LL

W
K

???
K?

W
K

LL

An Introduction

W



[ W]

K
W
-

LL

LL

-
Experimental Measurements Error

WPercent Error

Wthe true value-

the accepted

K ( A ) value
Wthe absolute difference-

experimental ( E )
W
EA

--

EA

LL

Wthe fractional error-

W ( A )

EA
=
A

percent error
W

%100

EA
=
A

ExampleE-F

( d = 5.25 cm )
K K ( c = 16.38 cm )
K (

= 3.14 )

Wsolution
K r 2r = d = 5.25 cm W

c = 16.38 cm W

W
c = 2r = d
16.38 cm = 5.25 cm
16.38 cm
=
= 3.12
5.25 cm

W
EA
=
A
3.12 3.14
0.02
%0.6 = %100
= %100
=
3.14
3.14
%100

--

LL

uncertinity??

KK

Waverage value-

K K

average or mean value

W
x=

x1 + x2 + x3 + ... + xN
1
=
N
N

x
i =1

K ( xN ) ( x1 ) ( )

ExampleE-F

g1 = 9.92 m / s 2
g 2 = 9.78 m / s 2
g3 = 9.88 m / s 2
g4 = 9.79 m / s 2

K
Wsolution
W
x=

x1 + x2 + x3 + ... + xN
N

--

LL

g1 + g 2 + g 3 + g 4
4
( 9.92 + 9.78 + 9.88 + 9.79 ) m / s 2
=
4
2
= 9.843 m / s

g=

ExampleE-F

W
5.42, 6.18, 5.70, 6.01, 6.32

Wsolution
W E-F
x=

5.42 + 6.18 + 5.70 + 6.01 + 6.32

= 5.93
5

--

LL

The Vernier Calliper

E-F

W
K

E-F


( 0.1 )

K
W
K-
WE-F-

--

LL

E-F

K(3.2)(3.1)-
-

K ( 0.06 cm )

K ( 3.1 + 0.06 = 3.16 cm ) -

K-
K
W

--

LL

Micrometer

E-F

E-F
K ( 0.5 mm ) (50)

W (1)
( 0.5 mm )
K
K 0.01 mm = 0.5

1
W
50

K ( 0.01 mm )
W
W
K-
--

LL

K-

K-

KEF+EF=-
K-

Example

E-F

E-F

W
W
K (7 mm ) -

K (37)-

0.37 = 0.01 37 = -

W-
7 + 0.37 = 7.37 mm

K
W

--

LL

KEF

KEF

K CASIOE11
--

LL

ElnF

MODE

- -

LL

KK
:( )-

5 + 7 W

K ( 12 ) -

: -

K 3
5

MODE

K ( 243 ) -

: -

K9
K

K3-

KK
K

- -

LL

K3-
W -
24

2.6410 -

W -
68

4.219-

WEsin, cos and tanF -

90sin

1-

W
-
90-

EFEFW

W

1-
- -

LL

W
-
90-

WJ

W
15 3 + 61

61

15 ( 3 + 61 )
106

K 960 15
W960

K
W

KKK

KEF
(15)
(4000)
(500)(50)

(23)
(437) (1247)
(486)
(5)
K
- -

LL

W
W

K
W

EFW
K(1905)

- -

LL

W
K??

??
??
K

- -

LL

W
W
W
( A ) ??-
WK ( B )

- -

LL

WEF-
l( m ) EF t 2 ( s 2 ) EFE-FDE-F=

WEF

- -

LL

K =-
W

- -

LL

K ( A ) -
( A ) EF K??

W ( B )

= AVERAGE( A1 : A20 ) / AVERAGE( V 1 : V 20 )

- -

LL

K-

- -

LL

W
W

????-

W??-

- -

LL

W??-

W??-

- -

LL

W -
K
W -
K
W -
K(g)
W -
(m)

KE-F

()

( mg sin ) E F

W ( mg cos )
r
Frob m.g cos = 0
Frob = mg cos( )

WEF

r
F = mg sin

(1)

K(1)

- -

LL

E-F

W(ABC)
x
sin =
L

(2)

W(AC)(L)(BC)(x)W

r
F = ma

EF

(3)

W(1)(3)(2)
x
ma = m g
L

x
a = g
L

simple
r
a = w2 x

(4)

harmonic osscillation

W ( ar )
(5)

K(w)
W (W ) (4)(5)

- -

LL

w2 x = g

w=

x
L

g
L

(6)

( T ) (W )

w=

2
T

(7)

W ( T )
T=

2
w

(8)

W(6)(8)
T = 2

L
g

(9)

W(9)
T 2 = 4 2

L
g

W(g)
g = 4 2

L
T2

EF(10)
W -
KEF-

EFEF -

KEF
- -

LL

(10 cm)(5 cm)F-

KE

KE-F-

L (cm)
45
50
55
60
65
70
80
90

T (s)

T2 (s)2

E-F

(L)(graph)-

( T 2 )
E-F

KK

W(g)(10)-
L
T2
g = 4 2 slope
g = 4 2

- -

LL

W -
K-
K(g)-
K(g)-
K-
W -
K-
K(T)(m)-
-

( = 60 )
K ( )
K
( g = 9.8 m / s 2 ) -

K ( g = 9.92 m / s 2 )
KE-F

- -

LL

- -

LL

W -

W -
K
W -

(k)
r

K ( F ) (x)

W -

K
r

( F ) (m)

r
F = mg

(1)

E-F

E-F
- -

LL

K (g)(m)

W(m)(x)
r
F = kx

(2)

(k)
K(x)(2)
W(2)(1)
mg = -kx

k=

m
g
x

EF (3)

(m)
K(x)
W -
K-
KEF-
(50

gm)
-

K
W -

(100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600 grams)

(600 gram)
-

-
W(4)
x=

x1 + x2
2

(4)

- -

LL

KE-F-

m(gm)

100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600

x1(m)

x2(m)

x +x
x = 1 2 (m)
2

E-F

(x) (m)-

KE-F

-
W ( x ) ( m )
m = m2 m1
x = x2 x1

( slope ) = m
x

W (3)-
m
k =
g = slope 9.8
x

W
- -

LL

g = 9.8 ( m / sec 2 )

(k)
K
W -
(m)(x) -
K
(0.2 m) ( 6 N ) -

K(k)
W -

K-
K(k)(3)-
K(k)-

- -

LL

- -

LL

W -

K
W -

K
W -

K
W -

r

( F ) (m)
r

A ( Fs )

K @
KE-F
r

( F )
K

E-F

- -

LL

W
W ( static frictional

r
force Fs ) -

W ( kinetic frictional
r

r
force Fk ) -

( N ) ( Fs )
W

r
r
r
v
Fs N Fs = s N

(1)

K(coefficient of static friction)(s)

()
KE-F

E-F

W
W
r
W = mg

r
Fs = mg sin

(2)

W
- -

LL

r
r
Fs = s N
r
N = W cos = mg cos
r
Fs = s mg cos

mg sin = s mg cos

W(s)
s =

sin
= tan
cos

W -
K ( s ) W
-
(

(x)(y)

KE-Fabc )

K(x)(y)()-

tan =

y
x

W()-

KE-F-
W ( s ) -
s = tan ( )
No.

y (cm)

x (cm)

1
2
3
4
5
6
E-F
- -

s =

y
= tan ( )
x

LL

W ( s ) -
s =

1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ...n
n

W ( k ) W
K-
-
K
-

K(M)

(100 gm)
-

-
K
KE-F-

r
F = mg

m H

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

E-F
- -

N = mg

LL

( mg ) -

( N = mg )

KE-F ( k )
r
mg F
=
k = slope =
mg N

E-F

W -
-
-
W -
K-
(30) ( 2kg ) -
K(0.2)

- -

LL

- -

LL

W -
K
W -
K
W -
K ( g )
W -
( g )
( s ) (W)(free fall)
W

s = vo t +

1 2
at
2

K ( g ) ( t ) ( v1 )
( vo )
W

s=

1 2
gt
2

(1)

KE-F

- -

LL

E-F

W -
E-F-
K ( 90 cm )
K ( on ) -

K ( t )

K-
-

K ( t )

KE-F-
s (m)

t1 (s)

t2 (s)

t3 (s)

0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40

E-F

- -

t (s)

t2 (s)2

LL

( s ) -
( t 2 )
W

slope =

s
t 2

E-F
K(1) ( g ) -
g=

2s
= 2 slope
t2

W -
-
K-
W -
-

-
K
( 8 m / s 2 ) -
K ( 5 s )

- -

LL

- -

LL

W -
K
W -

KE-F
W -

K
W -

constant accelerationstraight line

( v ) ( x )
W ( t )
x = vo t + ( 1 / 2 ) a t 2

(1)

v = vo + a t

(2)

W
x =0

v = vo

W (2)(1)t = 0W
K ( v = vo ) ( x = 0 )
E-F

(t) elapsed time ( x )

( v ) (1)
K(2) ( t )
- -

LL

E-F

W -

-
glider
K

( m2 )

Kair blower
graph paper tape -
K
glider-

K(off)

( m2 ) -

( m2 ) (60 Hz)spark timer

K(200 gram)
air blower

K
- -

LL

Kaverage velocity

-
W
1 1
=
f 60

t=

( t ) ( y ) ( x ) -

WE-F ( x )
slope = v =

x
t

K
( t ) ( v ) -

W E-F
slope = a =

v
t

K ( a ) (2)
KE-F

spot No.

(cm)
distance (x)

1
2
3
4
5
E-F

- -

(s)
time (t)

LL

KE-F

spot No.

(cm/s)
average velocity

(s)
time (t)

1
2
3
4
5
E-F

W -

K-
K(SI)-
W -
W-

x = 8 + 3t 2 + 4t 3

K ( t ) ( x )
K-W
K-

- -

LL

- -

LL

- -

LL

W -
K
W -
K
W -
Kspecific weight
W -

K
( o ) ( A ) ( L )

WE-FK ( h )
r
Fup = p A = o g( h + L ) A

(1)

K ( g ) ( p )
r

W ( Fdown )

r
Fdown = o ghA

(2)

r r
r
F = Fup Fdown = o g L A = mo g

(3)

mo = o L A = o V

(4)

(V ) E-F
K (V
- -

= LA )

LL

E-F

W -
K (W1 ) -
K (W2 ) -
r

W ( F ) -
r
F = W1 W2

Wspecific weight-

W
s.w =

W1
W1 W2

K-
KE-F-

- -

No.

( W1 ) gm

( W2 ) gm

LL

( W1 W2 ) gm

s.w =

W1
( W1 W2 )

1
2
3
4
5
E-F

W -
K-
-
W -
K-
( 51 gm ) -
K ( 1 gm / cm3 ) (75 cm3 )

- -

LL

W -
K
W -
K
W -
K
W -

fluid

K
E FE
W

W
dy ne / cm = erge / cm2

capillary tubes
K
capillary tubes

( h )

( F ) ( FW )
W
FW = F

- -

LL

( FW ) pressure (p)

( A )
W ( h )

p=

FW
= hg
A

FW = A h g = r 2 h g

(1)

W
K ( A ) W ( r )
( ) W ( )

F = 2 r cos

(2)

( ) ( 2 r )
KE-F

E-F

W(2)(1)
r 2 h g = 2 r cos

hr g
2 cos

(3)

W ( )
=

J J

hr g
2

LL

W -
-

Kradius

EF-
K
K ( h ) -
KEF-
KE-F-
no.

2r (m)

r (m)

1 1
(m )
r

h (m)

1
2
3
4
5
6
E-F

( m1 ) ( 1 / r ) -
( m ) ( h )

KE-F ( h . r )

( ) (3)-

cos 1

W ( )
=

g
hr g
= slope
2
2
J J

LL

W ( )
= 1000 kg / m3

W ( g )
g = 9 .8 ( m / s 2 )

W -
K-
( 12 mm ) -
( = 0 ) ( 400 kg / m3 ) ( 0.35 mm )
K
W -
K-
-

( 400 kg / m3 ) ( 0.9 mm ) ( 12 mm )
K ( = 0 )

J J

LL

J J

LL

W -
K
W -

W -
K
W -

W
K-
K-
K-

EF

KE-F

- -

LL

E-F

WE-F
Stocks

lawviscous retarding force ( F1 ) -

(v)()(r)
W

buoyant

F1 = 6 r v

force (upwardforce) ( F2 )
-

WE-F

4
F2 = r 3 L g
3

( F3 ) sphere weight-
W

F3 =

4 3
r S g
3

W
Kfluid densityW L
Ksphere densityW S
Kgravitational accelerationWg
Kviscosity coefficientW
- -

LL

W
K ( F3 ) Z ( F2 ) H ( F1 )

r
r
r
F1 + F2 = F3
4
4
6 r v + r 3 L g = r 3 S g
3
3

W()
=

2 r2
g( S L )
9 v

Wviscosity coefficient ()
K(1 cm/s)(1 cm)
WviscosityJ
K
W -
E-F(B)(A)-

KE-F-
K(B)(A)-
W(v)-

v=

d
t

K(B)(A)(d)
K(d)(t)
- -

LL

KEF-
KE-F-
(v) ( cm2 ) ( r 2 ) -
( cm / s )

WE-F

(d) cm

(2r) cm

( slope ) =

r 2
v

(r) cm

( r 2 ) cm 2

(t) sec

d
v = ( cm / s )
t

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
E-F

K(d)W
W()-
=

2 r2
g ( S L )
9 v

W
g = 980 ( cm / s 2 )

S = 7.8 ( gm / cm3 )

L = 1.22 ( gm / cm3 )

- -

LL

W -
K-
K-
K-
W -
K-
( 1.2 kg / m3 ) ( 0.25 cm ) -

K ( 89 gm / cm3 ) (8.3 p)EF

KEF
- -

LL

- -

LL

W -

W -
K
W -

W -

conductor(V)
(I)
VI

W(I)(V)

V = cons tan t I
V = R I R( ohm ) =

V ( volt )
I ( amper )

(R)
()

K
W -

WE-F-

- -

LL

E-F

rheostat-

(V) (A)
K
KEF-
KE-F-
V (volt)

I (amp)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
E-F

- -

R=

V
( )
I

LL

(V ) ---

( I )

KE-F

K ( R ) (slope)-

R ( slope ) =

V
I

W -
W-

K-
( 110 volt ) ( 15 ) -

-
K
W -
( 20 volt ) ( 100 mA ) -
K
K-
( R1 , R2 , R3 ) -

( R )
K

- -

LL

- -

LL

W -
Wheaston

W -

K
W-
K
W-
unknown resisitance

KE-FWheatston bridge

E-F

( A, B ) ( 100 cm )

( R1 , R2 )
KE-F

( R1 , R2 )

(B)(A)
- -

LL

( C ) ( D ) ( C ) ( G )

K ( D ) ( R1 , R2 )

( C )

W ( D )

VC = V D

W VAC Z VAD
R1 I 2 = L1 I 1

(1)

W VBC Z V BD
R 2 I 2 = L2 I 1

(2)

W (2)(1)
R1 L1
=
R 2 L2

(3)

K??
W -
K ( R1 ) E-F-

E-F

- -

LL

W ( L1 ) ( L2 ) ( R2 ) -

L1 = 100 L2

K ( 100 cm )
E F ( R1 ) -

W ( R2 )

R2 = R1

L2
L1

EF

(4)

( R1 ) -

K ( R2 )

K-
KE-F-
W-

R2 =

R2 + R2 + R2
3

( R ) ( R2 ) ( R2 )
K ( R2 )
No

R1 ( )

L1 ( cm )

1
2
3
E-F

R2 =

R2 + R2 + R2
3

- -

L2 ( cm )

R2 = R1

L2

L1

LL

W -
-
K(SI)??-
( 10 ) -
( L1 = 45 cm )
-
E-F
K
W -
( 100 ) ( 100 cm ) -
K ( 5 mm )
-
K

- -

LL

W -
K
W -
K
W-
(V2 ) (V1 )

K N1
N2

W-
primary

coil

(V1 ) ( N1 )

(V2 ) ( N2 ) secondary coil

K(mica)
potentialtransformers

WK
alternative electromotive force ( emf1 )

alternative magnetic flux

K ( e.m. f2 ) ( e.m. f1 )
() changing magnetic flux
(B)

magnetic field

=NBA

(1)

W
- -

LL

1 = N1 B A

W
2 = N2 B A

( e.m. f 1 ) 1 N 1 B A N 1
=
=
=
( e.m. f 2 ) 2 N 2 B A N 2

W (V2 ) (V1 )
V1 N1
=
V2 N 2

EF

(2)

W
V1 N 2 = V2 N1

W
N 2 N1

K(1:2)
W
N1 N 2

(2:1)
K(1:1)

W -
KE-F-

J J

LL

E-F

(V1 ) -
KE-F
No.

V1 volt
V2 volt
V1
V2

E-F

-
K
( y ) (V1 ) -

E-F ( x ) (V2 )
W

slope =

J J

V1
V 2

LL

E-F

( N1 / N 2 ) -

KEF

-
K
W -
K-
(1000)(500)-
(115 V)

W -
-

K ( N 2 ) ( N1 ) EF
J J

LL

(1000)(500)-

(220)

J J

LL

J J

LL

W -
K
W -
K
W-
K
W -

K ( T ) ( m )
W ( Q )

Q m T
Q = c m T

(1)

( c )

W (1)
c=

Q Cal
mT gm C

W
K

W

K
( m1 )
EF ( c1 )
- -

LL

( T1 ) ( m2 ) K

( m3 ) ( c2 )

( T3 ) ( T2 )
K
W
Z
m3 c3 ( T2 T3 ) = m1 c1 ( T3 T1 ) + m2 c2 ( T3 T1 )

W
W

m3 c3 ( T2 T3 ) -

m1 c1 ( T3 T1 ) -

m2 c2 ( T3 T1 ) -

W
c3 =

( m1 c1 + m 2 c 2 )( T3 T1 )
m 3 ( T2 T3 )

EF
W -

K ( m1 ) -
K ( m2 ) -
K ( T1 ) -
K ( m3 ) -
- ( 90 C ) -
-

K ( T2 = 90 C )

- -

LL

K ( T3 )

KE-F-
W(3)-

c3 =

( m1 c1 + m 2 c 2 )( T3 T1 )
m 3 ( T2 T3 )

c1 = 0.093

Cal
Wc1
gm C

c2 = 1

Cal
Wc2
gm C

value

sumbol

quantity

( ) gm

m1

( ) gm

m2

( ) C

T1

( ) gm

m3

( ) C

T2

( ) C

T3

E-F

W -
KK(SI)-
( 25 C ) ( 150 gm ) -
K ( 1000 cal ) ( 60 C )

- -

LL

K ( 25 C )
W -
K-

( 90 C ) ( 20 gm ) -

K ( 1 cal / gm C ) ( 60 C )

- -

LL

W -
K
W -
K
W -
K ( L )
W -
transformation

( L ) ? ?

( m1 )
( T2 ) ( T1 ) ( m2 )

( T3 ) ( m3 )
W
Z
W
( m1 c1 + m2 c2 ) ( T2 T3 ) = m3 T3 + m3 L

L=

( m1 c1 + m2 c2 )( T2 T3 ) m3 T3
m3

W
- -

c1 = 0.093

LL

cal
gm C

W
c2 = 1

cal
gm C

W -
K ( m1 ) gm -
K-
K ( m2 ) gm -
K ( T1 C ) -
K ( T1 + 10 ) C ( T2

C ) -

(T3 C)-

K ( T1 10 ) C

( m3 ) -
K
(L) latent heatE-F -
W
L=

( m1 c1 + m2 c2 )( T2 T3 ) m3 T3
m3

- -

the value

LL

the symbol

the quantity

m1 gm

m gm

m2 gm

T1 C

T2 C

T3 C

m3 gm

E-F

L=

( m1 c1 + m2 c2 )( T2 T3 ) m3 T3
m3

EF
W -

K -
( 100 gm ) ( 100 C ) -

K ( 80 Cal / gm ) ( 0.718 Cal / gm C )

W -
(SI)K -

-
K

- -

LL

AppendixEF
Physical Constants

273.15 C

(0 )K

9.801 m / s 2

acceleration due to
gravity at sea level
(Washington d. c.)

6.022 10 23 particles / mole

NO

Avogadros number

1.6022 10 19 C

charge of an electron

8.988 10 9 N .m 2 / kg 2

constant in Coulombs

6.673 10 11 N .m 2 / kg 2

gravitational constant

9.109 10 31 kg

me

mass of an electron

1.673 10 27 kg

mp

mass of a proton

Plancks constant

2.99792458 10 8 m / s ( exact )

speed of light in a vacuum

1.67492 10 27 kg

mn

mass of neutron

8.85 10 12 F / m

permittivity of space

4 10 7 T .m / A

permeability constant

6.626 10 34 J / Hz
4.136 10 15 eV . s

absolute zero temperature

Conversion Factors
1.661 10 27 kg = 931.5 MeV / c 2

atomic mass unit

1.602 10 19 J

electronvolt

1 N .m

Joule

1 V .C

Joule

6.242 1018 ( elementary ch arg e units )

coulomb

- -

LL

AppendixEF

W
-

T = 2

L
g

K-
K ( m / s 2 ) W ( g ) -
W-
T = 2

L
g

1 = 2 3.14
L=

L
9 .8

9 .8
= 0.29 ( m )
39.4384

W
K-
-
W
T = 2

- -

L
g

LL

K
W-
9.96 9.8
9.8

100% = 1.6%

W
W ( m ) ( x ) -
r
F = k x = m a
m
x=
a
k
xm

m
k = g
x
( 2 kg )( 9.8 m / s 2 )
k=
= 98 ( kg . s 2 )
( 0 .2 m )

W
-

K
KW
F = k x

- -

LL

W ( k ) -
m
k = g
s
kg m
/
. 2 = ( kg . s 2 )
m
s
/

K-

W
-

W ( k ) -
Fk = k . N

k =

Fk
N

K
( Fs )
( s )
-
K
s =

Fs
N

W-
K -

( N ) -
K
- -

LL

( s ) ( k ) ( s )

K ( k )
W
EF-

K
-

k =

Fk
N

Fk = k N = k mg cos ( 30 )
= ( 0.2 kg )( 9.8 m / s 2 )( 0.87 )
= 3.41 N

W
-

-
K
W
-

-
W
- -

LL

2y
g

t=

K ( g ) ( y )
-

x = vo t +
=0+

1 2
at
2

1
8 ( 5 )2 = 100 meter
2

W
W-
v = vo + a t
1 2
at
2
v2 = vo2 + 2a x
x = vo t +

W v
W vo
W a
W t
W x
-

EF v =
a=

L (m)
= ( m . s 1 )
T (s)

v (m)
T s
- -

1
= ( m .s 2 )
(s)

LL

W
x = 8 + 3t 2 + 4 t3
dx
v=
= 6 t + 12 t 2
dt

v = 6 2 + 12 ( 2 )2 = 12 + 12 4
= 12 + 48 = 60 ( m . s 1 )
dv
= 6 + 24 t
dt
a = 6 + 24 2 = 6 + 48
a=

= 54 ( m . s 2 )

W
K-
K-
W
-

K
-

m = 51 gm
V = 75 cm 3

= 1 gm / cm3

EF =

m
( 51 gm )
=
= 0.68 ( gm / cm3 )
3
V
( 75 cm )

EF s . w =

- -

0.68
=
= 0.68
1

LL

W
-

K
-

h = 12 ( mm ) = 12 10 3 ( m )
r = 0.35 mm = 0.35 10 3 ( m )

= 400 ( kg / m3 )
= 0 cos 0 = 1
=

hrg
( 12 10 3 )( 0.35 10 3 )( 9.8 400 )
=
2
(2)
= 8.23 10 3 ( N .m 1 )

W
W-
=

F
L
-

h = 12 mm = 12 10 3 ( m )
0 .9
= 0.45 mm = 0.45 10 3 ( m )
2

2r = 0.9 mm r =

= 400 ( kg / m 3 )
= 0 cos 0 = 1
hr g
( 12 10 3 )( 0.45 10 3 )( 400 9.8 )
=
=
2
(2)
= 0.01( N .m 1 )

- -

LL

W
K-
W-
2 r2
g
9 v
m 2 m kg
=

m s 2 m3
s
kg
=
m .s

N .s
m2

-
K
W
-

K
-
r = 0.25 ( cm )

L = 1.2 ( kg / m3 )
= 8 .3 p
s = 89 ( gm / cm3 )

- -

LL

2 r2
g ( s L )
9 v

8 .3 =

2 0.25 10 2
9
v

89 10 3
9.8
6
10
89 10 3
9 .8
10 6

6.25 10 6
v
1199.275 10 3
8 .3 =
v
1199.275 10 3
v=
= 144.5 10 3 ( m . s 1 )
8 .3
= 0.22

W
-

EF

EF

( V )

( I )

EF

( R )

(V ) W -

K ( I )

VI
V = RI

R=

V
( )
I

( R ) EF

-
R = 15
,
V = 110 V
V
15
I=
=
= 0.14 A
R
110

- -

LL

W
-
I = 100 ( mA ) = 100 10 3 = 0.1 A
V = 20 V
V
20
R=
=
= 200
I
0 .1

Req = R1 + R2 + R3 W-

1
1
1
1
=
+
+
Req
R1
R2
R3

W
W-
( L )

( A )

( T )

( )

RL
R

1
A

- -

R=

LL

L
A
=R
A
L

( 1 m ) ( 1 m 2 ) ( ) -
K ( .m )
-
R1
L
= 1
R2
L2
R2 = R1

L2
( 100 45 )
55
= 10
= 10
L1
45
45
= 12.22

( R1 ) ( R2 ) -
K ( L2 , L1 )
W
-

=R

A
L

A = r 2 = 3.14 5 10 3

= 3.14 25 10 6 = 78.5 10 6 m 2

= ( 100 )

( 78.5 10 6 )
( 100 10 2 )

= 78.5 10 4 .m

- -

LL

W
( N 2 ) -

K ( N1 )

N 2 N1

N 1 N 2 W

-
N1 = 500 Turns
N 2 = 1000 Turns
V1
N
= 1
V2
N2
V2 =

N2
1000
V1 =
115 = 230 V
N1
500

W
W-
K

N 1 = 500 Turns
N 2 = 1000 Turns
V2 = 220 volt
V1
N
= 1
V2
N2
V1 =

N1 V2
500 220
V1 =
= 110 V
N2
1000

- -

LL

W
W -

C=

Q
cal
=
m T
g m C
-

Q
1000
=
= 0.19 ( cal / gm C )
m T
150 ( 60 25 )
Q = C m T = 0.19 150 ( 35 )

C=

= 997.5 cal

W
K-
-

Q
m T
a = C m T

C=

= 1 20 ( 30 ) = 600 cal

( 60 C ) ( 600 cal )
K

- -

LL

W
W-

K
-

Qice = L mice = ( 80 cal / gm )( 100 gm )

QAl = mAl C T = mAl ( 0.7718 cal / gm C )( 100 C )
Qice = QAe
8000 cal = mAl 71.8 ( cal / gm )
m Al =

8000 cal
= 111.5 gm
71.8 ( cal / gm )

K ( 100 C ) ( 111.5 gm )
W
W-

K ( cal / gm ) W

( 80 K cal ) ( 0 C )
W
=

- -

LL

The References

WThe Arabic References

??

KK
??

??

??

KKKK
KK
K

?EF?

?EF?

K-KK

KK
?EF?

- K K

K
??

??

K-KK

KK
- -

LL

WThe English References

1-

"Physics Laboratory Experiments"

Jerry D. Wilson - Houghton Mifflin company, Boston New York, 1998.

2-

"Physics Iaboratory experiments"

Philip Dilavore - Stipes, IL 1995.

3-

"Practical physics (SI)"

E. Armitage - Cox & Wyman Ltd. 1972

4-

"A Text - Book of Heat"

G. R. Noakes - Macmillan & Co Ltd. 1965

5-

"Fundamentals of physics"
Halliday. Resniek. Walke -. John Willey & sons. 1997.

- -

LL

Contents

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K K K K K K K K K K K K
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K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
K K K K

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

W
W

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K