Bnh phng ti thiu tuyn tnh

Bnh phng ti thiu tuyn tnh l phng php tm

cc h s tt nht cho m hnh tuyn tnh vi tp d
liu cho trc.

Chng 5.
Phng php bnh phng ti thiu

Tt nht theo ngha cc tiu tng bnh phng ca

sai s c lng. V d, i vi trng hp m hnh
ng thng cho ta cc tiu:

Sr =

i =1

ei2 =

( yi a0 a1 xi )2

i =1

Phng php ny a ti ng thng duy nht vi

b d liu cho trc.
1

5.2. Ni dung phng php

5.1. Pht biu bi ton

- Cho hm s f(x), v t hp tuyn tnh:

Coi cc h s Ck l cc n phi tm, M cc tiu phi c:

Q( x) = Co 0 ( x) + C11 ( x) + C2 2 ( x) + + Cm m ( x);
k ( x ); k = 0,1,2,..., m

S
= 0;
Ck

- h cc hm s no ca x;
- cc h s.

Co , C1, C2 ,...,Cm
-Cn xc nh Co , C1, C2 ,...,Cm sao cho Q(x) trn tp

Thng thng, hm f cho di dng bng s

{xi, i = 1,..,n} cho, sai khc vi f(x) nh nht c th,

tc l cc tiu hm:
n

S=

[ f ( xi ) Q ( xi )]2

i =1
Q(x) hm xp x ca f(x).
f(xi) Q(xi) - Sai s ti xi khi thay f(x) bng Q(x).
f(xi), i = 1,.., n l nhng gi tr bit ca f(x) trn tp
im x1, x2, . . ., xn.

( k = 0,..., m )

x1

x2

xn

y1

y2

yn

Xp x bng a thc bc mt

5.3. Xp x bng h a thc i s

Tm h s a0, a1 S t cc tiu:

Nu:

o ( x) = 1; 1( x) = x; 2 ( x) = x ;...m ( x) = x ,
2

i =1
y

i =1

S = i 2 = ( yi a0 a1 xi )

Qm ( x) = Co + C1x + C2 x2 + ... + Cm xm ;
Qm(x) l a thc i s thng thng

xi , yi

i = yi a 0 a1 xi
x2 , y2

x ,y
3

x ,y
1

xn , yn

Q1( x) = a0 + a1x

Xp x bng a thc bc mt

Gii h

a0, a1 nghim ca h:

n xi yi xi yi

a1 = i =1

i =1
2
n
n

n xi2 xi

i =1
i =1

n
n

n.a0 + a1 . xi = yi

i =1
i =1

n
n
n
a . x + a . x 2 = x . y
i i
1 i
0 i
i =1
i =1
i =1

i =1

i =1

i =1

i =1
2

xi2 yi xi xi yi

a0 = i =1

n
7

i =1

xi2

n
xi

i =1

(a0 = y a1 x)

V d 1

V d 1

Mmen xon T b l xo gc cho bi:

T = k1 + k 2
Gc,

Xc nh cc h s

Mmen, T
0.4

N.m

0,698132

0,188224

0,959931

0,209138

1,134464

0,230052

1,570796

0,250965

1,919862

0,313707

0.3
T (N-m)

Radians

0.2

0.1

Radians

N.m

Radians2

N.m.Radians

0,698132

0,188224

0,487388

0,131405

0,959931

0,209138

0,921468

0,200758

1,134464

0,230052

1,2870

0,260986

1,570796

0,250965

2,4674

0,394215

1,919862

0,313707

3,6859

0,602274

1,1921

8,8491

1,5896

0.5

1.5

= 6,2831

(radians)

i =1

10

V d 1

V d 1

n=5

Vi

k2 =

i =1

i =1

i =1

n i Ti i Ti
5
5
n i2 i
i =1
i =1
5

T=
=

Ti
i =1

1,1921
5

= 2,3842 10 1

5(1,5896) (6,2831)(1,1921)
2
5(8,8491) (6,2831)
= 9,6091 10 2

N.m/rad

=
=

i =1

6,2831
5

k1 = T k 2
= 2,3842 10 1 (9,609110 2 )(1,2566)
= 1,1767 10 1 N-m

= 1,2566
11

12

12

V d 2

V d 2

Xc nh mi quan h gia ng sut v ko dn, vi m hnh

(%)

(MPa)

0,183

306

0,36

612

0,5324

917

0,702

1223

0,867

1529

1,0244

1835

1,1774

2140

1,329

2446

1,479

2752

1,5

2767

1,56

2896

= E

0.01

0.015

12

0,0000

0,0000

0,0000

3,0600108

3,3489106

0,0000
5,5998105 E =

3,6000103

6,1200108

1,2960105

2,2032106

5,3240103

9,1700108

2,8345105

4,8821106

7,0200103

1,2230109

4,9280105

8,5855106

8,6700103

1,5290109

7,5169105

1,3256107

1,0244102

1,8350109

1,0494104

1,8798107

1,1774102

2,1400109

1,3863104

2,5196107

1,3290102

2,4460109

1,7662104

3,2507107

10

1,4790102

2,7520109

2,1874104

4,0702107

11

1,5000102

2,7670109

2,2500104

4,1505107

12

1,5600102

2,8960109

2,4336104

4,5178107

1,2764103

2,3337108

1.0E+09

0.005

1,8300103

2.0E+09

0.0E+00

3.0E+09

i
1

(Pa)

i =1
12

i i

i =1

2
i

2,3337 108
=
1,2764 10 3
= 182,84 GPa

0.02
12

(m/m)

i =1

13

V d 2

14

14

V d 3
Xc nh mi quan h tuyn tnh

xk
yk

15

15

10

1.3 3,5
1,3
3.5 4,2
4.2 5,0
5.0 7,0
7.0 8,8
8.8 10,1
10.1 12,5
12.5 13
13. 15,6
15.6

16

Xp x bng a thc i s

V d 3
xi
yi
x i2
xiy i
1
1,3
1
1,3
2
3,5
4
7
3
4,2
9
12,6
4
5,0
16
20
5
7,0
25
35
n=10 6
8,8
36
52,8
7 10,1 49
70,7
8 12,5 64
100
9 13,0 81
117
10 15,6 100 156
55 81 385 572,4

( x1 , y1 ), ( x2 , y2 ), ... , ( xn , yn )

Cho

y = a + a x + ... + a x m (m n 2) (khi m=n 1 ta c php ni suy)

385a + 55b = 572, 4

55a + 10b = 81

Vi b d liu

(x , y )
n

80
40

6.24106

40

5.72106

120

5.09106

17

3.33106

18

V d 1: Xp x bng a thc bc 2
Hm xp x:
T (oF)

(in/in/oF)

80

6,47106

40

6,24106

5.00E-06

40

5,72106

4.00E-06

120

5,09106

340

2.45106

(in/in/oF)

3.00E-06

200

4,30106

2.00E-06

280

3,33106

340

2,45106

1.00E-06
-400

yi f ( xi )

18

7.00E-06

4.30106

280

y = a0 + a1x +K+ am xm

(x1, y1 )

6.00E-06

200

( xi , yi )

H s dn n theo nhit l a thc bc 2

6.47106

-300

-200

-100
o

100

200

= a0 + a1T + a 2 T 2
7

T
i =1

= 2,5580 105

= 7,0472 10 7

= 2,1363 1010

i =1

T
i =1

i =1

= 3,3600 10 5

T
i =1

= 2,6978 10 3

T
2

i =1

19

(x , y )

V d 1: Xp x bng a thc bc 2

H s dn n
(in/in/oF)

b 1,5382

a 0,36

Vy Q(x) = 1.5382x 0.36

Nhit
T (oF)

tm a thc xp x tt nht

19

20

=8,5013 10 1
20

V d 1: Xp x bng a thc bc 2

T , ta c h phng trnh xc nh
7,0000

2
8,600 10
2,5800 105

8,6000 10 2
2,5800 105
7,0472 10 7

V d 2
Cho quan h thc nghim:
Biu din mi quan h
1
2
3
4
5
xi
bng hm bc 2
yi 9,8 17,2 25,8 37,1 49,7
y = a + bx + cx2
Xc nh cc h s a, b, c theo p/p bnh phng ti thiu.

a0 ,a1 , a2

2,5800 105 a0 3,3600 10 5

7,0472 10 7 a1 = 2,6978 10 3
2,1363 1010 a2 8,5013 10 1

Gii h, ta c:

n = 5

6
a0 6,0217 10

a = 6,2782 10 9

1
a2 1,2218 10 11

T , ta c:
= a0 + a1T + a2T 2
= 6,0217 10 6 + 6,2782 10 9 T 1,2218 10 11 T 2

xi

yi

1
2
3
4
5

9,8
17,2
25,8
37,1
49,7

15 139,6

xi2
1
4
9
16
25

xi3

xi4

1
8
27
64
125

1
16
81
256
625

9,8
34,4
77,4
148,4
248,5

9,8
68,8
232,2
593,6
1242,5

55

225

979

518,5

2146,9

yixi

yixi2

21

21

V d 2

22

5.4. Quan h phi tuyn

M hnh tuyn tnh da trn gi thuyt quan h gia
cc bin ph thuc v c lp l tuyn tnh, tuy nhin
gi thuyt ny khng phi lc no cng ng.
Cc v d ph bin l:

Xt h

5c + 15b + 55a = 139,6

c 0,9357

15c + 55b + 225a = 518,5 b 4,3557

55c + 225b + 979a = 2146,9
a = 4,56

Hm m

y = 1e 1x

Hm ly tha (s m thc)

y = 2 x 2

Hm nghch o tuyn tnh

y=

Hm phn thc bc nht

y = 4

Vy hm thc nghim l: y=0,9357 + 4,3557x + 4,56x2

23

1
3 + 3 x
x
4 + x

24

Minh ha chuyn i

Tuyn tnh ha
Phng php thng c s dng l tuyn tnh
ha
y = 1e 1x

Hm m

y = 2x
1
y=
3 + 3 x
x
y = 4
4 + x

Hm ly tha (s m thc)
Hm nghch o tuyn tnh
Hm phn thc bc nht

ln y = ln 1 + 1 x
log y = log 2 + 2 log x
1
= 3 + 3 x
y
1 1 4 1
=
+
y 4 4 x

25

26

V d: Tuyn tnh ha

V d: Tuyn tnh ha

Cc bnh nhn thng quan tm n cc kim tra chiu x. V

d trong chiu ti mt, cn s dng ng v technetium-99m.
Chu k bn r ca technetium-99m l 6 gi. Cn khong 24
gi lng phng x v mc bnh thng. Di y l
bng mt chiu x theo thi gian.
t(h)

1,000

0,891

0,708

0,562

0,447

0,355

Tnh:

c) Mt phng x 24 gi
Ta c:

= Ae t
ln( ) = ln( A) + t
t z = ln , a o = ln ( A) v a1 = ta c: z = a0 + a1t

Relative intensity of radiation,

Ta c:

a =

0.5

n t z t
i =1

i i

i =1

z
i =1

n
n t t
1
i =1
i =1 i
n

v
i

a0 = z a1t
=a
1
a

A=e

0
0

27

t
a) Cc hng s A v trong biu thc = Ae
b) Chu k bn r ca Technium-99m

5
Time t, (hours)

10

27

28

28

V d: Tuyn tnh ha
ti

i
1
2
3
4
5
6

0
1
3
5
7
9

a0 =

= 0 ,99974 e 0 ,11505 t

2
i

z = ln
i
i

tz

1
0,891
0,708
0,562
0,447
0,355

0,00000
0,11541
0,34531
0,57625
0,80520
1,0356

0,0000
0,11541
1,0359
2,8813
5,6364
9,3207

0,0000
1,0000
9,0000
25,000
49,000
81,000

2,8778

18,990

165,00

25,000

a1 =

V d: Tuyn tnh ha

6( 18,990 ) (25)( 2,8778)

2
6(165,00 ) (25)

2,8778
25
( 0,11505)
6
6

i i

= 0,99974 e 0 ,11505 t
Relative
Intensity
0.5
of
Radiation,

a0 = ln ( A)
= 0,11505

A = e a0

= e 2, 615010
= 2,6150 10 4

= 0,99974

Time, t (hrs)

29

V d: Tuyn tnh ha

0,99974 e
e

0 ,11508 t

0 ,11505 t

1
2

sum( ); add( )

fsolve( )

t =0

convert( )

= 0 ,5

rhs( )

0,11505 t = ln (0,5 )
t = 6 ,0248 h

V d: hpt l h phng trnh tuyn tnh 2 n

> sol := fsolve(hpt);
s1 := rhs(sol[1]);
s2 :=rhs(sol[2]);

c) Mt phng x sau 24 gi l
( 24 )

= 0,063200

Ngha l ch cn:
sau 24 gi.
31

30

30

Mt s hm Maple

1
= (0,99974 )e 0 ,11505 (0 )
2

= 0 , 99974 e 0 ,11505

10

= a1 = 0,11505

29

b) Chu k bn r ca technetium 99 khi

6.3200 10 2
100 = 6.3216%
0.99974

mc phng x

31

32