Oracle Database 12c

(New Features)


Riaz Ahmad
21
st
-November-2013 1
Agenda Items
2
History of Oracle
An introduction to
Traditional, Grid & Cloud Computing
Oracle Database 12c New Features
Summary
References
Q&A Session
History of Oracle
3
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Corporation
http://www.dba-oracle.com/t_history_oracle.htm
Project Oracle 1977
Larry Ellison, Bob Miner, Ed Oates and Bruce Scott
Client C.I.A
Company was dubbed "Systems Development Labs", or SDL
1978 SDL was renamed Relational Software Inc (RSI)
Oracle 2 1979
Built using PDP-11 assembler language
Customers USA Air Force & CIA
In1982 RSI renamed Oracle Systems Corporation
Oracle 3 1983
Built using C language
Could run in mainframes, minicomputers, and PCs or any hardware
with a C compiler
History of Oracle
4
Oracle 4 1984
Support for reading consistency
Export/import utilities
Report Writer
Oracle 5 1985
Network connectivity
Clustering technology
Security features like auditing
Distributed queries
SQL*Plus, a tool that offers ad hoc data access and report writing
SQL*Forms, an application generator and runtime system
Oracle 6 1988
PL/SQL language
Hot backup capability
Row level locking
Oracle Parallel Server was introduced in Oracle version 6.2
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Corporation
http://www.dba-oracle.com/t_history_oracle.htm
History of Oracle
5
Oracle 7 1992
Security, administration, development, and performance
Stored procedures, triggers, Roles
Read-only table spaces
Dynamic SQL
Support for declarative referential integrity
All kinds of data types; including video, color images, sounds and spatial data.
Oracle 8 1997
Java
HTML
OLTP and support for terabytes of data
Oracle 8i 1998
the i stands for internet
XML SUPPORT
Temporary Tables (Session and Transaction level)
FBI (Function Based Indexes)
Analytic Functions
SKIP LOCKED Clause
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Corporation
http://www.dba-oracle.com/t_history_oracle.htm
History of Oracle
6
Oracle 9i 2001
Explicitly Named Indexes On Keys
MERGE Statement
External Tables
Multi-table Inserts
Table compression that reduced the size of tables by 3 to 10 times
Oracle 10g 2003
the g stands for grid,
Grid Computing technology (share hardware resources)
1
st
Oracle version to support 64-bit on Linux
Oracle 11g 2007
Administrative features
Case sensitive passwords
Online Patching
Oracle Database Replay
Virtual Column Partitioning
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Corporation
http://www.dba-oracle.com/t_history_oracle.htm
History of Oracle
7
Audit Vault
Database Vault
Grid Computing
Self Managing Database
XML Database
Oracle Data Guard
Real Application Clusters
Flashback Query
Virtual Private Database
Built in Java VM
Partitioning Support
Built in Messaging
Object Relational Support
Multimedia Support
Data Warehousing Optimizations
Parallel Operations
Distributed SQL & Transaction Support
Cluster and MPP Support
Multi-version Read Consistency
Client/Server Support
Platform Portability
Commercial SQL Implementation
1977
2012
36 years of
sustained
innovation
Traditional Computing
Complicated and expensive
Need a whole team of experts to install,
configure, test, run, secure, and update them.
Grid Computing
Where more than one computer coordinates to
solve a problem together.
Grid technologies have evolved in the direction
of service-orientation.
Traditional, Grid & Cloud Computing
8
Cloud Computing
Internet-based computing
Sharing computing
resources rather than having
Local servers or personal
devices to handle the
applications.

Traditional, Grid & Cloud Computing
9
Oracle Database 12c
10
Next-generation database
Organizations embrace the cloud, they seek
technologies that will transform business and
improve their overall operational agility and
effectiveness.
Oracle Database 12c introduces a new
multitenant architecture.
A multitenant container database (CDB)
is an Oracle database that includes zero,
one, or many user-created PDBs (plugable
databases).

Oracle Database 12c
11
Oracle Database 12c
12
Oracle 12c Extended Data Types
13
Feature # 1 : Extended Data Types
Data Type Before Now
VARCHAR2 4,000 Bytes 32,767 Bytes
NVARCHAR2 4,000 Bytes 32,767 Bytes
RAW 2,000 Bytes 32,767 Bytes
Optional feature, controlled using MAX_STRING_SIZE initialization parameter
One-way operation
Oracle 12c Auto-Increments
14
Feature # 2 : Auto-Increments
Columns which will auto increment its values whenever a
new row is added.
MySQL - AUTO_INCREMENT column attribute is used.
MSSQL - IDENTITY column attribute is used.
DB2 - GENERATED ALWAYS AS IDENTITY column attribute.
Teradata - GENERATED ALWAYS AS IDENTITY column
attribute.
Sybase - IDENTITY column attribute is used.
Informix - SERIAL data type is used for auto-increment columns.
Oracle Two alternatives are provided with 12c



Oracle 12c Auto-Increments
15
1. Identity columns
Syntax:
GENERATED [ ALWAYS | BY DEFAULT [ ON NULL ] ]
AS IDENTITY [ ( identity_options ) ]
Example:
CREATE TABLE Test_Tab1 (
id NUMBER GENERATED ALWAYS AS IDENTITY,
description VARCHAR2(30)
);
2. Sequence Pseudo-columns
Syntax:
DEFAULT sequence. NEXTVAL
Example:
CREATE TABLE identity_test_tab (
id NUMBER DEFAULT DbSequence.NEXTVAL,
description VARCHAR2(30)
);


Oracle 12c Auto-Increments
16
Impact on Performance
Trigger-based test performs much worse than the others.
The direct use of a sequence and the 12c identity column give
comparable results, which are typically an order of magnitude faster than
using a trigger to populate the ID column.

Oracle 12c Implicit Statement Results
17
Feature # 3 : Implicit Statement Results

Background:
T-SQL Developer: How do I pass results out of a stored procedure?
Oracle Developer: You use an out parameter.
T-SQL Developer: But I want to return a result set.
Oracle Developer: No problem, make the out parameter a ref cursor and
you're laughing.
T-SQL Developer: So I have to define out parameters for each of the
result sets I want to pass out?
Oracle Developer: Yes.
T-SQL Developer: Oh man! Oracle Sucks!

* Transact-SQL allows implicit returns of results from queries


Oracle 12c Implicit Statement Results
18
Example:
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE get_my_results (p_id IN NUMBER DEFAULT
NULL)
AS
l_cursor_1 SYS_REFCURSOR;
BEGIN
OPEN l_cursor_1 FOR
SELECT description, created_date
FROM t1
WHERE id = p_id;
DBMS_SQL.RETURN_RESULT(l_cursor_1);
END;

SQL> EXEC get_my_results(1);
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
ResultSet #1
DESCRIPTION CREATED_DATE
------------------------------ --------------------
The value 1 06-JUL-2013 21:19:45

1 row selected.
Oracle 12c Default Values
19
Feature # 4 : Default Values
Default Values using Sequences
CREATE <table_name> (
Col1 NUMBER DEFAULT <sequence_name>.NEXTVAL,
description VARCHAR2(30)
);

Default Values on Explicit NULLs
CREATE <table_name> (
Col1 NUMBER DEFAULT <sequence_name>.NEXTVAL,
Col2 NUMBER DEFAULT ON NULL <sequence_name>.NEXTVAL,
description VARCHAR2(30)
);

Oracle 12c Default Values
20
Metadata-Only DEFAULT Values
Prior to Oracle 11g, adding a new column to an existing table
required all rows in that table to be modified to add the new
column.
Oracle 11g introduced the concept of metadata-only default
values. Adding a NOT NULL column with a DEFAULT clause
to an existing table involved just a metadata change, rather
than a change to all the rows in the table
Oracle 12c takes this a step further, allowing metadata-only
default values of both mandatory and optional columns. This
represents both a space saving and performance
improvement.


Oracle 12c Truncate Table CASCADE
21
Feature # 5 : Truncate Table CASCADE
Truncates the records in the master table and
automatically initiates recursive truncate on child
tables too.
Truncation is subject to foreign key reference
as DELETE ON CASCADE.
An ORA-14705 exception will be thrown if no ON
DELETE CASCADE option is defined with the
foreign keys of the child tables.

SQL> TRUNCATE TABLE <table_name> CASCADE;

SQL> TRUNCATE TABLE <table_name> PARTITION <partition_name>
CASCADE;
Oracle 12c ROW limiting for TOP-N
22
Feature # 6 : ROW limiting for TOP-N result
There are various indirect approaches/methods exist to
fetch Top-N query results for top/bottom rows in the
previous releases.
Straight forward in 12c with the new FETCH
FIRST|NEXT|PERCENT clauses.
Requirement # 1. retrieve top 10 salaries from EMP table.
SQL> SELECT eno,ename,sal FROM emp ORDER BY SAL DESC
FETCH FIRST 10 ROWS ONLY;
Requirement # 2. limits the fetch to 10 per cent from the top salaries in
the EMP table.
SQL> SELECT eno,ename,sal FROM emp ORDER BY SAL DESC
FETCH FIRST 10 PERCENT ROWS ONLY;
Oracle 12c Session level Sequences
23
Feature # 7 : Session level Sequences
Most useful and suitable on global temporary tables
that have session level existence.
Generates a unique range of values that are limited
within the session, not across the sessions.
Once the session ends, the state of the session
sequences also goes.
The CACHE, NOCACHE, ORDER or NOORDER claus
es are ignored for SESSION level sequences.
Syntax :

SQL> CREATE SEQUENCE my_seq START WITH 1 INCREMENT BY
1 SESSION;
Oracle 12c Function Optimization in SQL
24
Feature # 8 : Function Optimization in SQL
Function itself can be defined inside the SQL
statement using the WITH clause.
Syntax:

WITH FUNCTION with_function(p_id IN NUMBER)
RETURN NUMBER IS
BEGIN
RETURN p_id;
END;
SELECT with_function(id) FROM t1
WHERE rownum = 1
/
Oracle 12c Function Optimization in SQL
25
Syntax:

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION normal_function(p_id IN NUMBER)
RETURN NUMBER IS
PRAGMA UDF;
BEGIN
RETURN p_id;
END;
/
Use of UDF pragma to the program unit, which tells the
compiler that the function will be used primarily in SQL
statements.

Summary
26
History of Oracle (from Oracle Projects to Oracle 11g)
Discussed about Traditional, Grid & Cloud Computing
Discussed about Oracle Database 12c new features
1. Extended Data types
2. Auto-increment Columns / Identity Columns
3. Implicit Statement Results
4. Defalut Values for Table Columns
Default values using Sequences
Default values On Explicit NULLs
Metadata-Only Default Values
5. Truncate Table Cascade
6. Row limiting for Top-N result queries
7. Session Level Sequences
8. Function Optimization in SQL (With Clause, UDF Pragma)

References
27
Oracle Press Release, Oracle Announces General Availability of
Oracle Database 12c, the First Database Designed for the Cloud,
July 1, 2013, http://www.oracle.com/us/corporate/press/1967380
The History of Oracle, Oracle Tips by Paulo Ferreira Portugal,
April 8, 2009, http://www.dba-oracle.com/t_history_oracle.htm
Oracle Database 12c Release 1: Miscellaneous Articles,
http://www.oracle-base.com/articles/12c/articles-12c.php.
Oracle Database Documentation Library,
http://www.oracle.com/pls/db121/homepage
28