HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

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NGUY

N THI THU HNG

KY THUT RENDER VOLUME TRONG HIN THI D
LI U 3D T HI NH CHI

U



Chuyn ngnh: KHOA HC MY TNH

M s: : 60.48.01

TM TT LUN VN THC SY K THUT




H NI NM 2012


Lun vn c hon thnh ti:
HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG


Ngi hng dn khoa hc: PGS.TS. NNG TOAN


Phn bin 1: .

Phn bin 2:

Lun vn s c bo v trc Hi ng chm lun
vn thc s ti Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin
thng
Vo lc: ......gi.....ngy.......thng......nm ..............

C th tm hiu lun vn ti:
- Th vin ca Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh
Vin thng





Vo lc: ....... gi ....... ngy ....... thng ....... .. nm ...............

C th tm hiu lun vn ti:
1
LI M U
L do chn ti
Cng vi pht trin ca ha my tnh v X l nh s trong my tnh lm thay
i s tng tc gia ngi v my, khi cc k thut ng dng ho ngy cng cao hn
nn nhiu ngi quan tm nghin cu n lnh vc ny. Do m cc ng dng ho
trn my tnh c ra i nh: phim hot hnh, Game vi cc h thng thc ti o
ng gp cho s pht trin chung ca nghnh Cng ngh thng tin. V vy ho my tnh
tr thnh mt lnh vc hp dn v c nhiu ng dng trong thc t.
Hin th d liu 3 chiu (3D) t hnh chiu c coi l cc bc khi u cho h
thng m phng thc ti o, gp phn to nn h thng m phng hon chnh. Mt trong
nhng cch tip cn hin th d liu 3 chiu ph bin hin nay l da trn k thut Render
volume.
Trong qu trnh hin th d liu 3 chiu ngoi cc vn hin th d liu m bo
cht lng cn phi p ng yu cu v thi gian hin th cho cc bc m phng. Hin th
hnh nh ba chiu ca cc vt th thc t hnh chiu l mt trong nhng lnh vc thu ht
c s quan tm nhiu nht ca gii nghin cu trong lnh vc cng ngh thng tin trong
my chc nm qua. Hnh nh hin th t my tnh c s dng hiu qu trong nhiu
lnh vc khc nhau nh gio dc, gii tr, kin trc, c bit l chun on hnh nh trong y
t, ... K thut Render volume trong hin th hnh nh 3D t hnh chiu l mt ti mi
m v c ng dng ln trong trong lnh vc ti to v phc dng i tng. Xut pht t
thc t lun vn la chn ti: K thut render volume trong hin th d liu 3D t
hnh chiu
Mc ch ca ti
- Nghin cu K thut Render Volume trong hin th hnh nh 3D t
hnh chiu.
- Trn c s kin thc tm hiu c, ci t th nghim chng trnh hin th hnh
nh 3D t cc nh chp ct lp trong y t.
T chc ca lun vn
Ni dung ca lun vn gm c:
Phn m u: Trnh by l do chn ti v mc ch cng nh t chc ca lun vn.
2
Chng 1: Khi qut v ha 3 chiu (3D) v hin th d liu t hnh chiu. Trong
chng ny trnh by khi qut v ha 3D, cc ng dng c bn ca ha ba chiu v
bi ton cng nh cc cch tip cn trong vic hin th d liu t hnh chiu.
Chng 2: Mt s K thut hin th nh 3 chiu t hnh chiu. Trong chng ny gii thiu
mt s k thut v hin th hnh nh 3D t cc hnh nh hnh chiu 2D
Chng 3: Chng trnh th nghim. Trnh by ci t th nghim k thut hin th hnh
nh Render Volumme t cc nh 2D ca nh y t DICOM
V cui cng kt lun ca n v nhng vic lm c v nhng hn ch ca lun
vn.
CHNG 1: TNG QUAN V HO 3 CHIU V HIN TH
D LIU T HNH CHIU
Trong chng ny trnh by khi qut v ha 3D, cc ng dng c bn ca ha
ba chiu, tiu chun nh Dicom s dng trong ngnh y t v bi ton cng nh cc cch tip
cn trong vic hin th d liu t hnh chiu.
1.1. Khi qut v ha 3 chiu
1.1.1. ha 3D
+ Phng php biu din 3D
C hai phng php biu din i tng ba chiu l phng php biu din b
mt (B-reps) v biu din theo phn hoch khng gian (space -partitioning
representation).
+ Cc php bin i hnh hc :
Cc php bin i thng s dng l php tnh tin, php quay, php bin dng,Cc
php bin i c m t bng cc ma trn. Ma trn ca mi php bin i c dng khc
nhau.
+ Vn chiu sng (illumination) :
Vt th c chiu sng nh vo cc nh sng n t ngun sng sau khi phn
x nhiu ln qua cc vt th xung quanh vt th ta ang quan st. Do vy nh sng n
c vt l nh sng t hp t khp mi hng, ta gi l nh sng xung quanh
(ambient light) hay nh sng nn (background light) .
+ Trc quan ha (Visualization)
Trc quan ha trong ha my tnh l s dng my tnh tnh ton d liu sau
s dng ha my tnh, c bit l ha 3D minh ha, biu din d liu thnh
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nhng hnh nh m con ngi c th hiu c d dng v gip cho con ngi c th
tng tc vi d liu[4]. D liu c th l cc d liu pht sinh do m phng hoc do o
c trong thc t. Kt qu biu din phi biu din chnh xc tnh cht ca tp d liu.
1.1.1.1 Cc k thut ha
1.1.1.1.1 K thut ho im (Sample based-Graphics)
- Cc m hnh, hnh nh ca cc i tng c hin th thng qua tng pixel (tng
mu ri rc)
- c im: C th thay i thuc tnh
+ Xo i tng pixel ca m hnh v hnh nh cc i tng.
+ Cc m hnh hnh nh c hin th nh mt li im (grid) cc
pixel ri rc
+ Tng pixel u c v tr xc nh, c hin th vi mt gi tr ri rc (s nguyn)
cc thng s hin th (mu sc hoc sng)
+ Tp hp tt c cc pixel ca grid cho chng ta m hnh, hnh nh i tng m
chng ta mun hin th.
1.1.1.1.2. K thut ha Vector
- M hnh hnh hc (geometrical model) cho m hnh hoc hnh nh ca
i tng.
- Xc nh cc thuc tnh ca m hnh hnh hc ny
- Qu trnh t trt (rendering) hin th tng im ca m hnh, hnh nh thc ca
i tng.
C th nh ngha ho vector: ho vector = geometrical model + rendering
1.1.1.2. Cc chun giao din ca h ho
Mc tiu cn bn ca phn mm ho c chun l tnh tng thch. Khi cc cng
c c thit k vi hm ho chun, phn mm c th c di chuyn mt cch d dng
t h phn cng ny sang h phn cng khc v c dng trong nhiu ci t v ng dng
khc nhau.
1.1.2. Cc ng dng c bn ca ho 3D
Nhng lnh vc ang c nghin cu ng dng ho 3D mt cch mnh m hin
nay l: Y hc, Gio dc, Tin hc, Thng mi, Giao thng, Hng khng, Xy dng Thit k
ni tht v trang ch nh ca, Gii tr, Qun s, in nh
ngha ca vic ng dng ho 3D
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Nh vy chng ta thy c ngha to ln ca vic ng dng ho 3D, bi nhng
vn kh khn m nu khng c ho 3D th c th ni l kh lng m gii quyt, hay
nu c th gii quyt c th hiu qu khng cao v chi ph s rt tn km. Cn khi ng
dng ho 3D vo, th nhng vn tr ln ht sc n gin, v hiu qu ca n mang
li th thc s l to ln, k c vt cht ln tinh thn.
1.2 Hin th d liu t hnh chiu
1.2.1. Gii thiu
ha 3 chiu (3D computer graphics) bao gm vic b xung kch thc v chiu
su ca i tng, cho php ta biu din chng trong th gii thc mt cch chnh xc v
sinh ng hn.
1.2.1.1. c im ca k thut ho 3D
C cc i tng phc tp hn cc i tng trong khng gian 2D.
- Bao bi cc mt phng hay cc b mt.
- C cc thnh phn trong v ngoi.
Cc php bin i hnh hc phc tp.
Cc php bin i h to phc tp hn.
Thng xuyn phi b sung thm php chiu t khng gian 3D vo khng gian 2D
lun phi xc nh cc b mt hin th.
1.2.1.2 Cc phng php hin th 3D
Vi cc thit b hin th 2D th chng ta c cc phng php sau biu din i
tng 3D:
- K thut chiu(projection):Trc giao (orthographic)/phi cnh(perspective)
- K thut nh du su (depth cueing)
- Nt khut (visible line/surface identification)
- T cht b mt (surface rendering)
- Ct lt (exploded/cutaway scenes, cross-sections)
Cc thit b hin th 3D:
- Knh stereo - Stereoscopic displays*
- Mn hnh 3D Holograms
1.2.1.4. Ti to cu trc ba chiu t cc hnh chiu
Qu trnh ly mu thng thng l dng cc thit b thu thng tin bn trong vt th
di dng cc lt ct 2D. Cc tp nh 2D gm mt s dng: cc nh ct lp song song
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(parallel, serial, translation), cc nh ct lp xuyn tm (oscillation, rotation), cc nh ct
lp t do (freehand). nh ct lp song song thng do cc h thng my CT, MRI, siu
mto ra, y cng l dng thng gp nht. nh ct lp xuyn tm thng do my siu
m to ra. nh ct lp theo kiu t do thng gp cc h thng siu m. Cc nh 2D trong
ti to nh ni l mt dng khc, y l cc hnh chiu thu c t cc cm bin hoc cc
camera t xung quanh vt th.

a)

b)

c)

e)

a) nh qut song song (translation), b)nh qut oscillation c)nh qut rotation,
d)nh qut t do (freehand) e) nh ni (stereo)
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Hnh 1.8 Cc dng nh 2D dng ti to nh 3D thng gp
Nguyn tc ca qu trnh ti to nh ba chiu t cc tp nh ct lp l tm cch sp
xp li cc d liu t cc lt ct sao cho ph hp vi v tr khng gian thc t ca chng, sau
dng ha my tnh biu din thnh cc hnh nh. V d vi cc lt ct song song ta
s sp xp cc lt ct ny song song vi nhau nh xp cc a CD trn gi. Vi cc lt ct
t do th vic sp xp kh phc tp, chng ta cn cc cm bin v tr khng gian ti cc u
d xc nh chnh xc v tr ca lt ct.
1.2.2. Chun Dicom trong Y t.
1.2.2.1. Gii thiu
Tiu chun DICOM cho php vic tch hp d dng cc my thu nhn hnh nh,
server, trm lm vic (workstation), my in v cc thit b phn cng khc c ni mng t
cc nh sn xut khc nhau vo trong h thng PACS (H thng PACS c ng dng
trong qu trnh thu thp, truyn ti, lu tr, qu l, chn on, x l thng tin ca cc thit
b tr liu k thut s nh CT, MR, US, X quang, DSA, CR.). Cc thit b khc nhau c i
km mt bng p ng cc tiu chun DICOM lm r cc lp dch v m thit b ny h
tr. DICOM dn dn c chp nhn rng ri cc bnh vin v phng khm.
1.2.2.2. Phn Header
1.2.2.3. Tp d liu - Data Set
1.3 Kt lun chng 1
Chng ny trnh by khi qut v ha 3D, cc k thut ha nh ha
im, ha vector ng thi i tm hiu cc chun giao din ha, cc ng dng c bn
ca ha ba chiu nh ng dng trong y hc, trong qun i, trong v tr, trong dch v
gii tr,... tm hiu cch ti to nh 3 chiu t hnh chiu v gii thiu tiu chun nh Dicom
s dng trong ngnh y t v bi ton cng nh cc cch tip cn trong vic hin th d liu
t hnh chiu. Trong chng sau ta s i tm hiu mt s k thut hin th nh 3 chiu t
hnh chiu
CHNG 2: MT S K THUT HIN TH HNH NH 3 CHIU
T HNH CHIU
Trong chng ny gii thiu mt s k thut v hin th hnh nh 3D t cc hnh nh
hnh chiu 2D nh ky thut Render volume, k thut biu din b mt.
2.1. K thut Render Volume
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Hnh 2.1 Hnh nh 3D biu din theo k thut VR
Volume Rendering l k thut chuyn cc mu d liu (sampled data) vo trong mt
bc nh. y l kiu biu din trc tip (direct display) tc l chuyn trc tip cc d liu
th tch t khi d liu c sp xp thnh cc pixel trn mn hnh.
2.1.1. Quy trnh (Rendering Process)
Quy trnh chuyn khi d liu thnh hnh nh gi l biu din th tch. Thng thng
biu din th tch c 3 bc sau :
- To mt RGBA volume t khi d liu
- Xy dng mt hm lin tc t cc gi tr ri rc.
- Chiu ln mt mt phng nh (image plane) t mt im nhn no : C nhiu k
thut chiu nhng a s u thuc mt trong hai loi: object - order v image order
i vi k thut SR thuc loi object order, ta qut xuyn qua (tranverse) khi t
sau pha sau (back to front hoc from 3D scene to 2D image), d liu c chiu ln trn
mt mt phng nh. Kt qu m mi voxel li trn mt phng nh gi l cc footprint.
Mt dng ca phng php ny tri d liu ln mt mt phng gi l Splatting (Lee
Westover,1990).

a) b)
a) Texture mapping plane by plane; b)Splatting cell by cell
Hnh 2.2 Minh ha k thut object -order
i vi k thut VR thuc loi image order, nh c qut ln lt tng pixel, cc
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tia chiu ra (cast) t mi pixel i xuyn qua th tch (from 2D image to 3D scene) xc
nh gi tr mu sc cui cng cho mi pixel. Biu din th tch kiu image order cn gi
l phng php ray casting

Hnh 2.3 Minh ha k thut image -order
Tc phng php image order ph thuc vo kch thc nh trong khi tc
ca phng php object order ph thuc vo kch thc khi.
2.1.2. Cc phng php to b cc nh (image composition)
Cc phng php to b cc cho nh thng uc s dng l X- ray, MIP (maximum
intensity projection), MinIP (minimum intensity projection),alpha compositing v NPVR (
non-photorealistic volume rendering),
- X-ray : Phng php ny tnh tng tt c cc gi tr ghi nhn c trn tia chiu
to nn gi tr im nh.
Ni dung k thut Volume rendering vi Ray casting nh sau:
Mc tiu c bn ca k thut Ray casting l cho php s dng mt cch tt nht d
liu ba chiu khng c cu trc hnh hc. N c bit ph hp vi hnh
nh y t.
C s l thuyt
Hin nay, hu ht cc k thut Volume rendering s dng Ray casting da trn m
hnh Blinn / Kajiya. Trong m hnh ny, chng ti c mt hnh bao c mt l D(x,y,z),
mt ng Ray lt vo.

Hnh 2.4 M hnh Blinn / Kajiya
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Ti mi im dc theo Ray c mt chiu sng I(x,y,z) t im (x,y,z) t ngun
sng. Mt nhn s ph thuc vo mt D(x,y,z) a phng dc theo Ray. Hm mt
biu din bng tham s dc theo Ray nh sau:
D (x (t), y (t), z (t)) = D (t)
V s chiu sng t ngun sng:
I (x (t), y (t), z (t)) = I (t)
V s chiu sng ri rc dc theo Ray t mt im c khong cch t dc theo Ray l:
I(t)D(t)P(cos )
Trong l gc gia R v L.
Xc nh I (t) khng phi l n gin - n lin quan n vic tnh ton nh th no t
cc ngun bc x nh sng thng qua s lng cc im quan tm. Tnh ton ny ging vi
tnh ton nh sng ri rc ti im (x, y, z) nh hng n kt qu ca Ray ti im nhn.
Trong hu ht cc thut ton, tuy nhin, tnh ton ny c b qua v I(x, y, z) c thit
lp c thng nht trong c hnh bao. i vi hu ht cc ng dng thc t chng ti
ang quan tm n nh kt qu, v bao gm c dng tch ri t mt im (x, y, z) vi
ngun nh sng thc t c th khng mong mun. Trong hnh nh y t, v d, n s khng
th nhn thy vo cc khu vc bao quanh bi xng nu xng b coi l dy c. Mt khc,
trong cc ng dng m bng ni b c mong mun, tch ri ny phi c tnh ton.
S gim i ca hm mt c th c tnh nh sau:

Trong l mt hng s th hin s gim i ca hm mt .
Cng nh sng ti im nhn theo hng ca Ray cho bi:

Thc hin
Khi ni n volume visualization, Ray casting thng c gi l Ray Tracing.
Ni nh vy cng khng tht s chnh xc, v cc phng php Ray tracing m chng ta
bit thng l phc tp hn so vi Ray casting, tuy nhin tng c bn ca hai phng
php ny l ging ht nhau. V tt nhin l kt qu cng ging ht nhau.
Thut ton thc hin k thut Ray casting c m t trn bao gm c qu trnh
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n gin ha tnh ton cng nh sng t ngun sng ti im nhn. Phng php m c
thc hin vic n gin ha ny gi l additive reprojection. N thc cht l mt php
chiu cc Voxels dc theo mt hng nhn c nh. Cng ca Voxels song song v dc
theo tia nhn l mt php chiu cung cp cng ln mt phng khung nhn. Voxels ca
mt chiu su quy nh c th c ch nh mt m ti a, do su m hnh bao l
hnh tng c th kim sot.
Additive reprojection s dng mt m hnh chiu sng m l mt s kt hp ca
phn nh v truyn nh sng t cc voxel. Tt c cc phng php tip cn l mt tp con
ca m hnh trong hnh di y.

Hnh 2.5 Minh ha k thut n gin ha tnh ton cng nh sng
Trong hnh trn, nh sng i c to thnh:
- nh sng phn chiu theo hng nhn t ngun nh sng.
- nh sng n bng cch lc cc voxel.
- nh sng bt k pht ra bi cc voxel.
i vi mi im nh trong nh u ra, l kt qu ca mt tia bn vo khi d liu.
Ti mt s im th gi tr mu sc v trong sut s c tnh ton bng cch ni suy.
Cc gii tr ny sau s c kt hp vi nn tnh ton ra mu sc cho tng pixel nh
u ra.
- Phng php MIP : S dng gi tr ln nht ca cc bin trong khi dc theo mt
tia vung gc vi mt phng nhn (view plane) to gi tr (optical property) ca mi im
nh. Phng php MIP ban u c nhiu bt tin v phi truy cp rt nhiu voxel. Tuy nhin
hin nay c rt nhiu ci tin cho phng php ny.
11

Hnh 2.6 S tng quan ca rendering MIP.
- Phng php MinIP : l mt phng php trc quan d liu cho php pht hin cu
trc mt thp trong mt khi lng nht nh. Thut ton s dng tt c cc d liu
trong mt khi lng quan tm to ra mt hnh nh duy nht hai chiu, ni cch khc bao
gm cc d voxel vi gi tr suy gim thp nht trn mi im trong sut khi lng ln
mt hnh nh 2D.
Phng php ny tri ngc vi phng php MIP khi chng ta s dng gi tr nh
nht dc theo tia to gi tr ca im nh.
- Phng php alpha compositing : Cn c mt s tn khc nh
(Translucency/opacity ). y l phng php thng c s dng ph bin nht. Trong
phng php ny cc gia s (density value) c a vo dc theo tia to ra mu sc v
trong sut cho nh. Gi tr ca tia chiu ti mi voxel c th tnh theo cng thc sau :
Dng Back to Front
V(i) = V(i-1)(1 a(i)) + c(i).a(i) Dng Front to Back
V(i) = V(i-1) +c(i).a(i).(1-a(i))
Trong :
V(i) : gi tr ca tia chiu khi ra khi voxel th i
V(i-1) : gi tr ca tia chiu sau khi ra khi voxel th i 1 a : gi tr c chn
iu khin chn sng.
c : gi tr c chn iu khin chi (luminance)
Volume Rendering l k thut kh v nhng l do: th nht l bc shading (tnh
ton mu sc cho mi im d liu trong th tch) v classification (tnh ton chn sng
cho mi im d liu trong th tch), ta phi xc nh mu sc v chn sng (hoc
trong sut) cho ton b khi; th hai l khu chiu sng, ta phi phi xt s tng tc ca
nh sng khuch tn bn trong vt th ch khng ch trn b mt, ta phi to ra vt th c
dng bn trong sut (semi transparent) ; th ba l hiu qu, d liu th tch rt ln v c
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tnh tng tc cao nn i hi phi tnh ton rt nhiu v d liu pht sinh trong qu trnh
tnh ton l rt ln.
tng tc tnh ton trong phng php VR ng i ta thng tm cch sp xp li
d liu t hiu qu tnh ton cao. V d sp xp d liu li di dng cy cho ta phng
php Hierarchical Volume Rendering , Hin nay ngi ta c th thc hin VR theo
thi gian thc.
Phng php VR thng dng to nh 3D cho cc nh c tng phn thp. So
vi k thut SR th k thut VR i hi phi tnh ton nhiu hn do cn cc phn cng
mnh hn.
2.2. K thut biu din b mt (surface rendering SR)
Trong k thut ny chng ta to nhng b mt i qua cc im c cng gi tr v
hng, nhng gi tr ny trong ting Anh isosurface value . iu ny rt c ngha i vi
nh y t v cc nh y t thng l cc nh a mc xm. Trn cc nh ct lp cc m cng
loi c th hin vi cng mt xm (gray level). Dng k thut ny chng ta c th ti
to li b mt ca cc m. V d chng ta c th ti to hnh nh ca xng s hay hnh nh
cc mch mu no t cc nh ct lp u. Cc isosurface thng c t cng mt mu
d theo di.
C nhiu thut ton khc nhau to b mt t cc im d liu ri rc. Trong
chia ra lm hai loi l to b mt t cc ng vin v to b mt t d liu khi.

Hnh 2.7 Hnh nh 3D c biu din theo phng php SR
- To b mt t cc ng vin (contour based data):
to b mt t cc ng vin cn hai bc: trch bin v ti to b mt.
+ Trch bin: Dng cc thut ton trch bin to cc ng bin trn mi lt ct.
Vic trch bin c th thc hin t ng hoc thc hin th cng. Nu thc hin t ng
ngi ta dng mt s thut ton trch bin nh LOG ca Marr v Canny, thut ton Snake
13
model ca Terzopoulos , thut ton balloon model ca Cohen, thut ton Level Set ca
Leventon,Vi cc d liu c cu trc nh cc nh ct lp ta c th dng thut ton
Marching Square.
+ Marching Square: S dng cho d liu dng li 2 chiu. tng ca phng
php ny l to ra mt ng cong m t cho mt gi tr v hng trong li d liu, gi tr
ny gi l isovalue.

Hnh 2.8 Minh ha thut ton Marching square
ng cong m t gi tr 5 trong l i d liu
ng ni gia hai cnh ca mt ca li (cell) trong phng php ny l ng
thng. Giao im ca ng ni ny vi cc cnh c tnh bng ni suy tuyn tnh t cc
gi tr cc nh nm trn cnh . Ta gi s cc nh ca s nm trong ng ni nu gi
tr ti ln hn gi tr isovalue v nm ngoi nu nh hn. C 24 = 16 cch to ra cc
ng ny.

Hnh 2.9 trng hp Marching Square
Cc bc thc hin Marching Square :
+ Chn mt .
+ Tnh ton trng thi trong,ngo i ca mi nh ca .
+ Tm topological state ca quyt nh ng ni s i qua cnh no ca
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cell.
+ Tnh ton giao i m ca cc ng vi cc cnh ca .
+ Chuyn (march) ti khc.
Phng php Marching Square c u im l gip tnh ton nhanh nhng nhc
im l trong mt s trng hp ta c th c nhiu cch to ra cc ng i qua cell v
c th to ra nhng l.
+Ti to b mt: Sau khi xc nh c cc ng vin ta xy dng mt mt t
cc ng ny. Cc phng php c s dng hin nay c phng php ca Keppel
(1975); phng php ca Fush (1977): xy dng mt mt gia hai ng bin k nhau; hay
ca Ekoule,Peyrin, Odet (1991).

Hnh 2.10 Minh ha to b mt t cc ng vin
- To b mt t d liu khi (volume data, voxel based reconstruction):
Trc ht cn sp xp li d liu thnh dng khi. i vi cc nh ct lp song song
ta s xp cc lt ct lin tc nhau, xc nh khong cch gia cc lt ct, mi pixel trn cc
nh ct lp s bin thnh mt voxel trong khi d liu. Sau dng cc thut ton to b
mt t khi d liu ny. Cc thut ton c s dng ph bin hin nay l:
+ Marching Cube s (MC):Thut ton ny c pht minh bi William E. Lorensen
v Harvey E. Cline v c cp bn quyn s hu vo ti M vo ngy 5/6/1985. Theo
quy nh chung cc tc gi c bo h bn quyn trong 20 nm. Do , thi im ny
giy php ht hiu lc v chng ta c quyn t do s dng thut ton ny cho cc mc
ch thng mi.
Thut ton ny tng t nh thut ton Marching Square trnh by trn nhng
c thc hin cho d liu 3 chiu. Nguyn tc ca thut ton ny l chia khi d liu thnh
cc hnh lp phng, mi hnh lp phng c to t 8 voxel nm k nhau.Sau xc
15
nh mt mt i xuyn qua mi hnh lp phng, tnh ton cc vc t php tuyn, pht trin
(march) n hnh lp phng tip theo. T ta c th xp x mt isosurface bi mt li
tam gic (triangle mesh).
Ta xy dng mt phng ny vi gi thit nu gi tr ti nh ln hn gi tr isovalue
th nh nm bn trong mt v ngc li. xc nh giao im ca mt phng ny vi
cc cnh ca hnh lp phng ta cn ni suy tuyn tnh t gi tr ti hai nh trn cnh .


Hnh 2.11 Xy dng b mt theo gi tr ca cc nh
Hnh lp phng c 8 nh nn ta c tng cng 28 = 256 trng hp mt i qua khi
lp phng. Tuy nhin do tnh cht i xng ca khi lp phng nn ta c th gin c
cn 15 trng hp.













Hnh 2.12 Cc trng hp mt mt i qua khi lp phng trong thut ton Marching Cubes
Thut ton MC to nh c phn gii cao. Tuy nhin cng nh Marching Square,
nhc im ca thut ton ny l c th to ra nhng l (hole) trong b mt. Nguyn nhn l
chng ta c th xy dng nhng mt khc nhau cho cng mt trng hp (ambiguous face ).
16

Hnh 2.13 Mt trng hp li ca Marching Cubes
Tuy nhin, c mt s k thut c a ra khc phc iu n y, v d k thut
Asymptotic Decider ca G.M.Nielson v Bernd Hamann (Computer Science Arizona State
University) a ra nm 1991 .
+ Marching Tetr ahedra (Marching Tetrahedrons, MT) : y cng l mt thut
ton c ci tin t thut ton Marching Cubes. Thut ton Marching Cubes xy dng mt
mt trong khi lp ph ng gm 8 voxel k cn, n v th tch ny cn kh ln. gim
cc php tnh Doi, Guezie, Treece v mt s tc gi khc chia khi lp phng thnh cc
n v th tch nh hn l cc khi t din. V d Gauzie chia khi lp phng thnh 5
khi t din. Phng php ny gip b mt to ra khp kn hn (trnh nhng trng hp
ambiguity) v nh hng hn (to be closed and oriented). Ngoi l do v k thut, cc tc
gi ny pht trin thut ton Marching Tetrehedra cn v l do thut ton Marching Cubes
c bo h bn quyn.
Mt khc phng php ny s to ra nhiu tam gic hn phng php Marching
Cubes v ta phi xc nh cch chia khi lp phng thnh cc t din.

Hnh 2.14 Chia khi lp phng thnh cc khi t din
17

Hnh 2.15 Hai trng hp mt phng i qua khi t din trong thut ton Marching
Tetrahedra
C hai thut ton Marching Cubes v Marching Tetrahedra u c nhc im l to
ra nhiu a gic (trong c nhiu a gic khng cn thit) v pooraspect ratio. Trung bnh
trong thut ton Marching Cubes mi khi lp phng s to ra 3 tam gic. V vy mt tp
d liu 32x32x16 c th to ra 3000 tam gic, mt tp d liu 256x256x128 c th sinh ra
ti 820000 tam gic. C nhiu thut ton c a ra nhm lm gim s a gic ny. Cc
thut ton ny c gi l cc thut ton n gin ha li (mesh simplification
algorithm).
Cc thut ton MC, MT cng khng hiu qu lm i vi nhng tp d liu ln. V
khi thc hin vi my tnh th ,php tm kim trong cc thut ton ny l php tm tuyn
tnh. Vi nhng tp d liu ln ta phi c nhng k thut khc.
+ Dividing Cubes: Thut ton ny c a ra gii quyt tnh trng thut ton MC
v MT thng to ra s a gic nhiu hn s pixel v c th gy ra tnh trng high
rendering ov erhead. Dividing Cubes c pht minh bi Cline vo nm 1988 v c cp
bn quyn.
tng ca Dividing Cubes l khng v cc a gic m ch v cc im. v mt
ng ta tm cc pixel c giao vi ng , sau chia nh pixel ny.


Hnh 2.16 Minh ha thut ton Dividing Cubes v ng trong mt phng
v mt trong khng gian 3 chiu trc ht ta cn tm cc voxel c giao vi mt,
18
sau chia nh voxel. Tip tc tm kim v chia nh cho n khi t n phn gii cn
thit. Tm nhng im gia (mid - points) ca voxel sau dng php chiu chuyn
thnh cc pixel.

Hnh 2.17 Minh ha thut ton Dividing Cubes trong khng gian ba chiu
B mt to bi k thut Dividing Cubes trng mn hn. Tuy nhin, nu cc mu chia
cn ln hn phn gii mn hnh chng ta s nhn thy cu trc ca b mt.
Mt s k thut tng tc cho SR:
+ Surface Decimation : T i u ha s a gic dng biu din b mt nh b bt
nh, cnh. y cng l mt trong nhng thut ton n gin ha li.
+ Visibility Culling : Khng biu din nhng a gic m mt khng
nhn thy.
+Parallel Rendering : Thc hin cng vic song song trn nhiu my trm.
K thut SR thng c dng vi cc nh c t ng phn cao nh CT hay MRI
v c th xc nh bin d dng, cc nh ny cng t nhiu.Vi nhng nh c t ng phn
thp v c nhiu cao nh siu m, PET, SPECT th cn c cc thut ton lc nhiu v
trch bin tt.
2.3. K thut Render Volume tng tc.
2.3.1 Thm d v tng tc min kp
2.2.2 D liu thm d vt dng
2.2.3 Phn loi vt dng ( Classifcation Widgets)
2.2.4 Bng chn mu sc.
2.4 Kt lun chng 2
Chng ny gii thiu mt s k thut v hin th hnh nh 3D t cc hnh nh
hnh chiu 2D nh k thut Render Volume, k thut biu din b mt. Ta i chi tit cc
k thut nh trong k thut Render Volume ta tm hiu quy trnh v phng php b cc
nh, trch bin... Trong chng tip theo ta s i th nghim thc t t k thut Render
Volume bng chng trnh kt hp gia lp trnh v mt s phn th vin m.
19


CHNG 3 - CHNG TRNH TH NGHIM
Trong chng ny ta s i ci t th nghim k thut hin th hnh nh Render
Volumme t cc nh 2D ca nh y t DICOM
3.1 Bi ton
Bi ton u vo l dy cc nh 2D l cc lt ct ca cng mt i tng thu nhn
bi bng my chp ct lp v c lu di dng chun Dicom. u ra l hnh nh 3D ca
i tng cc gc khc nhau. Phng php hin th s dng l k thut Render
Volume.
3.2. Phn tch thit k
3.2.1 Cc cng c
Trn c s tm hiu nhiu b cng c h tr lp trnh ha ngi vit chn hai
b cng c VTK , ITK xy dng phn mm ca mnh v nhng l do:
+ VTK,ITK l hai trong nhng b cng c c s dng nhiu nht trn th gii.
Hu ht cc bi ging v x l nh, ha 3D v trc quan ha ca cc trng i hc ln tr
n th gii u ly VTK v ITK lm v d minh ha, trn th gii cng c nhiu phn mm
hay c pht trin t VTK v ITK.
+ VTK, ITK c thit k rt chuyn nghip: hai b toolkit ny c vit bng C++
theo kiu hng i tng, c th s dng trong nhiu ngn ng khc nh Java, Tcl, Python
,.NET ,; hai b toolkit ny c m ngun m v lin tc c nng cp.
+VTK, ITK c nhi u h tr cho x l nh y t.
3.2.2 Chng trnh ci t
Pipeline
Pipeline l chui cc bc x l d liu v hin th thnh hnh nh. Pipeline ca
chng trnh ci t nh sau

20
Hnh 3.7 Pipeline ca chng trnh ci t


Hnh 3.8 Chu trnh biu din d liu thnh hnh nh
3.3. Mt s kt qu chng trnh
Chng trnh c vit theo kiu dialog -based, c thit k gm c mt ca s
chnh v mt s trang (tab). D liu u vo ca chng trnh l tp hp cc lt ct c lu
theo nh dng DICOM.
Chng trnh cho php ngi s dng xem kt qu nh ba chiu di cc gc
khc nhau bng cch dng chut. Ngi s dng c th copy mn hnh vo clipboard
a vo cc chng trnh khc, lu mn hnh di dng nh JPEG hoc xut thnh mt
trang HTML.
- Mt s nh chy chng trnh

Cc hnh nh sau l kt qu th nghim vi d liu CT demo .
- Ca s chnh v trang duyt tp nh Dicom

Hnh 3.9 Giao din mn hnh chnh
- Trang Render volume : Kt qu biu din theo b mt. Trong trang ny ngi s
dng c th la chn biu din cc gc cnh ca hnh nh 3D c hin th.
21

Hnh 3.10 Hnh nh 3D c hin th

Hnh 3.11 Cc gc khc nhau ca hnh nh 3D c hin th

Hnh 3.12 Hin th thm m mm
- Nhn xt:
22
Chng trnh c xy dng bng Visual C++ v c ng gi, do c th ci t
v s dng chng trnh trn cc my tnh c h iu hnh Windows 98/2000/XP m khng
cn nn (platform) no khc. Chng trnh phi lm vic vi lng d liu ln nn cu hnh
my phi tng i mnh. Tc CPU nn t 1,8GHz tr ln, RAM t 256MB tr ln.
Giao din chng trnh c thit k thn thin vi ngi s dng, cc b phn c
b tr tng t cc phn mm ang c s dng trong thc t. D liu vo ca chng
trnh l kiu d liu th ng gp trong thc t: tp nh theo nh dng DICOM. Chng
trnh chy th nghim vi cc tp nh d liu DICOM ca bnh vin.
Chng trnh ci t minh ha c cc k thut ti to nh ba chiu t lt ct
song song. Cht lng hnh nh tt i vi d liu CT.
3.4 Kt lun chng 3
Trong chng ny ta i ci t th nghim k thut hin th hnh nh Render
Volumme t cc nh 2D ca nh y t DICOM v a ra c nhng im t c v cha
t c ca chng trnh ci t.
KT LUN
Nhng vic thc hin c :
- Tm hiu nhng vn chung lin quan n vic ti to hnh nh ba chiu ca cc
vt th t cc hnh chiu. Tm hiu tnh hnh s dng cc phn mm x l hnh nh trong y
t ti Vit Nam hin nay.
- Tm hiu nguyn l ti to nh ba chiu t cc nh ct lp ni chung v cc nh
ct lp song song ni ring.
- Tm hiu cc vn lin quan n k thut ti to nh ni. Nm c k thut
tng ng theo cng .
- Tm hiu mt s lnh vc c th ng dng k thut ti to ni v mt s ti v
ang c nghin cu trn trn th gii.
- Vit cc phn mm mang tnh minh ha, c th c s dng phc v o to,
nghin cu v pht trin cc phn mm ng dng trong tng lai .
Nhng hn ch :
Nhng nghin cu mi tp trung v o l thuyt v phn mm, cha c tch hp
vi cc phn cng.
Do thi gian nghin cu c hn nn ngi vit cha nm mt cch y v h
thng c s l thuyt ca k thut stereo matching, c bit l v vn hiu chnh camera
23
(camera calibration ) c th pht trin ti u cho phn mm ng dng, cng nh vn
tch hp h tr phn cng.
Hng pht trin
- i vi vn ti to nh ba chiu t cc lt ct song song :
Hng pht trin l b sung thm cc chc nng, tip tc tm hiu cc b toolkit
VTK v ITK. Tip tc tm hiu thc t pht trin thnh mt phn mm c kh nng
s dng ti Vit Nam.
Tip tc nghin cu cc phng php ti to nh ba chiu vi cc dng nh ct lp
khc nh ct xuyn tm, ct t do. Nghin cu c tnh ca cc loi nh ct lp ca siu m,
MRI, hnh nh y hc ht nhn t c nhng phng n ti to tt nht cho mi loi.