? Complex disorder: bacterial infection + other factors (vesicoureteral reflux,
obstruction) ? Causes: Escherichia coli, followed by Proteus, Klebsiella, and Enterobacter. S treptococcus faecalis, also of enteric origin, staphylococci, and virtually ever y other bacterial and fungal agents ? Routes of spreading: o through the blood-stream (hematogenous infection) ? less common. In sepsis & I E o from the lower urinary tract (ascending infection)