Hy to ra nhng phng trnh v t dng trn v d nh :
4x2 2 2x + 4 = x4 + 1
c mt phng trnh p , chng ta phi chn h s a,b,c sao cho phng trnh
bc hai at 2 + bt c = 0 gii nghim p
Bi 1. Gii phng trnh : 2 ( x 2 + 2 ) = 5 x 3 + 1
Gii: t u = x + 1, v = x 2 x + 1
phng trnh tr thanh : 2 ( u + v
2

Tm c: x =

u = 2v
= 5uv
u = 1 v
2

5 37
2

Bi 2. Gii phng trnh : x 2 3 x + 1 =

3 4
x + x2 + 1
3

Bi 3: gii phng trnh sau : 2 x 2 + 5 x 1 = 7 x 3 1

Gii:
k: x 1
Nhn xt : Ta vit

( x 1) + ( x 2 + x + 1) = 7

( x 1) ( x 2 + x + 1)

ng nht thc ta c 3 ( x 1) + 2 ( x + x + 1) = 7

( x 1) ( x 2 + x + 1)

v = 9u
t u = x 1 0 , v = x + x + 1 > 0 , ta c: 3u + 2v = 7 uv
v = 1 u
4

Nghim : x = 4 6
2

Bi 4. Gii phng trnh : x 3 3x 2 + 2

Gii:

( x + 2)

6x = 0

Nhn xt : t y = x + 2 ta bin pt trinh v dng phng trnh thun nht bc 3

i vi x v y :
x = y
x 3 3 x 2 + 2 y 3 6 x = 0 x 3 3 xy 2 + 2 y 3 = 0
x = 2 y
Pt c nghim : x = 2,

x = 22 3

b).Phng trnh dng : u + v = mu 2 + nv 2

Phng trnh cho dng ny thng kh pht hin hn dng trn , nhng
nu ta bnh phng hai v th a v c dng trn.
Bi 1. Gii phng trnh : x 2 + 3 x 2 1 = x 4 x 2 + 1
Gii:
u = x 2
Ta t :
khi phng trnh tr thnh : u + 3v = u 2 v 2
2
v = x 1
Bi 2.Gii phng trnh sau : x 2 + 2 x + 2 x 1 = 3 x 2 + 4 x + 1
Gii
1
k x . Bnh phng 2 v ta c :
2

(x

+ 2 x ) ( 2 x 1) = x 2 + 1

(x

+ 2 x ) ( 2 x 1) = ( x 2 + 2 x ) ( 2 x 1)

1 5
u=
v

u = x + 2 x
2
2
2
Ta c th t :
khi ta c h : uv = u v

v
=
2
x

1
1+ 5

v
u =

2
1+ 5
1+ 5
Do u , v 0 . u =
v x2 + 2x =
( 2 x 1)
2
2
Bi 3. gii phng trnh : 5 x 2 14 x + 9 x 2 x 20 = 5 x + 1
Gii:
2

k x 5 . Chuyn v bnh phng ta c: 2 x 2 5 x + 2 = 5

(x

x 20 ) ( x + 1)

2
2
Nhn xt : khng tn ti s , : 2 x 5 x + 2 = ( x x 20 ) + ( x + 1)
vy ta khng th t
u = x 2 x 20
.

v = x + 1
Nhng may mn ta c :
( x 2 x 20 ) ( x + 1) = ( x + 4 ) ( x 5) ( x + 1) = ( x + 4 ) ( x 2 4 x 5)

Ta vit li phng trnh: 2 ( x 2 4 x 5 ) + 3 ( x + 4 ) = 5 ( x 2 4 x 5)( x + 4) . n

y bi ton c gii quyt .
Cc ban hy t to cho mnh nhng phng trnh v t p theo cch trn

3. Phng php t n ph khng hon ton

x +1 x + 2 = 0 ,
T nhng phng trnh tch x + 1 1

2x + 3 x

)(

)(

2x + 3 x + 2 = 0

Khai trin v rt gn ta s c nhng phng trnh v t khng tm thng cht

no, kh ca phng trnh dng ny ph thuc vo phng trnh tch m ta xut
pht .
T chng ta mi i tm cch gii phng trnh dng ny .Phng php gii
c th hin qua cc v d sau .

2
2
2
Bi 1. Gii phng trnh : x + 3 x + 2 x = 1 + 2 x + 2

Gii:
t = 3
2
t = x 2 + 2 , ta c: t ( 2 + x ) t 3 + 3x = 0 t = x 1

Bi 2. Gii phng trnh : ( x + 1) x 2 2 x + 3 = x 2 + 1

Gii:
t : t = x 2 2 x + 3, t 2

2
2
Khi phng trnh tr thanh : ( x + 1) t = x + 1 x + 1 ( x + 1) t = 0
By gi ta thm bt , c phng trnh bc 2 theo t :
t = 2
x 2 2 x + 3 ( x + 1) t + 2 ( x 1) = 0 t 2 ( x + 1) t + 2 ( x 1) = 0
t = x 1

T mt phng trnh n gin :

1 x 2 1+ x

)(

1 x 2 + 1 + x = 0 , khai

trin ra ta s c pt sau
Bi 3. Gii phng trnh sau : 4 x + 1 1 = 3 x + 2 1 x + 1 x 2
Gii:
Nhn xt : t t = 1 x , pt tr thnh 4 1 + x = 3 x + 2t + t 1 + x (1)

2
Ta rt x = 1 t 2 thay vao th c pt: 3t 2 + 1 + x t + 4

1+ x 1 = 0

Nhng khng c s may mn gii c phng trnh theo t

= 2 + 1+ x

48

x + 1 1 khng c dng bnh phng .

Mun t c mc ch trn th ta phi tch 3x theo

C th nh sau : 3 x = ( 1 x ) + 2 ( 1 + x )

) (
2

1 x ,

1+ x

thay vo pt (1)

Bi 4. Gii phng trnh: 2 2 x + 4 + 4 2 x = 9 x 2 + 16

Gii:

Bnh phng 2 v phng trnh: 4 ( 2 x + 4 ) + 16 2 ( 4 x 2 ) + 16 ( 2 x ) = 9 x 2 + 16

Ta t : t = 2 ( 4 x 2 ) 0 . Ta c: 9 x 2 16t 32 + 8 x = 0

2
2
2
Ta phi tch 9 x = 2 ( 4 x ) + ( 9 + 2 ) x 8 lm sao cho t c dng s chinh
phng .
Nhn xt : Thng thng ta ch cn nhm sao cho ht h s t do th s t
c mc ch
4. t nhiu n ph a v tch
Xut pht t mt s h i s p chng ta c th to ra c nhng
phng trnh v t m khi gii n chng ta li t nhiu n ph v tm mi quan
h gia cc n ph a v h
3
Xut pht t ng thc ( a + b + c ) = a 3 + b3 + c 3 + 3 ( a + b ) ( b + c ) ( c + a ) , Ta c

a 3 + b3 + c3 = ( a + b + c ) ( a + b ) ( a + c ) ( b + c ) = 0
T nhn xt ny ta c th to ra nhng phng trnh v t c cha cn bc ba .
3

7 x + 1 3 x2 x 8 + 3 x2 8x + 1 = 2
3
3x + 1 + 3 5 x + 3 2 x 9 3 4 x 3 = 0
Bi 1. Gii phng trnh : x = 2 x . 3 x + 3 x . 5 x + 5 x . 2 x
u = 2 x
( u + v ) ( u + w ) = 2
2 u 2 = uv + vw + wu

2
Gii : v = 3 x , ta c : 3 v = uv + vw + wu ( u + v ) ( v + w ) = 3 , gii h
5 w2 = uv + vw + wu

( v + w ) ( u + w ) = 5
w = 5 x
30
239
ta c: u =
x=
60
120
Bi 2. Gii phng trnh sau :
3

2 x 2 1 + x 2 3x 2 = 2 x 2 + 2 x + 3 + x 2 x + 2
a = 2 x 2 1

b = x 2 3x 2
a + b = c + d
x = 2
Gii . Ta t :
, khi ta c : 2
2
2
2
2
a

b
=
c

c = 2 x + 2 x + 3

2
d = x x + 2
Bi 3. Gii cc phng trnh sau
1) 4 x 2 + 5 x + 1 2 x 2 x + 1 = 9 x 3
2)

x + 4 x ( 1 x ) + 4 ( 1 x ) = 1 x + 4 x3 + 4 x 2 ( 1 x )
3

Bi tp ngh
Gii cc phng trnh sau
a. 15 x 2 x 2 5 = 2 x 2 15 x + 11
b. ( x + 5)(2 x) = 3 x 2 + 3 x
c.

(1 + x)(2 x) = 1 + 2 x 2 x 2

d. x + 17 x 2 + x 17 x 2 = 9
e.

3x 2 + x 1 = 4 x 9 + 2 3x 2 5 x + 2

f. x 2 + x 2 + 11 = 31
g. 2 n (1 + x) 2 + 3 n 1 x 2 + n (1 x) 2 = 0
h. x = (2004 + x )(1 1 x ) 2
i. ( x + 3 x + 2)( x + 9 x + 18) = 168 x
1 x2 + 2 3 1 x2 = 3

j.

Bi tp tng hp:

1/ x +1 + 3 x ( x +1)(3 x) = n
(1)
a/ Gii phng trnh n = 2
b/ Tm cc gi tr ca n phng trnh c nghim:
2/

x +6 x 9 + x 6 x 9 =

x+m
6

a/ Gii phng trnh vi m = 23

b/ Tm cc gi tr ca m phng trnh c nghim.
Bi tp tng t:
3/ x + 2 x 1 + x 2 x 1 = 2
2

4/ 1 + 3

x x2 = x + 1 x

5/ 2 x + 3 + x +1 = 3x + 2 2 x 2 + 5 x + 3 16
6/ x 2 10 x +1 = 5 x 2
7/ Tm m , phng trnh sau c nghim
1 + x + 8 x + (1 + x )(8 x ) = m

8/ Tm m phng trnh sau c nghim:

x 3 2

x 4 +

x 4

x 4 = m

9/ Tm m phng trnh sau c nghim:

x + 4 x 4 + x +

x 4 = m

Gii cc phng trnh sau:

10/
11/
12/
13/
14/
15/
16/
17/
18/
19/

x +4 + x 4
= x + x 2 16 6
2
3 x 2 + 6 x + 16 + x 2 + 2 x = 2 x 2 2 x + 4

( x 3) 2 + 3 x 22 =

x 2 3x + 7

3 x 2 4 x + 4 x x 2 +10 = 0
3( x 2 2 x ) 4 x 2 2 x + 4 +13 = 0
x +1 + 12 x + ( x +1)(12 x ) = 1
x + 5 + 8 x + ( x + 5)(8 x ) = 1

4 x 2 +12 x 1 + x = 27(1 + x )
2 x 2 + x x 1 = 10( x 1)
4 x 2 12 5 4 x 2 12 x +11 +15 = 0

20/
21/
22/
23/
24/

x+

x 1
2

35
12

(1)

( x + a) 2 + 3 ( x + a) 2 + 3 ( x 2 a 2 ) = 3 a 2

629 x + 4 77 + x = 8
1 + 1 x 2
(1 + x ) 3

1 1 x

1
1+ 1 x

(1 x ) 3

= 2 + 1 x 2

4 3
1x

25/ 2 x + 3 + x + 1 = 3x + 2 2 x 2 + 5 x + 3 16
25/ 2 x + 3 + x +1 = 3x + 2 2 x 2 + 5 x + 3 16
26/ Tm tt c cc gi tr thc ca tham s phng trnh sau c
nghim:
( x 3)( x +1) + 3( x 3)

x +1
= (a + 2)(a 1)
x 3

Bi tp tng t:
27/

( x + 2)( x + 4) + 5( x + 2)

28/

(5 x + 2) 3

16
5

(5 x + 2) 3

29/

16 y
y 1 5
+5
=
y 1
16 y
2

30/

x +5
x
+ 46
=4
x
x +5

31/

32/
33/
34/

42/

=6

5 x 7 x +3
+
=2
x +3
5x
20
+ x x + x = 22 (t
x

y=

(5 x + 2) 3 = 2( x 2 + 2)

> 0)
(1)

x x 1 + x x + 2 = 3
3

1 x2 = x
3

35/
36/
37/
38/
39/
41/

x +4
= ( a 3)(a + 2)
x +2

18 + 5 x + 4 64 5 x = 4

a + x + 5 a x = 5 2a
2x +

(1)

x +1 +1 + 2 x x +1 = 2 x +1 +1

x + x 1 + x 3 + x 2 + 2 = 3
3

x +8 4 x 8 = 2
1
1
+
=2
2
2 x2

GII BI TP TNG HP
1/ x +1 + 3 x ( x +1)(3 x) = n
a/ Gii phng trnh n = 2

(1)

b/ Tm cc gi tr ca n phng trnh c nghim:

iu kin
x +1 0
1 x 3

3 x 0

t n ph t = x +1 + 3 x , t 0
Khi t = 4 + 2 ( x +1)(3 x)
Hay 2 ( x +1)(3 x) = t 4
(2)
a/ Vi n = 2 v n ph t, phng trnh (1) tr thnh.
2

2t (t 2 4) = 4
t 2 2t = 0
t1 = 0, t 2 = 2

D thy t1 = 0 khng tho (2). Thay t2 = 2 vo (2) c

( x + 1)(3 x ) = 0, x1 = 1, x 2 = 3 , tho iu kin ban u.
b/ t n ph t nh trn, phng trnh (1) tr thnh:
2t (t 2 4) = 2n
t 2 2t + 2n 4 = 0

+ = 5 2n 0 th phng trnh c nghim

t1 = 1 + 5 2n

t 2 = 1 5 2n

phng trnh c nghim th 2 t 2

Vi t2 khng tho mn. Vi t1 c 2 1 +

(theo cng thc tng qut trn).

5 2n 2 2

2 2 2 n 2

iu kin ny bo m phng trnh (2) c nghim x. Vy phng trnh (1)

c nghim khi v ch khi 2 2 2 n 2
2/

x +6 x 9 + x 6 x 9 =

x+m
6

a/ Gii phng trnh vi m = 23

b/ Tm cc gi tr ca m phng trnh c nghim.
iu kin x 9 0 x 9
t n ph t = x 9 . Khi x = t2 + 9
Phng trnh cho tr thnh:

6 (1 + 3) 2 + ( x 3) 2 = t 2 + 9 + m
6( t + 3 + t 3 ) = t + 9 + m
2

t 2 12t + 9 + m = 0, t 0
2
t 27 + m = 0,0 t 3

a/ Vi m = 23 c:
t 2 12t + 32 = 0, t 3

2
t = 4,0 t 3

Gii ra ta c t1 = 8, t2 = 4, t3 = 2 nn phng trnh c 3 nghim l x1 =

73, x2 = 25, x3 = 13.
b/ Vi t 3 th t2 12t + 9 + m = 0

 ( t 6 ) = 27 m
2

Phng trnh ny c nghim khi 18 < m 27

Vy phng trnh c nghim khi m 27.
x+

20/

x
x 1
2

35
12

(1)

iu kin x2 1 > 0, x > 0 x > 1

Bnh phng 2 v ca (1), ta c:
x2 +

x2
+
x 2 1

x 1

t
(2)

2x 2

x2

t=

1225
144

x 1
2x2
1225
=
x 2 1 144
2

(2)

, vi t > 0, ta c

x 2 1
1225
t 2 + 2t
=0
144

(2)

Phng trnh (3) c 2 nghim tri du.

(Chn)
25

t1 = 12

49
t 2 =
12

+ Vi

(Loi)

t1 =

25
12

(4)

12( x 2 1) 25 x 2 1 +12 = 0

x 1, y > 0 .

y=

Ta c

(4) 12 y 25 y + 12 = 0
2

y =

y =

4
3
3
4

Suy ra phng trnh cho c 2 nghim:

5

x = 4

5
X =
3

Vy nghim ca phng trnh l

5 5
S = ;
4 3

21/ 3 ( x + a) 2 + 3 ( x + a) 2 + 3 ( x 2 a 2 ) = 3
t y = x + a, z = x a
Nhn lng lin hip

a2

 y x = 3 a2

y 3 z = 2a

3 y 3 z = 23 a

Lp phng 2 v phng trnh ta c

- yz = a2
x = 0 (th li tho)
Vy phng trnh cho c nghim x = 0
22/ 4 629 x + 4 77 + x = 8
u = 4 629 x

v = 4 77 + x

u + v = 8, u 4 + v 4 = 706

t t = uv
t 2 128t +1695 = 0
t =15

t = 113

Vi t = 15 x = 4
Vi t = 113 x = 548
Th li ta thy tp nghim ca phng trnh l
23/ 1 + 1 x (1 + x ) (1 x ) = 2 + 1 x
iu kin
-1 x 1
t u = 1 + x , v = 1 x , vi u, v > 0
2

S = {4;548

u.v = 1 x 2 , u 2 + v 2 = 2, u 2 v 2 = 2 x

Phng trnh cho tr thnh

u2 + v2
+ u.v(u 3 v 3 ) = 2 + u.v
2
1

(u + v)(u v)(u 2 + uv + v 2 ) = 2 + u.v

2
1

2 x(2 + uv + v 2 ) = 2 + u.v
2
x =

2
2

Th li ta thu tp nghip ca phng trnh cho l

24/

1 1 x 1+ 1 x
x <1
iu kin x 0

4 3
1 x

t t = 1 x , t > 0 v t 1
Phng trnh cho tr thnh:

2
S =

1
1
4 3
+
=
2 3t 2 + t 2 3 = 0
1 t 1+ t
t

3
t =
2

2
t =
(Loi)

Vi
t=

1
1
x=
4
3

Th li ta thy tp nghim ca phng trnh l

2
S =
3

25/ 2 x + 3 + x + 1 = 3x + 2 2 x 2 + 5 x + 3 16
t u = 2 x + 3 + x +1 , vi x -1, u > 0
Phng trnh cho tr thnh
U2 u 20 = 0
(Chn)
u =5

u = 4

Do
2 x + 3 + x +1 = 5

(Loi)

x+2
=5
2x + 3 x + 1

5 2 x + 3 x +1 = x + 2

T (*) v (**)

(*)
(**)

10 x +1 = 23 x

x=3

Vy tp nghim ca phng trnh cho l S = {3}

26/ Tm tt c cc gi tr thc ca tham s phng trnh sau c
nghim:
( x 3)( x +1) + 3( x 3)

x +1
= (a + 2)(a 1)
x 3

Vi iu kin

x 1
x +1
0, x 3 0
x 3
x >3

x +1
, y 0
x 3

y = ( x 3)

Nu x > 3 v y 0 nu x -1
y = ( x 3)( x + 1)

Phng trnh cho

( x 3)( x +1) + 3( x 3)

x +1
= ( a 1)(a + 3)
x 3

Tr thnh y2 + 3y (a 1)(a + 2) = 0
y = a 1

y = a 2

Do

(1)


x 3

x 3

x +1
= a 1
x 3
x +1
= a 2
x 3

Xt phng trnh
x 3

x +1
=y
x 3

(3)

y = 0 x = -1
y>0 x>3
y < 0 x < -1
a/ Xt kh nng y > 0 vi x 3, ta c:
( x 3)( x +1) = y2 x2 2x 3 y2 = 0
Phng trnh (4) c 2 nghim tri du
(Chn)
x = 1 a + y 2 1
1

(Loi)
x = 1+ 4 + y2 > 3

(4)

b/ Xt kh nng y 0 vi x -1
Gii c nghim x1 = 1 a + y 2 (tho)
Do ta c:
Vi y = a 1, ta c
a > 1: Phng trnh (1) c nghim:
x = x 2 = 1 + 4 + (a 1) 2 = 1 + a 2 2a + 5

a 1: Phng trnh (1) c nghim:

Vi y = - a 2 , ta c:
a < -2: Phng trnh (1) c nghim:

x = x1 = 1 a 2 2a + 5

x = x 2 = 1 + 4 + (a 1) 2 = 1 + a 2 + 4a + 8

a -2: Phng trnh (1) c nghim:

Ta suy ra:
Nu a < -2: (1) c 2 nghim l:

x = x1 = 1 a 2 + 4a + 8

x = 1 + a 2 + 4 a + 8 ; x = 1 a 2 2a + 5

Nu a = -2 : (1) c 2 nghim l: x = 1; x =1 13
Nu -2 < a < 1: (1) c 2 nghim l: x =1 a + 4a + 8; x = 1 a 2a + 5
Nu a = 1: (1) c 2 nghim l: x =1 13; x = 1
Nu a > 1: (1) c 2 nghim l: x = 1 a + 4a + 8 ; x = 1 + a 2a + 5
Vy phng trnh cho lun lun c nghim a R

28/

(5 x + 2) 3

16
5

(5 x + 2) 3

=6

Vi iu kin 5x + 2 0
x

5
2

t y = 5

(5 x + 2) 3

Phng trnh cho

5

(5 x + 2) 3

16
5

=6

(5 x + 2) 3

(1)

Tr thnh
y

16
=6
y

y 2 6 y 16 = 0
y = 2

y =8

Do ta c:
5 (5 x + 2) 3 = 2
5
5x + 2 = 8

5 x + 2 = 23 4

5 x + 2 = 32

2(3 4 + 1)
x
=

x =6

Vy phng trnh cho c 2 nghim l:

2(3 4 + 1)
x
=

x =6

33/ 5 (5 x + 2) 3 = 2( x 2 + 2)
iu kin: 1 + x3 0

(1)

(1 + x )( x 2 x + 1) 0

x nn iu kin tng ng vi x + 1 0.
M x2 x + 1 > 0,
t u = x +1, v = x x +1, u 0, v 0 .
Phng trnh (1) tr thnh 5uv 2(u2 + v2)
2

u
u
2 5 + 2 = 0
v
v
u
=2
v
u 1
=
v 2
u
Vi v = 2 , phng
u 1
Vi v = 2 th

trnh (1) v nghim

x 2 x +1 = 2 x +1
x > 1

2
x 5 x 3 = 0

5 37
x =

1
2

x = 5 + 37
2

Vy tp nghim ca phng trnh cho l

5 37 5 + 37
S =
;

2
2

* Nhng bi ton dng trn c gii bng phng php a v n ph.

Nhng cng l bin i phng trnh phc tp thnh n gin.
m rng phng trnh trn ta xt thm phn m rng ca phng php
t n ph.
a v h phng trnh:
34/ x 3 x 2 1 + x 3 x 2 + 2 = 3
Vi iu kin:

(1)

x3 x2 1 0 x3 x2 + 2 > 0
u = x 3 x 2 1

t
Vi v > u 0
3
2

v = x x + 2

Phng trnh (1) tr thnh u + v = 0

Ta c h phng trnh
u+v =3
2
2
v u = 3

u + v = 3
u+v =3
u = 1

v = 2
v u = 1
(v + u )(v u ) = 3

x3 + x2 1 = 1
3
2

x +x +2 =2
x3 + x2 1 = 1
3
2
x + x + 2 = 4
x3 + x 2 2 = 0
( x 1)( x 2 + 2 x + 2) = 0
x = 1(dox 2 + 2 x + 2 > 0)

Vy phng trnh cho c tp nghim l S = {1}

35/

1 x2 = x
3

iu kin:
1 x 2 0
1 x 1

0 x0

x0
x0

Vu iu kin (*),t

u=

(*)

v=

2
x,
3

vi u 0,

2
3

Ta c:
1 x2 = 1 u 4
2

2 x = v 2

Do d ta c h
2

u+v=
u+v=
3

3
4
1 u = v 2
u 4 + v 4 = 1

2
2

u+v=
u+v=

3
3
2
2
2
2
2
u + v 2u .v = 1 ( u + v ) 2 2u.v 2 = 1

u+v=
u
+
v
=

3
3

2
16
65
4

2
2
2u.v 2u 2 .v 2 = 1 2u .v u.v
=0
9
9
81

2
u + v = 3

u.v = 8 194

18

2

u + v =
5

8 + 194

u.v = 18

u v v l nghim ca phng trnh

2 2
8 194
= 0( a )
y y +
3
18

y 2 2 y + 8 + 194 = 0(b)

3
18

(b) v nghim
(a) c 2 nghim
1

y1 =

97
3
1+
2
; y2 =
2

Do :
u1 = y1 u 2 = y 2

v1 = y 2 v 2 = y1

97
3
2
3

V u 0 nn ta chn
1+
x=

1 +

x =

1+
u = y2 =

97
3
2
3

97
3
2
3
2

97
3
2
3

Vy phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht

36/ 4 18 + 5 x + 4 64 5 x = 4
Vi iu kin

18

18 + 5 x 0 x 5
18
64

64
5
5
64 5 x 0 x

t u = 4 18 + 5 x , v = 4 64 5 x , vi u 0, v 0
Suy ra

u 4 = 18 + 5 x
4
v = 64 5 x

Phng trnh cho tng ng vi h:

u+v= 4
4 4
u + v = 82
v 0, v 0

u+v= 4

2 2 2
2
u + v 2(uv) = 82

v 0, v 0

t A = u + v v P = u.v, ta c:
S =4

2
2
2
( S 2 P ) 2 P = 82

P 0, S 0

S =4
S =4

p 32 P + 87 = 0 P = 3 P = 29

P0
P0

(1) Vi S = 4, P = 3
u v v l nghim ca phng trnh:
y =1
y2 4y + 3 = 0
y = 3
u = 1 u = 3
Do ta c: v = 3 v = 1

1
x = 1 +
9

(*)

97
3

 4 18 + 5x = 1 4 18 + 5x = 3
Suy ra
4 4
64 5x = 3 64 5x = 1
18 + 5x = 1 18 + 5x = 81

64 5x = 81 64 5x = 1
x=

17
63
x=
5
5

tho (*)
(2) Vi S = 4, P = 29 khng tn ti u v v
Vy phng trnh cho c 2 nghim l
17

x1 = 5

63
x2 =
5

37/ 5 a + x + 5 a x = 5 2a
t u = 5 a + x v v = 5 a x , phng trnh cho tng ng vi h
u + v = 5 2a
5
(*)
5
u + v = 2a
Ta c: u 5 + v 5 = (u + v)(u 4 u 3 .v + u 2 .v 2 u.v 3 + v 4

= (u + v) u 4 + v 4 u.v(u 2 + v 2 ) + u 2 .v 2

{[

= (u + v) (u 2 + v 2 ) 2u.v 2u 2 .v 2 u.v(u 2 + v 2 ) + 2u 2 .v 2 + u 2 .v 2

S=u+v
P = u.v

Ta c: u 5 + v 5 = S ( S 2 2 P ) PS 2 + P 2
Do ta c: (*)
2

S = 5 2a

4
2
2
S ( S 5 PS + 5 P ) = 2a

S = 5 2a
S = 5 2a
5

2
3
3
3
S 5 PS + 5 PS = 2a
5 P S 5 PS = 0
S = 5 2a

2
P = 0 P = S

(1) Vi S = 5 2a , P = 0
u + v = 5 2a
u=0 v=0
5
5
Ta c
v = 2a u = 2 a
u.v = 0

 5 a+ x = 0 5 a+ x = 0
Do d ta c:
5 5 5 5 x = a x = a
a x = 2a a + x = 2a
(2) Vi S = 5 2a , P = S 2

Ta c S 2 4 P = S 2 4S 2 < 0. v nghim
Vy phng trnh cho c 2 nghim l
x1 = a

x2 = a

38/
t

2x +

x +1 +1 + 2 x x +1 = 2 x +1 +1

u=

2x +

x +1 +1

v=

2 x x +1

Ta c h:
u + v = 2 x +1 + 1
2
2
u v = 2 x + 1 +1

u, v 0

u = x + 1 + 1

v = x +1
x =3

Th li ta thy x = 3 l nghim ca phng trnh

39/ x 3 + x 2 1 + x 3 + x 2 + 2 = 3

t u = x3 + x2
u 1 + u + 2 = 3

u + 2 + u 1 = 1
u +2 = 2 u = 2

Do d x3 + x2 2 = 0
x =1

Th li ta thy x = 1 l nghim ca phng trnh cho.

40/ x 2 + x + 5 = 5
x + 5 = 5 x2
(1)
iu kin 5 < x < 5
t t = x + 5 , t > 0 t = x + 5
2

x 2 + t = 5
2
t = x + 5
2
2
x t = ( x + t ) ( x + t )( x t + 1) = 0

Ta c h:

a. Nu x + 1 = 0

 x2 x 5 = 0

1 + 21
x =
2

x = 1 21

loi

tho
b. Nu x t + 1 = 0
x2 + x 4 = 0

1 + 17
x =
2

x = 1 17

Vy nghim ca phng trnh l

tho

1 21
x=
2
loi

x = 1 + 17

41/ 4 x + 8 4 x 8 = 2
t u = 4 x + 8 , v = 4 x 8 vi u > v 0
Vi iu kin
x + 8 0
x 8

x8

x8
x 8 0

(*)

u 4 = x + 8, v 4 = x 8

Phng trnh cho 4

Tng ng vi h

x +8 4 x 8 = 2

(1)

u v = 2
4
4
u + v = 16
u >v0

u =v+2
u =v+2

2
2
(u v )(u + v )(u + v ) = 16 2(2v + 2)(2v 2 + 4v + 4) = 0

u >v0
u >v0

u =v+2
u =v+2

3
2
2
u + 3v + 4v + 2 = 2 v(v + 3v + 4) = 0

u >v0
u >v0

u = v + 2

4 x + 8 = 2
x + 8 = 16

u = 2
v=0
4

x =8

x 8 = 0
x 8 = 0
u > v 0
v = 0

1
1
=2
42/ 2 +
2 x2

iu kin 2 x > 0, x 0 5
t y = 2 x , y > 0 . Ta c:
2

2 < x < 2, x 0

1 1
x + y = 2( 2)

(1) x 2 + y 2 = 2(3)

y >0

(*)

T (*) 2 x 2 y 2 xy 1 = 0
xy = 1

1
xy
=

a. Xt xy = 1 so y > 0 nn x > 0
Ta c: (2) x + y = 2
Ta c xy = 1 v x + y = 2 nn x, y l nghim ca phng trnh x2 2x + 1 =
0 x =1
b. Xt xy = -

1
2

. Tng t ta c x =

Vy phng trnh c tp nghim l

3 +1
2

3 +1
S = 1;

III. PHNG PHP A V H PHNG TRNH

1 t n ph a v h thng thng
t u = ( x ) , v = ( x ) v tm mi quan h gia ( x ) v ( x ) t tm
c h theo u,v

3
3
3
3
Bi 1. Gii phng trnh: x 35 x x + 35 x = 30

t y = 3 35 x3 x3 + y 3 = 35
xy ( x + y ) = 30
Khi phng trnh chuyn v h phng trnh sau: 3
, gii h ny ta
3
x + y = 35
tm c ( x; y ) = (2;3) ( x; y ) = (3;2) . Tc l nghim ca phng trnh l x {2;3}
1
2 1 x + 4 x = 4
Bi 2. Gii phng trnh:
2
iu kin: 0 x 2 1
2 1 x = u
0u
2 1,0 v 4 2 1
t
4 x = v
1

u = 4 v
1

2
u + v = 4

Ta a v h phng trnh sau:

2
u 2 + v 4 = 2 1 1 v + v 4 = 2 1

4 2

Gii phng trnh th 2: (v + 1) v + 4 = 0 , t tm ra v ri thay vo tm

2

nghim ca phng trnh.

Bi 3. Gii phng trnh sau: x + 5 + x 1 = 6
iu kin: x 1
2

t a = x 1, b = 5 + x 1(a 0, b 0) th ta a v h phng trnh sau:

a 2 + b = 5
(a + b)(a b + 1) = 0 a b + 1 = 0 a = b 1
2
b a = 5
Vy

x 1 + 1 = 5 + x 1 x 1 = 5 x x =

Bi 4. Gii phng trnh:

6 2x 6 + 2x 8
+
=
5 x
5+ x 3

Gii
iu kin: 5 < x < 5
t u = 5 x , v = 5 y 0 < u , v < 10 .

11 17
2

(u + v) 2 = 10 + 2uv
u 2 + v 2 = 10

Khi ta c h phng trnh: 4 4

2 4
8

+ 2(u + z ) =
(u + v) 1 =
3
u v
uv 3

2 Xy dng phng trnh v t t h i xng loi II

Ta hy i tm ngun gc ca nhng bi ton gii phng trnh bng cch a
v h i xng loi II
( x + 1) 2 = y + 2 (1)
Ta xt mt h phng trnh i xng loi II sau :
vic
2
( y + 1) = x + 2 (2)
gii h ny th n gin
By gi ta s bin h thnh phng trnh bng cch t y = f ( x ) sao cho (2)
lun ng , y = x + 2 1 , khi ta c phng trnh :

( x + 1)

= ( x + 2 1) + 1 x 2 + 2 x = x + 2

Vy gii phng trnh : x 2 + 2 x = x + 2 ta t li nh trn v a v h

( x + ) 2 = ay + b
Bng cch tng t xt h tng qut dng bc 2 :
, ta s xy
2

y
+

=
ax
+
b
)
(
dng c phng trnh dng sau : t y + = ax + b , khi ta c phng
a

2
ax + b + b
trnh : ( x + ) =

n
Tng t cho bc cao hn : ( x + ) = n ax + b + b

Tm li phng trnh thng cho di dng khai trin ta phi vit v dng:
n
( x + ) = p n a ' x + b ' + v t y + = n ax + b a v h , ch y v du
ca
Vic chn ; thng thng chng ta ch cn vit di dng
n
( x + ) = p n a ' x + b ' + l chn c.

Bi 1. Gii phng trnh: x 2 2 x = 2 2 x 1

1
2
Ta c phng trnh c vit li l: ( x 1) 2 1 = 2 2 x 1
iu kin: x

x 2 2 x = 2( y 1)
t y 1 = 2 x 1 th ta a v h sau: 2
y 2 y = 2( x 1)
Tr hai v ca phng trnh ta c ( x y )( x + y ) = 0
Gii ra ta tm c nghim ca phng trnh l: x = 2 + 2