20

Reinforced Concrete Design

Design of Footings 2

Combined Footings

Pile Foundation

Mongkol JIRAVACHARADET

SURANAREE
UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Combined Footings

Centroid of load resultant and footing must coinside

property line

P1

P2

property line

P1

P2

2 footings close

P1 close to property

If 1/2 < P2/P1 < 1

to each other

line and P2 > P1

use trapizoidal footing

property line

If P2/P1 < 1/2, use strap combined footing

Centroid of Combined Footings

P1

P2
n

m
(1) Compute centroid C
qe

n = P1s / ( P1 + P2 ) = P1s / R
(2) Footing area

L=2(m+n)
b = R / ( qe L )

qe = allowable soil pressure

n
L/2

L/2

b2
3(n + m ) L
=
b1 2L 3(n + m )

c2

c1
C

b1

b2

(b1 + b2 ) =
c1 =

L(b1 + 2b2 )
3(b1 + b2 )

c2 =

L(2b1 + b2 )
3(b1 + b2 )

b1 =

2(n + m ) L2
L1(L1 + L2 )

b2 =

R
Lb
1 1
qeL2
L2

b1

b2

n
L1

L2

2R
qeL

L1 b1 + L2 b2 =

R
qe

Reinforcement in Combined Footings

P2

pu
Section A-A

Transverse reinforcement

L
P1

P2

h
pu
Vu

Mu

Transverse Reinforcement
B

P2
Transverse steel
Perimeter of
bottom of
failure surface

45o

45o

b
Section B-B
B

c d/2

c+d

EXAMPLE 12.5: Design of a Combined Footing. Design a rectangular combined

footing to support the two columns. Property lines require that the footing not
extend beyond the face of column A more than 20 cm. The allowable soil pressure
is 20 t/m2. fc = 210 kg/cm2, fy = 4000 kg/cm2, and the unit weight of the soil is s =
2.0 t/m3.
A

1) Locate R of service load:

40cm x 40cm

(75 + 120) x = 120(5)

45cm x 45cm

D = 50 ton
L = 25 ton

x = 3.1 m
D = 80 ton
L = 40 ton

2) Length of footing: Set C.G. under R

C.G. to left = 3.1 + 0.2 + 0.2
= 3.5 m

20 cm

C.G.
5.0 m

1.0 m

Total length = 2 x 3.5 = 7.0 m

3) Width of footing: assume footing depth = 60 cm

Net soil pressure pn = 20 - [0.6(2.4) + 0.4(2.0)] = 17.76 t/m2
Required area = R / pn = (50+25+80+40)/17.76 = 11.0 m2
Width of footing = 11.0 / 7.0 = 1.57 m

USE 1.60 m

4) Shear and moment diagram in longitudinal direction:

Column A: Pu = 1.4(50) + 1.7(25) = 112.5 ton
Column B: Pu = 1.4(80) + 1.7(40) = 180 ton
Factored soil pressure pu = (112.5+180)/(7.0x1.6) = 26.12 t/m2
Factored load per length wu = (112.5+180)/7.0 = 41.79 t/m

112.5 t

180 t

wu = 41.79 t/m
0.4

5.0

1.6
113.2 t

16.7 t

Vu (ton)

2.29 m
-95.8 t

-66.8 t
47.0 t-m

3.34 t-m

-106.4 t-m

Mu (t-m)
err = 6.4 t-m

5) Flexural design: max Mu = 106.4 t-m

Mu
106.4 105
Rn =
=
= 27.3 kg/cm2
2
2
bd
0.9 160 52

0.85fc
2Rn
1

= 0.0074 < max

fy
0.85f

OK

As = 0.0074(160)(52) = 61.6 cm2 USE 10DB28 (As = 61.58 cm2)

for +M = 47.0 t-m and 3.3 t-m USE As,min 10DB20 (As = 31.42 cm2)
6) Check punching shear:
Column A: b0 = 4 (40 + 52) = 368 cm
Vu = 112.5 - (0.92)2(26.12) = 90.4 ton

Vc = 1.06 fc b0 d = 250 ton > Vu

OK

Column B: b0 = 4 (45 + 52) = 388 cm

Vu = 180 - (0.97)2(26.12) = 155.4 ton

Vc = 1.06 fc b0 d = 263 ton > Vu

OK

7) Check beam-shear: max Vu = 113.2 ton

Vc = 0.53

f c b d

= 0.53 0.85 210 160 52 /1, 000

= 54.3 ton < Vu

Stirrup required

8) Stirrup Design:

Vs = Vu Vc = 113.2 54.3
Vs = 69.3 ton < [1.1 210 160 52/1,000 = 132.6 ton]
max s = d / 2 = 26 cm USE s = 20 cm
Av =

Vs s 69.3 1, 000 20
=
= 6.7 cm 2
4, 000 52
fy d

min Av =

3.5 bw s 3.5 160 20

=
= 2.8 cm 2
4, 000
fy

USE DB16 stirrup with 4 legs ( Av = 8.04 cm2 )

9) Transverse reinforcement:
PA = 112.5 ton
DB16 stirrup
with 4 legs

0.4 m

0.60 m

wu=112.5/1.6
= 70.3 t/m
1.60 m

1.60 m

Column A: be = 40 + 52 = 92 cm, wu = 112.5/(1.6x0.92) = 76.4 t/m

Mu = 0.5(76.4)(0.6)2 = 13.8 t-m

= 0.0016 < [ min=0.0035]

USE min

As = 0.0035(92)(52) = 16.7 cm2 USE 6DB20 (As = 18.85 cm2)

Column B : be = 45 + 52 = 97 cm, wu = 180/(1.6x0.97) = 116.0 t/m
Mu = 0.5(116)(0.6)2 = 20.9 t-m

= 0.0023 < [ min=0.0035]

USE min

As = 0.0035(97)(52) = 17.7 cm2 USE 6DB20 (As = 18.85 cm2)

(10) Temperature steel:

As = 0.0018(100)(60) = 10.8 cm2
USE DB20 @ 0.15 (As = 12.56 cm2/m)

DB20@0.25m

10DB28

0.60 m

6DB20
1.0 m

6DB20
1.0 m

10DB20
DB20@0.25m
7.0 m



  
 25 
/..
  !"
# 1.8 " fc = 210 ./(.2, fy = 4000
./(.2 +
,-

  s = 2.0 
/#..

Example 12.6: Strap Footing Design

20 cm

DL = 50 ton
Pe{ LL = 25 ton

R
5.0 m

DL = 80 ton
Pi { LL = 40 ton

40x40cm

45x45 cm

3.1 m
-1.80 m
pn

pn

Re

Ri

1.8 m

2.5 m

1) Locate R of service load:

(75 + 120) x = 120(5)

x = 3.1 m

2) Size of footing: Assume footing depth = 40 cm

Net soil pressure pn = 25 - [0.4(2.4) + 1.4(2.0)] = 21.24 t/m2
Required area = R / pn = (50+25+80+40)/21.24 = 9.18 m2
Assume interior footing 2.5m x 2.5m = 6.25 m2
Assume exterior footing length = 1.8 m
Compute the required width b of exterior footing so that the area centroid is
located at 3.1 m
0.2 m
b

1.8 m

2.5 m

3.1 m
C.G.

2.5 m

5.0 m
Exterior footing

Interior footing

1.8b (0.9) + 6.25(5 + 0.2) = (3.1 + 0.2)(1.8b + 6.25)

b = 2.75 m

3) Shear and moment diagram in longitudinal direction:

Exterior col.: Pu = 1.4(50) + 1.7(25) = 112.5 ton
Interior col.: Pu = 1.4(80) + 1.7(40) = 180 ton
Factored soil pressure:

pu =

112.5 + 180
= 26.12 t/m2
1.8 2.75 + 2.5 2.5

4) Design strap beam: Since interior footing is designed without strap beam,
strap beam will be designed only for exterior footing loading.
5.0 m

20 cm

wu = 2.75 pu = 2.75(26.12) = 71.83 t/m

1.8 m

Pile Foundation
Effective pile reaction( Re ):
Re = Ra - Wf
15 cm

Ra = allowable bearing of piles

Wf = total weight of footing
1.5D

Number of piles( n ):

3D

n=

3D
D

1.5D
1.5D

3D

3D

1.5D

DL + LL
Re

Factored pile reaction:

Ru =

1.4DL + 1.7LL
n

Typical Arrangement of Piles

1.5D

1.5D

1.5D

1.5D
3D

3D

3D
1.5D

3 2D

3D
1.5D

1.5D

1.5D

1.5D
3D

1.5D 1.5D

2 PILES

1.5D

3 PILES

1.5D

1.5D

4 PILES

3 2D

1.5D

5 PILES
1.5D

1.5D

1.5D
3D

3D

3D

3D
3D

1.5D

1.5D

3D
1.5D

1.5D

3D

3D

6 PILES

3D

3D

3D

1.5D

1.5D
1.5D

3 2D 1.5D
3 2D

7 PILES

1.5D
1.5D

3 2D

3 2D

8 PILES

1.5D

1.5D

3D

3D

3D

1.5D

1.5D
1.5D

3D

3 3D
3D
1.5D
1.5D

3D

3D

1.5D

1.5D

3D

9 PILES
1.5D

3D

3D

3D

10 PILES
3D

1.5D
1.5D
1.5D

3D

3 3D
3D
1.5D
3D

3D

11 PILES

1.5D
1.5D

3D

3D

3D

12 PILES

1.5D


  ( )
Section

Size(m)

Load capacity
(ton)

0.18 x 0.18

15

0.22 x 0.22

22

0.26 x 0.26

30

0.30 x 0.30

43

0.35 x 0.35

57

0.40 x 0.40

80

0.16 x 0.16

15

0.18 x 0.18

21

0.22 x 0.22

30

0.26 x 0.26

43

0.30 x 0.30

50

0.35 x 0.35

80

0.40 x 0.40

100


Pa = 0.25(0.85 f cAg )

Example 12.7 ##!##."/0"+"12

#,-

  100


+
,-

 50 
 "34" 3 "
 
5
3/ 40
40 (. fc= 240 ./(.2
fy = 4,000 ./(.2 +
,-

  s = 2.0 
/#.. !6 1.50 .
+
# 
Solution: Assume pile = 40 cm Ag =

402 = 1,256 cm2

Pa = 0.25(0.85fcAg ) = 0.25 0.85 240 1,256 /1,000 = 64 ton

USE
40 cm bored pile with safe load 50 ton
Assume surcharge & footing wt. 15%

0.60

Number of piles = 1.15(100+50)/50 = 3.45

1.20 2.40

USE 4 piles
0.60
0.60

1.20
2.40

0.60

35!
 90 (. 4+37 d = 82 (.

,-

!+   = (0.92.4 + 0.62.0)(2.4)2 = 19.4 
 <  4+89 22.5 

,-

#54+
"3 = 1.4(100)+1.7(50) = 225 

,-

#54+
"3"/0+

= (225 + 1.4(19.4))/4 = 63.0 

/

Check punching shear:

Pu = 225 ton
40 cm

d/2=41 cm

Vu = Pu = 225 

bo = 4(122) = 488 (.

Vc = 0.85(1.06) 240(488)(82) /1,000

122 cm

= 559 ton > Vu

OK

OK

Check beam shear of 2 piles:

d=82 cm

40 cm

Vu = 2(63.0) = 126 


Vc = 0.85(0.53) 240(240)(82) /1,000

= 137 ton > Vu

OK

2(63) ton

Bending moment:

Mu = 2(63.0)(0.4) = 50.4 t-m

40 cm

40 cm

50.4(105 )
Rn =
= 3.47 kg/cm2
2
0.9 240 82

= 0.0009 < [ min = 0.0035]

2(63) ton

As = 0.0035(240)(82) = 68.88 cm2

USE 22DB20# (As = 69.08 cm2)

USE min

 



DB20 
#
22DB20#
0.90

0.05
0.10

 
#
# 

"/0"+ 0.40 . 
# ..
4 :
+ 50 

- 4