1

NH LNG MT S HP CHT HU C TRONG BAO B NHA CHO THC PHM

Chu Phm Ngc Sn, Phm Th nh, Dip Ngc Sng, Vng Quang Huy, Nguyn Hunh Tun Anh

Cng ty c phn dch v khoa hc cng ngh Sc K Hi ng

SUMMARY
ANALYSIS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN FOOD AND BEVERAGE PLASTIC PACKAGING
Suspected endocrine disrupting and carcinogenic phthalates, bisphenol A, diethylhexyl adipate (DEHA)
and some volatile organic compounds can be found in foods because of their migration from packaging
materials or films. In this review, analytical methods for organic compounds in plastic packaging or leaching
from packaging into food were proposed such as: phthalates in fatty food, silicon by GC-MS, DEHA in
wrapping paper by GC-FID, bisphenol A in polycarbonate by GC-MS and toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene and
styrene in polystyrene packaging by GC-MS. These methods determined both the quality of the packaging and
the migration of toxic organic compounds into food.
1. T VN
Bao b hu nh c s dng trong lu tr v bo qun thc phm. Tuy nhin, mt s hp cht trng
lng phn t thp chng hn nh: d lng cc monomer, oligomer hoc ph gia c th thi ra khi bao b
v nhim vo thc phm. Nhng hp cht ny c nguy c nh hng n sc khe ngi tiu dng cng nh
cht lng sn phm. Do , nh gi mc thi nhim cng nh xc nh hm lng cc hp cht ny
trong bao b thc phm l vn lun c quan tm. Trong nghin cu ny, mt s phng php phn tch
xc nh cc hp cht hu c thi nhim t bao b nh: xc nh DEHA trong mng bc thc phm, DEHP
trong nha silicon v thc phm bo, bisphenol A trong nha polycarbonate v toluene, xylene, ethyl benzene,
styrene trong hp xp polystyrene bng phng php GC-MS v GC-FID.
2. PHNG PHP - THC NGHIM
2.1. NH LNG PHTHALATE TRONG NN MU THC PHM BO BNG SC K KH
GHP KHI PH
2.1.1 Ha cht
Chun tinh khit ( >99,5%) gm cc phthalate: dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP),
dibutyl phthalate (DBP), benzylbutyl phthalate (BzBP), di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) ca hng Dr.
Ehrenstorfer.Ni chun l ng v DEHP-d4 ca hng Dr. Ehrenstorfer. Acetonitrile ca hng J.T.Baker dng
cho LC-MS, n-hexane ca hng J.T.Baker c tinh ch li, MgSO
4
, CH
3
COONa, CH
3
COOH tinh khit ca
Merck, hn hp bt PSA (primary secondary amine) v C18 ca Agilent.


2

14,5
o
C /pht
2.1.2 Chun trung gian v dung dch chun lm vic
Chun gc n ca tng phthalate c nng 1000 mg/L trong n-hexane. Chun n trung gian ca cc
phthalate c nng 10 mg/L c pha long t chun gc. Pha long chun n trung gian t nng 1
mg/L.Hn hp chun lm vic c xy dng vi nng 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 50, 100, 150, 200, 300, 500 g/L
c cha ni chun ng v vi nng 50 g/L.
2.1.3. X l mu [1]

Phng php QuEChERS theo AOAC 2007.01 c tham kho. Phthalate c chit ra khi nn bo
bng hn hp ACN 1% acid acetic. Cn khong 1 g mu cho vo ng ly tm nha loi 50 mL. Thm chnh
xc 50 L dung dch ni chun DEHP-d4 nng 1 mg/L, yn 2 gi. Thm 15 mL dung dch ACN 1 %
CH
3
COOH. Vortex u mu trong 5 pht. Thm hn hp mui gm 6 g MgSO
4
v 1,5 g CH
3
COONa. Lc
mnh trong 1 pht. Ly tm mu 5 pht, tc 5000 vng/pht. Ly dch chit lp trn cho vo ng ly tm
cha hn hp bt clean-up gm 0,15 g C18 v 0,15 g PSA. Lc mnh trong 1 pht. Ly tm mu 5 pht, tc
5000 vng/pht. Ly dch chit lp trn cho vo bnh cu 50 mL c quay n cn. Ha tan li bng 1 mL n-
hexane, lc qua mng lc 0,45 m cho vo vial v tim vo my GC-MS.
2.1.4. iu kin GC-MS xc nh phthalate
Thit b GC-MS ca Thermo Scientific Trace GC-ISQ c s dng phn tch phthalate.
iu kin vn hnh GC:
-Ct phn tch: ct mao qun DB5-MS Ultra Inert (30 m 0,25 mm, 0,25 m).
- Kh mang: Helium vi tc dng 1,5 ml/pht.
-Injector PTV splitless:

70
o
C (0,5 pht) 250
o
C
-Chng trnh nhit l ct:

60
o
C (1 pht) 220
o
C (10 pht) 280
o
C (2 pht)
iu kin vn hnh MS:
- Ch vn hnh: EI, 70 eV, Scan/SIM ng thi vi khong qut m/z: 40 500, SIM trn 3 ion
- Nhit ng chuyn ion: 250
o
C. Nhit ngun ion: 200
o
C.
Thi gian lu v cc ion chn c ghi trong bng 1.
Bng 1. Thi gian lu, ion nh lng v ion xc nhn ca cc phthalate
Hp cht Thi gian lu (pht) Ion nh lng (m/z) Ion xc nhn 1 (m/z) Ion xc nhn 2 (m/z)
DMP 6,84 163 135 194
DEP 7,69 149 177 222
DBP 9,68 149 205 223
BzBP 11,81 149 206 312
DEHP 13,34 149 167 279
DEHP-d4 13,32 153

20
o
C/pht
20
o
C/pht
3

2.1.5 ng chun
ng chun th hin t l din tch ion nh lng ca chun trn din tch ion ni chun theo nng
chun. Kt qu ng chun vi h s tng quan R
2
t 0,99910,9999 ca 5 phthalate c th hin bng
2.
Bng 2. Phng trnh ng chun, h s tng quan ca 5 phthalate
Hp cht
ng chun
050 g/L
H s tng
quan
(R
2
)
ng chun
50500 g/L
H s
tng quan
(R
2
)
DMP y=0,00886x+0,0064 0,9998 y=0,00906x+0,0086 0,9998
DEP y=0,00899x-0,00377 0,9995 y=0,00962x-0,01124 0,9991
DBP y=0,01758x+0,00352 0,9999 y=0,01732x-0,01456 0,9990
BzBP y=0,00571x-0,00025 0,9996 y=0,00516x+0,01612 0,9997
DEHP y=0,00791x-0,00047 0,9995 y=0,00801x-0,00286 0,9999

Hnh 1. Chun hn hp phthalate 50 g/L



4

Bng 3. LOD ca cc phthalate trn nn mu b v ph mai
Hp cht LOD trn nn mu b (g/Kg) LOD trn nn mu ph mai (g/Kg)
DMP 0,33 0,38
DEP 0,33 0,33
DBP 0,12 0,13
BzBP 1,00 1,00
DEHP 0,38 0,43
2.1.6 Mt s kt qu phn tch trn nn mu b v ph mai
Kt qu phn tch mt s mu b v ph mai cha trong hp nha v ng trong giy trng nha c
ly cc ch v siu th trong thnh ph H Ch Minh. Phthalate pht hin l DEHP vi nng c th
hin bng 7.
Bng 4. Kt qu phn tch phthalate ca mt s mu b v ph mai
Tn DEHP ( g/Kg) Tn DEHP ( g/Kg)
Mu b 1 170,1 8,7 Mu ph mai 1 18,7 1,1
Mu b 2 218 11 Mu ph mai 2 190,0 9,9
Mu b 3 15,1 1,0 Mu ph mai 3 26,6 1,5

Hnh 2. Kt qu phn tch mu b 1
5

2.2. NH LNG PHTHALATE TRONG VT LIU BNG NHA SILICON
2.2.1. Ha cht
Chun tinh khit ( >99,5%) gm cc phthalate: dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP),
dibutyl phthalate (DBP), benzylbutyl phthalate (BzBP), di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), DNOP, (di-n-
octylphthalate) ca hng Dr. Ehrenstorfer. Ni chun l ng v DEHP-d4 ca hng Dr. Ehrenstorfer. Dung
mi n-hexane tinh khit (>99%)ca hng J.T.Baker . Ethanol tinh khit (>99%) ca hng Merck. Nc ct hai
ln kh ion.
2.2.2. Chun trung gian v dung dch chun lm vic
Chun gc n ca tng phthalate c nng 1000 mg/L trong n-hexane. Chun n trung gian ca cc
phthalate c nng 10 mg/L c pha long t chun gc. Pha long chun n trung gian t nng 1
mg/L.Hn hp chun lm vic c xy dng vi nng 100, 200, 300, 500, 1000 g/L c cha ni chun
ng v vi nng 500 g/L.
2.2.3. X l mu
Ra k mu bng nc, s dng dung dch ngm ethanol 15 % vi t l 2ml/cm
2
din tch b
mt mu 70
o
C trong 2 gi.
Ly 20 mL mu vo ng ly tm 50 mL. Thm 20 mL n-hexane. Vortex trong 5 pht. Ly phn
n-hexane vo bnh cu 50 mL. Chit thm 1 ln nh trn vo bnh cu 50 mL. Sau , c quay n
cn v ha tan li 1 ml ni chun 500 g/L.
2.2.4. iu kin GC-MS xc nh phthalate
Thit b GC-MS QP 2010 ca Shimadzu c s dng phn tch phthalate.
iu kin vn hnh GC:
-Ct phn tch: ct mao qun DB5-MS Ultra Inert (30 m 0,25 mm, 0,25 m).
- Kh mang: Helium (0,99999) vi tc dng 1,5 ml/pht.
-Injector split:
-Chng trnh nhit l ct:


100
o
C (0 pht) 200
o
C (0 pht) 300
o
C 315
o
C(5 pht)
iu kin vn hnh MS:
- Ch vn hnh: EI, 70 eV, Scan/SIM ng thi vi khong qut m/z: 40 500, SIM trn 3 ion
- Nhit ng chuyn ion: 250
o
C. Nhit ngun ion: 200
o
C.



10
o
C/pht
5
o
C/pht 35
o
C/pht
6



Bng 5. Thi gian lu, ion nh lng v ion xc nhn ca cc phthalate
Hp cht Thi gian lu (pht) Ion nh lng (m/z) Ion xc nhn 1 (m/z) Ion xc nhn 2 (m/z)
DMP 6,37 163 135 194
DEP 7,94 149 177 222
DBP 12,04 149 205 223
BzBP 17,51 149 206 312
DEHP 19,84 149 167 279
DNOP 22,69 149 167 279
DEHP-d4 19,80 153

Hnh 3: Kt qu phn tch phthalate trn mt s mu nha
7

2.3. NH LNG DIETHYLHEXYLADIPATE TRONG MNG BC THC PHM
POLYVINYLCHORIDE (PVC) V POLYETHYLEN (PE)
2.3.1. Ha cht
Chun diethylhexyl adipate (DEHA) v ni chun dimethyl phthalate tinh khit ( >99,5%) ca hng Merck.
Ethanol, n-heptane v tetrahydrofuran tinh khit (>99%) ca hng Merck.
2.3.2. Chun trung gian v dung dch chun lm vic
Chun gc DEHA c nng 10000 mg/L trong n-heptane. Chun n trung gian ca cc phthalate c
nng 100 mg/L c pha long t chun gc.
Ni chun gc DMP c nng 14000 mg/L v 10000 mg/L trong n-heptane. Ni chun n trung gian
c nng 10 mg/L trong n-heptane.
ng chun 1: phn tch DEHA thi nhim gm 5 im c nng : 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 mg/L DEHA c
cha ni chun DMP 100 mg/ trong n-heptane.
ng chun 2: phn tch DEHA thi nhim gm 5 im c nng : 50, 100, 200, 300, 500 mg/L c
cha ni chun DMP 100 mg/L trong n-heptane.
ng chun phn tch DEHA trong mng bc (th vt liu) gm 5 im c nng : 50, 100, 200, 300,
500 mg/L c cha ni chun DMP 100 mg/L trong tetrahydrofuran.
2.3.3. X l mu
2.3.3.1 Quy trnh x l mu DEHA thi nhim trong ethanol 20 %
Chun b dung dch ethanol 20 % bng cch trn ln hai ethanol 100% v nc theo t l 2:8
Ra sch mu bng nc ct, ngm thi mu trong dung dch ethanol 20 %, ngm theo t l 2 mL dung
dch /1cm
2
b mt mu trong 30 pht 60
o
C.
Chuyn ton b dch ny vo phu chit, thm 10 ml heptane, lc k trn u trong 5 pht, cho n
nh v chuyn lp heptane vo bnh cu. Thm tip 10 ml heptane, thc hin qu trnh chit nh trn v ly
lp heptane vo bnh nh mc cu trn. Sau , c quay mu n cn. Ha tan li bng 1 mL DMP 100 mg/L,
lc qua mng lc 0,45 m cho vo vial v tim vo my GC-FID.
2.3.3.2 Quy trnh x l mu DEHA thi nhim trong n-heptan
Ra sch mu bng nc ct, ngm thi mu trong dung dch n-heptane, ngm theo t l 2 mL dung dch
/1cm
2
b mt mu trong 60 pht 25
o
C ( dung dch ngm c cha DMP nng 100 mg/L. Ly 1,5 mL dch
chit lc qua mng lc 0,45 m cho vo vial v tim vo my GC-FID).
2.3.3.2 Quy trnh x l mu phn tch hm lng DEHA trong mng bc
Cn 0,1 gam mu vo bnh nh mc 10 mL. Thm 0,1 ml ni chun DMP 10000 mg/L. Ha tan mu
bng tetrahydrofuran v nh mc ti 10 mL. Cho mu vo vial v tim vo my GC-FID.
2.3.4. iu kin GC-FID xc nh DEHA
Thit b GC-FID 2010 ca Shimadzu c s dng phn tch DEHA.
8

-Ct phn tch: ct mao qun DB5-MS Ultra inert (30 m 0,25 mm, 0,25 m).
- Kh mang: Nitrogen (0,99999) vi tc dng 1 ml/pht.
- Injector split:
Chng trnh nhit:
100
o
C 30
o
C /pht 250
o
C (10 pht)
250
o
C 40
o
C/ pht 300
o
C (3 pht)
2.3.5 ng chun
ng chun th hin t l din tch ion nh lng ca chun trn din tch ion ni chun theo nng
chun. Kt qu ng chun vi h s tng quan R
2
t 0,99910,9999 ca DEHA c th hin bng 2.
Bng 6. Phng trnh ng chun, h s tng quan ca DEHA

ng chun

H s tng
quan
(R
2
)
ng chun 120 mg/L y=0,0087x-0,012 0,9999
ng chun 50500 mg/L trong heptane
y=0,009x-0,003 0,9995
ng chun 120 mg/L trong
tetrahydrofuran
y=0,009x-0,104 0,9999
Bng 7. LOD ca DEHA
LOD
Thi nhim trong ethanol 20% 0,15 mg/L
Thi nhim trong n-heptane 0,15 mg/L
Trn vt liu 0,01 %
2.3.6 Mt s kt qu phn tch DEHA trn mng bc PVC v PE
Kt qu phn tch mt s mu mng bc PVC v PE
Bng 8. Kt qu phn tch DEHA
Nha
Hm lng trn vt
liu
%
Hm lng thi nhim trong
heptane
mg/l
Hm lng thi nhim trong
ethanol 20%
mg/l
Mu 1 PVC 8.5 39.4 Kph
Mu 2 PVC 21.8 116.6 1.52
Mu 3 PVC 7.2 36.2 Kph
Mu 4 PE Kph Kph Kph
Mu 5 PVC 18.8 109.9 1.15
Mu 6 PVC 16.3 83.8 0.67
9


Hnh 4. Kt qu phn tch DEHA trn mu 5
2.4. NH LNG BISPHENOL A TRONG NHA POLYCARBONATE (PC)
2.4.1. Ha cht
Chun bisphenol A v ni chun 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene tinh khit ( >99,5%) ca hng Merck. Acid acetic
tinh khit (>99%) ca hng Merck. Dung mi acetone v methanol tinh khit (99,5%) ca hng J.T.Baker. Ct
Strata X.
2.4.2. Chun trung gian v dung dch chun lm vic
Chun gc bisphenol A c nng 1000 mg/L trong acetone. Chun n trung gian c nng 10 mg/L
c pha long t chun gc.
10

Ni chun gc 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene c nng 1000 mg/L trong acetone. Ni chun n trung gian c
nng 10 mg/L trong acetone.
ng chun phn tch bisphenol A gm 5 im c nng : 0,05, 0,1, 0,2, 0,3, 0,5 mg/L c cha ni
chun 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene c nng 0,1 mg/L.
2.4.3. X l mu
Ra k mu bng nc, s dng dung dch ngm acid acetic 4 % vi t l 2ml/cm
2
din tch b
mt mu ti 60
o
C trong 30 pht.
Hot ho ct Strata X bng 5ml Methanol v 5ml nc
Cho mu qua ct khng p sut v ra gii ct bng hn hp Acetone:Dichloromethane=7:3 n
10ml.
Thi kh, nh mc bng 1ml ni chun trichlorobenzene 100 ppb (0,1 g/ml) trong Acetone.
Lc dch qua mng lc 0,45m, cho vo vial th tch 1,5 ml v tim vo my GC-MS.
2.4.4. iu kin GC-MS xc nh bisphenol A
Thit b GC-FID 2010 ca Shimadzu c s dng phn tch DEHA.
-Ct phn tch: ct mao qun DB5-MS Ultra Inert (30 m 0,25 mm, 0,25 m).
- Kh mang: Nitrogen (0,99999) vi tc dng 1 ml/pht.
- Injector split:
Chng trnh nhit:
100
o
C 30
o
C /pht 250
o
C (10 pht)
250
o
C 40
o
C/ pht 300
o
C (3 pht)
2.4.5. ng chun
ng chun th hin t l din tch ion nh lng ca chun trn din tch ion ni chun theo nng
chun. Kt qu ng chun vi h s tng quan R
2
t 0,99910,9999 ca bisphenol A c th hin
bng 2.

Bng 9. Phng trnh ng chun, h s tng quan ca bisphenol A
Hp cht
ng chun
050 g/L
H s tng
quan
(R
2
)
Bisphenol A y=1,75x+0,0064 0,9996





11

Bng 10. Kt qu phn tch 1 s mu nha polycarbonate
Hp cht
Mu 1
g/L
Mu 2
g/L
Bisphenol A
0,55 1,24


Hnh 5. Kt qu phn tch bisphenol A trn nha polycarbonate
2.5. NH LNG TOLUENE, XYLENE, ETHYLBENZEN V STYRENE TRONG HP XP
POLYSTYREN
2.5.1. Ha cht
Chun tinh khit ( >99,5%) gm: toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene v styrene ca hng Merck. Ni chun l
1,4-diethylbenzene. Tetrahydrofuran tinh khit (>99%) ca hng Merck.

12

2.5.2. Chun trung gian v dung dch chun lm vic
Chun gc n ca tng cht c nng 1000 mg/L trong tetrahydrofuran. Chun n trung gian ca cc
cht c nng 10 mg/L c pha long t chun gc. Pha long chun n trung gian t nng 1
mg/L.Hn hp chun lm vic c xy dng vi nng 0,1, 0,2, 0,4, 0,8, 1 mg/L i vi toluene, xylene v
ethylbenzene c cha ni chun 1,4-diethylbenzene 0,1 mg/L trong tetrahydrofuran. Ring styrene chun lm
vic cc nng : 0,4, 0,8, 1, 2, 5 mg/L c cha ni chun 1,4-diethylbenzene 0,1 mg/L trong
tetrahydrofuran.
2.5.3. X l mu
Cn 0,5 gam mu vo bnh nh mc 10 mL. Thm 0,1 ml ni chun 1,4-diethylbenzene 1 mg/L. Ha
tan mu bng tetrahydrofuran v nh mc ti 10 mL. Cho mu vo vial v tim vo my GC-MS.
2.5.4. iu kin GC-MS
Thit b GC-MS ca Thermo Scientific Trace GC-ISQ c s dng phn tch phthalate.
iu kin vn hnh GC:
-Ct phn tch: ct mao qun DB5-MS Ultra inert (30 m 0,25 mm, 0,25 m).
- Kh mang: Helium (0.99999) vi tc dng 1,0 ml/pht.
-Injector split:
-Chng trnh nhit l ct:


32
o
C (5 pht) 250
o
C (10 pht)
iu kin vn hnh MS:
- Ch vn hnh: EI, 70 eV, Scan/SIM ng thi vi khong qut m/z: 40 500, SIM trn 3 ion
- Nhit ng chuyn ion: 250
o
C. Nhit ngun ion: 200
o
C.
Bng 11. Thi gian lu, ion nh lng v ion xc nhn ca cc hp cht
Hp cht Thi gian lu (pht) Ion nh lng (m/z) Ion xc nhn (m/z)
Toluene 5,62 91 92
Ethylbenzene 6,91 91 92
Xylene 7,01, 7,24 91 92
Styrene 7,24 104 78
1,4-diethylbenzene 119
2.5.5 ng chun
ng chun th hin t l din tch ion nh lng ca chun trn din tch ion ni chun theo nng
chun. Kt qu ng chun vi h s tng quan R
2
t 0,99910,9999 ca cc cht c th hin bng 2.




30
o
C/pht
13

Bng 12. Phng trnh ng chun, h s tng quan ca 5 cht
Hp cht
ng chun

H s tng
quan
(R
2
)
Toluene
y=150,0x-2,2 0,9998
Ethylbenzene
y=29,6x-1,3 1,000
Xylene
y=76,0x+0,9 0,9999
Styrene
y=6,8x+0,4 0,9999
Bng 13. LOD ca cc cht
Hp cht (mg/Kg)
Toluene
0,01
Ethylbenzene
0,5
Xylene
0,5
Styrene
0,1
Bng 14. Kt qu phn tch 1 s mu hp xp polystyren
Hp cht
Mu 1
mg/Kg
Mu 2
mg/Kg
Toluene
0,31 0,54
Ethylbenzene
21,7 6,4
Xylene
4,8 3,8
Styrene
188,1 72,6
14


Hnh 6. Kt qu phn tch toluene
15


Hnh 7. Kt qu phn tch ethylbenzene
16


Hnh 8. Kt qu phn tch xylene
17


Hnh 9. Kt qu phn tch styrene

18

3. TI LIU THAM KHO
1. AOAC official method 2007.01 - Pesticide residues in food by acetonitrile extraction and partitioning
magnesium sulfate, Gas chromatography/Mass spectrometry and Liquid chromatography/Tanden mass
spectrometry.
2. Hajslova J., Cajka T. - Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) Chapter 12, in Food
Toxicants Analysis, Editor Pico Y., Elsevier, 419-472 (2007).
3. Guo Z., Wang S., Wei D., Wang M., Zhang H., Gai P., Duan J. - Development and application of a
method for analysis of phthalates in ham sausages by solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography
mass spectrometry, Meat Science, 84, 484-490 (2010).
4. QCVN 12-1:2011/BYT V an ton v sinh i vi bao b, dng c bng nha tng hp tip xc trc
tip vi thc phm, Quy chun Vit Nam, (2011).
5. Fasano E., Bono-Blay F., Cirillo T., Montuori P., Lacorte S. Migration of phthalates, alkylphenols,
bisphenol A and di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate from food packaging, Food control, 27, 132-138 (2012).
6. Council Directive 82/711/EEC,18 October 1982, Laying down the basic rules necessary for testing
migration of the constituents of plastic materials and articles intended to come into contact with
foodstuff, Official Journal of the European Communities, (1982).
7. Council Directive 2011/8/EU, 28/1/2011, The restriction of use of Bisphenol A in plastic infant
feeding bottles, Official Journal of the European Communities, (2011).
8. Kubwabo C., Kosarac I., Stewart B., Gauthier B.R., Lalonde K., Lalonde P.J. Migration of bisphenol
A from plastic baby bottles liners and reusable polycarbonate drinking bottles, Food Additives and
Contaminants 26, 928-937 (2009).
9. Paraskevopoulou D., Achilias D.S., Paraskevopoulou A. Migration of styrene from plastic packaging
based on polystyrene into food stimulants, Polymer Int., 61, 141-148 (2012).
10. Agilent Application Solution Analysis of bisphenol A leaching from baby feeding bottles,
Application Note.