De Tai Giao Thuc Tcpip Va Mang Internet

n mn Network: Giao thc TCP/IP v Mng Internet
LUN VN
hon thnh n Giao thc TCP/IP
v Mng Internet
L Th Thanh Hin S0809G BachKhoa-Npower
Ph lc
Li cm n ............................................................................................................................. 1
Li nhn xt ................................................................................................................................ 2
Li m u ................................................................................................................................. 6
Chng I : Tng Quan H Thng Mng TCP/IP ......................................................................... 8
I. Lch s pht trin ca TCP/IP v mng Internet ................................................................... 8
II. Kin trc phn tng ca mng ............................................................................................. 9
III. M hnh OSI ................................................................................................................... 11
1. Khi nim...................................................................................................................... 11
2. Mc ch ....................................................................................................................... 13
3. c im cc tng trong m hnh OSI ........................................................................... 14
IV. Phng thc hot ng ................................................................................................... 17
1. C kt ni (Connection Oriented) .................................................................................. 18
2. Khng kt ni (Connectionless) ..................................................................................... 18
V. B giao thc TCP/IP ........................................................................................................ 19
1. Khi nim...................................................................................................................... 19
2. Mc ch v ngun gc.................................................................................................. 20
3. c im ....................................................................................................................... 22
VI. TCP/IP v OSI ............................................................................................................... 22
1. So snh TCP/IP v OSI ................................................................................................. 22
2. Tng qut v cc giao thc ............................................................................................ 24
Chng II. B giao thc TCP/IP ............................................................................................... 25
I. Cu trc phn tng ca TCP/IP .......................................................................................... 26
II. ng gi d liu trong TCP/IP ......................................................................................... 26
Hnh 6: Cu trc gi D liu. ................................................................................................ 27
III. Cc tng trong m hnh TCP/IP....................................................................................... 28
1. Tng ng dng (Application Layer) ............................................................................... 28
2. Tng giao vn (Transport Layer) ................................................................................... 29
3. Tng Internet (Internet Layer) ....................................................................................... 30
4. Tng lin kt (Link Layer) ............................................................................................. 31
IV. a ch IP ........................................................................................................................ 32
1. a ch IP...................................................................................................................... 32
2. a ch IP Public v a ch IP Private ......................................................................... 35
2.1 a ch IP Public. ........................................................................................................ 35
2.1 a ch IP Private........................................................................................................ 35
3. Cc lp a ch IP ......................................................................................................... 36
4. Subnet Mask .................................................................................................................. 39
5. Default Gateway............................................................................................................ 41
6. Chia Subnet ................................................................................................................... 41
7. Supernetting .................................................................................................................. 44
8. CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing nh tuyn lin vng khng phn lp ) : ........ 45
9. Variable-Length Subnet Masks (Subnet Mask c chiu di thay i): ............................ 47
V. Cc giao thc v khun dng d liu tng ng ............................................................... 47
1. Giao thc Tng Lin kt (Link Layer ) .......................................................................... 47
Giao thc Ethernet ............................................................................................................ 47

2. Cc giao thc Tng Mng ............................................................................................. 49
2.1 Giao thc IP ( Internet Protocol )................................................................................ 49
2.2 ARP (address resolution protocol) ............................................................................... 53
2.3 RARP (reserve address resolution protocol) ................................................................ 55
2.4 ARP u quyn .............................................................................................................. 57
2.5 nh tuyn cho IP Datagram ....................................................................................... 58
2.6 Giao thc ICMP .......................................................................................................... 62
3. Cc giao thc tng Giao Vn ........................................................................................ 64
3.1 Giao Thc TCP. .......................................................................................................... 64
3.2 Giao thc UDP............................................................................................................ 74
4. Cc giao thc trn Tng ng Dng............................................................................... 75
4.1 HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) ........................................................................... 75
4.2 DNS (Domain Name System) ....................................................................................... 76
Chng III nh Tuyn..............................................................
I. Gii thiu........................................................................................................................... 78
1. Khi nim...................................................................................................................... 78
2. Mc tiu ca nh tuyn................................................................................................. 79
II. Phn loi k thut nh tuyn ............................................................................................ 80
1. C s cho vic phn chia cc k thut nh tuyn. ......................................................... 80
2. nh tuyn tp trung v nh tuyn phn tn. ................................................................ 81
3. nh tuyn tnh v nh tuyn ng................................................................................ 84
3.3 Gii thiu mt s giao thc nh tuyn: ....................................................................... 88
nh tuyn mng dung giao thc RIP.......................................................................... 88
nh tuyn mng s dng giao thc OSPF................................................................. 89
Giao thc EIGRP ........................................................................................................ 89
Chng IV. Mng Internet. ...................................................................................................... 90
I. S lc lch s pht trin ca mng.................................................................................... 91
II. T chc ca mng Internet................................................................................................ 96
III. Mt s phng thc kt ni Internet ph bin.................................................................100
1. Cc h thng dng dch v in thoi. ..........................................................................100
1.1. Leased Line (ng dy thu bao) .............................................................................100
1.2. Frame Relay v X25 ..................................................................................................100
1.3. DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) ..................................................................................100
1.4. ISDN ( Integrated Services Digital Network) .............................................................101
1.5. ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) .........................................................................101
1.6. ng dy in thoi Analog ....................................................................................101
2. Cc h thng khng dng dch v in thoi.................................................................102
2.1. H thng cung cp cp quang lp cc b...................................................................102
2.2. Modem cp ................................................................................................................102
2.3. Kt ni trc tip.........................................................................................................102
IV. Cc dch v thng dng ca Internet...............................................................................103
4.1. Th in t ................................................................................................................103
4.2. Mng thng tin ton cu (World Wide Web- WWW) ..................................................103
4.3. Dch v truyn tp - FTP ..........................................................................................104
4.4. Dch v truy nhp t xa -TELNET ............................................................................105
4.5. Dch v tra cu theo ch mc - Gopher ......................................................................105
4.6. Dch v nhm tin - USENET ....................................................................................105

4.7. Dch v tm kim thng tin din rng WAIS (Wide Area Information Service). ...........106
4.8. Dch v hi thoi trn Internet - IRC .........................................................................107
Kt Lun ..................................................................................................................................107
Danh mc t vit tt .................................................................................................................111
Mc lc cc hnh......................................................................................................................113

Li nhn xt
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Li m u
Ngy nay, vi s pht trin ca khoa hc k thut, my tnh tr nn ph bin vi
mi ngi, n mang li cho con ngi kh nng to ln v lm c nhng cng
vic phi thng : tnh ton nhanh, chnh xc cc php ton phc tp, iu khin t
ng v lm vic theo s lp trnh ca con ngi. My tnh ra i khng ch l
cng c gii phng sc lao ng, h tr ti a trong sn xut m cn l phng tin
hc tp, gii tr b ch trong i sng ca mi ngi. S pht trin ca my tnh
cng nh cng ngh thng tin s mang li nhng thnh tu to ln cho s pht trin
kinh t ca t nc. L phng tin tip cn nhanh nht n cc thnh tu ca
khoa hc k thut.
Sc mnh ca my tnh c tng ln nhiu ln khi cc my tnh c kt ni

thnh mt mng my tnh. Vi mng my tnh ton cu chng ta c th d dng
tip cn vi th gii bn ngoi, tip cn vi nhng thnh tu khoa hc tin tin nht
trn th gii. Mng vin thng ni chung, my tnh v mng my tnh ni ring l
cng c khng th thiu trong hot ng ca b my nh nc, cc doanh nghip,
trng hc, ... v rt nhiu cc lnh vc sn xut khc. N ng vai tr nh cu ni
trao i thng tin gia cc chnh ph, cc t chc x hi v gia mi ngi vi
nhau.
cc my my tnh c th lin lc vi nhau qua mng, chng phi s dng cng 1

ngn ng hay cn gi l 1 giao thc (Protocol). Giao thc l 1 h lut v chun cho
php cc my tnh trong mng lin lc vi nhau. Giao thc giao tip hay cn gi l
Giao thc truyn thng, Giao thc lin mng, Giao thc tng tc, Giao thc trao
i thng tin (ting Anh l communication protocol), tuy nhin, trnh nhm vi
giao thc trong cc ngnh khc - l mt tp hp cc quy tc chun dnh cho vic

biu din d liu, pht tn hiu, chng thc v pht hin li d liu - nhng vic
cn thit gi thng tin qua cc knh truyn thng, nh m cc my tnh (v
cc thit b) c th kt ni v trao i thng tin vi nhau. Cc giao thc truyn
thng dnh cho truyn thng tn hiu s trong mng my tnh c nhiu tnh nng
m bo vic trao i d liu mt cch ng tin cy qua mt knh truyn thng
khng hon ho.
TCP/IP l vit tt ca Transmission Control Protocol (Giao thc iu Khin

Truyn Thng) / Internet Protocol (Giao thc Internet). TCP/IP khng ch gm 2
giao thc m thc t n l tp hp ca nhiu giao thc. Chng ta gi l 1 H
Giao Thc hay B Giao Thc (Suite Of Protocols).
Trong thi gian hc tp ti trung tm o tao Bch Khoa Npower, di s hng

dn ca cc thy gio chuyn ngnh qun tr mng c bit l thy Quang
Trung, em chn ti "Giao thc TCP/IP v Mng Internet" cho n mn hc
NETWORK. Mc ch ca ti l tm hiu v s dng trit nhng ng dng
cc giao thc trn mng.
Chng I : Tng Quan H Thng Mng TCP/IP

I. Lch s pht trin ca TCP/IP v mng Internet
Thit k TCP/IP c nh ngy hm nay l nh vai tr mang tnh lch s ca n.
Internet, ging nh rt nhiu thnh tu cng ngh cao khc, bt ngun t nghin
cu ca B Quc phng M. Vo cui nhng nm 60, cc quan chc B ny bt
u nhn thy lc lng qun s ang lu gi mt s lng ln cc loi my tnh,
mt s khng c kt ni, s khc c nhm vo cc mng ng, do cc giao
thc c nhn khng tng thch.
C nhn, trong trng hp ny, c ngha l cng ngh do mt nhm no
kim sot. Nhm ny c th khng mun tit l cc thng tin lin quan v giao
thc ca mnh nhng ngi s dng c th kt ni.
H bt u bn khon v kh nng chia s thng tin gia cc my tnh ny. Vn
quen vi vn an ninh, B Quc phng M lp lun rng nu c th xy dng
c mt mng li nh th th n d tr thnh mc tiu tn cng qun s. Mt
trong nhng yu cu trc ht ca mng li ny l phi nm phn tn. Cc dch
v quan trng khng c php tp trung ti mt s ch. Bi v bt k im no
cng c th b tn cng trong thi i tn la. H mun nu mt qu bom nh vo
bt k b phn no trong c s h tng u khng lm cho ton b h thng b
v. Kt qu l mng ARPAnet (Advanced Research Projects Agency). H thng
giao thc h tr s kt ni qua li, phi tp trung l khi im ca TCP/IP ngy nay.
Mt vi nm sau, khi Hip hi Khoa hc Quc gia M mun xy dng mt mng
li kt ni cc t chc, h p dng giao thc ca ARPAnet v bt u hnh
thnh Internet. Yu t phi tp trung ca ARPAnet chnh l mt phn ca s thnh
cng ca TCP/IP v Internet.
Hai c im quan trng ca TCP/IP to ra mi trng phi tp trung gm:

Xc nhn mt u cui - hai my tnh ang kt ni vi nhau ng vai tr hai u
mt mi u ca dy truyn. Chc nng ny xc nhn v kim tra s trao i
gia 2 my. V c bn, tt c cc my u c vai tr bnh ng.
nh tuyn ng - cc u mt c kt ni vi nhau thng qua nhiu ng dn,
v cc b nh tuyn lm nhim v chn ng cho d liu da trn cc iu kin
hin ti (Trong cc phn sau, hot ng nh tuyn v ng dn s c cp
chi tit hn).
II. Kin trc phn tng ca mng

gim phc tp trong thit k v ci t mng, cc mng my tnh c t
chc thit k theo kiu phn tng (layering). Trong h thng thnh phn ca mng
c t chc thnh mt cu trc a tng, mi tng c xy dng trn tng trc
; mi tng s cung cp mt s dch v cho tng cao hn. S lng cc tng cng
nh chc nng ca mi tng l tu thuc vo nh thit k. V d cu trc phn tng
ca mng SNA ca IBM, mng DECnet ca Digital, mng ARPANET. .. l c s
khc nhau. Nguyn tc cu trc ca mng phn tng l: mi h thng trong mt
mng u c cu trc phn tng (S lng tng, chc nng ca mi tng l nh
nhau). Mc ch ca mi tng l cung cp mt s dch v nht nh cho tng cao
hn.
Tng i ca h thng A s hi thoi vi tng i ca h thng B, cc quy tc v quy
c dng trong hi thoi gi l giao thc mc I
Gia hai tng k nhau tn ti mt giao din (interface) xc nh cc thao tc nguyn
thu ca tng di cung cp ln tng trn.
Trong thc t d liu khng truyn trc tip t tng i ca h thng ny sang tng i
ca h thng khc ( tr tng thp nht trc tip s dng ng truyn vt l
truyn cc xu bt (0.1) t h thng ny sang h thng khc ).D liu c truyn

t h thng gi (sender) sang h thng nhn (receiver) bng ng truyn vt l v
c nh vy d liu li i ngc ln cc tng trn. Nh vy khi hai h thng lin kt
vi nhau, ch tng thp nht mi c lin kt vt l cn tng cao hn ch c lin
kt logic (lin kt o ) c a vo hnh thc ho cc hot ng ca mng
thun tin cho vic thit k v ci t cc phn mm truyn thng. Nh vy vit
chng trnh cho tng N, phi bit tng N+1 cn g v tng N -1 c th lm c
g.
Hnh 1: Tng qut kin trc phn tng .
Nguyn tc xy dng kin trc phn tng nh sau:

n gin cn hn ch s lng cc tng.
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To ranh gii cc tng sao cho cc tng tc v m t cc dch v l ti
thiu.
Chia cc tng sao cho cc chc nng khc nhau c tch bit vi nhau, v
cc tng s dng cc loi cng ngh khc nhau cng c tch bit.
Cc chc nng ging nhau c t vo cng mt tng.
Chn ranh gii cc tng theo kinh nghim c chng t l thnh cng.
Cc chc nng c nh v sao cho c th thit k li tng m nh hng t
nht n cc tng k n.
To ranh gii gia cc tng sao cho c th chun ha giao din tng ng.
To mt tng khi d liu c x l mt cch khc bit.
Cho php thay i chc nng hoc giao thc trong mt tng khng lm nh
hng n cc tng khc.
Mi tng ch c cc ranh gii (giao din) vi cc tng k trn v k di n.
C th chia mt tng thnh cc tng con khi cn thit.
To tng con cho php giao din vi cc tng k cn.
Cho php hy b cc tng con nu thy khng cn thit.
III. M hnh OSI
1. Khi nim
Do cc nh thit k t do la chn kin trc mng ring ca mnh. T dn n

tnh trng khng tng thch gia cc mng v: Phng php truy nhp ng
truyn khc nhau, h giao thc khc nhau s khng tng thch lm tr ngi
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cho qu trnh tng tc gia ngi dng cc mng khc nhau. Nhu cu trao i
thng tin cng ln th tr ngi cng khng th chp nhn c vi ngi s
dng. Vi l do t chc chun ho quc t ISO thnh lp mt tiu ban nhm
xy dng mt khung chun v kin trc mng lm cn c cho cc nh thit k v
ch to cc sn phm mng. Kt qu l nm 1984 ISO a ra m hnh tham
chiu cho vic kt ni cc h thng m ( Reference Model for Open System Inter connection) hay gn hn l OSI Reference model. M hnh ny c dng lm c
s kt ni cc h thng m.
Hnh 2 : M hnh OSI.
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2. Mc ch
M hnh OSI phn chia chc nng ca mt giao thc ra thnh mt chui cc tng
cp. Mi mt tng cp c mt c tnh l n ch s dng chc nng ca tng di
n, ng thi ch cho php tng trn s dng cc chc nng ca mnh. Mt h
thng ci t cc giao thc bao gm mt chui cc tng ni trn c gi l "chng
giao thc" (protocol stack). Chng giao thc c th c ci t trn phn cng,
hoc phn mm, hoc l t hp ca c hai. Thng thng th ch c nhng tng
thp hn l c ci t trong phn cng, cn nhng tng khc c ci t trong
phn mm.
M hnh OSI ny ch c ngnh cng nghip mng v cng ngh thng tin tn
trng mt cch tng i. Tnh nng chnh ca n l quy nh v giao din gia cc
tng cp, tc qui nh c t v phng php cc tng lin lc vi nhau. iu ny
c ngha l cho d cc tng cp c son tho v thit k bi cc nh sn xut,
hoc cng ty, khc nhau nhng khi c lp rp li, chng s lm vic mt cch
dung ha (vi gi thit l cc c t c thu o mt cch ng n
Thng th nhng phn thc thi ca giao thc s c sp xp theo tng cp, tng
t nh c t ca giao thc ra, song bn cnh , c nhng trng hp ngoi l,
cn c gi l "ng ct ngn" (fast path). Trong kin to "ng ct ngn", cc
giao dch thng dng nht, m h thng cho php, c ci t nh mt thnh phn
n, trong tnh nng ca nhiu tng c gp li lm mt.
Vic phn chia hp l cc chc nng ca giao thc khin vic suy xt v chc nng
v hot ng ca cc chng giao thc d dng hn, t to iu kin cho vic
thit k cc chng giao thc t m, chi tit, song c tin cy cao. Mi tng cp thi
hnh v cung cp cc dch v cho tng ngay trn n, ng thi i hi dch v ca
tng ngay di n. Nh ni trn, mt thc thi bao gm nhiu tng cp trong
m hnh OSI, thng c gi l mt "chng giao thc".
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3. c im cc tng trong m hnh OSI
Trong m hnh OSI bao gm 7 tng, mi tng cung cp cc dch v cho tng cao
hn tip theo, m t chi tit cch thc ci t cc dch v ny. Cc tng c tru
tng ho theo cch l mi tng ch bit rng n lin lc vi tng tng ng trn
my khc. Trong thc t th mi tng ch lin lc vi cc tng k trn v k di n
trn mi h thng m thi. Tr tng thp nht trong m hnh mng khng tng no
c th chuyn thng tin mt cch trc tip vi tng tng ng trong mng my tnh
khc. Thng tin trn my cn gi phi c chuyn i qua tt c cc tng thp hn.
Thng tin sau li c truyn qua Card mng ti my nhn v li c truyn
ln qua cc tng cho n khi n n tng gi thng tin i.
Tng 7: Tng ng dng (Application layer)
Tng ng dng l tng cung cp phng tin cho ngi dng truy nhp cc thng
tin v d liu trn mng thng qua chng trnh ng dng. Mt s v d v cc ng
dng trong tng ny bao gm Telnet, Giao thc truyn tp tin FTP v Giao thc
truyn th in t SMTP, remote...
Tng 6: Tng trnh din (Presentation layer)
Tng trnh din bin i d liu cung cp mt giao din tiu chun cho tng ng
dng. N thc hin cc tc v nh m ha d liu sang dng MIME, nn d liu,
v cc thao tc tng t i vi biu din d liu trnh din d liu theo nh
cch m chuyn vin pht trin giao thc hoc dch v cho l thch hp. Chng hn:
chuyn i tp vn bn t m EBCDIC sang m ASCII, hoc tun t ha cc i
tng (object serialization) hoc cc cu trc d liu (data structure) khc sang
dng XML v ngc li.
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Tng 5: Tng phin (Session layer)
Tng phin kim sot cc (phin) hi thoi gia cc my tnh. Tng ny thit lp,
qun l v kt thc cc kt ni gia trnh ng dng a phng v trnh ng dng
xa. Tng ny cn h tr hot ng song cng (duplex) hoc bn song cng (halfduplex) hoc n cng (Single) v thit lp cc qui trnh nh du im hon thnh
(checkpointing) - gip vic phc hi truyn thng nhanh hn khi c li xy ra, v
im hon thnh c nh du - tr hon (adjournment), kt thc
(termination) v khi ng li (restart). M hnh OSI u nhim cho tng ny trch
nhim "ngt mch nh nhng" (graceful close) cc phin giao dch (mt tnh cht
ca giao thc kim sot giao vn TCP) v trch nhim kim tra v phc hi phin,
y l phn thng khng c dng n trong b giao thc TCP/IP.
Tng 4: Tng giao vn (Transport Layer)
Tng giao vn cung cp dch v chuyn dng chuyn d liu gia cc ngi dng
ti u cui, nh cc tng trn khng phi quan tm n vic cung cp dch v
truyn d liu ng tin cy v hiu qu. Tng giao vn kim sot tin cy ca mt
kt ni c cho trc. Mt s giao thc c nh hng trng thi v kt ni (state
and connection orientated). C ngha l tng giao vn c th theo di cc gi tin v
truyn li cc gi b tht bi. Mt v d in hnh ca giao thc tng 4 l TCP. Tng
ny l ni cc thng ip c chuyn sang thnh cc gi tin TCP hoc UDP.
tng 4 a ch c nh l address ports, thng qua address ports phn bit
c ng dng trao i.
Tng 3: Tng mng (Network Layer)
Tng mng cung cp cc chc nng v qui trnh cho vic truyn cc chui d liu
c di a dng, t mt ngun ti mt ch, thng qua mt hoc nhiu mng,
trong khi vn duy tr cht lng dch v (quality of service) m tng giao vn yu
cu. Tng mng thc hin chc nng nh tuyn, .Cc thit b nh tuyn (router)
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hot ng ti tng ny gi d liu ra khp mng m rng, lm cho lin mng tr
nn kh thi (cn c thit b chuyn mch (switch) tng 3, cn gi l chuyn mch
IP). y l mt h thng nh v a ch lgic (logical addressing scheme) cc gi
tr c chn bi k s mng. H thng ny c cu trc ph h. V d in hnh ca
giao thc tng 3 l giao thc IP.
Tng 2: Tng lin kt d liu (Data Link Layer)
Tng lin kt d liu cung cp cc phng tin c tnh chc nng v quy trnh
truyn d liu gia cc thc th mng, pht hin v c th sa cha cc li trong
tng vt l nu c. Cch nh a ch mang tnh vt l, ngha l a ch (a ch
MAC) c m ha cng vo trong cc th mng (network card) khi chng c
sn xut. H thng xc nh a ch ny khng c ng cp (flat scheme). Ch : V
d in hnh nht l Ethernet. Nhng v d khc v cc giao thc lin kt d liu
(data link protocol) l cc giao thc HDLC; ADCCP dnh cho cc mng im-tiim hoc mng chuyn mch gi (packet-switched networks) v giao thc Aloha
cho cc mng cc b. Trong cc mng cc b theo tiu chun IEEE 802, v mt s
mng theo tiu chun khc, chng hn FDDI, tng lin kt d liu c th c chia
ra thnh 2 tng con: tng MAC (Media Access Control - iu khin Truy nhp
ng truyn) v tng LLC (Logical Link Control - iu khin Lin kt Lgic)
theo tiu chun IEEE 802.2.
Tng lin kt d liu chnh l ni cc cu ni (bridge) v cc thit b chuyn mch
(switches) hot ng. Kt ni ch c cung cp gia cc nt mng c ni vi
nhau trong ni b mng. Tuy nhin, c lp lun kh hp l cho rng thc ra cc
thit b ny thuc v tng 2,5 ch khng hon ton thuc v tng 2.
Tng 1: Tng vt l (Physical Layer)
Tng vt l nh ngha tt c cc c t v in v vt l cho cc thit b. Trong
bao gm b tr ca cc chn cm (pin), cc hiu in th, v cc c t v cp ni
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(cable). Cc thit b tng vt l bao gm Hub, b lp (repeater), thit b tip hp
mng (network adapter) v thit b tip hp knh my ch (Host Bus Adapter)(HBA dng trong mng lu tr (Storage Area Network)). Chc nng v dch v cn
bn c thc hin bi tng vt l bao gm:
* Thit lp hoc ngt mch kt ni in (electrical connection) vi mt phng
tin truyn thng (transmission medium).
* Tham gia vo quy trnh m trong cc ti nguyn truyn thng c chia s
hiu qu gia nhiu ngi dng. Chng hn gii quyt tranh chp ti nguyn
(contention) v iu khin lu lng.
* iu bin (modulation), hoc bin i gia biu din d liu s (digital data)
ca cc thit b ngi dng v cc tn hiu tng ng c truyn qua knh truyn
thng (communication channel).
Cp (bus) SCSI song song hot ng tng cp ny. Nhiu tiu chun khc nhau
ca Ethernet dnh cho tng vt l cng nm trong tng ny; Ethernet nhp tng vt
l vi tng lin kt d liu vo lm mt. iu tng t cng xy ra i vi cc
mng cc b nh Token ring, FDDI v IEEE 802.11.
IV. Phng thc hot ng

mi tng m hnh trong tng ISO, c hai phng thc hot ng chnh c p
dng l: phng thc hot ng c lin kt (connection-oriented) v khng c
lin kt (connectionless).
Vi phng thc c lin kt, trc khi truyn d liu cn thit phi thit lp mt
lin kt logic gia cc thc th cng tng. Cn vi phng thc khng lin kt th
khng cn lp lin kt logic v mi n v d liu c truyn l c lp vi cc
n v d liu trc hoc sau n.
17

1. C kt ni (Connection Oriented)
Vi phng thc c kt ni, qu trnh truyn d liu phi tri qua ba giai on theo
th t thi gian.
Thit lp kt ni: hai thc th ng mc hai h thng thng lng vi
nhau v tp cc tham s s c s dng trong giai on sau.
Truyn d liu: d liu c truyn vi cc c ch kim sot v qun l.
Hu b kt ni (logic): gii phng cc ti nguyn h thng cp pht cho
lin kt dng cho cc lin kt khc.
Tng ng vi ba giai on trao i, ba th tc c bn c s dng, chng hn
i vi tng N c: N-CONNECT ( thit lp lin kt ), N-DATA(Truyn d liu ),
v N-DISCONNECT (Hu b kt ni). Ngoi ra cn mt s th tc ph c s
dng tu theo c im, chc nng ca mi tng. V d:
Th tc N-RESTART c s dng khi ng li h thng tng 3
Th tc T-EXPEDITED DATA cho vic truyn d liu nhanh tng 4
Th tc S-TOKEN GIVE chuyn iu khin tng 5. ..
Mi th tc trn s dng cc hm nguyn thu (Request, Indication, Response,
Confirm) cu thnh cc hm c bn ca giao thc ISO.
2. Khng kt ni (Connectionless)
i vi phng thc khng kt ni th ch c duy nht mt giai on l: truyn
d liu.
So snh hai phng thc hot ng trn chng ta thy rng phng thc hot ng
c kt ni cho php truyn d liu tin cy, do c c ch kim sot v qun l
cht ch tng kt ni logic. Nhng mt khc n phc tp v kh ci t. Ngc li,
18

phng thc khng kt ni cho php cc PDU (Protocol Data Unit) c truyn
theo nhiu ng khc nhau i n ch, thch nghi vi s thay i trng thi
ca mng, song li tr gi bi s kh khn gp phi khi tp hp cc PDU di
chuyn ti ngi s dng.
Hai tng k nhau c th khng nht thit phi s dng cng mt phng thc hot
ng m c th dng hai phng thc khc nhau.
V. B giao thc TCP/IP

M hnh OSI l m hnh tham chiu c t chc ISO xy dng nhm to mt
chun phc v vic ni kt cc h thng m. Tuy nhin, do nhiu l do khc nhau
m OSI khng c s dng trong thc t m thay vo c s dng rng ri
nht l m hnh kin trc mng (b giao thc) TCP/IP. Hu nh tt c cc h iu
hnh hin ti u c ci t b giao thc TCP/IP. Trong phn ny s gii thiu s
lc v m hnh TCP/IP.
1. Khi nim
Giao thc (Protocol) l mt khi nim c bn ca mng truyn thng. C th hiu
mt cch khi qut l tp hp tt c cc quy tc cn thit (cc th tc, cc khun
dng d liu, cc c ch ph tr....) cho php cc giao thc trao i thng tin trn
mng c thc hin mt cch chnh xc v an ton. C rt nhiu h giao thc
ang c s dng trn mng truyn thng hin nay nh IEEE802.X dng trong
mng cc b, CCITT (nay l ITU) dng cho lin mng din rng v c bit l h
giao thc chun ca ISO (t chc tiu chun ho quc t ) da trn m hnh tham
chiu by lp cho vic kt ni cc h thng m. Trn Internet h giao thc c s
dng l b giao thc TCP/IP. B giao thc TCP/IP, ngn gn l TCP/IP (ting Anh:
Internet protocol suite hoc IP suite hoc TCP/IP protocol suite - b giao thc lin
mng), l mt b cc giao thc truyn thng ci t chng giao thc m Internet v
19

hu ht cc mng my tnh thng mi ang chy trn . B giao thc ny c
t tn theo hai giao thc chnh ca n l TCP (Giao thc iu khin Giao vn) v
IP (Giao thc Lin mng). Chng cng l hai giao thc u tin c nh ngha.
Nh nhiu b giao thc khc, b giao thc TCP/IP c th c coi l mt tp hp
cc tng, mi tng gii quyt mt tp cc vn c lin quan n vic truyn d
liu, v cung cp cho cc giao thc tng cp trn mt dch v c nh ngha r
rng da trn vic s dng cc dch v ca cc tng thp hn. V mt lgic, cc
tng trn gn vi ngi dng hn v lm vic vi d liu tru tng hn, chng
da vo cc giao thc tng cp di bin i d liu thnh cc dng m cui
cng c th c truyn i mt cch vt l.
2. Mc ch v ngun gc
Giao tip thng tin tr thnh nhu cu khng th thiu trong tt c mi lnh vc
hot ng. Mng my tnh tnh ra i phn no p ng c nhu cu . Phm
vi lc u ca cc mng b hn ch trong mt nhm lm vic, mt c quan, cng
ty... trong mt khu vc. Tuy nhin thc t ca ca nhng nhu cu cn trao i
thng tin trong nhiu lnh vc khc nhau, v nhiu ch khc nhau, gia cc t
chc, cc c quan. ..l khng c gii hn. V vy nhu cu cn kt ni cc mng
khc nhau ca cc t chc khc nhau trao i thng tin l thc s cn thit.
Nhng tht khng may l hu ht cc mng ca cc cng ty, cc c quan... u l
cc thc th c lp, c thit lp phc v nhu cu trao i thng tin ca bn
thn cc t chc . Cc mng ny c th c xy dng t nhng k thut phn
cng khc nhau ph hp vi nhng vn giao tip thng tin ca ring h. iu
ny chnh l mt cn tr cho vic xy dng mt mng chung, bi v s khng c
mt k thut phn cng ring no p ng cho vic xy dng mt mng chung
tho mn nhu cu ngi s dng. Ngi s dng cn mt mng tc cao ni
20

cc my, nhng nhng mng nh vy khng th c m rng trn nhng khong
cch ln. Nhu cu v mt k thut mi m c th kt ni c nhiu mng vt l
c cu trc khc hn nhau l tht s cn thit. Nhn thc c iu , trong qu
trnh pht trin mng ARPANET ca mnh, t chc ARPA ( Advanced Research
Projects Agency) tp trung nghin cu nhm a ra mt k thut tho mn
nhng yu cu trn. K thut ARPA bao gm mt thit lp ca cc chun mng xc
nh r nhng chi tit ca vic lm th no cc my tnh c th truyn thng vi
nhau cng nh mt s thit lp cc quy c cho kt ni mng, lu thng v chn
ng. K thut c pht trin y v c a ra vi tn gi chnh xc l
TCP/IP Iternet Protocol Suit v thng c gi tt l TCP/IP. Dng TCT/IP ngi
ta c th kt ni c tt c cc mng bn trong cng ty ca h hoc c th kt ni
gia cc mng ca cc cng ty, cc t chc khc nhau vi nhau.
B giao thc TCP/IP gm nhiu giao thc c phn lm 4 tng nh sau:
Hnh 3 : Cc tng trong b giao thc TCP/IP.
21

3. c im
L b giao thc chun m v sn c, v: n khng thuc s hu ca bt c
mt t chc no; cc c t th sn c v rng ri. V vy bt k ai cng c
th xy dng phn mm truyn thng qua mng my tnh da trn n.
TCP/IP c lp vi phn cng mng vt l, iu ny cho php TCP/IP c th
c dng kt ni nhiu loi mng c kin trc vt l khc nhau nh:
Ethernet, Tokenring, FDDI, X25, ATM...(Trong phm vi ti ta ch xt ti
Ethernet).
TCP/IP dng a ch IP nh danh cc host trn mng to ra mt mng o
thng nht khi kt ni mng.
VI. TCP/IP v OSI

1. So snh TCP/IP v OSI
Do nhiu nguyn nhn nh lch s, chi ph nn b giao thc TCP/IP c s
dng rt lu trc khi m hnh OSI ra i. Cng do vy nn m hnh OSI khng
c s dung rng ri trong thc t m l m hnh hc thut dng so snh vi
m hnh thc t l TCP/IP. Hai ci c lin quan t nhiu, song khng phi l hon
ton ging nhau. im khc bit u tin d thy nht l s lng ca cc tng cp.
Trong khi b giao thc TCP/IP c 4 (hoc 5 tng) th m hnh OSI c ti 7 tng vi
s khc bit l 2 tng mi: tng phin v tng trnh din. Nhiu so snh gp 2
tng ny vo tng ng dng trong b giao thc TCP/IP. Hnh v sau y so snh
cc tng tng ng ln nhau gia OSI v TCP/IP:
22
Hnh 4 : Tng ng cc tng gia TCP/IP v OSI.
Trong khi m hnh OSI nhn mnh tin cy c cung cp trong dch v
chuyn d liu th i vi TCP/IP coi tin cy nm trong vn end to
end.
Trong m hnh OSI tt c mi tng u c pht hin v kim tra li, tng
giao vn ch lm nhim v kim tra tin cy ca source to destination.
Cn i vi b giao thc TCP/IP tng giao vn lm mi nhim v kim tra
pht hin v sa li.
M hnh OSI c xy dng trc khi cc giao thc ca n c xy dng,
do vy n c tnh tng qut cao v c th c dng m t cc m hnh
khc. Ngc li, b giao thc TCP/IP ch l mt m hnh nhm v miu
t nhng giao thc sn c trong thc t. V vy b giao thc TCP/IP c s
23

dng rng ri trong thc t trong khi m hnh OSI li ph hp vi mc ch
hc tp v ging dy.
2. Tng qut v cc giao thc
Mng Internet vi h giao thc TCP/IP c minh ho tng qut nh hnh trn vi
cc dch v m n cung cp v cc chun c s dng c so snh vi kin trc h
thng m OSI chng ta c mt cch nhn tng qut v h giao thc ny.
Trong :
TCP: (Transmistion Control Protocol) Th tc lin lc tng giao vn ca
TCP/IP. TCP c nhim v m bo lin lc thng sut v tnh ng n ca
d liu gia 2 u ca kt ni, da trn cc gi tin IP.
UDP: (User Datagram Protocol) Th tc lin kt tng giao vn ca TCP/IP.
Khc vi TCP, UDP khng m bo kh nng thng sut ca d liu, cng
khng c ch sa li. B li, UDP cho tc truyn d liu cao hn TCP.
IP: (Internet Protocol) L giao thc tng th 3 ca TCP/IP, n c trch
nhim vn chuyn cc Datagrams qua mng Internet.
ICMP: (Internet Control Message Protocol) Th tc truyn cc thng tin iu
khin trn mng TCP/IP. X l cc tin bo trng thi cho IP nh li v cc
thay i trong phn cng ca mng nh hng n s nh tuyn thng tin
truyn trong mng.
RIP: (Routing Information Protocol) Giao thc nh tuyn thng tin y l
mt trong nhng giao thc xc nh phng php nh tuyn tt nht cho
truyn tin.
ARP: (Address Resolution Protocol) L giao thc tng lin kt d liu.
Chc nng ca n l tm a ch vt l ng vi mt a ch IP no . Mun
vy n thc hin Broadcasting trn mng, v my trm no c a ch IP
24

trng vi a ch IP ang c hi s tr li thng tin v a ch vt l ca
n.
DSN: (Domain name System) Xc nh cc a ch theo s t cc tn ca
my tnh kt ni trn mng.
FTP: (File Transfer Protocol) Giao thc truyn tp truyn tp t mt my
ny n mt my tnh khc. Dch v ny l mt trong nhng dch v c bn
ca Internet.
Telnet: (Terminal Emulation Protocol) ng k s dng my ch t xa vi
Telnet ngi s dng c th t mt my tnh ca mnh xa my ch, ng
k truy nhp vo my ch x dng cc ti nguyn ca my ch nh l
mnh ang ngi ti my ch.
SMTP: (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) Giao thc truyn th n gin: l
mt giao thc trc tip bo m truyn th in t gia cc my tnh trn
mng Internet.
SNMP: (Simple Network Management Protocol) Giao thc qun tr mng
n gin: l dch v qun tr mng gi cc thng bo trng thi v mng
v cc thit b kt ni mng.
25
Chng II. B giao thc TCP/IP

I. Cu trc phn tng ca TCP/IP
Nh ta ni phn trn, TCP/IP l m hnh m kt ni mng, Do vy, n
cng c thit k theo kin trc phn tng tng t nh m hnh OSI. B giao
thc TCP/IP c thit k gm 4 tng c m t theo hnh di:
Hnh 5 : B giao thc TCP/IP.
II. ng gi d liu trong TCP/IP

B giao thc TCP/IP dng s ng gi d liu nhm tru tng ha cc giao thc
v dch v, ni cch khc l cc giao thc tng cao hn s dng cc giao thc
tng thp hn nhm t c mc ch ca mnh bng cch ng gi d liu ging
nh v d trong hnh sau:
26
Hnh 6: Cu trc gi D liu.
Nhng tng trn nh gn vi ngi s dng hn, nhng tng thp nht gn vi
thit b truyn thng hn. Trong mi tng l mt nhm nhiu giao thc, trong c
mt giao thc phc v tng trn ca n v mt giao thc s dng dch v ca
tng di ca n (ngoi tr tng nh v tng y). Bng sau lit k mt s giao
thc ca cc tng:
Tng
Giao Thc
DNS, TFTP, TLS/SSL, FTP, Gopher, HTTP, IMAP, IRC,
Application
NNTP, POP3, SIP, SMTP,SMPP, SNMP, SSH, Telnet,

Echo, RTP, PNRP, rlogin, ENRP
Transport
TCP, UDP, DCCP, SCTP, IL, RUDP, RSVP
Internet
IP (IPv4, IPv6), ICMP, IGMP, ICMPv6
Link
ARP, RARP, OSPF (IPv4/IPv6), IS-IS, NDP
Hnh 7 : Bng giao thc trn cc tng ca TCP/IP.
27

III. Cc tng trong m hnh TCP/IP
cho cc my tnh trao i d liu vi nhau TCP/IP s dng m hnh truyn
thng 4 tng hay cn gi l M Hnh DoD (M hnh ca B Quc Phng M). Cc
tng trong m hnh ny l (Theo th t t trn xung):
Tng ng Dng (Application Layer).
Tng Giao Vn (Transport Layer).
Tng Lin Mng (Internet Layer).
Tng Lin Kt ( Link Layer).
Hnh 8 : M Hnh TCP/IP.

1. Tng ng dng (Application Layer)
y l tng cao nht trong cu trc phn lp ca TCP/IP. Tng ny bao gm tt c
cc chung trnh ng dng s dng cc dch v sn c thng qua mt chng giao
28

thc TCP/IP. Cc chng trnh ng dng tng tc vi mt trong cc giao thc ca
tng giao vn truyn hoc nhn d liu. Mi chng trnh ng dng la chn
mt kiu giao thc thch hp cho cng vic ca n. Chng trnh ng dng chuyn
d liu theo mu m tng giao vn yu cu.
Mt s giao thc thng dng trong tng ny l:
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol): Giao Thc Cu Hnh Trm
ng.
DNS (Domain Name System): H Thng Tn Min.
SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol): Giao Thc Qun L Mng
n Gin.
FTP (File Transfer Protocol): Giao Thc Truyn Tp Tin.
TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol): Giao Thc Truyn Tp Tin Bnh
Thng .
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): Giao Thc Truyn Th n Gin .
TELNET.
2. Tng giao vn (Transport Layer)

Nhim v trc tin ca tng giao vn l cung cp s giao tip thng tin gia cc
chng trnh ng dng. Mi s giao tip c gi l end-to-end. Tng giao vn
cng c th iu chnh lu lng lung thng tin. N cng cung cp mt s vn
chuyn tin cy, m bo rng d liu n m khng b li. lm nh vy, phn
mm giao thc h tr bn nhn c th gi li cc thng bo xc nhn v vic thu
d liu v bn gi c th truyn li cc gi tin b mt hoc b li. Phn mm giao
thc chia dng d liu ra thnh nhng n v d liu nh hn (thng c gi l
cc Packets) v chuyn mi packet cng vi a ch ch ti tng tip theo tip
tc qu trnh truyn dn.
29

2 giao thc chnh trong tng ny gm:
UDP (User Datagram Protocol): Cn gi l Giao Thc Gi Ngi Dng.
UDP cung cp cc knh truyn thng phi kt ni nn n khng m bo
truyn d liu 1 cch tin cy. Cc ng dng dng UDP thng ch truyn
nhng gi c kch thc nh, tin cy d liu ph thuc vo tng ng
dng
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): Ngc li vi UDP, TCP cung cp cc
knh truyn thng hng kt ni v m bo truyn d liu 1 cch tin cy.
TCP thng truyn cc gi tin c kch thc ln v yu cu pha nhn xc
nhn v cc gi tin nhn.
3. Tng Internet (Internet Layer)

Tng mng x l giao tip thng tin t mt my ny ti mt my khc. N chp
nhn mt yu cu gi mt gi t t tng giao vn cng vi mt nh danh ca
my ch m gi tin s c gi ti. V d vi giao thc TCP hay UDP ca tng
giao vn, n s bc gi tin trong mt IP Datagram, in y vo trong phn header,
s dng gii thut chn ng quyt nh l giao pht gi tin trc tip hay l gi
n ti mt Router, v chuyn datagram ti giao din phi ghp mng thch hp cho
vic truyn dn.tng mng cng x l cc Datagram n, kim tra tnh hp l ca
chng, v s dng gii thut chn ng quyt nh l datagram s c x l
cc b hay l s c chuyn i tip. i vi cc datagrams c a ch ch cc b,
th phn mm tng mng s xo phn header ca cc datagram , v chn trong s
cc giao thc tng giao vn mt giao thc thch hp x l packet.
Bn giao thc quan trng nht trong tng ny gm:
IP (Internet Protocol): C chc nng gn a ch cho d liu trc khi truyn
v nh tuyn chng ti ch.
30

ARP (Address Resolution Protocol): C chc nng bin dch a ch IP ca
my ch thnh a ch MAC.
ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol): C chc nng thng bo li
trong trng hp truyn d liu b hng.
IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol): C chc nng iu khin
truyn a hng (Multicast) .
4. Tng lin kt (Link Layer)

L tng thp nht ca b giao thc TCP/IP, chu trch nhim v vic chp nhn cc
datagram ca tng trn (v d IP datagram) v vic truyn pht chng trn mt
mng xc nh. Theo quan im hin nay m hnh TCP/IP khng cn bao gm cc
c t vt l, ni cch khc tng lin kt cng khng cn bao gm vn v phn
cng hay vic truyn tn hiu vt l na.
Tng ny gm cc thit b phn cng vt l chng hn nh Card Mng v Cp
Mng. 1 Card Mng chng hn card Ethernet cha 1 s HEX 12 k t (00-18-3703-C0-F4) c gi l a Ch MAC (Media Access Control) hay a Ch Truy
Nhp Phng Tin . MAC ng vai tr quan trng trong vic gn a ch v truyn
d liu.
Mt s giao thc tiu biu thuc tng ny gm
ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode).
Ethernet.
Token Ring.
FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface - cng ngh mng cao tc).
Frame Relay.
31

IV. a ch IP
1. a ch IP
Mi my trn mng TCP/IP hay cn gi l trm TCP/IP c nhn dng bng 1 a
ch IP logic. Mi trm hay mi thit b mng s dng TCP/IP truyn thng cn
c 1 a ch IP duy nht. a ch IP cho bit v tr ca 1 h thng trong 1 mng
ging nh a ch xc nh ngi nh trn 1 con ng no . Tng t nh 1 khu
dn c. a ch IP phi l duy nht trn ton cu v phi c vit di 1 nh dng
chun.
Mi a ch IP c chia thnh 2 phn :
Phn a ch mng (Net ID) .
Net ID: Dng nhn dng nhng h thng trong cng 1 khu vc vt l cn c
gi l Phn on (Segment). Mi h thng trong cng 1 Phn on phi c cng
a Ch Mng v Phn a ch ny phi l duy nht trong s cc mng hin c.
Phn a ch trm (Host ID).
Host ID: Dng nhn dng 1 trm lm vic, 1 my ch, 1 Router hoc 1 trm
TCP/IP trong 1 phn on. Phn a ch trm cng phi l duy nht trong 1 mng.
Hnh 9 : Cu trc a ch IP.

Ging a ch bu in gm 2 phn: M B U IN S NH, TN NG..
32

Phn u tin, NET ID nhn dng mng m my tnh ni ti, tt c my tnh trong
cng mng phi c cng NET ID ging nh mi nh trong cng qun phi c cng
M BU IN.
Phn th hai, HOST ID xc nh my tnh, router hoc thit b mng khc trong
mng. HOST ID phi l duy nht trong 1 mng ging nh S NH, TN NG
phi l duy nht trong 1 qun. Hai my tnh c th c cng HOST ID nu NET ID
ca chng khc nhau, ging nh hai NG c th cng tn nu nh chng thuc
2 qun khc nhau.
S kt hp gia NET ID v HOST ID phi cho php nhn dng duy nht mi my
tnh ring bit. Cc a ch IP c chiu di 32bit c chia thnh 4 dy. Mi dy
gm 8bit (1Byte), mi Byte c phn cch = 1 du ., 1 Byte l 1 gi tr nm
trong khong t 0-255. Cch biu din nh vy gi l K hiu thp phn du
chm (Dotted-Decimal Notation) cho mi ngi s dng nh a ch 1 cch d
dng.
Tuy nhin khi ta x l thng tin my tnh li s dng H Nh Phn (Binary) v tn
hiu chng s dng truyn thng ch c 2 trng thi l Bt (1) v Tt (0)
Bng bn di y s m t s kt hp gia K Hiu Thp Phn (Decimal
Notation) v K Hiu Khoa Hc (Scientific Notation) vi mi Bit bn trong 1 B
Tm Nh Phn (Binary Octet).
Hnh 10 : Bng kt hp.
33

Trong 1 Byte , mi bit c gn mt gi tr. Nu Bit c t l 0 th n c gn
gi tr 0, nu Bit c t l 1 th c th chuyn i thnh 1 gi tr thp phn. Bit
thp nht trong Byte tng ng vi 1, Bit cao nht tng ng vi 128. Vy gi tr
ln nht ca 1 Byte l 255 tng ng vi trng hp c 8 Bit u c t l 1.
Hnh 11 : Gi tr ln nht ca 1 Byte.
V d: Ta s i a ch sau: 10101100 00010000 00000101 01111101 sang dng K

Hiu Thp Phn Du Chm.
34

2. a ch IP Public v a ch Private
2.1 a ch IP Public.
Mi 1 a ch IP ngoi Internet l duy nht. cc Network c nhng a ch duy
nht ngoi Internet, th Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) s chia
nhng khong a ch khng d tr thnh nhng phn nh v y thc trch nhim
phn phi a ch cho cc t chc ng K Min khp th gii. Nhng t chc
l Asia-Pacific Network Information Center (APNIC), American Registry for
Internet Numbers (ARIN), and Reseaux IP Europesens (RIPE NCC). Nhng t
chc ny s phn phi nhng khi a ch n 1 s nh cc Internet Service
Provider (ISP) ln v cc ISP ln ny sau s gn nhng khi nh hn cho cc
i l v cc ISP nh hn. ISP s cp 1 IP Public cho mi my tnh ca bn cc
my tnh ny c th kt ni trc tip n ISP. Cc a ch ny c cp 1 cch t
ng dn mi my tnh khi my tnh kt ni v c th l a ch tnh nu ng line
ca bn thu ring hay cc ti khon Dial-up.
2.1 a ch IP Private
IANA d tr mt t a ch IP m cc a ch ny khng bao gi c s dng
trn Internet. Nhng a ch IP Private ny c s dng cho nhng Host yu cu
c IP kt ni nhng khng cn c thy trn cc mng Public. V d, 1 user kt
ni nhng my tnh trong mng TCP/IP nh th ko cn cp 1 a ch IP Public cho
mi Host. User c th ly nhng khong IP bng di y cung cp a ch
cho cc Host trong mng.
35
Lp A
Lp B
Lp C
Starting Address
Ending Address
10.0.0.0
10.255.255.254
169.254.0.0
169.254.255.255
172.16.0.0
172.31.255.255
192.168.0.0
192.168.255.254
Hnh 12 : Di IP cho mng cc b.
Nhng host c a ch IP Private c th kt ni n Internet bng cch s dng 1

Proxy Server hay 1 my tnh chy Windows Server 2003 cu hnh nh l 1
Network Address Translation (NAT) Server. Windows Server 2003 cng tch hp
chc nng Internet Connection Sharing (ICS) cung cp dch v NAT n gin
cho cc Client trong mng Private.
3. Cc lp a ch IP v cu hnh a ch IP
C 5 lp a ch IP to cc mng c kch thc khc nhau gm: Lp A, Lp B,
Lp C, Lp D, Lp E. TCP/IP h tr gn a ch lp A, lp B, lp C cho cc trm.
Cc lp ny c chiu di phn NET ID v HOST ID khc nhau nn s lng Mng
v s lng Trm trn mi mng cng khc nhau:
Lp A: c gn cho cc Mng c kch thc cc ln. Trong lp a ch ny
Byte u tin xc nh NET ID, Bit cao nht ca Byte ny lun c t l 0.
3 Byte cn li xc nh Host ID. Do lp A c th cp cho 126 Mng vi
16.777.214 Trm trn mi Mng.
36

Lp B: c gn cho cc Mng c kch thc va v ln. Trong lp a ch
ny 2 Byte u tin xc nh NET ID, 2 Bit cao nht ca Byte u tin lun
c t l 1 0. 2 Byte cn li xc nh Host ID. Do lp B c th cp cho
16.384 Mng vi 65.534 Trm trn mi Mng.
Lp C: c gn cho cc Mng c kch thc nh. Trong lp a ch ny 3
Byte u tin xc nh NET ID, 3 Bit cao nht ca Byte u tin lun c
t l 1 1 0. Byte cui cng xc nh Host ID. Do lp C c th cp cho
2.097.152 Mng vi 254 Trm trn mi Mng.
Lp D: Cc a ch lp ny s dng cho Truyn a Hng (Multicast). 1
nhm Multicast c th cha 1 hoc nhiu Trm. Trong lp ny 4 Bit cao nht
ca Byte u tin lun c t l 1 1 1 0, cc Bit cn li nh ngha nhm
Multicast. a ch lp D khng c chia thnh Net ID v Host ID. Cc gi
(Packets) Multicast c truyn ti 1 nhm Trm c th v ch c cc Trm
ng k vo nhm ny mi nhn c gi.
Lp E: L lp a ch thc nghim, n khng c thit k cho mc ch s
dng chung. Lp E c d phng cho cc ng dng tng lai. Cc Bit cao
nht ca Byte u tin lun c t l 1 1 1 1.
Cu hnh a ch IP:
My network Places Properties Local Area connection Properties
General Internet Protocol Use the follwing IP address a ch IP c t
tai y OK
Nh vy ta t c a ch IP cho my.
Bng sau y s m t khi qut v cc lp a ch IP:
37
Hnh 13: Cc lp a ch IP.
38
Hnh 14 : S khc nhau gia 3 Lp a ch A, B v C.
4. Subnet Mask
bit Trm ch thuc Mng cc b hay xa. Trm ngun cn 1 thng tin khc.
Thng tin ny chnh l Subnet Mask. Subnet Mask l 1 a ch 32 bit c s dng
che 1 phn ca a ch IP. Bng cch ny cc my tnh c th xc nh u l Net
ID v u l Host ID trong 1 a ch IP. Mi Trm trong mng TCP/IP yu cu c 1
Subnet Mask.N c gi l Subnet Mask mc nh, nu n cha c chia Subnet
(v v vy n ch c 1 Subnet n), v c gi l Subnet Mask ty nu n c
chia thnh nhiu Subnet
Vd: 1 s 32bit tiu biu cho 1 Subnet Mask mc nh c dng bi nhng Trm
cu hnh vi 1 a ch lp C (vd 192.168.20.50) l :
11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 (255.255.255.0). Khi 1 trm c a ch
192.168.20.50 gi gi tin n a ch 192.168.50.20. u tin, Trm s thc hin
39

php tnh AND gia a Ch cc b vi Subnet Mask mc nh cc b. Bi v khi
thc hin php tnh AND 2 s, bt k s no AND vi 0 s l 0, v AND vi 1 s l
chnh n => khi AND 192.168.20.50 vi 255.255.255.0 kt qu l 192.168.20.0.
My trm sau s thc hin php tnh AND gia a ch ch vi Subnet Mask
ging trn. TCP/IP sau s so snh kt qu nhng gi tr t 2 php tnh AND. Nu
2 gi tr ng nht th Trm TCP/IP kt lun ch kia l trn Subnet cc b. Nu 2
gi tr khc nhau th Trm xc nh ch kia l xa.
Ta cng c 1 cch vit khc xc nh Subnet Mask l:
a ch IP / Tin t Mng
Tin t Mng c xc nh bng cch cng tt c cc bit 1 trong dy 32bit ca
Subnet Mask.
Vd: 192.168.5.10 c Subnet Mask mc nh l 255.255.255.0.
i qua s nh phn s l 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000.
=> Tng cng c 24 bit 1. Vy ta c th vit di dng:
192.168.5.10 / 24
Bng di y s a ra nhng Subnet Mask mc nh cho cc Lp Mng:
Hnh 15 : Bng Subnet Mask mc nh.

40

5. Default Gateway
Khi 1 trm trong TCP/IP cn truyn thng tin vi 1 Trm trn Mng khc th n
phi thng qua 1 Router. Router c gn nhiu Interface (vd Card Mng) kt ni
n cc Mng ring bit, Routing l qu trnh nhn nhng gi IP ti 1 Interface v
gi nhng gi ny ra 1 Interface khc hng v 1 ch cui cng. Vi 1 host c
cp trn Mng TCP/IP th Default Gateway l a ch ca Router, nm trong 1
phm vi Broadcast, n c cu hnh a nhng lung IP n Mng khc. Khi 1
my tnh c gng truyn t thng tin n 1 trm khc trn Mng IP, my tnh s
dng SUBNET MASK xc nh Trm ch l Cc B (Local) hay Xa
(Remote). Nu ch l 1 trm trn 1 phn on Mng Cc B, my tnh s n gin
gi 1 gi tin n Mng Cc B bng cch truyn cho tt c (Broadcast). Nu ch
l 1 Trm Xa, my tnh s a gi tin n Default Gateway c xc nh
trong TCP/IP Properties. Router c ghi r ti a ch Default Gateway sau s
chu trch nhim a gi tin n Mng 1 cch chnh xc.
6. Chia Subnet
Nhng Subnet Mask c s dng bi nhiu host xc nh u l phn chia ca
1 a ch IP c xem nh l Net ID ca a ch .Lp A, B v C s dng Subnet
Mask mc nh c che ln lt l 8, 16, 24bit tng ng vi nhng a ch
32bit. 1 Mng cc b c nh r bi 1 Subnet Mask hay cn gi l 1 Subnet.
Chia subnet l phng php logic chia 1 a ch mng bng cch tng bit 1 s dng
trong Subnet Mask ca 1 Mng. Phn m rng ny cho php bn chia nhiu Subnet
bn trong Mng ban u.
+ 255.255.0.0 l Subnet Mask mc nh c s dng cho nhng host bn trong
lp B , v d nh 131.107.0.0, th 2 a ch 131.107.1.11 v 131.107.2.11 l ging
Subnet. V nhng host trong Net ny lin lc vi nhau bng cch gi gi tin
41

Broadcast. Nhng khi Subnet Mask c tng thm thnh 255.255.255.0 th r
rng 2 a ch 131.107.1.11 v 131.107.2.11 l khc Net. Th nhng host ny mun
lin lc vi nhau th phi gi 1 gi tin IP n Default Gateway, ci m n chu trch
nhim routing nhng gi d liu n Subnet ch.
+ Trong khi ban u a ch lp B khi cha chia Subnet c 65.534 host th Subnet
Mask mi c cu hnh nh hnh bn di cho php bn chia thnh 256 Subnet
vi 254 host trn 1 subnet.
+ u im ca vic chia Subnet l khi chia xong nhng phn on con c th tri
rng trn nhiu phn on vt l (vd mng c th gm 2 phn on l Ethernet v
Token Ring). Tuy nhin u im chnh l gim lu lng mng v khi chia Subnet
th lu lng cc gi tin Broadcast khng lm nh hng n ton mng do Router
gia cc mng s chn cc gi tin Broadcast.
Xc nh Tng s Host trn 1 Mng bng cch ta ly 2 ly tha s bit lm Host ID
sau tr cho 2.
Hnh 16 : M hnh chia Subnet.
42
V d : 192.168.1.0 thuc lp C nn mc nh s c 24bit lm Net ID

(192.168.1.0/24) v 8bit lm Host ID. Vy Tng s Host : 2 ly tha 8 2 = 254
Host
Xc nh Tng s Subnet bng cch ta ly 2 ly tha s bit m rng thm vo Net
ID.
V d : 172.16.0.0 . Thuc lp B nn c 16bit lm Net ID(172.16.0.0/16) v 16bit
lm Host ID. Do Net ID cha m rng bit no nn s bit m rng = 0 , vy Tng s
Subnet = 2 ly tha 0 = 1 Subnet
Vy nu 172.16.0.0 vit di dng 172.16.0.0/20. Vy c ngha s bit lm Host ID
l 12 v s bit m rng thm vo Net ID l 4.
=> Tng S Host : 2 ly tha 12 2 = 4094 Hosts
=> Tng S Subnet : 2 ly tha 4 = 16 Subnets
Xc nh s Host trn mi Subnet: Tnh tng s Host trn 1 Subnet ging nh tnh
tng s Host trn 1 Mng. Khi 1 a ch Mng c chia Subnet. Th tng s
Host trn mi Subnet s l 2 ly tha x -2 vi x l s bit lm Host ID. c lng
phm vi a ch Subnet: Bng cch s dng K Hiu Thp Phn Du Chm, ta c
th c lng c phm vi ca nhng a ch IP trn mi Subnet n gin bng
cch ta ly 256 tr cho gi tr b 8 thch hp trong Subnet Mask.
V d 1: 1 Net thuc lp C c a ch 192.168.5.0 vi Subnet Mask l
255.255.255.192. Ta ly 256-192 = 64, Vy kt qu mi phm v a ch Subnet ca
43

Mng c nhm trong khong 64: 192.168.5.0 192.168.5.63, 192.168.5.64
192.167.5.127 , .v.v
V d 2: 1 Net thuc lp B c a ch 172.16.0.0 vi Subnet Mask l
255.255.255.240. Ta ly 256-240 = 16. Bi vy, mi phm vi a ch Subnet c
nhm 16 v tr th 3 v thch hp b 8. Nhng tri li v tr th 4 ca b 8 c
phm vi t 0-255: 172.16.0.0 172.16.15.255, 172.16.16.0 172.16.31.255,
Lu rng c 2 a ch khng c dng cp cho Host l a ch mng (tt c
cc bit trong phn Host ID u l 0) v a ch Broadcast (tt c cc bit trong phn
Host ID u l 1)
7. Supernetting
ngn s cn dn cc Net ID ca lp A,B. Cc nh iu hnh Internet sp t
1 s gi l Supernetting. Supernetting s cho php nhiu Net gom thnh 1 Net.
Supernetting a ra nhiu thun li hiu qu cho vic t a ch cho cc Net.
V d , gi s 1 t chc cn cung cp khong 2000 Trm. Con s ny l qu ln i

vi 1 lp C (ch c th cp cho 254 trm). Tuy nhin 1 Net thuc lp B c th cp
ti 16384 Net vi 65534 Trm trn mi Net v con s ny cng s nhanh chng
gim bt. Bi vy n ko thit thc 1 ISP (Internet Service Provider) cp 1 Net
lp B v nhu cu t chc kia ch chim 3% trong tng s IP ca 1 Net trong lp B ,
c ngha l lng ph mt 63534 a ch. Bng cch s dng Supernetting, 1 ISP c
th cp 1 khi nhng a ch lp C (1 Net c 254 Hosts) m n c xem nh 1
Mng c lp u gia lp B v lp C. Trong v d ny, 1 khi gm 8 Net
thuc lp C c th p ng nhu cu t chc kia bng cch cp 2032 host.
Supernetting khc vi Chia Subnet ch l Supernetting mn nhng Bit Net ID
em qua lm Host ID. V d, gi s 1 ISP cp cho bn 1 khi gm 8 Net lp C
t 207.46.168.0 dn 207.46.175.0. Gn 1 Subnet Mask l /21 (mc nh l /24) n
44

cc Router ti ISP v n tt c cc host nm trong t chc ca bn, kt qu l tt
c cc my u thy nhau nh l 1 Net bi v nh vo Net ID b rt ngn pht sinh
t subnet mask l /24, phn Net ID ca ton b 8 a ch ny by gi c nhn
thy nh l duy nht.
Hnh 17 : Supernetting.
8. CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing nh tuyn lin vng khng phn lp
):
CIDR l mt phng php hiu qu tnh ton cc supernet bn trong nhng bng
nh tuyn. Nu khng dung CIDR, nhng bng nh tuyn s ghi vo mt mc
ring x l mng nguyn bn trong supernet. CIDR cho php ton b supernet
c x l bng mt mc duy nht. Hnh bn di s cho ta thy r iu ny :
45
Hnh 18 : nh tuyn lin vng khng phn lp.

Tri vi phng php phn lp, CIDR s dng K Hiu Nh Phn ngha l tt cc
a ch IP v Subnet Mask c chuyn i thnh 0 v 1 to nn 32 gi tr thay v 4
gi tr nh ban u (v d: 172.16.2.2 -> 10101100 00010000 00000100
00000010). Cu trc ny cho kch thc mng linh hot hn v ti u vic gn a
ch IP.
V d: 10.217.123.7 chuyn sang Nh Phn ta c 00001010 11011001 01111011
00000111. Lm tng t vi subner mask chng han l 255.255.240.0 ta c
11111111 11111111 11110000 00000000. Sau ta s AND hai gi tr thp phn
va chuyn tnh phn NetID. Vy ta c 00001010 11011001 01110000
00000000 , sau chuyn sang h Thp Phn ta c 10.217.112.0. ta cng tt c
cc bit li cui cng ta c 10.217.112.0/20.
Phng php CIDR lun cn c a ch IP v Subnet mask xc nh c 1 a
ch bt k cng mng hay khc mng.
46

9. Variable-Length Subnet Masks (Subnet Mask c chiu di thay i):
Tho cch truyn thng th 1 Subnet Mask n c chia s qua mi host v router
trong mt t chc. Khi mt Subnet Mask n c chia s dng khp ton b
mng, mng c th b hng bn trong nhng subnet v nhng subnet ny c cng s
host bi v n dung subnet ging nhau. iu ny khng hiu qu. Tuy nhin vi
Variable- Length Subnet Masks (VLSMs) th cac router trong mt t chc c th
qun l nhng Subnet Mask khc nhau. Thng thng nht, VLSMs c dng
cho php t cc Subnets chia thnh subnet nh hn, hay ni cch khc, VLSMs cn
gi l Chia subnet tron subnet ln hn tn dng ti a a ch IP.
V. Cc giao thc v khun dng d liu tng ng

Trong phn ny ta s xem xt cc giao thc cng nh khun dng d liu chnh ca
b giao thc TCP/IP. d phn bit ta s xem xt i vi tng tng ca TCP/IP
theo th t t di ln trn.
1. Giao thc Tng Lin kt (Link Layer )
Giao thc Ethernet
L giao thc nm trong tng lin kt hay l mt chun cng ngh dnh cho mng
cc b (LAN) c quy nh trong IEEE 802.3. N l mt giao thc nm trong
tng lin kt ca b giao thc TCP/IP hay tng ng l tng lin kt d liu trong
m hnh OSI. Hin nay n ang c s dng rt rng ri so vi cc giao thc khc
nh FDDI, Token RingEthernet c dng gi nhng khi d liu gia im
ngun v im ch c xc nh da vo a ch MAC (Media Access Control).
c im ca giao thc Ethernet
Cu trc ca mt n v d liu trong giao thc Ethernet (gi l Ethernet frame) c
cu trc nh sau: (n v tnh theo byte).
47

PRE SOF DA SA Length/Type
Data
Payload
46-1500
FCS
Hnh 19 : Ethernet frame

Header
Preamble (PRE): Phn m u gm 7 byte v khng c tnh vo kch
thc ca Ethernet. Tt c cc byte trong phn m u ny u c gi tr
10101010 v n c dng ng b ng h gia ni nhn v gi frame.
SOF (Start frame delimiter) gm 1 byte v khng c tnh vo kch thc
ca Ethernet. Byte ny c gi tr 101010111 v c s dng nh du
bt u ca mt frame. i vi nhng h thng Ethernet hin nay hot ng
tc 100 Mbps hoc 1000Mbps khng cn cn ti PRE v SOF.
DA (Destination Address) c di 6 byte l a ch ni MAC ca Ethernet
card ni n. ch hot ng bnh thng Ethernet ch tip nhn nhng
frame c a ch ni n trng vi a ch (duy nht) ca n hoc a ch ni
n th hin mt thng ip qung b. Tuy nhin hu ht cc Ethernet card
hin nay u c th c t ch a hn tp (promiscuous mode) v khi
n s nhn tt c cc frame xut hin trong mng LAN.
SA (Source Addresss) c di 6 byte l a ch MAC ca card ngun.
Length/Type ( di/Loi) 2 byte ch ra di (i vi IEEE 802.3 MAC
frame) v loi ca Ethernet frame ch giao thc ca tng cao hn (i vi
DIX Ethernet.(DEC- Intel Xerox)
ph bin hn). V d nh vi DIX

48

Ethernet frame c giao thc tng trn l IP th 2 byte ny s c gi tr l
0800h v ARP l 0806h.
Data Payload: Phn thng tin d liu c di t 46 ti 1500 byte.
Trailer (FCS - Frame Check Sequence): 32 bit sa li CRC.
Ethernet s dng phng thc truy nhp ng truyn CSMA/CD, do vy nhng
frame li do xy ra xung t (collision) trn ng truyn l khng th trnh khi.
Tuy nhin, nu nh t l nhng frame li vt qu mt mc no (v d nh 1%
tng s frame) c ngha l h thng mng c vn . Nhng Ethernet frame li
bao gm:
Frame c ln nh hn 64 byte. (normal collision xy ra kh ph bin).
Frame c ln ln hn 1518 byte.
Frame c ln ph hp nhng c phn CRC b sai lch (late collision nu
c nhiu frame dng ny tc l h thng mng ang gp vn nghim
trng).
2. Cc giao thc Tng Mng

2.1 Giao thc IP ( Internet Protocol )
Giao thc lin mng IP ht nhn ca b giao thc TCP/IP. Trong phm vi ti
chng ta ch xt ti IP phin bn 4 (IPv4). IP l mt giao thc hng d liu c
s dng trong mng chuyn mch gi (v d nh Ethernet). IP l mt giao thc
hot ng theo phng thc khng lin kt (connectionless) v khng m bo
truyn (khng c s trao i thng tin iu khin). Vai tr ca IP tng t nh vi
49

tr ca giao thc tng mng (network layer) trong m hnh OSI vi cc chc nng
nh sau:
Xc nh lc a ch Internet.
Di chuyn d liu gia tng giao vn v tng lin kt.
Dn ng cho cc n v d liu ti cc trm xa.
Thc hin vic ct v hp cc n v d liu.
Giao thc IP s b sung phn header vo trc segment c gi t tng giao vn
xung v n v d liu ny trong b giao thc TCP/IP c gi l IP packet nh
hnh sau:
Hnh 20 : IP Packet.
n v d liu ca giao thc IP c cu trc nh sau:
50

Bit offset
03
Version
32
47
815
Header
Differentiated
length
Services
Identification
64
Time to Live
1618
1931
Total Length
Flags
Protocol
Fragment Offset
Header Checksum
96
Source Address
128
Destination Address
160
Options + Padding
160
Data (max 65535 bytes)
/192+
Hnh 21 : Cu trc n v d liu IP.
Trong phn header bao gm cc thnh phn:
Version: ch ra phin bn hin hnh ca IP c ci t (c gi tr l 4 i

vi IPv4).
Internet Header Length (IHL) Ch di phn u ca IP packet, tnh

theo n v t (word = 32 bit). di ti thiu l 5 t (20 byte).
Differentiated Services (DS): Trc y cn gi l Type of Services c t cc

tham s dch v, c dng c th nh sau:
bit 0 2
3 5 5 6
Precedence D T R C Reserved
Hnh 22: Tham s Differentiated Services
51

Vi ngha cc bit c th:
Precedebce (3 bit): quyn u tin c th l 111 - Network Control, 110 Internetwork Control, 101 - CRITIC/ECP, 100 - Flash Override, 011 - Flash,
010 - Immediate, 001 - Priority, 000 Routine.
D (Delay) (1 bit): ch tr yu cu D = 0 nu tr bnh thng, 1 nu
tr thp.
T (Throughput) (1 bit): ch thng lng yu cu T = 0 thng lng bnh
thng, 1 nu thng lng cao.
R (Reliability) (1bit) ch tin cy yu cu R = 0 tin cy bnh thng, 1
nu tin cy cao.
C (Cost) (1bit) ch hao ph C = 0 normal cost, 1 nu minimize cost.
Reserved (1bit) dnh.
Total Length trng 16 bit ch di ton b datagram bao gm c phn
header v phn data tnh theo byte v c gi tr ln nht l 65535 v gi tr
nh nht l 20 byte.
Identification (16 bit) nh danh duy nht cho 1 datagram khi n vn cn trn
lin mng.
Flags (3 bit) iu khin s phn mnh. Theo th t t bit cao xung bit thp
nh sau:
o Reserved: c gi tr 0.
o DF: 0 (May Fragment); 1 (Dont Fragment).
o MF: 0 (Last Fragment); 1 (More Fragment).
52

Fragment Offset ch v tr ca on (fragment) trong datagram tnh theo n
v 64 bit, c ngha mi on (tr on cui cng) phi cha mt vng d liu
c di l bi s ca 64 bit.
Time To Live (TTL) (8 bit): quy nh thi gian tn ti (tnh bng giy) ca
datagram trong lin mng trnh tnh trng mt datagram b lp v hn trn
lin mng. Thi gian ny c cho bi trm gi v c gim i (thng
quy c l 1 n v) khi datagram i qua mi router ca lin mng.
Protocol (8 bit): ch ra giao thc tng trn k tip s nhn vng d liu
trm ch (hin ti thng l TCP hoc UDP c ci t trn IP).
Header Checksum (16 bit): m kim sot li 16 bit theo phng php CRS,
ch dnh cho phn header.
Source address (32 bit): a ch trm ngun.
Destination address (16 bit): a ch trm ch.
Options ( di thay i): khai bo cc la chn do ngi dng yu cu (ty

theo tng chng trnh).
Padding ( di thay i): vng m c dng m bo cho phn header

lun kt thc mt mc 32 bits.
Data ( di thay i): vng d liu c di l bi s ca 8 bit v ti a l 65535
byte.
2.2 ARP (address resolution protocol)
Giao thc phn gii a ch ARP l phng php tm a ch tng lin kt (hay a
ch vt l) khi bit a ch tng Internet (IP) hoc mt vi kiu a ch tng mng
khc. ARP c s dung khng ch chuyn i a ch i vi IP v Ethernet m
53

n c ci t lm vic vi nhiu loi a ch ca cc tng cc loi mng khc
nhau. Tuy nhin, do s ph bin ca IPv4 v Ethernet nn ARP ch yu c dng
chuyn i t a ch IP thnh a ch MAC. N cng c s dng i vi IP
da trn cc cng ngh LAN khc Ethernet nh FDDI, Token Ring, IEEE 802.11
hay ATM.
Trong thc t, khi truyn thng vi my ch thay v truy vn a ch vt l ca my
ch, giao thc ARP s s dng b m ARP (ARP cache). B m lu tr cc a
ch IP gn nht c phn gii. Nu a ch MAC ca a ch IP ch c tm
thy trong b m th a ch ny s c s dng truyn thng.
Cu trc ca mt n v d liu giao thc ARP nh sau:
Bit
offset
07
8 15
Hardware type (HTYPE)
32
Hardware length (HLEN)
64
96
128
16 32
Protocol type (PTYPE)
Protocol length
Operation
(PLEN)
(OPER)
Sender hardware address (SHA)

Sender hardware address
(SHA)
Sender protocol address (SPA)
Sender protocol address (SPA)

Target hardware address (THA)
160
Target hardware address (THA)
192
Target protocol address (TPA)
Hnh 23: Cu trc mt n v d liu ARP.
Hardware type (HTYPE) Mi giao thc tng lin kt (link layer) s c

gn mt s phn bit (v d nh Ethernet l 1)..
54

Protocol type (PTYPE) Dng phn bit giao thc tng Internet, v d nh
vi IP l 0x0800.
Hardware length (HLEN) di tnh theo byte ca a ch vt l. i vi
Ethernet gi tr ny l 6.
Protocol length (PLEN) di tnh theo byte ca a ch logic. i vi IP
gi tr ny l 4..
Operation Xc nh hnh ng m bn gi gi tin ang thc hin: 1 cho
request, 2 cho reply, 3 cho RARP request v 4 cho RARP reply.
Sender hardware address (SHA) a ch vt l ca trm gi.
Sender protocol address (SPA) a ch logic ca trm gi (v d nh a ch
IP).
Target hardware address (THA) a ch vt l ca trm ch. Trng ny
c trng i vi gi tin request.
Target protocol address (TPA) a ch logic ca trm ch.
2.3 RARP (reserve address resolution protocol)

L giao thc ngc li so vi ARP, tm a ch logic khi bit a ch vt l. Cu
trc ca mt n v d liu ca giao thc RARP hon ton tng t nh ARP,
ngoi tr trng Operation. i vi gi d liu ARP th Operation c gi tr 1 nu
l request, 2 nu reply. i vi gi d liu RARP th Operation c gi tr 3 nu l
request v 4 nu l reply.
Cc my tnh thng lu tr a ch IP ca n trn b nh th cp, ni m h iu
hnh c th tm thy khi khi ng. Nhng vi nhng my tnh khng thng
55

xuyn lm vic vi b nh th cp (chng hn chng lu gi tp tin trn mt my
Server xa) th chng khng bit a ch IP ca mnh. V vy mt my tnh khng
c a cng khi khi ng phi lin lc vi Server bit c a ch IP ca n
trc khi kt ni vo h thng s dng TCP/IP.
My tnh c th nhn bit c a ch vt l ca n t phn cng giao tip mng
c ci t trn n. T a ch vt l ny, cc my tnh khng c b nh th cp
c th tm ra a ch IP ca n thng qua giao thc RARP.
Khun dng ca thng bo RARP v c bn ging khung dng ca thng bo
ARP, ch khc v cch thc khai bo mt s trng trong .
Cng nh thng bo ARP, mt thng bo RARP cng c ng trong mt khung
thng tin mng v c gi t my ny n my khc. Phn tiu ca khung tin
c cha mt trng kiu mang gi tr 8035 h 16 cho php phn bit khung tin
cha thng bo RARP vi cc khung tin dng khc. Hnh 24 minh ho cch thc
m mt my s dng RARP xc nh a ch IP ca n.
bit a ch IP ca mnh, u tin my A qung b mt yu cu RARP n tt c
cc my khc. A cung cp a ch vt l ca n trong gi tin RARP. Tt c cc my
trn mng u nhn c yu cu ny nhng ch c my no cung cp dch v
RARP mi tin hnh x l v tr li yu cu ny. Nhng my c gi l cc
RARP Server. Trong mt mng con ni chung cn phi c mt my tnh nh vy.
56
192.1.1.2
Response
192.1.1.4
192.1.1.5
RARP request
RARP response
Hnh 24 : S xc nh IP ca my s dng RARP.
2.4 ARP u quyn

ARP u quyn l phng php m trong mt my thng l mt Router tr li
cc yu cu ARP cho cc my khc bng cch cung cp a ch vt l ca chnh n.
Bng cch to ra mt my khc, Router chp nhn trch nhim chuyn cc gi.
Mc ch ca ARP u quyn l cho php mt khu vc s dng mt a ch mng
vi nhiu a ch vt l.
ARP u quyn cho php mt a ch mng c chia s gia hai mng vt l.
Router R tr li cho cc yu cu ARP mi mng cho cc Hosts cc mng khc
bng cch a ra a ch vt l ca n v sau n s chuyn tip cc gi khi n
nhn c. Router R bit my no nm mng vt l no v dng ARP u quyn
to ra o gic rng ch c mt mng tn ti. lm c vic R lu gi v tr
57

ca cc Hosts v cho php tt c cc Hosts trong mng lin lc vi nhau nh l kt
ni trc tip.
Nh trong hnh, H1 mun gi mt gi n H4 n s dng yu cu ARP hi a
ch vt l ca H4. Do R c phn mm ARP u quyn n thu c yu cu ARP v
s quyt nh gi i tr li ARP bng a ch vt l ca n. H1 s gi gi n R, khi
R nhn c Datagram n s gi Datagram n H4.
H3
Main Network
Router
H1
H2
Hidden Network
H4
H5
Hnh 25 : ARP u quyn ni hai mng vt l c cng a ch mng.
2.5 nh tuyn cho IP Datagram

Vic nh tuyn cho IP Datagram trong lin mng rt phc tp. Thut ton nh
tuyn IP s tnh ton v la chn ng i no thch hp nht gi mt Datagram
qua cc mng vt l n trm ch l ni nhn Datagram. Cc phn mm nh
tuyn s tin hnh phn tch cc vn nh: xem xt kiu mng, chiu di ca
Datagram hay cc kiu dch v c m t trong Datagram Header tm ng i
tt nht.
Trong vn nh tuyn ngi ta phn ra lm hai loi, l nh tuyn trc tip v
nh tuyn gin tip. Vic truyn tin gia hai my c gi l trc tip nu hai my
ny cng c ni vo mt mng vt l. Chuyn gin tip c thc hin khi khi
58

hai my khng cng kt ni vo mt mng vt l. V vy vic truyn cc gi tin
c thng qua cc Router.
kim tra xem my gi v nhn Datagram c cng trong mt mng vt l hay
khng th bn gi tch ly phn a ch mng ca my ch trong Datagram. Vic
xc nh a ch mng c thc hin n gin bng cch xem xt 4 bis u tin
ca a ch IP v nh vy n s xc nh c bao nhiu bits c dng nh
a ch mng. a ch ny c dng so snh vi a ch mng ca my gi nu
bn nhn v bn gi cng kt ni vo mt mng vt l th qu trnh chuyn gi s
l trc tip khng cn s dng Router. Khi my gi s tm a ch vt l ca my
nhn bng cch tm trong ARP table hoc dng ARP request. Nu hai my khng
cng trong mt mng vt l th khi gi d liu s c chuyn n Router. S
chuyn ny cng dng a ch vt l. Router ny s phn pht cc gi n ch cui
cng hoc gi n n Router tip theo. Tuy nhin cn ch rng a ch vt l ca
Router khng phi l a ch ca ch cui cng do vic chuyn cc gi khng
phi l trc tip.
Khi chuyn mt Datagram n ch cui cng c th s dng c hai phng php
chn ng trc tip hoc gin tip. V d nh khi chuyn cc Datagram qua
mng. Trm khi u s chuyn n n Router t chuyn n ch cui cng.
N l chn ng gin tip. Nhng khi cc gi ny n Router cui cng th n
phi chuyn trc tip n ch.
Nu mt Router nhn c mt Datagram m n cha phi l ch cui cng n s
gim trng TTL i, nu TTL>0 n s gi Datagram i da vo a ch IP ca ch
cui cng v thng tin trong bng chn tuyn. Router phn pht cc gi theo
nguyn l khng kt ni tc l khng mt Router no thit lp phin truyn vi mt
Router khc trn mng.
Bng nh tuyn (Routing table)
59

Bng nh tuyn l ni lu gi thng tin v cc ch c th n c v cch thc
n a ch . Khi phn mn IP Routing ti mt trm hay mt Router nhn
c yu cu truyn mt gi d liu th trc ht n phi tham kho bng nh
tuyn ca n quyt nh xem s phi gi Datagram n u. Tuy nhin khng
phi bng thng tin chn ng ca mi trm (hay Router) l cha tt c cc thng
tin v cc tuyn ng c th n c.
Trong mi bng thng tin chn ng bao gm cc cp (N,G) trong N l a ch
IP ca mng ch, cn G l a ch ca Router tip theo trn ng n mng N.
Nh vy, mi Router s khng bit c ng truyn y i n ch.
Trong bng nh tuyn cn c thng tin v cc cng c th vi n nhng khng
cng nm trn mt mng vt l, phn thng tin ny c che khut i v c gi
l Default Router. Khi khng tm thy thng tin ca a ch ch cn n th cc gi
d liu s c gi n cng truyn ngm nh.
Vic thit lp bng nh tuyn s dng hai phng php l phng php chn
tuyn ng v phng php chn tuyn tnh. Phng php chn tuyn tnh c cc
ng truyn c tnh ton trc v c np vo mng khi mng khi ng.
Phng php ny khng quan tm n cc thng s ng truyn tc thi v cu
hnh (Topology) ca mng nn cn c gi l thut ton chn tuyn phi thch
nghi. Phng php chn tuyn ng hay cn gi l phng php chn tuyn thch
nghi cho php thay i ng truyn gi da vo cc thay i ca thng s truyn
ti v cu hnh ca mng. Phng php chn tuyn ng hay c s dng hn
phng php chn tuyn tnh do c nhiu u im hn.
Qu trnh gi mt Datagram t trm ngun n trm ch gm cc bc sau: khi
mt trm mun gi Datagram n mt trm khc trn lin mng, u tin n s
ng gi Datagram v gi n mt Router gn nht. Datagram cn gi c th s
phi qua nhiu Routers trc khi n ch. Khi khung tin n Router u tin, phn
mm IP s ly Datagram c ng gi ra, la chon Router tip theo cn phi
60

qua. Sau Datagram li c t vo khung ri c gi qua mng vt l n
Router th hai. Qu trnh ny c th tip tc cho n khi Datagram n c ch
cui cng. Hnh 26 ch ra lc qu trnh chn tuyn cho Datagram:
Nhn c gi
Header
v checksum
hp l
No
Yes
No
Gim TTL
TTL>0?
Gi thng bo
ICMP n ni
gi gi
Yes
Tm a ch mng
ch trong bng
ch ng
Hu gi
No
Tm thy
Router ?
Router mc
nh c sn
No
Yes
Yes
Nu tm thy
Router, tm a ch
trong ARP table
C a ch
vt l?
No
Gi i yu cu ARP
v ch phc p
Yes
Gi gi n Router
tip theo da vo
bng chn ng
Nhn c phc
p ARP, thm
vo ARP table
Hnh 26 : IP routing.
61

2.6 Giao thc ICMP
Giao thc ICMP cung cp c ch thng bo li v cc tnh hung khng mong
mun cng nh iu khin cc thng bo trong b giao thc TCP/IP. Giao thc ny
c to ra thng bo cc li dn ng cho trm ngun. ICMP ph thuc vo
IP c th hot ng v l mt phn khng th thiu ca b giao thc TCP/IP.
Tuy nhin n khng phi giao thc dng truyn ti d liu nn thng c coi
nm trong tng Internet (Internet layer) m khng phi l tng giao vn (transport
layer). Chc nng ca ICMP nh sau:
Cung cp thng bo phn hi v tr li kim tra tin cy ca kt ni gi
hai trm. iu ny c thit lp bi cu lnh PING (Packet internet
gropher). Trong khi truyn cc gi tin Ping, cng c bit n nh cc gi
tin ICMP echo requests, v ICMP echo replies. ICMP bao gm rt nhiu cc
loi thng ip khc nhau cho nhng mc ch a dng khc nhau. Bng sau
s l danh sch cc loi thng ip quan trng v thng s dng :
Hnh 27: ICMP Message Type.

62

ch hng li lu lng cung cp vic dn ng hiu qu hn khi mt
b dn ng qu ti d lu lng qua n qu ln.
Gi thng bo v thi gian qu khi datagram ca trm ngun vt qu
TTL v b loi b.
Gi qung co dn ng xc nh a ch ca cc b dn ng trn
on mng.
Cung cp cc thng bo qu hn thi gian.
Xc nh subnet mask no c s dng trn on mng.
D liu ca gi ICMP s c ng gi bi giao thc IP v Ethernet nh trong
hnh v sau:
Hnh 28: Ethernet Frame.
n v d liu ca ICMP bao gm 2 phn: Header v Data. Phn Data trong

Window c ln l 32 v theo ngay sau phn Header. Header c bt u sau
bit th 160 ca gi tin IP (tr khi phn IP Option c s dng) c cu trc nh
sau:
63
bit
160
160
168
176
184
167
175
183
191
Type
Code
192
ID
Checksum
Sequence
Hnh 29 : Cu trc Header ca ICMP.

Trong :
Type (8 bit): Loi gi tin ICMP.
Code (8 bit): Chi tit v cc c im ca gi tin ICMP.
Checksum( 16 bit) M sa li CRC.
ID & Sequence (32 bit): C gi tr trong trng hp ICMP Echo Request v
Echo Reply.
3. Cc giao thc tng Giao Vn

3.1 Giao Thc TCP.
TCP l mt giao thc kiu c lin kt (Connection Oriented), tc l phi c giai
on thit lp lin kt gia mt cp thc th TCP trc khi truyn d liu.
Cng ging nh cc giao thc tng giao vn TCP nhn thng tin t cc lp trn
chia n thnh nhiu on nu cn thit. Mi gi d liu c chuyn ti giao thc
lp mng (thng l IP) truyn v nh tuyn. B x TCP ca n nhn thng
bo nhn tng gi, nu n nhn thnh cng, cc gi d liu khng c thng bo
s c truyn li. TCP ca ni nhn lp rp li thng tin v chuyn n ti tng cao
hn khi n nhn c ton b.
64

Trc khi cc gi d liu c gi ti my ch ni gi v ni nhn phi thng
lng thit lp mt kt ni logic tm thi. Kt ni ny v c trng s trng
thi m trong sut phin truyn.
c im giao thc TCP :
Trong b giao thc TCP/IP, TCP l giao thc c pht trin nh l cch kt ni
cc mng my tnh khc nhau v cc phng php truyn dn v h iu hnh. TCP
thit lp kt ni hai ng gia hai h thng cn trao i thng tin vi nhau thng
tin trao i gia hai h thng c chia thnh cc gi. TCP c nhng c im sau:
Hai h thng cn kt ni vi nhau cn phi thc hin mt lot cc s bt tay trao
i nhng thng tin v vic chng mun kt ni. Qu trnh bt tay m bo ngn
trn s trn v mt mt d liu khi truyn.
Trong phin truyn thng tin, h thng nhn d liu cn phi gi cc xc nhn cho
h thng pht xc nhn rng n nhn c d liu.
Cc gi tin c th n ch khng theo th t sp xp ca dng d liu lin tc bi
cc gi tin i t cng mt ngun tin theo nhng ng dn khc nhau i ti
cng mt ch. V vy th t ng ca cc gi tin phi c m bo sp xp li ti
h thng nhn.
Khi pht hin gi tin b li th ni gi ch pht li nhng gi tin b li nhm
trnh loi b ton b dng d liu.
Hnh sau y trnh by phng thc hot ng ca giao thc TCP.
65
Sending
Receiving
Application
Application
Presentation
Presentation
Secssion
TCP End to End Commmunication
Secssion
TCP
Router
Router
TCP
IP
IP
IP
IP
Dadalink
Dadalink
Dadalink
Dadalink
Physical
Physical
Physical
Physical
Subnet
Subnet
Hnh 30 : TCP cung cp kt ni t u cui n u cui.
n v d liu s dng trong giao thc TCP c gi l Segment. Khun dng ca

Segment c m t nh hnh sau :
66

Bit 0
15 16
Sourse Port
31
Destination Port
Sequence Number
Acknowledgment Number
Data
Reserve
U A P R S F
Offse
R C S S Y I
(6 bits)
G K H T N N
Window (16 bits)
(4
bits)
Checksum
Urgent poier
Option
Padding
TCPdata
Hnh 31 : Khun dng TCP Segment.
Cc tham s ca khun dng trn c ngha nh sau:

Source Port (16 bits): S hiu ca cng ngun.
Destination Port (16 bits): S hiu cng ca trm ch. S hiu ny l a ch thm
nhp dch v lp giao vn (CCISAP Addess) cho bit dch v m TCP cung cp l
dch v g. TCP c s lng cng trong khong 0 216 - 1 tuy nhin cc cng nm
trong khong t 0 1023 l c bit nhiu nht v n c s dng cho vic truy
cp cc dch v tiu chun, v d 23 l dch v Telnet, 25 l dch v mail . . . .
Sequence Number (32 bits): S hiu ca Byte u tin ca Segment tr khi bit
SYN c thit lp. Nu bit SYN c thit lp th Sequence Number l s hiu
tun t khi u (ISN) v Byte d liu u tin l ISN+1. Tham s ny c vai tr
nh tham s N(S) trong HDLC.
67

Acknowledgment Number (32 bits): S hiu ca Segment tip theo m trm ngun
dang ch nhn. Ngm bo nhn tt cc Segment m trm trm ch gi
cho trm ngun. Tham s ny c vai tr nh tham s N(R) trong HDLC.
Data offset (4bits): S lng t 32 bit trong TCP header (Tham s ny ch ra vng
bt u ca vng d liu ).
Reserved (6 bits): Dnh dng trong tng lai.
Control bits: Cc bits iu khin
T tri sang phi:
URG : Vng con tr khn c hiu lc.
ACK : Vng bo nhn (ACK number) c hiu lc .
PSH: Chc nng PUSH.
RST: Khi ng li (reset) lin kt.
SYN : ng b cc s liu tun t (sequence number).
FIN : Khng cn d liu t trm ngun .
Window (16bits): Cp pht credit kim sot lung d liu (c ch ca s). y
chnh l s lng cc Byte d liu bt u t Byte c ch ra trong vng ACK
number, m trm ngun sn sng nhn.
Checksum (16bits): M kim sot li (theo phng php CRC) cho ton b
Segment.
Urgent Pointer (16 bits) : Con tr ny tr ti s liu tun t ca Byte i theo sau d
liu khn, cho php bn nhn bit c di ca d liu khn. Vng ny ch c
hiu lc khi bit URG c thit lp .
Option ( di thay i): Khai bo cc option ca TCP, trong c di ti a
ca vng TCP data trong mt Segment .
Padding ( di thay i): Phn chn thm vo Header bo m phn Header
lun kt thc mt mc 32 bits. Phn thm ny gm ton s 0.
68

Vic kt hp a ch IP ca mt my trm v s cng c s dng to thnh mt
Socket. Cc my gi v nhn u c Socket ring. S Socket l duy nht trn
mng.
3.1.1 c im ca Giao thc TCP

3.1.1.1 iu khin lung d liu
Trong vic iu khin lung d liu phng php hay s dng l dng phng
php ca s trt. Phng php ny gip cho vic nhn lung d liu hiu qu hn.
Phng php ca s trt cho php ni gi (Sender) c th gi i nhiu gi tin ri
sau mi i tn hiu bo nhn ACK (Acknowledgement) ca ni nhn
(Receiver).Vi phng php ca s trt khi cn truyn cc gi tin, giao thc s
t mt ca s c kch c nh ln cc gi tin. Nhng gi tin no nm trong vng
ca s mt thi im nht nh s c truyn i. Hnh 36 minh ho qu trnh
ny. y kch thc ca s l 4. Tc l mi lc ca s ch gi c 4 gi tin. u
tin ca s gi s gi 4 gi tin t 1 n 4 v 4 gi tin ny s c gi cho bn
nhn. Ca s tip tc trt gi tin th 5 c gi i ngay sau khi nhn c tn
hiu ACK ca gi tin th nht t trm ch qua trnh nh vy c tip tc cho n
khi gi tin cui cng c chuyn i.
69
Window
12
11
10
11
10
1
1
10
Hng trt
Window
11
Window
(b)
12
(a)
2
12
(c)
1
nhn c ACK
Cha c gi
Hnh 32 : Hot ng ca ca s trt.
Trong qua trnh gi v nhn d liu, c th c mt s gi tin mc d c gi i

nhng khng c phc p (khng nhn c bo nhn) c ngha l bn nhn khng
nhn c th nhng gi s c truyn li.
Ti bn nhn cng duy tr mt ca s trt tng t dng nhn v bo nhn cc
gi tin nhn c.
TCP cung cp mt kiu dch v gi l dch v chuyn lung ng tin cy. TCP xem
lung d liu nh l mt th t cc Bytes d liu c tch thnh cc Segments.
Thng th mi Segment truyn trong lin mng s c lng vo mt Datagram.
Vi k thut ca s trt, s gii quyt c hai vn quan trng l truyn c
hiu qu v iu khin lung d liu. TCP s dng k thut ca s trt da trn
70

k thut ca s trt trnh by trn. N cho php gi c nhiu Segment
trc khi bo nhn n t ni nhn v do lm tng thng lng truyn trn
mng. Bn cnh k thut ca s trt cn cho php bn nhn trnh c tnh
trng d liu b mt bng cch lm gim lu lng d liu gi n nu b m ca
n khng cha thm nhiu d liu.
K thut ca s trt ca TCP c tin hnh mc Byte ch khng phi
mc Segment hay Packet nh trnh by trn. Cc Bytes ca lung d liu c
nh s mt cch tun t v mt ca s c nh ngha bi ba con tr nh hnh
37.
3
12
11
10
Window
1
Hng trt
Cc con tr
Hnh 33 : Cu hnh ca s trt.
Ti mi thi im, con tr u tin tr vo mp bn tri ca s, con tr th hai tr

vo mp bn phi ca s v con tr th ba xc nh v tr cc Bytes c gi i.
Con tr bn phi v bn tri ca s xc nh kch thc ca ca s. Cc phn mm
giao thc gi cc gi bn trong ca s khng c tr do danh gii bn trong ca
s lun lun di chuyn t bn phi qua bn tri.
Nh trong hnh 36 ch ra Byte th hai c gi v nhn c bo nhn, Bytes
th 3, 4 c gi nhng cha c bo nhn, Bytes th 5, 6 cha c gi nhng
s c gi m khng c tr. Cc Bytes ln hn 7 cha c gi cho n khi ca
71

s di chuyn.
C mt s khc bit gia ca s trt TCP v ca s trt c trnh by trn l

ca s trt TCP c th thay i kch thc theo thi gian. Trong mi bo nhn
u c thng tin v trng thi b m ti bn nhn, cho bit bn nhn c th nhn
thm c bao nhiu Bytes d liu na. Nu nhn c thng bo kch thc b
m cn t th bn gi s gim kch c ca ca s v n khng gi s Bytes d liu
qu kch thc ca b m. Cn nu thng bo rng kch thc ca b m tng th
bn gi s tng tng ng kch thc ca ca s.
3.1.1.2 Thit lp v hu b lin kt

Nh ta bit TCP l mt giao thc kiu c lin kt, tc l cn phi c giai on
thit lp mt lin kt gia mt cp thc TCP trc khi truyn d liu v hu b lin
kt khi khng cn nhu cu trao i d liu na.
Thit lp lin kt TCP
Mt lin kt c th c thit lp theo mt trong hai cch ch ng (active) v b
ng (passive). Nu lin kt c thit lp theo cch b ng th u tin TCP ti
trm mun thit lp lin kt s nghe v ch yu cu lin kt t mt trm khc. Tu
trng hp ca li gi hm m ngi s dng phi ch ra cng yu cu kt ni hoc
c th kt ni vi mt cng bt k.
Vi phng thc ch ng th ngi s dng yu cu TCP th thit lp mt lin
kt vi mt Socket no vi mt mc u tin v an ton nht nh. Nu trm
xa kia p li bng mt hm Passive open tng hp hoc gi mt active open
tng hp th lin kt s c thit lp. Nu lin kt c thit lp thnh cng th
th hm Open success primitive c dng thng bo cho ngi s dng bit
72

(cng c s dng trong trng hp Passive Open) cn nu tht bi th hm Open
failure primitive c dng thng bo.
Hu b mt lin kt:
Khi khng cn nhu cu trao i d liu na th lin kt TCP c th c hu b.
Lin kt c th c hu b theo hai cch:
Hu b mt cch bt thng.
Hu b mt cch bnh thng.
Lin kt c hu b mt cch bnh thng khi ton b d liu c truyn ht.
Tc l hai bn khng cn nhu cu trao i d liu na.
Lin kt c th b hu b mt cch bt thng v mt l do no (do ngi s
dng hoc do TCP ng lin kt do khng th duy tr c lin kt). Ton b d
liu ang truyn c th b mt.
3.1.1.3 Truyn v nhn d liu

Sau khi lin kt c thit lp gia mt cp thc th TCP th c th tin hnh vic
truyn d liu. Vi lin kt TCP d liu c th c truyn theo c hai hng.
Khi nhn c mt khi d liu cn chuyn i t ngi s dng, TCP s lu gi
n ti b m gi. Nu c PUST c dng th ton b d liu trong b m s
c gi i ht di dng cc TCP Sgment. Cn nu c PUST khng c dng
th ton b d liu vn c lu gi trong b m ch gi i khi c c hi thch
hp.
Ti bn nhn, d liu gi n s c lu gi trong b m nhn. Nu d liu m
c nh du bi c PUST th ton b d liu trong b m nhn s c gi ln
cho ngi s dng. Cn nu d liu khng c nh du vi c PUST th chng
vn c lu trong b m. Nu d liu khn cn phi chuyn gp th c URGENT
73

c dng v nh du d liu bng bit URG bo rng d liu khn cn c
chuyn gp.
3.2 Giao thc UDP

UDP (User Datagram Protocol) l mt giao thc kiu khng kt ni, c s dng
trong mt s yu cu ng dng thay th cho TCP. Tng t nh giao thc IP, UDP
khng thc hin cc giai on thit lp v hu b lin kt, khng c cc c ch bo
nhn (Acknowledgement) nh trong TCP. UDP cung cp cc dch v giao vn
khng ng tin cy. D liu c th b mt, b li hay b truyn lun qun trn mng
m khng h c thng bo li n ni gi hoc ni nhn. Do thc hin t chc nng
hn TCP nn UDP chy nhanh hn, n thng c s dng trong cc dch v
khng i hi tin vy cao. n v d liu dng trong giao thc UDP l UDP
Datagram. Khun dng ca mt UDP Datagrram gm hai phn : Phn tiu
(Header) cha cc thng tin iu khin v phn Data cha d liu
Khun dng ca UDP Datagram c th nh hnh 38 .
UDP Source Port
UDP Destination Port
UDP Message Length
UDP Checksum
Data
... ...
Hnh 34 : Khun dng UDP Datagram.

Trong :
UDP Source Port (16 bits) : Cho bit a ch cng ca trm ngun. Nu n khng
c ch ra th trng ny c thit lp l 0.
UDP Destination Port (16 bits) : Cho bit a ch cng ca trm ch.
74

UDP Message Length (16 bits): Cho bit kch thc ca mt UDP Datagram (k c
phn Header). Kch thc ti thiu ca mt UDP Datagram l 8 Bytes (ch c
phn Header, khng c phn d liu).
UDP Checksum (16 bits): L m kim sot li theo phng php CRC .
Lp UDP c t trn lp IP, tc l UDP Datagram khi chuyn xung tng di
s c t vo IP Datagram truyn trn lin mng. IP Datagram ny c ghp
vo mt khung tin ri c gi ti lin mng n trm ch. Ti trm ch cc PDU
c gi t di ln trn, qua mi tng phn Header ca PDU c g b v cui
cng ch cn li phn d liu nh ban u c chuyn cho ngi s dng.
4. Cc giao thc trn Tng ng Dng

4.1 HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
L mt giao thc tng ng dng da trn giao thc TCP ca tng giao vn trn
cng s 80 h tr Web. Trong giao thc ny mi i tng d liu (trang web, nh,
audio...) c truyn trong nhng phin (HTTP session) ring bit. Phn d liu
c a xung tng giao vn v c chuyn thnh cc TCP packet gi cho
trm nhn.
bt u mt phin, client thit lp kt ni ti server bng cch gi mt TCP
packet vi c SYN c bt ti cng 80. Server gi tr li packet vi c ACK
c bt. Cui cng, client gi packet vi c ACK v tip tc l request i tng
mnh cn. V d nh GET /index.html HTTP/1.1
Server s phn hi cho client vi m trng thi, v d nh 200 OK, 403
Forbbiden, 404 Not Found... Sau server s gi packet ng kt ni.
75

4.2 DNS (Domain Name System)
L mt giao thc cho php nh x gia tn min v a ch IP v lm vic trn giao
thc UDP ca tng giao vn (hu ht trn cng 53). Cu trc d liu phn header
ca DNS message nh sau:
bit 0 15
ID
16 17 20 21 22 23 24 25 27
Q
Query
Question count
Answer count
Authority count
Additional count
29 31
B
Rcode
Hnh 35 : Cu trc d liu phn Hader ca DNS message.
Trong :
ID: L mt trng 16 bits, cha m nhn dng, n c to ra bi mt
chng trnh thay cho truy vn. Gi tin hi p s da vo m nhn dng
ny hi p li. Chnh v vy m truy vn v hi p c th ph hp vi
nhau.
QR: L mt trng 1 bit. Bt ny s c thit lp l 0 nu l gi tin truy
vn, c thit lp l mt nu l gi tin hi p.
Opcode: L mt trng 4 bits, c thit lp l 0 cho c hiu truy vn, c
thit lp l 1 cho truy vn ngc, v c thit lp l 2 cho tnh trng truy
vn.
AA: L trng 1 bit, nu gi tin hi p c thit lp l 1, sau n s i
n mt server c thm quyn gii quyt truy vn.
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TC: L trng 1 bit, trng ny s cho bit l gi tin c b ct khc ra do
kch thc gi tin vt qu bng thng cho php hay khng.
RD: L trng 1 bit, trng ny s cho bit l truy vn mun server tip tc
truy vn mt cch qui.
RA: Trng 1 bit ny s cho bit truy vn qui c c thc thi trn server
khng .
Z: L trng 1 bit. y l mt trng d tr, v c thit lp l 0.
Rcode: L trng 4 bits, gi tin hi p s c th nhn cc gi tr sau :
0: Cho bit l khng c li trong qu trnh truy vn.
1: Cho bit nh dng gi tin b li, server khng hiu c truy vn.
2: Server b trc trc, khng thc hin hi p c.
3: Tn b li. Ch c server c thm quyn mi c th thit lp gi tr ny.
4: Khng thi hnh. Server khng th thc hin chc nng ny .
5: Server t chi thc thi truy vn.
QDcount: S ln truy vn ca gi tin trong mt vn .
ANcount: S lng ti nguyn tham gia trong phn tr li.
NScount: Ch ra s lng ti nguyn c ghi li trong cc phn c thm
quyn ca gi tin.
ARcount: Ch ra s lng ti nguyn ghi li trong phn thm vo ca gi tin.
77
Chng III nh Tuyn

I. Gii thiu
nh tuyn l mt chc nng phc tp khng th thiu trong bt k mt loi hnh
vin thng no v cng c xem l phn trung tm ca kin trc mng, thit k
mng v iu hnh mng. Khi cn l tng i nhn cng, vic kt ni cc cuc gi
di hnh thc ni dy l hnh thc nh tuyn s khai nht. Vi s ra i ca tng
i k thut s, lm thay i c phng thc cng nh k thut nh tuyn,
nhng n vn l mt chc nng c bn trong mt tng i in thoi, khng c
nh tuyn khng c kt ni cuc gi. Vic ti u ho nh tuyn trong mng em
li hiu qu kinh doanh ti a v ngha kinh t v cng to ln trn pht trin
mng vin thng hin nay.
Chong ba m t cc bc thc hin nh tuyn, chc nng ca nh tuyn nhm
khng nh mc tiu ca nh tuyn l lm g v lm nh th no? Ngoi ra chng
ny cn phn tch c s l thuyt trn quan im mng xy dng k thut nh
tuyn v trnh by c th cc kiu nh tuyn da trn s phn chia nh nh
tuyn tp trung, nh tuyn phn tn hay nh tuyn tnh, nh tuyn ng.
Khi nim nh tuyn.
1. Khi nim
nh tuyn l qu trnh chn mt con ng truyn mt n v d liu (mt gi
tin chng hn) t trm ngun cho ti trm ch.
Ta xt mt mng chuyn mch gi bao gm tp hp cc node chuyn mch gi ni
vi nhau bi cc lin kt d liu (hnh 36). Cc gi d liu c truyn t mt h
thng m ti mt h thng m khc trn mng phi c chn ng qua mt
chui cc node.
78
Hnh 36: Chc nng nh tuyn trong m hnh kt ni h thng m OSI.

Mi node trong mng nhn gi d liu t mt ng vo (incoming link) ri
chuyn tip n ti mt ng ra (outgoing link) hng n ch ca d liu. Nh
vy mi node trung gian phi thc hin cc chc nng chn ng hay cn
gi l nh tuyn v chuyn tip cho n v d liu. Cc chc nng thuc lp
mng - lp 3 ca m hnh OSI, v cc giao thc nh tuyn hot ng trn lp
lin kt d liu - lp 2 v cung cp mt dch v trong sut cho tng giao vn,
v vy chng phi di tng giao vn lp 4
2. Mc tiu ca nh tuyn.
Ba mc tiu c bn ca nh tuyn :
Ti u hiu nng mng.
Ti thiu gi thnh mng.
Ti u tham s mng nh bng thng, tr, tin cy, cht lng gi tin..
79

V vy t c mc tiu ra mt k thut nh tuyn cn phi hon thin
c hai chc nng chnh sau :
Quyt nh chn ng theo nhng chun ti u no .
Cp nht thng tin nh tuyn, tc l thng tin dng cho chc nng.
II. Phn loi k thut nh tuyn

1. C s cho vic phn chia cc k thut nh tuyn.
Trong cc mng my tnh c rt nhiu cc k thut nh tuyn khc nhau c
a ra. S phn bit gia cc k thut nh tuyn ch yu cn c vo cc yu t
lin quan n hai chc nng chnh ch ra trn . Cc yu t thng l:
(a) S phn tn ca cc chc nng chn ng trn cc node ca mng.
(b) S thch nghi vi trng thi hin hnh ca mng.
(c) Cc tiu chun ti u nh tuyn.
Da trn yu t (a) ta c th phn bit k thut nh tuyn thnh:

K thut nh tuyn tp trung (centralized routing).
K thut nh tuyn phn tn (distributed routing).
Da trn yu t (b) ta c th phn bit k thut nh tuyn thnh :
K thut nh tuyn tnh (static hay fixed routing).
K thut nh tuyn ng (adaptative routing).
Cui cng cc k thut nh tuyn cng loi theo (a) v (b) li c th phn bit bi
yu t (c). Tiu chun ti u nh tuyn c xc nh bi ngi qun l hoc
ngi thit k mng, n c th l:
tr trung bnh ca thi gian truyn gi tin.
S lng node trung gian gia ngun v ch ca gi tin.
an ton ca vic truyn tin.
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Ngun ti nguyn mng s dng cho truyn tin .
v.v..
T hp ca cc tiu chun trn.
Vic chn tiu chun ti u nh vy ph thuc vo nhiu bi cnh mng (topo,
thng lng, mc ch s dng.v.v..). Cc tiu chun c th thay i v bi cnh
mng cng c th thay i theo thi gian hoc cc trin khai ng dng trn mng,
chnh v th m vn ti u ho nh tuyn lun c t ra trong thi gian trin
khai mng, nht l s i lp v quan im ngi s dng dch v v nh khai thc
dch v mng.
2. nh tuyn tp trung v nh tuyn phn tn.

2.1 nh tuyn tp trung.
Gii thiu
Gii php qun l nh tuyn cho cc mng nh (v kch c mng v phc tp
ca mng) thng ng dng kiu nh tuyn tp trung gim gi thnh v thun
tin trong cng tc qun l. Tuy nhin kiu nh tuyn tp trung thng bc l cc
yu im v phi cng khai thng tin nh tuyn cho ton mng v d b tn cng.
Hn na, nh tuyn tp trung phn ng vi s thay i trng thi mng km nhanh
nhy.
ti ny cp n phng php bn trng thi trung k (TSMR) l mt
phng php nh tuyn i din cho nh tyn ng theo thi gian thc tp trung.
Mng nh tuyn ng theo thi gian thc tp trung (Centralized Real-Time
Dynamic Routing Network) :
M hnh mng nh tuyn ng vi bn trng thi trung k hnh di y Mi
tng i gi nh k T giy thng tin v trng thi ri trong cc trung k TSMP
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thng qua knh bo hiu (CCS) v s nhn nh k thng tin cp nht trng thi
trung k t TSMP.
Khi mt cuc gi n tng i ngun, tng i phn tch s b gi bit c tng
i ch . Th tc TSMR s chn hng u tin 1, hng u tin 1 l hng c lu
lng thp nht, nu trn hng ny c mch ri th n s chn, nu khng ri th
n chn hng c ti thp nht, l hng c s mch ri ln nht nh vo bn
trng thi trung k tp trung.
Hnh 37 : nh tuyn vi bn trng thi trung k.
Khi mt cuc gi n tng i ngun, tng i phn tch s b gi bit c tng

i ch . Th tc TSMR s chn hng u tin 1, hng u tin 1 l hng c lu
lng thp nht, nu trn hng ny c mch ri th n s chn, nu khng ri th
82

n chn hng c ti thp nht, l hng c s mch ri ln nht nh vo bn
trng thi trung k tp trung.
V d nh hnh 42, hng c chn l hng A-C-B :
Hnh 38 : nh tuyn ng theo thi gian thc tp trung.
2.2 nh tuyn phn tn.

Gii thiu .
M hnh tp trung c xy dng t h thng tnh ton nh tuyn, nhng trong cc
iu kin mng pht trin rt nhanh v mnh. M hnh phn tn thc s chim
c u th vi ng ln hn, v cc chc nng nh tuyn c thc hin trn
nhiu thc th mng, cc thng tin c lu ti nhiu thc th v v th tin cy
ca mng tng ln.
Sau y xin cp phng php nh tuyn mng thi gian thc (RTNR) i din
cho nh tuyn ng thi gian thc phn tn.
83

nh tuyn ng theo thi gian thc phn tn
Khi mt cuc gi n tng i ngun, n phn tch s b gi bit c tng i
ch. Tng i ngun lun lun chn th ng ni trc tip gia hai tng i , nu
khng c mch ri n chn hng qu giang da vo trng thi thc ti. Tng i
ngun yu cu tng i ch gi thng tin v trng thi bn ri ca tt c cc trung
k ni n tng i ch. Tng i ngun s so snh trng thi bn ri ca cc trung
k ni n n sau chn hng c ti thp nht nh tuyn cuc gi . Vic
nh tuyn c thc hin cho tng cuc gi.
Hnh 39 : nh tuyn ng theo thi gian thc phn tn.
3. nh tuyn tnh v nh tuyn ng.

3.1 nh tuyn tnh.
Gii thiu.
nh tuyn tnh l mt gii php m cc tuyn tnh c ngi qun tr cp nht v
qun l nhn cng. Trong trng hp cu hnh mng mng thay i, ngi qun tr
phi cp nht li cc tuyn tnh mt cch th cng.
84

u im ca nh tuyn tnh.
u im ln nht ca nh tuyn tnh l s thay i chm, iu c ngha l tnh
chu n hi ca mng s tt hn. iu dn ti vic d on hiu nng mng v
sa li nhanh hn. Cc h thng s dng nh tuyn tnh thng l cc h thng kt
cui, vic chuyn thng tin vo mng c th ch c mt tuyn ng duy nht v
thng c gi l hng ngm nh, cc b nh tuyn khng cn trao i cc
thng tin tm ng cng nh c s d liu nh tuyn. V vy, nh tuyn tnh c
mt s ng dng hu ch.
nh tuyn ng c khuynh hng truyn t tt c cc thng tin v mt lin mng.
Tuy nhin, trong mt s trng hp, v l do an ton chng ta c th mun che du
mt s phn ca lin mng. nh tuyn tnh cho php chng ta che du thng tin
khng mun tit l. V d trong trng hp hnh 3.5 di y, mng LAN ch c
mt ng i duy nht ti mng, th ch mt tuyn tnh ti mng l .
Hnh 40 : nh tuyn tnh trn mang LAN.
85

Nhc im ca nh tuyn tnh.
1. Quyt nh nh tuyn tnh khng da trn s nh gi lu lng v Topo mng
hin thi.
2. Trong mi trng IP cc b nh tuyn khng th pht hin ra cc b nh tuyn
mi, chng ch c th chuyn gi tin ti cc b nh tuyn c ch nh ca nh
qun l mng.
3. Trong nh tuyn tnh, cc tuyn c thit lp th cng, mi khi mng c s c
hoc cu hnh mng thay i th qun tr mng phi thit lp li tuyn mi.
Hin
nay hu ht cc nc trn th gii u s dng nh tuyn thay th, phng php

ny c m t nh hnh di y
Trc tin tng i s chn hng u tin 1 nh tuyn cuc gi, nu khng
nh tuyn c trn hng ny th s chn n hng c mc u tin thp hn v
qu trnh c th c tip tc.
Hnh 41 : nh tuyn tnh.

86

3.2 nh tuyn ng.
Gii thiu.
nh tuyn ng c c ch hot ng ngc li so vi nh tuyn tnh. Sau khi
ngi qun tr nhp cc lnh cu hnh khi to nh tuyn ng, thng tin v
tuyn s c cp nht t ng mi khi nhn c mt thng tin mi t lp mng.
Cc thay i v Topo mng c trao i gia cc b nh tuyn.
u im ca nh tuyn ng.
Hnh 42 : nh tuyn ng.
nh tuyn ng la chn tuyn da trn thng tin trng thi hin thi ca mng.
Thng tin trng thi c th o hoc d on v tuyn ng c th thay i khi
topo mng hoc lu lng mng thay i. Thng tin nh tuyn cp nht vo trong
cc bng nh tuyn ca cc node mng trc tuyn, v p ng tnh thi gian thc
nhm trnh tc nghn cng nh ti u hiu nng mng.
87

u im ln nht ca nh tuyn ng l n c th thit lp tuyn ng ti tt c
cc thit b trong mng, t ng thay i tuyn ng khi cu hnh mng thay i.
N rt thch hp cho:
+ Thm thit b v a ch mi vo mng.
+ Loi b thit b v a ch khi mng.
Cc giao thc nh tuyn ng cng c th chuyn lu lng t cng mt phin
lm vic qua nhiu ng i khc nhau trong mng c hiu sut cao hn. Tnh
cht ny c gi l chia s ti (load sharing).
Nhc im ca nh tuyn ng.
Trong mng phc hp s dng nh tuyn ng, mt mng c th b ti to li cu
hnh mt cch lin tc v s khc nhau v thit b v chnh sch ca rt nhiu nh
khai thc cng hot ng. iu c th gy nn nhng tn tht trn mng v s
dng ti nguyn hay ni cch khc vic s dng nh tuyn ng cng s to ra
phc tp cao.
3.3 Gii thiu mt s giao thc nh tuyn:

nh tuyn mng dung giao thc RIP
RIP l mt giao thc nh tuyn ng s dng k thut distance vector, vic chn
ng y t ngun n ch da vo s lng HOP , s HOP ti a l 15 hop.
RIP c 2 phin bn 1 v 2.
RIP ph hp vi mng c nh
Cu hnh :
(config) # router rip
(config-router) # version <ID>
(config-router) # network <Net ID>
88

(config-router) # no auto-summary
nh tuyn mng s dng giao thc OSPF
L giao thc nh tuyn ng s dng k thut link State.
L thut ton xy dng bng nh tuyn SPE ( shortest path First )
L giao thc c kh nng hi t cao, ph hp vi mng c ln.
Giao thc OSPF cho php cc Router c th xy dng, cp nhp bng nh tuyn
cng nh cc thng tin v kin trc mng
chia nh h thng OSPF s dng khi nim khu t tr . OSPF s dng wind
card bit trong vic xy dng bng nh tuyn.
VD : subnetmask 255.255.255.0
Wind card bit 0.0.0.255
Cu hnh Ospf trn router
(config) # router Ospf <ID>
0< ID <65536
(config) # network <Net ID> <wind card bit> area < area ID >
NetID : a ch ng mng
Area ID l mt s nguyn dng
0< Area ID < 4294.967.295
Cc ng nh tuyn c cng area ID cho php cc router c th hc ln nhau.
Giao thc EIGRP
L giao thc c pht trin bi CISCO nhm khc phc cc hn ch ca RIP v
IGRP.
L giao thc nh tuyn lai gia distance vector v link state.
Thun ton truyn tin cp nhp ( DUAL diffusing Update Algorihn ) thi gian hi
t ca giao thc nhanh.
EIGRP s dng a ch multicast ( 224.0.0.10 ) trao i thong tin cp nhp nh
tuyn.
89

H tr VLSM v CIDR nn s dng hiu qu khng gian a ch IP.
Cu hnh:
AS l mt vng t tr , cc router dung EIGRP c cng AS th mc nh c cp
nhp thng tin ca nhau.
1 < AS < 65535
a ng mng vo bng nh tuyn EIGRP ta lm nh sau.
(config) # router eigrp <AS>
(config-router) # network <Net ID> [wind card bit].
90
Chng IV. Mng Internet

I. S lc lch s pht trin ca mng
Vo gia nhng nm 50 khi nhng th h my tnh u tin c a vo hot
ng thc t vi nhng bng n in t th chng c kch thc rt cng knh v
tn nhiu nng lng. Hi vic nhp d liu vo cc my tnh c thng qua
cc tm ba m ngi vit chng trnh c l sn. Mi tm ba tng ng
vi mt dng lnh m mi mt ct ca n c cha tt c cc k t cn thit m
ngi vit chng trnh phi c l vo k t mnh la chn. Cc tm ba c a
vo mt "thit b" gi l thit b c ba m qua cc thng tin c a vo my
tnh (hay cn gi l trung tm x l) v sau khi tnh ton kt qu s c a ra
my in. Nh vy cc thit b c ba v my in c th hin nh cc thit b vo ra
(I/O) i vi my tnh. Sau mt thi gian cc th h my mi c a vo hot
ng trong mt my tnh trung tm c th c ni vi nhiu thit b vo ra
(I/O) m qua n c th thc hin lin tc ht chng trnh ny n chng trnh
khc.
Cng vi s pht trin ca nhng ng dng trn my tnh cc phng php nng
cao kh nng giao tip vi my tnh trung tm cng c u t nghin cu rt
nhiu. Vo gia nhng nm 60 mt s nh ch to my tnh nghin cu thnh
cng nhng thit b truy cp t xa ti my tnh ca h. Mt trong nhng phng
php thm nhp t xa c thc hin bng vic ci t mt thit b u cui mt
v tr cch xa trung tm tnh ton, thit b u cui ny c lin kt vi trung tm
bng vic s dng ng dy in thoi v vi hai thit b x l tn hiu (thng
gi l Modem) gn hai u v tn hiu c truyn thay v trc tip th thng qua
dy in thoi.
91
Hnh 43 : M hnh truyn d liu t xa u tin.

Nhng dng u tin ca thit b u cui bao gm my c ba, my in, thit b x
l tn hiu, cc thit b cm nhn. Vic lin kt t xa c th thc hin thng qua
nhng vng khc nhau v l nhng dng u tin ca h thng mng.
Trong lc a ra gii thiu nhng thit b u cui t xa, cc nh khoa hc trin
khai mt lot nhng thit b iu khin, nhng thit b u cui c bit cho php
ngi s dng nng cao c kh nng tng tc vi my tnh. Mt trong nhng
sn phm quan trng l h thng thit b u cui 3270 ca IBM. H thng
bao gm cc mn hnh, cc h thng iu khin, cc thit b truyn thng c lin
kt vi cc trung tm tnh ton. H thng 3270 c gii thiu vo nm 1971 v
c s dng dng m rng kh nng tnh ton ca trung tm my tnh ti cc
vng xa. lm gim nhim v truyn thng ca my tnh trung tm v s lng
cc lin kt gia my tnh trung tm vi cc thit b u cui, IBM v cc cng ty
my tnh khc sn xut mt s cc thit b sau:
Thit b kim sot truyn thng: c nhim v nhn cc bit tn hiu t cc
knh truyn thng, gom chng li thnh cc byte d liu v chuyn nhm cc
byte ti my tnh trung tm x l, thit b ny cng thc hin cng vic
ngc li chuyn tn hiu tr li ca my tnh trung tm ti cc trm xa.
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Thit b trn cho php gim bt c thi gian x l trn my tnh trung tm
v xy dng cc thit b logic c trng.
Thit b kim sot nhiu u cui: cho php cng mt lc kim sot nhiu
thit b u cui. My tnh trung tm ch cn lin kt vi mt thit b nh vy
l c th phc v cho tt c cc thit b u cui ang c gn vi thit b
kim sot trn. iu ny c bit c ngha khi thit b kim sot nm
cch xa my tnh v ch cn s dng mt ng in thoi l c th phc v
cho nhiu thit b u cui.
Hnh 44 : M hnh trao i mng ca h thng 3270.

Vo gia nhng nm 1970, cc thit b u cui s dng nhng phng php lin
kt qua ng cp nm trong mt khu vc c ra i. Vi nhng u im t
nng cao tc truyn d liu v qua kt hp c kh nng tnh ton ca cc
my tnh li vi nhau. thc hin vic nng cao kh nng tnh ton vi nhiu
my tnh cc nh sn xut bt u xy dng cc mng phc tp. Vo nhng nm
1980 cc h thng ng truyn tc cao c thit lp Bc M v Chu u
v t cng xut hin cc nh cung cp cc dnh v truyn thng vi nhng
ng truyn c tc cao hn nhiu ln so vi ng dy in thoi. Vi nhng
93

chi ph thu bao chp nhn c, ngi ta c th s dng c cc ng truyn
ny lin kt my tnh li vi nhau v bt u hnh thnh cc mng mt cch rng
khp. y cc nh cung cp dch v xy dng nhng ng truyn d liu lin
kt gia cc thnh ph v khu vc vi nhau v sau cung cp cc dch v truyn
d liu cho nhng ngi xy dng mng. Ngi xy dng mng lc ny s khng
cn xy dng li ng truyn ca mnh m ch cn s dng mt phn cc nng lc
truyn thng ca cc nh cung cp.
Vo nm 1974 cng ty IBM gii thiu mt lot cc thit b u cui c ch
to cho lnh vc ngn hng v thng mi, thng qua cc dy cp mng cc thit b
u cui c th truy cp cng mt lc vo mt my tnh dng chung. Vi vic lin
kt cc my tnh nm trong mt khu vc nh nh mt ta nh hay l mt khu nh
th tin chi ph cho cc thit b v phn mm l thp. T vic nghin cu kh
nng s dng chung mi trng truyn thng v cc ti nguyn ca cc my tnh
nhanh chng c u t.
Vo nm 1977, cng ty Datapoint Corporation bt u bn h iu hnh mng
ca mnh l "Attached Resource Computer Network" (hay gi tt l Arcnet) ra th
trng. Mng Arcnet cho php lin kt cc my tnh v cc trm u cui li bng
dy cp mng, qua tr thnh l h iu hnh mng cc b u tin.
T n nay c rt nhiu cng ty a ra cc sn phm ca mnh, c bit khi
cc my tnh c nhn c s dng mt cnh rng ri. Khi s lng my vi tnh
trong mt vn phng hay c quan c tng ln nhanh chng th vic kt ni chng
tr nn v cng cn thit v s mang li nhiu hiu qu cho ngi s dng.
Ngy nay vi mt lng ln v thng tin, nhu cu x l thng tin ngy cng cao.
Mng my tnh hin nay tr nn qu quen thuc i vi chng ta, trong mi lnh
vc nh khoa hc, qun s, quc phng, thng mi, dch v, gio dc... Hin nay
94

nhiu ni mng tr thnh mt nhu cu khng th thiu c. Ngi ta thy
c vic kt ni cc my tnh thnh mng cho chng ta nhng kh nng mi to
ln nh:
S dng chung ti nguyn: Nhng ti nguyn ca mng (nh thit b,
chng trnh, d liu) khi c tr thnh cc ti nguyn chung th mi thnh
vin ca mng u c th tip cn c m khng quan tm ti nhng ti
nguyn u.
Tng tin cy ca h thng: Ngi ta c th d dng bo tr my mc v
lu tr (backup) cc d liu chung v khi c trc trc trong h thng th
chng c th c khi phc nhanh chng. Trong trng hp c trc trc
trn mt trm lm vic th ngi ta cng c th s dng nhng trm khc
thay th.
Nng cao cht lng v hiu qu khai thc thng tin: Khi thng tin c th
c s dng chung th n mang li cho ngi s dng kh nng t chc li
cc cng vic vi nhng thay i v cht nh:
p ng nhng nhu cu ca h thng ng dng kinh doanh hin i.
Cung cp s thng nht gia cc d liu.
Tng cng nng lc x l nh kt hp cc b phn phn tn.
Tng cng truy nhp ti cc dch v mng khc nhau ang c
cung cp trn th gii.
Vi nhu cu i hi ngy cng cao ca x hi nn vn k thut trong mng l
mi quan tm hng u ca cc nh tin hc. V d nh lm th no truy xut
95

thng tin mt cch nhanh chng v ti u nht, trong khi vic x l thng tin trn
mng qu nhiu i khi c th lm tc nghn trn mng v gy ra mt thng tin mt
cch ng tic.
Hin nay vic lm sao c c mt h thng mng chy tht tt, tht an ton vi
li ch kinh t cao ang rt c quan tm. Mt vn t ra c rt nhiu gii php
v cng ngh, mt gii php c rt nhiu yu t cu thnh, trong mi yu t c
nhiu cch la chn. Nh vy a ra mt gii php hon chnh, ph hp th phi
tri qua mt qu trnh chn lc da trn nhng u im ca tng yu t, tng chi
tit rt nh.
gii quyt mt vn phi da trn nhng yu cu t ra v da trn cng ngh
gii quyt. Nhng cng ngh cao nht cha chc l cng ngh tt nht, m cng
ngh tt nht l cng ngh ph hp nht.
II. T chc ca mng Internet.

Internet l mt lin mng, tc l mng ca cc mng con. Vy u tin l vn
kt ni hai mng con. kt ni hai mng con vi nhau, c hai vn cn gii
quyt V mt vt l, hai mng con ch c th kt ni vi nhau khi c mt my tnh
c th kt ni vi c hai mng ny. Vic kt ni n thun v vy l cha th lm
cho hai mng con c th trao i thng tin vi nhau. Vy vn th hai l my kt
ni c v mt vt l vi hai mng con phi hiu c c hai giao thc truyn tin
c s dng trn hai mng con ny v cc gi thng tin ca hai mng con s c
gi qua nhau thng qua . Cc Bridges, Gateways hoc Router c dng kt
ni cc mng vi nhau
96

Bridge l mt thit b mng m c kh nng kt ni hai hoc nhiu mng nhng cc
mng ny phi dng chung giao thc chng thng c s dng ni hai mng
LAN cng loi vi nhau.
Router l mt nt mng trong c cha cc gii thut chn ng khi nhn c
mt Datagram th n s gi chuyn tip Datagram i n nt mng tip theo tu
vo a ch ca Datagram v gii thut chn ng.
Gateway l mt thit b thc hin chc nng dn ng. N thng l mt thit b
c lp m c th thc hin giao thc truyn t mng ny sang mng khc.
Thng thng vic kt ni gia hai mng dng mt my tnh my tnh ny c
gi l Internet gateway hay Router.
Net 1
Net 2
Router
Router
Hnh 45 : Hai mng Net 1 v Net 2 kt ni thng qua Router.
Khi kt ni tr nn phc tp hn, cc Gateways cn phi bit v s kin trc

ca cc mng kt ni. V d trong hnh 1.18 cho thy nhiu mng c kt ni
bng Router.
97
Net 3
Net 1
Router 1
Router 3
Router 2
Net 2
Hnh 46 : Ba mng kt ni vi nhau thng qua cc Router.
Nh hnh 50 , Router R1 phi chuyn tt c cc gi thng tin n mt my nm

mng Net 2 hoc Net 3. Vi kch thc ln nh mng Internet, vic cc Routers
lm sao c th quyt nh v vic chuyn cc gi thng tin cho cc my trong cc
mng s tr nn phc tp hn.
cc Routers c th thc hin c cng vic chuyn mt s ln cc gi thng
tin thuc cc mng khc nhau ngi ta ra quy tc l:
Cc Routers chuyn cc gi thng tin da trn a ch mng ca ni n, ch khng
phi da trn a ch ca my my nhn.
Nh vy, da trn a ch mng nn tng s thng tin m Router phi lu gi v s
kin trc mng s tun theo s mng trn Internet ch khng phi l s my trn
Internet.
Trn Internet, tt c cc mng u c quyn bnh ng cho d chng c t chc hay
s lng my l rt chnh lch nhau. Giao thc TCP/IP ca Internet hot ng tun
theo quan im sau:
98

Tt cc cc mng con trong Internet nh l Ethernet, mt mng din rng nh
NSFNET back bone hay mt lin kt im-im gia hai my duy nht u c
coi nh l mt mng.
iu ny xut pht t quan im u tin khi thit k giao thc TCP/IP l c th
lin kt gia cc mng c kin trc hon ton khc nhau, khi nim "mng" i vi
TCP/IP b n i phn kin trc vt l ca mng. y chnh l im gip cho TCP/IP
t ra rt mnh.
Nh vy, ngi dng trong Internet hnh dung Internet lm mt mng thng nht v
bt k hai my no trn Internet u c ni vi nhau thng qua
mt mng duy nht.
Hnh 47 m t kin trc tng th ca Internet di mt ngi dng v kin trc
tng qut ca Internet.
Internet
Internet
Router
Physical
net
host
(a)
Host
(b)
Hnh 47: Kin trc tng th ca Internet.
(a) - Mng Internet di con mt ngi s dng. Cc my c ni vi nhau thng

qua mt mng duy nht.
99

(b) - Kin trc tng qut ca mng Internet. Cc Routers cung cp cc kt ni gia
cc mng.
III. Mt s phng thc kt ni Internet ph bin.

1. Cc h thng dng dch v in thoi.
1.1. Leased Line (ng dy thu bao)
Cch kt ni ny l cch kt ni ph bin nht hin nay gia hai im c khong
cch ln . Leased Line l cc mch s kt ni lin tc, c cc cng ty vin thng
cho thu. Chng c phn ra lm hai lp chnh l Tx ( theo chun M , Canada )
v Ex (theo tiu chun ca Chu u, Nam M, Vit Nam..). T0/E0 tng ng
vi mt knh thoi ring l chng to nn tng cho cc dch v truyn s liu tc
cao hn.
1.2. Frame Relay v X25

X25 l giao thc truyn thng tin c th nh hng qua ng dy thu bao X25
s dng a ch theo cch gn ging vi mng cc b. N cho php truyn cc
khung d liu s ho qua khong cch ln Frame Relay l mt thay th cho X25
gip gim chi ph ca ng truyn bng cch to mt mch truyn o c nh thay
v truyn tng gi. Cng ngh ny xo b c vic nh a ch v truyn thng
tin sa li ca X25.
1.3. DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)
L mt bin th ca ng in thoi s chun, hot ng thng qua kt ni ng
in thoi thng thng. DSL c pht trin cung cp mt dch v thay th cho
truyn hnh nhng n ha hn lin kt tc cao v chi ph thp
100

1.4. ISDN ( Integrated Services Digital Network)
N l mt mch ni k thut s quay s (dial up digital circuit) khng ging nh
Leased-Line c kt ni c nh vo hai thit b u cui c nh. ISDN cho php
ngi dng to ra v hu b lin kt bt k gia hai ISDN adapter no. Mt im
khc na vi Leased-Line l ISDN c th dng cho kt ni tc cao trong s
dng Internet c nhn, gia nh mt cch d dnh v n hot ng trn cng mt
ng truyn vt l nh ng dy in thoi. Do vy c th d dng chuyn i
t ng truyn Telephone analog thnh ng truyn ISDN bng cch i thit b
u cui tng i trung tm. Tc c bn c cung cp l 128 Kbps. Cc
ng dy ISDN thng c dng ni t ngi dng n cc nh cung cp
dch v Internet. ng truyn ISDN c u im l in thoi v my tnh c th
dng chung mt ng truyn. Ngi dng c th nhn in thoi gi ti, hoc gi
in thoi i trong khi my tnh vn truy cp Internet.
1.5. ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)

L cng ngh mi trong ci t ng truyn trn ng in thoi chnh ni gia
cc thnh ph v cc cng ty . ATM cho php truyn cc dch v khc nhau (tc
khc nhau, yu cu thi gian tr khc nhau) trn cng mt ng truyn vt l.
ATM ha hn mt tc cao cho kt ni Internet. Vic s dng ATM kt ni
Internet s c trnh by trong phn cui ca n ny.
1.6. ng dy in thoi Analog

y l cch ph bin nht hin nay kt ni Internet bng cch dng mt modem
ni gia ng dy in thoi Analog v my tnh. Khi mun truy cp Internet th
ngi dng phi dng modem quay s n nh cung cp dch v (ISP) m h kt
ni . Modem s quay s n Modem ca nh cung cp dch v v my tnh s s
101

dng c Internet . Truy nhp kiu ny cho tc thp (Ti a hin nay l 56
Kbps).
2. Cc h thng khng dng dch v in thoi.

2.1. H thng cung cp cp quang lp cc b
C nhiu cng ty dch v t thit lp h thng cp quang . H thng ny hon ton
c to bi mt ng cp quang n thp ch ti tn im kt ni pha ngi
dng .Khi kt ni thng qua mt Router vo mng ,nhng mng ny c th truyn
d liu nhanh hn l tc tiu th d kiu pha ngi dng
2.2. Modem cp
Modem cp l loi c bng truyn ln hot ng tc rt cao . Modem cp hay
c s dng kt ni vo mng truyn hnh cp . Nhng dch v ny thng
khng cn i ngha l n cung cp bng thng ti xung ln hn nhiu so vi
bng thng np ln. Modem cp c kt ni thng xuyn ch khng ging nh
modem in thoi thng thng.
2.3. Kt ni trc tip

LAN hoc cc my tnh ln chng hn nh minicomputer c th kt ni trc tip
vo Internet khi LAN kt ni vo Internet th tt c cc my trong mng c th truy
cp vo Internet.
102

IV. Cc dch v thng dng ca Internet.
Internet cng ngy cng pht trin v cung cp cho con ngi nhiu loi dch v
di y trnh by mt s dch v thng dng ca Internet ngy nay :
4.1. Th in t
Th in t (Electronic Mail) cn c gi tt l E-mail. Mc ch ca n l gi
hoc nhn nhng th in t t ni ny qua ni khc mt cch nhanh chng t vi
giy cho ti vi pht hoc vi ting ng h.
Ngy nay, nh s pht trin mnh m ca Internet ngi ta c th gi th in t
ti cc quc gia trn khp th gii. Vi s tin li nh vy cho nn E-Mail hu
nh tr thnh mt nhu cu cn phi c ca mi ngi s dng my tnh. Trn thc
t, c rt nhiu h thng my tnh khc nhau v mi h thng li c cu trc chuyn
nhn th in t khc nhau. Vic ny c gii quyt bng cch s dng mt giao
thc chung cho th in t. Giao thc chung gi l giao thc chuyn vn th t
(Simple Mail Transfer Protocol vit tt l SMTP). Nh vo SMTP ny m s
chuyn vn th in t trn Internet tr thnh d dng nhanh chng cho tt c
mi ngi.
4.2. Mng thng tin ton cu (World Wide Web- WWW)

y dch v mi v mnh nht trn Internet. WWW c xy dng da trn mt
k thut c tn gi l hypertext (siu vn bn). Hypertext l k thut trnh by
thng tin trn mt trang trong c mt s t c th "n" ra thnh mt trang thng
tin mi c ni dung y hn. Trn cng mt trang thng tin c th c nhiu kiu
d liu khc nhau nh Text, nh hay m thanh. xy dng cc trang d liu vi
cc kiu d liu khc nhau nh vy, WWW s dng mt ngn ng c tn l HTML
103

(HyperText Markup Language). HTML cho php nh dng cc trang thng tin,
cho php thng tin c kt ni vi nhau.
Trn cc trang thng tin c mt s t c th "n" ra, mi t ny thc cht u c
mt lin kt vi cc thng tin khc. thc hin vic lin kt cc ti nguyn ny,
WWW s dng phng php c tn l URL (Universal Resource Locator). Vi
URL, WWW cng c th truy nhp ti cc ti nguyn thng tin t cc dch v khc
nhau nh FTP, Gopher, Wais... trn cc server khc nhau.
Vi s bng n dch v WWW, dch v ny cng ngy cng c m rng v a
thm nhiu k thut tin tin nhm tng kh nng biu t thng tin cho ngi s
dng. Mt s cng ngh mi c hnh thnh nh Active X, Java cho php to cc
trang Web ng thc s m ra mt hng pht trin rt ln cho dch v ny.
4.3. Dch v truyn tp - FTP

Mt trong nhng dch v ph bin nht c s dng trn mng Internet l dch v
truyn tp (file) qua cc my tnh. Dch v ny c dng chuyn ti cc file
gia cc my ch trn mng, gia my ch v my khch (client). Cc file c th
dng vn bn, nh tnh, nh video, cc th vin, c bit l cc phn mm ng dng
c cung cp min ph hoc th nghim.
Vic truyn file c thng qua mt giao thc ca Internet gi l giao thc FTP
(File Transfer Protocol vit tt l FTP). Giao thc ny thc hin vic truyn file
gia cc my tnh khng ph thuc vo v tr a l hay mi trng h iu hnh.
iu cn thit l 2 my u ni mng Internet v u c phn mm c th hiu
c giao thc FTP.
104

4.4. Dch v truy nhp t xa -TELNET
Mt trong nhng cng c c bn ca Internet l Telnet. Telnet l mt giao thc cho
php ngi s dng c th truy nhp vo mt my tnh xa v khai thc cc ti
nguyn ca my hon ton ging nh ang ngi trn my ca mnh.
iu kin cn bn s dng dch v Telnet l my tnh ca ngi s dng phi
c ni vo mng Internet. Ngoi ra ngi s dng phi c chng trnh Telnet.
Khi dng telnet vo mt my no n s hi tn truy nhp v mt khu. Ging
nh FTP, trn mng Internet c nhiu host cho php ngi s dng truy nhp bng
telnet nc danh, ch cn khai bo a ch E-Mail ca mnh.
4.5. Dch v tra cu theo ch mc - Gopher

Gopher l mt dch v tra cu thng tin theo ch v s dng cc thc n. Xut
pht t nhu cu phn pht cc ti liu theo mt ch nht nh cho ngi s dng
trn Internet, ngi ta thit lp cc my c lu tr ti liu. Mun s dng nhng
ti liu ny, ngi s dng cn c mt phn mm kt ni vo my ch
GOPHER, v my ny s a ra cc thc n cho ngi s dng chn la. Ngoi
ra trong mt s my cn lu tr cc ch dn kt ni hoc a ch ca cc gopher
khc. Thng qua cc client ca gopher, ngi s dng c th nhn nhng file vn
bn, hnh nh, ho, m thanh.
4.6. Dch v nhm tin - USENET

USENET l ch c gi tt t ch usersNetwork v c coi l Mng nhm tin
ln nht trn Internet. Mng nhm tin ny l do hng ngn my Phc V Tin
(News Host) c lin kt li vi nhau truyn t tin tc. Mc d Mng li
nhm tin dng Internet chuyn ti v phn phi mt phn ln tin tc nhng tht
ra n cch bit v khc vi Internet. Mng li nhm tin l do hng ngn my phc
105

v tin (News Host) kt ni li vi nhau trn ton cu. V n k sinh trn Internet
nn ngoi vic khai thc thng qua mng Internet n cn c c ch khai thc c
lp khng qua mng Internet m ng k ring.
Mng nhm tin l mi trng tranh lun th gii. N cho php ngi s dng c
th trao i thng tin v mt ch m h cng quan tm. Th trn usernet c
gi n v lu tr trn mt my ch cha tin. Ngi s dng c th t cu hi,
a ra kin tranh lun v mt ch no , gi thng bo hoc cc ti liu vo
usernet.
4.7. Dch v tm kim thng tin din rng WAIS (Wide Area Information
Service).
WAIS l mt cng c tm kim thng tin trn mng Inetrnet thng qua mt chui
cc mc la chn, dch v WAIS cho php ngi dng tm kim cc tp d liu
c cha mt xu k t xc nh trc.
Mng WAIS ton cu da trn cc th mc ca my ch (Directory of server). y
thc s l nhng kho tng d liu ngi dng tm kim.
Qu trnh thc hin cuc tm kim WAIS c th so snh vi vic tham kho ti th
vin. Bc u tin ca bn l chn nhng cun sch m bn mun tm thng tin
cho ch nh. Bn c th tp hp nhng cun sch ny trn k sch cnh
trc khi bn m mt ch . iu ny ging nh chn ch t Directory of
Server, sau bn bt u tm kim v tr lu tr thng tin i vi nhng ch
chn. ng thi WAIS cho php bn cp nht danh sch nhng ti nguyn WAIS
chun b cho bn tin hnh tm kim. WAIS server cn thc hin m s ln xut
hin ca t trong tp tnh im v gi v cho client gip ngi s dng d dng
la chn tp mnh cn.
106

4.8. Dch v hi thoi trn Internet - IRC
Internet Relay Chat (IRC - Ni chuyn qua Internet) l phng tin "thi gian
thc", ngha l nhng t bn g vo s xut hin gn nh tc thi trn mn hnh
ca ngi nhn v tr li ca h ca xut hin trn mn hnh ca bn nh vy. Thay
v phi ch vi pht hay vi ngy i vi thng ip, bn c th trao i tc thi
vi tc g ch ca bn. IRC c th mang tnh c nhn nh e-mail, ngi l
khng khm ph c ni dung trao i ca bn, hoc bn c th to "knh m"
cho nhng ai bn mun cng tham gia. Ngoi vic trao i li, ngi dng IRC
cn c th gi file cho nhau nh hnh nh, chng trnh, ti liu hay nhng th
khc.
107
KT LUN
Qua qu trnh tip thu, hc tp b mn Network di s hng dn ca Thy
Quang Trung, cng vi vic tm hiu cc ti liu v Network, tham kho kin
ng gp ca cc thy gio b mn v cc thnh vin trong tp th S0809G, em
hon thnh n mn Network Giao thc TCP/IP v mng Internet. n bao
gm cc chng nh sau:
Tng quan v h thng mng TCP/IP.
B Giao thc TCP/IP.
nh tuyn.
Mng Internet
Vi thi gian hn hp, nn n mi ch dng li mc tm hiu v thu thp

kin thc v Giao thc TCP/IP v mng Internet. n gp phn cho ngi c c
c kin thc tng qut v y v TCP/IP. Hng m rng ca ti l phn
tch cc mt mnh, yu, nhng thch thc t ra cho giao thc TCP/IP nh khng
gian a ch Internet s b cn kit vo khong nm 2005 v 2015. Vi bin php
gii quyt hin ti t ra l pht trin giao thc mi thay th IPv.4 bng IPv.6, thay
v khng gian a ch 32 bits tng ln 124 bits. Th hng lot i mi c xy
dng trong IPv.6 s nh th no? Hay trong nh tuyn, bn cnh s pht trin cu
trc phn cng th vic ti u cc giao thc nh tuyn l vn cn quan tm.
gi tin i t ngun n ch, trc tin n phi tun theo mt tp hp cc quy tc,
bi ton chn ng ti u sao cho gim thiu tr cng nh bng thng mng, l
mt vn thch thc ang c nhiu nh nghin cu quan tm. l nhng
hng i cho vic m rng n ny trong tng lai m em t ra.
108

Tuy qu trnh thc hin ti c ln k hoch c th v tm hiu k cc
ngun ti liu, cng vi tinh thn trch nhim v nghim tc trong nghin cu cng
vi s gip ca thy gio b mn. ti cng vn cn nhng hn ch v thiu
st nht inh. Knh mong Thy v cc bn c ng gp kin n c
hon thin hn trong hng nghin cu tng li.
Cui cng, mt ln na em xin chn thnh cm n cc thy trong trng Bch

Khoa Npower , nhng ngi du dt em trong sut qu trnh hc tp ti trng
v c bit gi li cm n su sc n thy Quang Trung hng dn, gip
em trong sut qu trnh lm ti ny.
H ni , ngy 25 9 2010.
Sinh vin: L Th Thanh Hin.
109

Ti liu tham kho
[1]. Wikipedia.org
[2]. Tailieu.vn
[3]. Nguyn Thc Hi. Mng my tnh v cc h thng m.
[4]. Fiach Reid. Network Programming in .NET With C# and Visual
Basic .NET.
[5]. Keita Fujii. Jpcap Tutorials.
[6]. Mng cn bn Bachkhoa-Npower.
110

Danh mc t vit tt
STT
Tn vit tt
Tn y
1. ACK
Acknowledgment.
2. ADCCP
Advanced Data Communications Control Procedure..
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
APNIC
Arcnet
ARIN
ARP
ARPA
ARPAnet
ATM
BIM
11. CCITT
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
CIDR
CRC
CSMA/CD
DA
DHCP
DS
DSL
DSN
DUAL
EIGRP
FCS
FDDI
FTP
HBA
HDLC
HDLC
HLEN
HTYPE
IANA
ICMP
ICS
IEEE
IGMP
IHL
IMAP
Asia-Pacific Network Information Center.

Attached Resource Computer Network.
American Registry for Internet Numbers .
Address Resolution Protocol.
Advanced Research Projects Agency.
Advanced Research Projects Agency.
Asynchronous Transfer Model.
International Business Machines Crop.
Consultative Committee For International Telephony And
Telegraphy.
Classless Inter-Domain.
Cyclic Redundancy Check .
Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision Detection.
Destination Address.
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol.
Differentiated Services .
Digital Subscriber Line.
Domain name System.
Diffusing Update Algorihn.
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol.
Frame Check Sequence.
Fiber Distributed Data Interface.
File Transfer Protocol.
Host Bus Adapter.
High-level Data Link Control .
High-level Data Link Control.
Hardware length .
Hardware type.
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority IANA.
Internet Control Message Protocol.
Internet Connection Sharing .
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers.
Internet Group Management Protocol.
Internet Header Length .
Internet Mail Access Protocol.
111

37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
IP
IRC
ISDN
ISO
ISP
ITU
LAN
LLC
MAC
NAT
NNTP
OSI
PDU
PING
PLEN
POP
PRE
PTYPE
RARP
RIP
RTP
SA
SCSI
SHA
SMTP
SNA
SNMP
SOF
SPA
TCP/IP
TFTP
THA
TPA
TTL
UDP
URL
VLSMs
WAIS
WWW
Internet Protocol.
Internet Relay Chat.
Integrated Services Digital Network.
International Organization for Standardization.
Internet Service Provider .
International Telecommunication Union.
Local Area Network.
Logical Link Control.
Medium Access Control.
Network Address Translation .
Network News Transport Protocol.
Open Systems Interconnection.
PDU Protocol Data Unit.
Packet internet gropher.
Protocol length .
Post Office Protocol.
Preamble .
Protocol type .
Reverse Address Resolution Protocol.
Routing Information Protocol.
Real-time Transport Protocol.
Source Addresss.
Small Computer System Interface.
Sender hardware address .
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol.
Systems Network Architecture.
Simple Network Management Protocol.
Start frame delimiter.
Sender protocol address .
Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol.
Trivial File Transfer Protocol.
Target hardware address .
Target protocol address .
Time To Live .
User Datagram Protocol.
Universal Resource Locator.
Variable- Length Subnet Masks .
Wide Area Information Service.
World Wide Web.
112

Mc lc cc hnh
STT
Hnh 1.
Hnh 2.
Hnh 3.
Hnh 4.
Hnh 5.
Hnh 6.
Hnh 7.
Hnh 8.
Hnh 9.
Hnh 10.
Hnh 11.
Hnh 12.
Hnh 13.
Hnh 14.
Hnh 15.
Hnh 16.
Hnh 17.
Hnh 18.
Ni Dung
Tng qut kin trc phn tng .
M hnh OSI.
Cc tng trong b giao thc TCP/IP.
Tng ng cc tng gia TCP/IP v OSI.
B giao thc TCP/IP.
Cu trc gi D liu.
Bng giao thc trn cc tng ca TCP/IP.
M Hnh TCP/IP.
Cu trc a ch IP.
Bng kt hp.
Gi tr ln nht ca 1 Byte.
Di IP cho mng cc b.
Cc lp a ch IP.
S khc nhau gia 3 Lp a ch A, B v C
Bng Subnet Mask mc nh.
M hnh chia Subnet.
Supernetting.
Hnh 19.
nh tuyn lin vng khng phn lp.

Ethernet frame
Hnh 20.
Hnh 21.
Hnh 22.
IP Packet.
Cu trc n v d liu IP.
Tham s Differentiated Services
Hnh 23.
Hnh 24.
Hnh 25.
Hnh 26.
Hnh 27.
Cu trc mt n v d liu ARP.

S xc nh IP ca my s dng RARP.
ARP u quyn ni hai mng vt l c cng a ch mng.
Lc IP routing.
ICMP Message Type.
Hnh 28.
Hnh 29.
Ethernet Frame.
Cu trc Header ca ICMP.
Hnh 30.
Hnh 31.
TCP cung cp kt ni t u cui n u cui.

Khun dng TCP Segment.
113

Hnh 32.
Hnh 33.
Hnh 34.
Hnh 35.
Hnh 36.
Hot ng ca ca s trt.
Cu hnh ca s trt.
Khun dng UDP Datagram.
Cu trc d liu phn Hader ca DNS message.
Hnh 37.
nh tuyn vi bn trng thi trung k.

nh tuyn ng theo thi gian thc tp trung.
nh tuyn ng theo thi gian thc phn tn.
nh tuyn tnh trn mang LAN.
Hnh 38.
Hnh 39.
Hnh 40.
Hnh 41.
Hnh 42.
Hnh 43.
Hnh 44.
Hnh 45.
Hnh 46.
Hnh 47.
Chc nng nh tuyn trong m hnh kt ni h thng m

OSI.
nh tuyn tnh.
nh tuyn ng.
M hnh truyn d liu t xa u tin.
M hnh trao i mng ca h thng 3270.
Hai mng Net 1 v Net 2 kt ni thng qua Router.
Ba mng kt ni vi nhau thng qua cc Router.
Kin trc tng th ca Internet.
114
115

De Tai Giao Thuc Tcpip Va Mang Internet

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De Tai Giao Thuc Tcpip Va Mang Internet

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n mn Network: Giao thc TCP/IP v Mng Internet

L Th Thanh Hin S0809G BachKhoa-Npower

n mn Network: Giao thc TCP/IP v Mng Internet

L Th Thanh Hin S0809G BachKhoa-Npower

n mn Network: Giao thc TCP/IP v Mng Internet

L Th Thanh Hin S0809G BachKhoa-Npower

n mn Network: Giao thc TCP/IP v Mng Internet

L Th Thanh Hin S0809G BachKhoa-Npower

n mn Network: Giao thc TCP/IP v Mng Internet

n mn Network: Giao thc TCP/IP v Mng Internet

Sc mnh ca my tnh c tng ln nhiu ln khi cc my tnh c kt ni

cc my my tnh c th lin lc vi nhau qua mng, chng phi s dng cng 1

n mn Network: Giao thc TCP/IP v Mng Internet

TCP/IP l vit tt ca Transmission Control Protocol (Giao thc iu Khin

Trong thi gian hc tp ti trung tm o tao Bch Khoa Npower, di s hng

L Th Thanh Hin S0809G BachKhoa-Npower

n mn Network: Giao thc TCP/IP v Mng Internet

Chng I : Tng Quan H Thng Mng TCP/IP

L Th Thanh Hin S0809G BachKhoa-Npower

n mn Network: Giao thc TCP/IP v Mng Internet

II. Kin trc phn tng ca mng

n mn Network: Giao thc TCP/IP v Mng Internet

Hnh 1: Tng qut kin trc phn tng .

Nguyn tc xy dng kin trc phn tng nh sau:

n mn Network: Giao thc TCP/IP v Mng Internet

Do cc nh thit k t do la chn kin trc mng ring ca mnh. T dn n

n mn Network: Giao thc TCP/IP v Mng Internet

Hnh 2 : M hnh OSI.

L Th Thanh Hin S0809G BachKhoa-Npower

n mn Network: Giao thc TCP/IP v Mng Internet

L Th Thanh Hin S0809G BachKhoa-Npower

n mn Network: Giao thc TCP/IP v Mng Internet

L Th Thanh Hin S0809G BachKhoa-Npower

n mn Network: Giao thc TCP/IP v Mng Internet

n mn Network: Giao thc TCP/IP v Mng Internet

n mn Network: Giao thc TCP/IP v Mng Internet

IV. Phng thc hot ng

L Th Thanh Hin S0809G BachKhoa-Npower

n mn Network: Giao thc TCP/IP v Mng Internet

n mn Network: Giao thc TCP/IP v Mng Internet

V. B giao thc TCP/IP

n mn Network: Giao thc TCP/IP v Mng Internet

n mn Network: Giao thc TCP/IP v Mng Internet

Hnh 3 : Cc tng trong b giao thc TCP/IP.

L Th Thanh Hin S0809G BachKhoa-Npower

n mn Network: Giao thc TCP/IP v Mng Internet

VI. TCP/IP v OSI

L Th Thanh Hin S0809G BachKhoa-Npower

n mn Network: Giao thc TCP/IP v Mng Internet

Hnh 4 : Tng ng cc tng gia TCP/IP v OSI.

n mn Network: Giao thc TCP/IP v Mng Internet

L Th Thanh Hin S0809G BachKhoa-Npower

n mn Network: Giao thc TCP/IP v Mng Internet

L Th Thanh Hin S0809G BachKhoa-Npower

n mn Network: Giao thc TCP/IP v Mng Internet

Chng II. B giao thc TCP/IP

Hnh 5 : B giao thc TCP/IP.

II. ng gi d liu trong TCP/IP

n mn Network: Giao thc TCP/IP v Mng Internet

Hnh 6: Cu trc gi D liu.

NNTP, POP3, SIP, SMTP,SMPP, SNMP, SSH, Telnet,

TCP, UDP, DCCP, SCTP, IL, RUDP, RSVP

IP (IPv4, IPv6), ICMP, IGMP, ICMPv6

ARP, RARP, OSPF (IPv4/IPv6), IS-IS, NDP