3

2 c 2 2
2
2
mnx
2
Chng I: Cc halogen
A. Tm tt l thuyt:
Nhm halogen gm lo !"#$ clo !Cl#$ %&om !'&# () *ot !I#. +c *,m chung c-a nhm l) . (/ t&0
nhm 1IIA t&ong %2ng tu3n ho)n$ c c4u h5nh elect&on l67 ngo)* c8ng l) n9
2
n7
:
. Cc halogen th*u m;t
elect&on n<a l) %=o h>a l67 elect&on ngo)* c8ng$ ?o ch@ng c xu h6ng nhAn elect&on$ th, h*Bn t0nh
ox* ha mCnh. T&D lo$ cc nguyEn tF halogen Ghc Hu c cc o%*tan ? t&Ing$ *Hu n)y g*@7 g*2* th0ch
cc 9I ox* ha JK$ JL$ J :$ JM c-a cc halogen. NguyEn tI *,n h5nh$ c nh*Hu Nng ?Ong nh4t c-a nhm
1IIA l) clo.
I- Clo
a. Tnh cht vt l P) ch4t Gh0 m)u ()ng lOc$ 0t tan t&ong n6c.
b. Tnh cht ho hc: Clo l) m;t ch4t ox* ho mCnh th, h*Bn . cc 7h2n Nng 9au:
1- Tc dng vi kim loi Q*m loC* mCnh: 2Na J Cl
2
2NaCl
Q*m loC* t&ung %5nh: 2"e J LCl
2
2"eCl
L
Q*m loC* yu: Cu J Cl
2
CuCl
2
a9
2- Tc dng vi phi kim Cl
2
J
R
2
2RCl
3- Tc dng vi nc Cl
2
J R
2
S RCl J RClS
Nu , ?ung ?/ch n6c clo ngo)* nh 9ng$ RClS GhTng %Hn 7hUn huV theo 7hW
ng t&5nh: RClS RCl J S
XY tCo th)nh ox* nguyEn tF l)m cho n6c clo c t0nh tZy m)u () ?*Bt t&8ng.
t
[
th \ng
4- Tc dng vi dung dch kim: Cl
2
J
2QSR
>M:
[
C
QCl J QClS J R
2
S
LCl
2
J ]QSR :QCl J QClS
L
J LR
2
S
2Cl
2
J 2Ca!SR#
2 lo=ng
CaCl
2
J Ca!SCl#
2
J 2R
2
S Cl
2
J Ca!SR#
2 huyHn 7h8
CaSCl
2
J R
2
S
5- Tc dng vi dung dch mui ca halogn !"ng #au:
Cl
2
J 2Na'& 2NaCl J '&
2
Cl
2
J 2NaI 2NaCl J I
2
$- Tc dng vi h%p ch&': 2"eCl
2
J Cl
2
2"eCl
L
]"eXS
^
J LCl
2
2"e
2
!XS
^
#
L
J 2"eCl
L
XS
2
J Cl
2
J 2R
2
S R
2
XS
^
J 2RCl R
2
X J ^Cl
2
J ^R
2
S R
2
XS
^
J _RCl
c. iu ch (gu)*n '+c: Sx* ho 2Cl
W
Cl %`ng cc ch4t ox* ho mCnh$ chang hCn nh:
bnS J ^RCl
t

[
bnCl J Cl J 2R S
2QbnS
^
J K]RCl 2QCl J 2bnCl
2
J :Cl
2
J _R
2
S
2NaCl J
2R
2
S

7??
2NaSR
J Cl
J R
2
II- Axit HCl
1- Tc dng vi kim loi ,!"ng '-c ./: 2Al J ]RCl 2AlCl
L
JL R
2
"e J 2RCl "eCl
2
J R
2

2- Tc dng vi 0a12: RCl J NaSR NaCl J R

2
S 2RCl J bg!SR#
2
bgCl
2
J R
2
S
3- Tc dng vi o3i' 0a12 Al
2
S
L
J ]RCl 2AlCl
L
J LR
2
S CuS J 2RCl CuCl
2
J R
2
S
4- Tc dng vi mui ,'o k4' 'a ho5c ch&' 0a) h2i/ CaCS
L
J 2RCl CaCl
2
J CS
2

J R
2
S "eX J 2RCl "eCl
2
J R
2
X Na
2
XS
L
J 2RCl 2NaCl J
XS
2
J R
2
S AgNS
L
J RCl AgCl

J RNS
L
a9 t
[
5- 6iu ch4 R
2
J Cl
2
2RCl NaCl
t*nh th,
J R
2
XS
^ c
NaRXS
^
J RCl
t
[
!hoc 2NaCl
t*nh th,
J
R
2
XS
^ c
2Na
2
XS
^
J RCl #
III. Nc iav!n Cl
2
J 2QSR QCl J QClS J R
2
S Cl
2
J 2NaSR NaCl J NaClS J
4
R
2
S
,7ung dch 89l : 89l; : .
2
; ho5c (a9l : (a9l;: .
2
; !%c g<i l= nc >iavn/
I". Clo#ua v$I W +*Hu ch: Cl
2
J Ca!SR#
2 9<a (T*
CaSCl
2
J 2R
2
S
,.%p ch&' 9a;9l
2
!%c g<i l= clo-ua
v?i/
2

L
'. ')* tA7 c l\* g*2*:
H %)*
%. cUy nd hen hf7 gm %a Gh0 t&ong %5nh G0n. b;t Gh0 fc *Hu ch %`ng cch cho ax*t cloh*&*c c ?
tc ?Ong (6*
2K$^:g gn. Qh0 thN ha* thu fc Gh* 7hUn huV 2:$:g nat&* n*t&at$ 7hng t&5nh 7h2n Nng:
t
0
2NaNS
L
2NaNS
2
J S
2
Qh0 thN %a thu fc ?o ax*t cloh*&*c c$ c ? tc ?Ong (6* 2$]Kg mangan
*ox*t. T0nh nng ; 7h3n t&hm !i# c-a ch4t t&ong ?ung ?/ch thu fc 9au
Gh* gUy &a nd.
&. Qh* cho 2[m
L
GhTng Gh0 c chNa Gh0 clo * jua m;t Ing Yng muI* Q'&$ GhI* lfng c-a muI* g*2m %6t
KM_ mg.
kc /nh h)m lfng c-a Gh0 clo !mglm
L
# t&ong GhTng Gh0.
'. Ren hf7 A gm ha* G*m loC* bg () gn. mung ?/ch ' l) ?ung ?/ch RCl nng ; a molll0t.
Th0 ngh*Bm K: Cho _$ng hen hf7 A ()o 2 l0t ?ung ?/ch '$ Gt th@c 7h2n Nng thu fc ^$^_l0t R
2
!Gtc#.
Th0 ngh*Bm 2: Cho _$ng hen hf7 A ()o L l0t ?ung ?/ch '$ Gt th@c 7h2n Nng cong thu fc
^$^_l0t R
2
!Gtc#. T0nh a () 7h3n t&hm GhI* lfng me* G*m loC* t&ong Ap Cho: bg q 2^$ gn q ]:$ R
q K$ Cl q L:$:.
(. Ren hf7 A gm QClS
L
$ Ca!ClS
L
#
2
$ Ca!ClS#
2
$ CaCl
2
() QCl nng _L$]_ gam. Nh*Bt 7hUn ho)n to)n A
ta thu fc ch4t &n ' gm CaCl
2
$ QCl () m;t th, t0ch S
2
(Da - ox* ho XS
2
th)nh XS
L
, *Hu ch
KnK$K gam ?ung ?/ch R
2
XS
^
_[i. Cho ch4t &n ' tc ?Ong (6* L][ ml ?ung ?/ch Q
2
CS
L
[$:b ,v@a !/ thu fc Gt t-a C () ?ung ?/ch
m. Pfng
QCl t&ong ?ung ?/ch m nh*Hu g47 22lL l3n lfng QCl c t&ong A.
T0nh GhI* lfng Gt t-a A. T0nh i GhI* lfng c-a QClS
L
t&ong A.
). Ro) tan K$M^g bnS
2
t&ong 2[[ml ax*t cloh*&*c 2b. T0nh nng ; !molll# c-a RCl () bnCl
2
t&ong ?ung
?/ch 9au Gh* 7h2n Nng Gt th@c. c*2 th*t Gh0 clo thot ho)n to)n Ghr* ?ung ?/ch () th, t0ch c-a ?ung
?/ch GhTng %*n d*.
*. Qh* un nng muI* Gal* clo&at$ GhTng c x@c tc$ th5 muI* n)y %/ 7hUn huV ng th\* theo ha* 7hng
t&5nh ha hsc 9au: 2 QClS
L
2 QCl J L S
2
!a# ^ QClS
L
L QClS
^
J QCl !%#
R=y t0nh:
th3n t&hm GhI* lfng QClS
L
%/ 7hUn huV theo !a#p th3n t&hm GhI* lfng QClS
L
%/ 7hUn huV
theo !%#p '*t &`ng Gh* 7hUn huV ho)n to)n ML$:g Gal* clo&at th5 thu fc LL$:g Gal* clo&ua.
[
QClS
L

t
A + '
A + bnS
2
+ R
2
XS
^
C + m + u + "
A
+

nc

c + C
+. Ro)n th)nh 9 %*n ho
9au :
c + R S P + b () C + P
t
[
QClS + A + "
,. Cho ax*t cloh*&*c$ thu fc Gh* ch ha 2[[g muI* hn cTng ngh*B7 ,cAn ch"a mB' l%ng !ng kC 'p ch&'/$
tc ?Ong (6* ? bnS
2
, c m;t lfng Gh0 clo - 7h2n Nng (6* 22$^g 9t G*m loC*.
kc /nh h)m lfng i c-a NaCl t&ong muI* hn cTng ngh*B7.
-. C3n %ao nh*Eu gam QbnS
^
() %ao nh*Eu ml ?ung ?/ch ax*t cloh*&*c Kb , c - Gh0 clo tc ?Ong (6*
9t tCo nEn
K]$2:g "eCl
L
p
%.. Nung m
A
gam hen hf7 A gm QbnS
^
() QClS
L
ta thu fc ch4t &n A
K
() Gh0 S
2
. '*t QClS
L
%/ 7hUn
huV ho)n to)n theo 7h2n Nng : 2QClS
L
2QCl J LS
2 !K#
c>n QbnS
^
%/ 7hUn huV m;t 7h3n theo 7h2n Nng : 2QbnS
^
Q
2
bnS
^
J bnS
2
J S
2 !2#
T&ong A
K
c [$_n^ gam QCl ch*m _$KL2i GhI* lfng. T&;n lfng S
2
thu fc . t&En (6* GhTng Gh0 theo tv lB
th, t0ch
1
o
2
: 1
GG
q K:L t&ong m;t %5nh G0n ta fc hen hf7 Gh0 A
2
.
Cho ()o %5nh [$:2_ gam cac%on &* It chy ht cac%on thu fc hen hf7 Gh0 A
L
gm %a Gh0$ t&ong
CS
2
ch*m
22$n2i th, t0ch. a. T0nh GhI* lfng m
A
. b. T0nh i GhI* lfng c-a cc ch4t t&ong hen hf7 A.
Cho %*t: QhTng Gh0 chNa _[i N
2
() 2[i S
2
(H
th, t0ch.
%%. +*Bn 7hUn nng ch2y a gam muI* A tCo %.* G*m loC* b () halogen k ta thu fc [$n]g G*m loC* b .
catIt ()
[$_n] l0t Gh0 ,!k'c/ . anIt. bt Ghc ho) tan a gam muI* A ()o n6c$ 9au cho tc ?Ong (6* AgNS
L
? th5
thu fc
KK$^_ gam Gt t-a.
K. Rr* k l) halogen n)o p
2. T&;n [$n] gam G*m loC* b (6* 2$2^2 gam G*m loC* bw c c8ng ho t&/ ?uy nh4t$ &* It ht hen hf7
%`ng ox* th5 thu fc ^$K]2 gam hen hf7 ha* ox*t. +, ho) tan ho)n to)n hen hf7 ox*t n)y c3n :[[ml ?ung
?/ch R
2
XS
^
nng ; C !molll#.
a. T0nh i 9I mol c-a cc ox*t t&ong hen hf7 c-a
ch@ng. %. T0nh tV lB GhI* lfng nguyEn tF c-a b ()
bw.
c. T0nh C ,nDng !B dung dch .
2
E;
4
/. Cho: " q Knx Cl q L:$: x '& q _[ x I q K2M x Ag q K[_ x S q K].
%&. A$ ' l) cc ?ung ?/ch RCl c nng ; Ghc nhau. P4y 1 l0t ?ung ?/ch A cho tc ?Ong (6* AgNS
L
? th5
tCo th)nh
L:$_M: gam Gt t-a. +, t&ung ho) 1w l0t ?ung ?/ch ' c3n ?8ng :[[ ml ?ung ?/ch NaSR [$L b.
K. T&;n 1 l0t ?ung ?/ch A (6* 1w l0t ?ung ?/ch ' ta fc 2 l0t ?ung ?/ch C ,cho F : FG H 2 lI'/.
T0nh nng ; molll c-a ?ung ?/ch C.
2. P4y K[[ ml ?ung ?/ch A () K[[ ml ?ung ?/ch ' cho tc ?Ong ht (6* "e th5 lfng R
2
thot &a tD ha*
?ung ?/ch
chEnh lBch nhau [$^^_ l0t ,!k'c/. T0nh nng ; molll c-a cc ?ung
?/ch A$ '. Cho: Cl q L:$: x Ag q K[_.
%'. Cho Gh0 RI ()o m;t %5nh G0n &* un nng n nh*Bt ; xc /nh , x2y &a 7h2n Nng 9au: 2 RI !G#
R
2
!G# J I
2
!G# R q W :2 Gy.
K. T0nh nhng lfng l*En Gt R W I$ %*t &`ng nhng lfng l*En Gt R W R () I W I tng Nng %`ng ^L:$n Gylmol
()
K:K Gylmol.
2. T0nh 7h3n t&hm 9I mol RI %/ 7hUn ly th)nh R
2
() I
2
Gh* 7h2n Nng Ct t6* t&Cng th* cUn %`ng$ %*t
&`ng tIc ;
2
7h2n Nng thuAn !(t# () ngh/ch !(n# fc t0nh theo cTng thNc: (
t
q
G
t
zRI{
() (
n
q G
n
zR
2
{zI
2
{ () G
n
q ]^ G
t
.
L. Nu lfng RI cho ()o %an 3u l) [$: mol () ?ung t0ch %5nh 7h2n Nng l) : l0t th5 Gh* . t&Cng
th* cUn %`ng nng ; molll c-a cc ch4t t&ong 7h2n Nng l) %ao nh*Eup
^. Nh*Bt ;$ 7 9u4t () ch4t x@c tc c 2nh h.ng nh th n)o n 9Y chuy,n ?/ch cUn %`ng c-a
7h2n Nng t&En p mYa ()o nguyEn l P9atl*e h=y g*2* th0ch p
%(. +un _$][K gam hen hf7 A c-a nat&* clo&ua$ Gal* clo&ua () amon* clo&ua n GhI* lfng GhTng d*. Ch4t
&n c>n lC* nng M$:]K gam$ fc ho) tan t&ong n6c th)nh m;t l0t ?ung ?/ch. Ng\* ta th4y 2 ml ?ung ?/ch
7h2n Nng (Da - (6*
K:$KK ml ?ung ?/ch %Cc n*t&at [$2 b. T0nh i GhI* lfng c-a Na$ Q$ N$ R () Cl t&ong hen hf7.
%). K. Ng\* ta c th, *Hu ch Cl
2
%`ng cch cho RCl c$ ? tc ?Ong (6* m
K
gam bnS
2
$ m
2
gam QbnS
^
$
m
L
gam
QClS
L
$ m
^
gam Q
2
C&
2
S
M
.
a. 1*t 7hng t&5nh 7h2n Nng x2y &a.
%. +, lfng Cl
2
thu fc . cc t&\ng hf7 Hu %`ng nhau th5 tV lB: m
K
: m
2
: m
L
: m
^
9| 7h2* nh th
n)o p.
c. Nu m
K
q m
2
q m
L
q m
^
th5 t&\ng hf7 n)o thu fc nh*Hu Cl
2
nh4t$ t&\ng hf7 n)o thu fc Cl
2
0t nh4t
,kh?ng cJn 'Inh 'onK #L dung k4' MuN O cPu 0/.
2. NEn ?8ng amon*ac hay n6c (T* t&ong , loC* Gh0 ;c Cl
2
t&ong 7h>ng th0 ngh*Bm$ tC* 9ao p
R6ng ?}n g*2*
%. gn J 2 RCl gnCl
2
J R
2

]:g K mol
2K$^:g x q [$LLmol
t
0
2 NaNS
L
2 NaNS
2
J S
2
2._:g Kmol
2:$:g y q [$K:mol
bnS
2
J ^ RCl bnCl
2
J Cl
2
J 2 R
2
S
_Mg Kmol
2$]Kg [$[Lmol
th2n Nng x2y &a g*<a cc Gh0 theo 7hng t&5nh 7h2n Nng :
2R
2
J S
2

2R
2
S
[$Lmol [$K:mol [$Lmol
R
2
J Cl
2

2RCl
[$[Lmol [$[Lmol
[$[]mol
Nh (Ay$ cc Gh0 tc ?Ong (6* nhau (Da -$ 7h2n Nng tCo th)nh [$Lmol n6c hay [$L . K_ q :$^ !g# n6c x
[$[]mol h*&o clo&ua$ hay [$[] . L]$: q 2$Kn !g# RCl. Qh0 RCl tan t&ong n6c tCo th)nh ax*t cloh*&*c
Ci
RCl

2$Kn
:$^ +
2$Kn
.K[[i 2_$_:i
&. Cl
2
J 2Q'& 2QCl J '&
2
Xau Gh* = 7h2n Nng$ muI* Q'& g*2m GhI* lfng l) (5 clo = thay th %&om. b;t mol '&
2
c GhI* lfng l6n hn
m;t
[$KM_
[$[[2 !mol#
mol Cl
2
l): K][g MKg q _ng. XI mol Cl
2
= 7h2n Nng l):
_n
L
Pfng Gh0 clo c t&ong
2[m
GhTng Gh0 l) : MKg [$[[2 q [$[K^2g hay K^$2 mg
K^$2mg
M$Kmg l m
L
R)m lfng c-a Gh0 clo t&ong GhTng Gh0 l) :
2[
'. TD ?< G*Bn c-a %)* ton nhAn th4y lfng RCl = ?8ng t&ong th0 ngh*Bm K l) (Da - , ho) tan ht hen hf7
G*m loC*.
^$
^_
NEn 9I mol RCl c t&ong 2 l0t ?ung ?/ch
' l): !molll#.
22$
^
.2 [$ ^ !mol# nng ; RCl t&ong ?ung ?/ch ' l): a
q [$2

2^x + ]:y _$ n
cs* 9I mol bg$ gn t&ong _$n gam hen hf7 l3n lft l) x () y. Ta c hB 7hng t&5nh ton
hsc:
l= 'Qng # mol .
2
!R 'ho' -a/
'

x + y [$
2
,SK2
c*2* &a ta fc x q [$K () y q [$K. 1Ay im
bg
q
[$K.2^
_$
n
.K[[i 2]$ nMi () im
gn
q K[[i W 2]$nMi q ML$[Li.
(. Theo /nh luAt %2o to)n GhI* lfng$ tdng 9I mol QCl t&ong ' q x J y q

_L$]_ [$M_ . L2 [$K_ . KKK
[$:2
M^$:
x + y + [$K_ . 2
22
y
L
,'-ong !T 32 v= 111 l= 8UVT ca ;
2
v= ca 9a9l
2
/. bt Ghc :
c*2* hB 7hng t&5nh$ ta c: x q [$^
1Ay i
QClS
L

[$^ . K22$: . K[[
:_$::i
_L$]_
). bnS
2
J ^RCl bnCl
2
J Cl
2
J 2R
2
S
K mol ^ mol K
mol
[$[2mol [$[_ mol
2
[$[Lmol
XI mol
bnS
= fc h>a tan t&ong ax*t cloh*&*c
l) :
K$M^

[$[2
_M
!mol#
XI mol RCl c t&ong ?ung ?/ch l) :
2 2[[
[$^!mol #
K[[[
Nh5n ()o 7hng t&5nh 7h2n Nng$ ta th4y K mol bnS
2
tc ?Ong (6* ^ mol RCl tCo nEn K mol bnCl
2
. 1Ay
[$[2 mol
bnS
2
= tc ?Ong (6* [$[_ mol RCl tCo nEn [$[2 mol bnCl
2
.
XI mol RCl c>n lC* t&ong ?ung ?/ch l) : [$^ mol [$[_mol q [$L2 mol
[$L2 K[[[
K$]!mol l
l#
Nng ; c-a RCl c>n lC* t&ong ?ung
?/ch l) :
2[[
2 2 2
L 2
Nng ; c-a bnCl
2
t&ong ?ung ?/ch
l) :
[$[2 K[[[
[$K !molll#
2[[
*. cs* x l) 9I mol QClS
L
$ %/ 7hUn huV th)nh S
2
y l) 9I mol QClS
L
$ %/ 7hUn huV th)nh QClS
^
2QClS
L
2QCl J LS
2
(a#
x x
^QClS
L
LQClS
^
J QCl !%#
y yl ^
x + y
ML$
:
K22$
:
[$]

;

x [$^
x +
y

LL$:

[$^:

y [$2
Theo %)* &a
:
^
M^$:
[$^
.K[[i ]]$]]i
buI* %/ 7hUn h-y theo
a# :
buI* %/ 7hUn h-y theo
%# :
[$]
[$2
.K[[i LL$LLi
[$]
+. Cc 7hng t&5nh ha hsc: 2QClS
L
2QCl J
LS
2
7nc
2QCl J bnS
2
J 2R
2
XS
^
Cl
2
J Q
2
XS
^
J bnXS
^
J 2R
2
S 2QCl 2 Q J Cl
2
2Q J 2R S 2QSR J R LCl J ] QSR
t

[
:QCl J QClS J LR S
,. Cc 7h2n Nng c3n th*t , %*n ha NaCl th)nh "eCl
L
l) : NaCl J R
2
XS
^
NaRXS
^
J RCl
!K#
^RCl J bnS
2
bnCl
2
J Cl
2
J 2R
2
S !2# LCl
2
J 2"e 2"eCl
L
!L#
22$^
[$^
!mol#
XI mol "e c3n tc ?Ong (6* clo l):
:]
TD %a 7hng t&5nh 7h2n Nng !K#$ !2#$ !L# t&En ta th4y 2 mol "e 7h2n Nng (6* L mol Cl
2
x K mol Cl
2
fc tCo
nEn tD ^ mol RCl () K mol RCl fc tCo nEn tD K mol NaCl. 1Ay [$^ mol "e 7h2n Nng (6* [$] mol Cl
2
x [$]
mol Cl
2
fc tCo nEn tD 2$^ mol RCl () 2$^ mol RCl fc tCo nEn tD 2$^ mol NaCl.
QhI* lfng NaCl c t&ong muI* hn cTng ngh*B7 l) : :_$:g 2$^ q
K^[$^g
R)m lfng 7h3n t&hm c-a NaCl t&ong muI* hn cTng ngh*B7
l) :
K^[$^ K[[

M[$2i
2[[
-.
2QbnS
^
J K]RCl 2bnCl
2
J 2QCl J :Cl
2
J _R
2
S !K# LCl
2
J 2 "e 2"eCl
L
!2#
XI mol "eCl
L
fc tCo nEn l):
K]$2:
[$K !mol#
K]2$:
Nh5n ()o 7hng t&5nh 7h2n Nng !2# ta th4y L mol Cl
2
tCo nEn 2 mol "eCl
L
. 1Ay 9I mol Cl
2
= 7h2n Nng (6* "e
l):
L [$K

[$K:
2
!mol#
Nh5n ()o 7hng t&5nh 7h2n Nng !K# ta th4y 2 mol QbnS
^
tc ?Ong (6* K] mol RCl tCo nEn : mol Cl
2
. 1Ay
9I mol
QbnS
^
c3n ?8ng l) :
2 [$K:

[$[]
:
!mol#
K] [$K:
[$^_ !mol#
1) 9I mol RCl = 7h2n Nng l):
:
QhI* lfng QbnS
^
c3n ?8ng l): K:_g [$[] q n$^_g Th, t0ch ?ung ?/ch RCl K b c3n ?8ng l):
2
2
[$ ^_.K
[$ ^_ !l0t# hay ^_[ ml.
K
%..a. 2QClS
L
2QCl J LS
2 !K#
2QbnS
^
Q
2
bnS
^
J bnS
2
J S
2 !2#
Ln
cs* n l) tdng 9I mol S
2
thot &a tD !K# () !2#. Xau Gh* t&;n n mol S
2
(6* Ln mol GhTng Gh0 !t&ong c
[$ ]n
:
mol S
2
()
^
.Ln 2$ ^n mol N # ta th4y tdng 9I mol S %`ng !K J [$]# n q K$]n. 15 9I mol cac%on q
[$ :2_
[$ [^^ $
: K2
() (5 theo *Hu G*Bn %)* ton$ 9au Gh* It chy thu fc hen hf7 L Gh0$ nEn ta c 2 t&W
\ng hf7:
T-Wng h%p 1: Nu ox* ?$ tNc K$]n ~ [$[^^$ th5 cac%on chv chy theo
7h2n Nng
C J S
2
CS
2
!L#
l@c n)y tdng 9I mol Gh0 9au 7h2 n
Nng %`ng
Cc Gh0 gm:
[$[^^ . K[[
[$Kn2
22$n2
ox* ? J n*t J CS
2
!K$] n [$[^^# J 2$^n J [$[^^ q [$Kn2
QhI* lfng m
A
q GhI* lfng ch4t &n c>n lC* J GhI* lfng ox* thot &a.
m
[$_n^ . K[[
+ L2 . [$[^_ K2$:L !g#
A
_$KL2
T-Wng h%p 2: Nu ox* th*u$ tNc K$] [$[^^$ th5 cac%on chy theo 2
cch: C J S
2
CS
2
!L#
2C J S
2
2CS !^#
Cc Gh0 t&ong hen hf7 c N
2
!2$^n#$ CS
2
!n# () CS ![$[^^ n#. Nh (Ay tdng 9I mol Gh0 q 2$^n J [$[^^.
Theo cc 7h2n Nng !L$^# th5 9I mol S
2
%`ng:
K$]n n+
![$[^^ n
#
2
n L$2n [$[^^
22$n2
!2$^n + [$[^^#
K[[
c*2* &a c n q [$[2[^
1Ay m
A

[$_n^ . K[[
+ [$[2[^ . L2 KK$]^M!g#
_$KL2
b. T0nh i GhI* lfng cc ch4t t&ong A.
Theo 7h2 n Nng !K#
: n
QClS
L
K22$: . [$[K2 K$^M!g#
iQClS
L

K$^M.K[[
KK$Mi
K2$:L
+I* (6* t&\ng hf7 a# :

iQbnS
^
K[[ KK$M __$Li
iQClS
K$^M.K[[

K2$]i
KK$]^
M
n
2
+I* (6* t&\ng hf7 %#
iQbnS
^
K[[ K2$] _M$^i
%%. K.thng t&5nh 7h2n Nng:
2 bk

7nc
2 b J n k !K# ,n l= ho '- ca kim loi X/
bk
n
J n AgNS
L
n Agk J b!NS
L
#
n
!2#
[$ _n]
XI mol k
2
q
22$
^
[$ [^ $ ?o 9I mol k q [$[_.
Theo
!2#
KK$
^_
K[_ +
k
[$ [_ . Xuy &a k q L:$:. 1Ay k l) clo.
2
2. +, n g*2n$ G0 h*Bu cTng thNc 7hUn tF c-a cc ox*t l) b
2
S
n
() bw
2
S
n
:
2 b J
n
S
2
b
2
S
n
!L# 2 bw
J
2
n
S
2
bw
2
S
n
!^#
2
15 clo ho t&/ I$ c>n ox*ho t&/ II$ ?o [$n] gam G*m loC* b ho hf7 (6* [$[_ mol Cl hoc [$[^ mol S$ tNc l)
[$[^ . K]
q [$]^ !g# ox*.
1Ay GhI* lfng ox* t&ong bw
2
S
n
q ^$K]2[$n] 2$2^2 [$]^q [$L2!g#$ tNc l) [$[2 mol
S. cs* x$ y l) 9I mol c-a b
2
S
n
() bw
2
S
n
ta c:
nx [$ [^

;
x q 2y$ tNc b
2
S
n
ch*m ]]$Mi () bw
2
S
n
ch*m LL$Li.
ny [$ [2

2x.b [$ n]
L. Theo GhI* lfng cc G*m loC* c:
'

2y.b 2$ 2^2
() (5 x q 2y
nEn:
b
^$ ]] .
b
^. Cc 7h2n Nng:
b
2
S
n
J n R
2
XS
^
b
2
!XS
^
#
n
J n R
2
S !:#
bw
2
S
n
J n R
2
XS
^
bw
2
!XS
^
#
n
J n R
2
S !]#
2W
Th4y ox* ho t&/ II () gIc
XS
^
2W
cong c ha t&/ II.
mo 9I mol
XS
^
q 9I mol S q 9I mol R
2
XS
^
q [$[^ J [$[2 q [$[].
1Ay nng ; R2XS^ q [$[] : [$: q [$K2 !molll#.
%&. K. cs* n$ t () m$ l) ho t&/ () QPNT c-a G*m loC* k () . Cc 7hng t&5nh ha hsc:
2k J n Cu!NS
L
#
2
2k!NS
L
#
n
J n Cu !K#
2 J m t%!NS
L
#
2
2!NS
L
#
m
J m t% !2#
2k J 2n RCl kCl
n
J n R
2
!L#

2
S
m
J 2m RCl 2Cl
m
J m R
2
S !^#
cs* a l) GhI* lfng %an 3u c-a me* thanh G*m loC* () x l) 9I mol c-a me* G*m loC* = tham g*a 7h2n Nng !K# ()
!2#.
+I* (6* thanh G*m loC* k$ c: !t W
n
.]^ #.x
q
2
K.
a
K[[
!:#
+I* (6* thanh G*m loC* $ c: !
m
.2[M #.x
K:2.a
!]#
2 K[[
TD !:# () !]# c: K:2.!2t ]^n# q 2[Mm 2 !M#
2
n
Theo 7h2n Nng !L#$ c tV
lB:
Theo 7h2n Nng !^#$ c tV
lB:
2t q ]:n !_#
L$ n K$ L^^
t 22$ ^
K

2m

2m

2m
^$ 2:
n
RCl
2n
R
2.[$
[]
2 +
K]m
Xuy &a 2 q ::m. !n#
TD cc 7hng t&5nh !M#$ !_#$ !n# ta c n q m$ ngha l) k () c8ng ho t&/.
2. 15 n q m () (5 9I mol 2 G*mloC* k$ tham g*a 7h2n Nng nh nhau$ nEn 9I mol Cu!NS
L
#
2
()
t%!NS
L
#
2
g*2m nh<ng lfng nh nhau.
%'. K. th2n Nng: 2 RI !G# R
2
!G# J I
2
!G# R q W :2 Gy
Nhng lfng , 7h ( l*En Gt ch4t tham g*a 7h2n Nng l) 2u
!R I #
. Nhng lfng to2 &a Gh* tCo th)nh l*En Gt t&ong
R
2
()
t&ong I
2
l): ^L:$n J K:K q :_]$n !Gy#.
th2n Nng t&En to2 nh*Bt$ ngha l): :_]$n 2u
!R I #
q :2$ 9uy &a
u
!R I #
2. th2n Nng: 2 RI !G# R
2
!G# J I
2
!G#
'an 3u: a molll [ [
Qh* C': !a 2x# x x
q 2]M$^: !Gylmol#.
n n t
n
^ 2
2
x G
NEn: (
t
q G
t
!a W
2x#
() ( q G x
2
. Qh* . t&Cng th* cUn %`ng$ c ( q ( :
2
K
2 2 t
G
t
!a W 2x# q G
n
x

!a
2x#G
2
]
n
^
(5
(Ay:
x

K
x
a
!a 2x#_ K[
2x q 2[i.a
1Ay . t&ang th* cUn %`ng 2[i RI %/ 7hUn h-y.
[$ :
L. C a
q
[$K!mol l l# x q [$[K !molll#
:
. t&Cng th* cUn %`ng$ c: zRI{ q [$K [$[2 q [$[_
!molll# zR
2
{ q zI
2
{ q [$[K
!molll#.
^. P) 7h2n Nng to2 nh*Bt$ nEn Gh* thng nh*Bt ;$ cUn %`ng 9| chuy,n ?/ch 9ang 7h0a thu nh*Bt
,#ang phIa 'o -a
.Y/$ () ngfc lC*.
W 7 9u4t GhTng 2nh h.ng n 9Y chuy,n ?/ch cUn %`ng (5 . 7h2n Nng n)y 9I mol cc 7hUn tF
Gh0 GhTng thay
d*.
%`ng
$
W Ch4t x@c tc 2nh h.ng nh nhau n tIc ; 7h2n Nng thuAn () ngh/ch m) GhTng l)m chuy,n
?/ch cUn
t
[
J W
%(. thng t&5nh 7h2n Nng:
NR
^
Cl
NR
L
J RCl
Ag
J Cl AgCl

Pfng amon* clo&ua l): _$][K M$:]K q K$[^ !g#

+t lfng NaCl l) x$ th5 lfng QCl l) M$:]K x.
[$ 2.K:$KK
C 9I mol clo&ua t&ong K l0t ?ung ?/ch l):
2:
q [$K2[_ [$K2K !mol#
C 7hng
t&5nh:
x

M$ :]K x
[$K2K
:_$ : M^$ :
c*2* &a c: x q :$L2 !g# q m
NaCl
Pfng QCl q M$:]K :$L2 q 2$2^ !g#
TD cc lfng muI* = %*t$ ?Ya ()o h)m lfng c-a tDng nguyEn tI theo cc cTng thNc 7hUn tF 9| t0nh fc GhI*
lfng c-a tDng nguyEn tI t&ong hen hf7.
%). K. a. Cc 7h2n Nng:
bnS
2
J ^ RCl bnCl
2
J Cl
2
J 2 R
2
S
!K#
2 QbnS
^
J K] RCl 2 QCl J 2 bnCl
2
J : Cl
2
J _ R
2
S
!2# QClS
L
J ] RCl QCl J L Cl
2
J L R
2
S
!L# Q
2
C&
2
S
M
J K^ RCl 2 QCl J 2 C&Cl
L
J L Cl
2
J M R
2
S
!^#
%. T0nh GhI* lfng 7hUn tF:
b
bnS
q b
K
q _M x b b
QbnS
q b
2
q K:_
b b q b
L
q K22$: x b b q b
^
q 2n^
QClS
L
Q
2
C&
2
S
M
c*2 9F t&ong cc t&\ng hf7 Hu c K mol Cl
2
thot &a$ ta c tV lB:
m
K
: m
2
: m
L
: m
^
q b
K
:
2
b
2
:
:
K
K
b
L
: b
^
L L
q _M :
2
.K:_ :
:
K
.K22$:
:
L
K
.2n^ q _M : ]L$2 : ^[$_L : nM$]M.
L
c. Nu m
K
q m
2
q m
L
q m
^
th5 t&\ng hf7 QClS
L
cho nh*Hu Cl
2
nh4t () Q
2
C&
2
S
M
cho 0t Cl
2
nh4t.
2. bc ?8 Cl
2
tc ?Ong fc (6* ?ung ?/ch Ca!SR#
2
theo 7h2n
Nng:
2 Cl
2
J 2 Ca!SR#
2
CaCl
2
J Ca!ClS#
2
J 2
R
2
S
Nhng 7h2n Nng x2y &a g*<a ch4t Gh0 () ch4t lrng 9| GhTng th, t&*Bt , %`ng 7h2n Nng g*<a ha* ch4t Gh0
(6* nhau. Rn n<a$ Gh0 amon*ac 7h2n Nng (6* Gh0 clo 9*nh &a 92n 7hZm GhTng ;c: N
2
() NR
^
Cl.
th2n Nng l): L Cl
2
J 2 NR
L
N
2
J ] RCl () RCl J NR
L
NR
^
Cl
C. ')* tA7 tY g*2*:
%*. a. Ro) tan ht K2 gam hen hf7 A gm "e () G*m loC* ,hTa '- 2 kh?ng !Qi/ ()o 2[[ml ?ung ?/ch
RCl L$:b thu
fc ]$M2 l0t Gh0 !. Gtc# () ?ung
?/ch '.
bt Ghc nu cho L$] gam G*m loC* tan ht ()o ^[[ ml ?ung ?/ch R
2
XS
^
Kb th5
R
2
XS
^
c>n ?. kc /nh : Q*m loC* () th)nh 7h3n 7h3n t&hm theo GhI* lfng c-a "e$
t&ong hen hf7 A.
%. Cho to)n %; ?ung ?/ch ' . t&En tc ?Ong (6* L[[ml ?ung ?/ch NaSR ^b th5 thu fc Gt t-a C ()
?ung ?/ch
m. Nung Gt t-a C ngo)* GhTng Gh0 n GhI* lfng GhTng d* fc ch4t
&n u.
Tnh : QhI* lfng ch4t &n u$ nng ; molll c-a cc ch4t t&ong ?ung ?/ch m.
'*t : Cc 7h2n Nng x2y &a ho)n to)n$ th, t0ch ?ung ?/ch thu fc 9au 7h2n Nng %`ng tdng th, t0ch
ha* ?ung ?/ch %an 3u$ th, t0ch ch4t &n GhTng ng G,.Cho: 'e q n x Ca q ^[ x "e q :] x bg q 2^ x Na
q 2L.
6p #: a. l) bg x im
"e
q M[i x im
bg
q L[i
%. Ch4t &n u gm "e
2
S
L
() bgS c GhI* lfng l) m
u
q K_
gam x C
b
!NaCl# q K$^ b x C
b
!NaSR# q K b
%+. b;t hen hf7 A gm %a muI* 'aCl
2
$ QCl$ bgCl
2
. Cho :^$M gam hen hf7 A tc ?Ong (6* ][[ml ?ung ?/ch
AgNS
L
2b 9au Gh* 7h2n Nng Gt th@c thu fc ?ung ?/ch m () Gt t-a '. Psc l4y Gt t-a '$ cho 22$^ gam %;t
9t ()o ?ung ?/ch m$ 9au Gh* 7h2n Nng Gt th@c thu fc ch4t &n " () ?ung ?/ch u. Cho " ()o ?ung
?/ch RCl ? thu fc ^$^_ l0t Gh0 R
2
. Cho NaSR ? ()o ?ung ?/ch u thu fc Gt t-a$ nung Gt t-a t&ong
GhTng Gh0 . nh*Bt ; cao thu fc 2^ gam ch4t &n.a. T0nh th)nh 7h3n i GhI* lfng cc ch4t t&ong hen hf7
A p
%. 1*t 7hng t&5nh 7h2n Nng$ t0nh lfng Gt t-a '$ ch4t &n ". , Z : [g(;
3
'o -a Z,(;
3
/
2
/
6p #: a. Xau Gh* cho 9t ()o ?ung ?/ch m thu fc ch4t &n "$ nEn ?ung ?/ch m c>n ? AgJ.
im
'aCl2
q L_$[Li x im
QCl
q 2M$2^i x im
bgCl2
q L^$MLi
%. m
'
q K^$_ gam x m
"
q :^$^ gam
%,. Cho K$:2 gam hen hf7 g3m 9t () m;t G*m loC* A thu;c nhm IIA h>a tan ho)n to)n t&ong ?ung ?/ch
RCl ? th4y tCo &a [$]M2 l0t Gh0 ,!o O !k'c/. bt Ghc [$n: gam G*m loC* A n* t&En GhTng GhF ht 2 gam
CuS . nh*Bt ; cao.
a. R=y xc /nh G*m loC* A.
%. T0nh th)nh 7h3n 7h3n t&hm GhI* lfng me* G*m loC* t&ong hen
hf7. Cho bg q 2^ x Ca q ^[ x gn q ]: x X& q __ x 'a q KLM.
6p #: a. A l) canx* %. im
"e
q ML$]_i x im
Ca
q 2]$L2i
%-. +, GhF ho)n to)n _ gam ox*t c-a m;t G*m loC* c3n ?8ng ht L$L] l0t h*&o. R>a tan ht lfng G*m loC* thu
fc ()o ?ung ?/ch ax*t cloh*&*c th4y thot &a 2$2^ l0t Gh0 h*&o ,cc khI !u !o O !k'c/\
R=y xc /nh cTng thNc 7hUn tF c-a ox*t G*m loC* n* t&En.
6p #: cs* cTng thNc c-a ox*t c3n t5m l) b
x
S
y
$ G*m loC* c ho t&/ G Gh* tc ?Ong (6* ax*t RCl. mYa ()o
cc ?<
G*Bn c-a %)* ton t5m fc GhI* lfng mol nguyEn tF c-a b %`ng :] b l) "e cTng thNc c-a ox*t l)
"e
2
S
L
&.. Cho ^: gam CaCS
L
tc ?Ong (6* ?ung ?/ch RCl ?. To)n %; lfng Gh0 9*nh &a fc h47 thO t&ong m;t cIc
c chNa
:[[ml ?ung ?/ch NaSR K$:b tCo th)nh ?ung
?/ch k.
a. T0nh GhI* lfng tDng muI* c t&ong ?ung ?/ch k p
%. T0nh th, t0ch ?ung ?/ch R
2
XS
^
Kb c3n th*t , tc ?Ong (6* cc ch4t c t&ong ?ung ?/ch k
tCo &a cc muI* t&ung ho).
6p #: a. T&ong ?ung ?/ch k c LK$_ gam Na
2
CS
L
() K2$] gam
NaRCS
L
. %. Th, t0ch ?ung ?/ch ax*t c3n ?8ng l) LM: ml.
&%. Ro) tan ho)n to)n ^$_2 gam hen hf7 %a muI* Na"$ NaCl$ Na'& t&ong n6c fc ?ung ?/ch A. XOc Gh0
clo ? ()o ?ung ?/ch A &* cT cCn ?ung ?/ch 9au 7h2n Nng thu fc L$nL gam muI* Ghan. P4y m;t nFa lfng
muI* Ghan n)y ho)
tan ()o n6c &* cho 7h2n Nng (6* ?ung ?/ch AgNS
L
? th5 thu fc ^$L[: gam Gt t-a. 1*t cc 7hng
t&5nh 7h2n Nng x2y &a () t0nh th)nh 7h3n 7h3n t&hm GhI* lfng me* muI* t&ong hen hf7 %an 3u.
6p #: im
Na"
q _$MKi x im
NaCl
q ^_$::i x im
Na'&
q
^2$M^i
&&. Cho LK$_^ gam hen hf7 Nak$ Na !k$ l) ha* halogen . ha* chu G5 l*En t*7# ()o ?ung ?/ch AgNS
L
?$
thu fc
:M$L^ gam Gt t-a. T5m cTng thNc c-a Nak$ Na () t0nh GhI* lfng c-a
me* muI*.
6p #: Ra* muI* l) Na'& () NaI x im
Na'&
q n[$:_i x im
NaI
q
n$^2i
&'. Ro) tan L$2_ gam hen hf7 k gm Al () "e t&ong :[[ ml ?ung ?/ch RCl Kb fc ?ung ?/ch . ThEm
2[[ gam ?ung ?/ch NaSR K2i ()o ?ung ?/ch $ 7h2n Nng xong em thu l4y Gt t-a$ l)m GhT &* em
nung ngo)* GhTng Gh0
n GhI* lfng GhTng d* th5 fc K$] gam ch4t &n ,cc phNn "ng !u 3N) -a ho=n 'o=n/. R=y t0nh th)nh
7h3n 7h3n
t&hm theo GhI* lfng me* G*m loC* c t&ong L$2_ gam hen hf7 k.+7 9I: im
Al
q ]:$_:i x im
"e
q
L^$K:i
&(. A () ' l) ha* G*m loC* thu;c nhm IIA. Ro) tan ho)n to)n K:$[: gam hen hf7 k gm 2 muI* clo&ua c-a A
() ' ()o n6c thu fc K[[gam ?ung ?/ch . +, Gt t-a ht *on Cl
W
c t&ong ^[ gam ?ung ?/ch 7h2* ?8ng
(Da - MM$22 gam ?ung ?/ch AgNS
L
$ thu fc KM$22 gam Gt t-a () ?ung ?/ch g.
a. CT cCn ?ung ?/ch g th5 thu fc %ao nh*Eu gam muI* Ghanp
%. kc /nh tEn ha* G*m loC* A () '. '*t tV 9I GhI* lfng nguyEn tF c-a A () ' l) :lL () t&ong hen hf7 k 9I
mol muI* clo&ua c-a ' g47 T* 9I mol muI* clo&ua c-a A.
c. T0nh nng ; i cc muI* t&ong ?ung ?/ch () ?ung ?/ch g.
6p #: a. m
g
q n$2 gam %. A l) Canx* x ' l) bag*e.
c. T&ong ?ung ?/ch : Ci !CaCl
2
# q :$::i x Ci !bgCl
2
# q n$:i
T&ong ?ung ?/ch g: Ci !Ca!NS
L
#
2
# q L$2_i x Ci !bg!NS
L
#
2
#
q :$n2i
&). Nu cho K_ gam hen hf7 A gm bg$ Al () Al
2
S
L
tc ?Ong (6* ?ung ?/ch NaSR ? th5 9*nh &a L$L] l0t
Gh0 R
2
!.
Gtc#. Nu cong cho c8ng lfng hen hf7 nh t&En tc ?Ong (6* ?ung ?/ch RCl ? th5 9*nh &a KL$^^ l0t Gh0 R
2
!.
Gtc#. a. 1*t cc 7hng t&5nh 7h2n Nng x2y &a.
%. T0nh th)nh 7h3n 7h3n t&hm GhI* lfng c-a tDng ch4t t&ong hen hf7 %an 3u. bg q 2^ x Al q 2M x S q
K].
6p #: a. Uu ]: bg GhTng 7h2n Nng (6* ?? NaSR
%. im
Al
q K:i x im
bg
q ][i x im
Al2SL
q
2:i
&*. Cho :[[ml ?ung ?/ch A !gm 'aCl
2
() bgCl
2
t&ong n6c# 7h2n Nng (6* K2[ml ?ung ?/ch Na
2
XS
^
[$:b
!?#$ th5
thu fc KK$]: gam Gt t-a. +em 7h3n ?ung ?/ch cT cCn th5 thu fc K]$MM gam hen hf7 muI* Ghan. kc
/nh nng
; molll0t c-a cc ch4t t&ong ?ung
?/ch A.
6p #: C
b
!'aCl
2
# q [$Kb () C
b
!bgCl
2
# q
[$2b
&+. R>a tan ho)n to)n ^$2^ gam Na
2
CS
L
()o n6c thu fc ?ung ?/ch A. Cho tD tD tDng g*st n ht 2[ gam
?ung ?/ch RCl nng ; n$K2:i ()o A () Ghu4y mCnh. T*7 theo cho thEm ()o ?ung ?/ch chNa [$[2 mol
Ca!SR#
2
.
2
K. R=y cho %*t nh<ng ch4t g5 fc h5nh th)nh () lfng cc ch4t .
2. Nu cho tD tD tDng g*st ?ung ?*ch A ()o 2[$[[ gam ?ung ?/ch RCl nng ; n$K2:i () Ghu4y mCnh$
9au cho thEm ?ung ?/ch chNa [$[2 mol Ca!SR#
2
()o ?ung ?/ch t&En. R=y g*2* th0ch h*Bn tfng x2y &a ()
t0nh GhI* lfng cc ch4t tCo th)nh 9au 7h2n Nng. c*2 th*t cc 7h2n Nng x2y &a ho)n to)n. Cho Ca q ^[ x S q
K] x R q K x Cl q L:$: x Na q 2L x C q K2.
6p #: K. Th*u R
J
nEn %an 3u tCo &a RCS
W
x [$[2mol CaCS $ t&ong ?ung ?/ch c: [$[Kmol
NaSR$ [$[Kmol
L
L
NaCl () [$[Kmol Na
2
CS
L
.
2. m R
J
nEn Gh0
CS
thot &a ngay tD 3ux [$[K:mol CaCS
L
$ t&ong ?ung ?/ch c:
[$[Lmol NaSR$
[$[:mol NaCl () [$[[:mol Ca!SR#
2
.
&,. ^$_M: gam G|m tc ?Ong (Da - (6* M: gam ?ung ?/ch RCl thu fc ?ung ?/ch A () Gh0 R
2
. T0nh
nng ; 7h3n t&hm c-a ?ung ?/ch RCl () ?ung ?/ch A. +7 9I: Ci !?? RCl# q M$Li x Ci !?? A#
K2$_2i
&-. Cho LL$::g hen hf7 AClS
x
() AClS
y
()o %5nh G0n c th, t0ch :$] l0t. Nung %5nh , cho 7h2n Nng
xZy &a ho)n to)n thu fc ch4t &n ' ,ch^ cT mui [9l/ () m;t Gh0 ?uy nh4t$ 9au Gh* a (H [
[
C th5 t q L
atm.
Ro) tan ht ' ()o n6c fc ?ung ?/ch C. Cho ?ung ?/ch C tc ?Ong (6* ?ung ?/ch AgNS
L
? tCo fc ^L$[:g
Gt t-a.
kc /nh G*m loC* A . 6p #: Q*m loC* A l) Na
'.. Ren hf7 A gm NaI$ NaCl t ()o Ing 9N &* It nng. Cho m;t lung h* %&om * jua Ing m;t th\*
g*an fc hen hf7 muI* '$ t&ong GhI* lfng muI* clo&ua nng g47 L$n l3n GhI* lfng muI* *oua. Cho
t*7 m;t lung Gh0 clo ? jua Ing n 7h2n Nng ho)n to)n fc ch4t &n C. Nu thay Cl
2
%`ng "
2
? fc
ch4t &n m$ GhI* lfng m g*2m
2 l3n 9o (6* GhI* lfng C g*2m ,!i chi4u vi h_n h%p `/. 1*t cc 7hng t&5nh 7h2n Nng () t0nh 7h3n
t&hm GhI*
lfng hen hf7 A. 6p #: im
NaI
q ]M$:Mi x im
NaCl
q
L2$^Li
'%. b;t hen hf7 k gm %a muI* halogenua c-a nat&*$ t&ong = xc /nh fc ha* muI* l) Na'&$ NaI. R>a
tan ho)n to)n ]$2Lg t&ong n6c fc ?ung ?/ch A. XOc Gh0 clo ? ()o ?ung ?/ch A &* cT cCn ho)n to)n ?ung
?/ch 9au 7h2n Nng
fc L$[:2:g muI* Ghan '. P4y m;t nFa lfng muI* n)y h>a tan ()o n6c &* cho 7h2n Nng (6* ?ung ?/ch
AgNS
L
?
th5 thu fc L$22_M:g Gt t-a. T5m cTng thNc c-a muI* c>n lC* () t0nh i theo GhI* lfng me* muI*
t&ong k.
6p #: Tdng 9I mol Cl
W
c t&ong ' q 2. [$[22: q [$[^: GhI* lfng muI* NaCl c t&ong ' l) 2$]L2:
gam
t&ong ' c [$^2 gam Na" ,!P) cang l= l%ng cT '-ong b/. Qt hf7 (6* cc ?< G*Bn Ghc c-a
%)* ton
im
Na"
q ]$M^i x im
Na'&
q LL$[Mi x im
NaI
q ][$Kni.
'&. Ren hf7 A gm : Al$ bg$ "e . Nu cho K_$2 gam A tc ?Ong ht (6* ?ung ?/ch NaSR ? th5 thu fc
]$M2l R
2
!
Gtc#. Nu cho K_$2 gam A tc ?ung ht (6* ^$] l ?ung ?/ch RCl th5 thu fc ?ung ?/ch ' () K:$]_ l0t
R
2
!Gtc#. th2n Nng xZy &a ho)n to)n. K. T0nh GhI* lfng me* G*m loC* t&ong hen hf7 A.
2. Ch*a ?ung ?/ch ' th)nh ha* 7h3n %`ng nhau.
a. th3n K cho tc ?Ong (6* ?ung ?/ch AgNS
L
? thu fc KK:$:KM: gam Gt t-a. T0nh nng ; moll l
c-a ?ung ?/ch RCl.
%. th3n 2 cho tc ?Ong (6* ?ung ?/ch NaSR ? $ lsc l4y Gt t-a 94y GhT () nung t&ong GhTng
Gh0 n GhI* lfng GhTng d* thu fc ch4t &n m$ ho) tan m t&ong K l0t ?ung ?/ch RCl t&En th5 c>n lC* %ao
nh*Eu gam m GhTng tanp
6p #: K. m
Al
q :$M gamx m
bg
q M$2 gamx m
"e
q :$] gam.
2. a. C
b
!RCl# q [$L:b %. m
m
c>n lC* q KL gam.
''. Ro) tan ho)n to)n ]$L^2: gam hen hf7 muI* NaCl$ QCl ()o n6c &* thEm ()o K[[ml ?ung ?/ch
AgNS
L
K$2 b.
Xau 7h2n Nng lsc tch Gt t-a A () ?ung ?/ch '. Cho 2 gam bg ()o ?ung ?/ch '$ 9au 7h2n Nng
Gt th@c$ lsc tch &*Eng Gt t-a C () ?ung ?/ch m. Cho Gt t-a C ()o ?ung ?/ch RCl lo=ng ? . Xau 7h2n
Nng th4y GhI* lfng c-a C %/ g*2m. ThEm NaSR ? ()o ?ung ?/ch m$ lsc l4y Gt t-a $ nung n GhI* lW
fng GhTng d* fc [$L gam ch4t &n u. a. 1*t cc 7hng t&5nh 7h2n Nng xZy &a.
%. T0nh GhI* lfng cc Gt t-a A $ C.
c. T0nh i GhI* lfng cc muI* t&ong hen hf7 %an 3u. bg q 2^ x Na q 2L x Q q Ln x Cl q L:$: x Ag
q K[_.
6p #:%. T&ong ?ung ?/ch ' c Ag
J
. T&ong Gt t-a C c bg lfng Ag
J
c-a ?ung ?/ch ' = 7h2n Nng
ht. Ch4t &n u l) bgS n
bg
= 7h2n Nng (6* ?ung ?/ch ' l) [$[[M: mol n
AgJ
t&ong ?ung
?/ch ' l) 2. [$[[M: q
[$[K: mol n
AgJ
= 7h2n Nng (6* hen hf7 muI* l) [$K . K$2 [$[K: q [$K[: !mol# Gt t-a A l)
AgCl
c GhI* lfng [$K[:.K^L$: q K:$[]M:!gam#. Qt t-a C gm Ag () bg ? (6* GhI* lfng q [$[K:.K[_ J
!2
[$[[M:. 2^# q L$^^!gam#.
c. i mNaCl q _:$L2i x imQCl q K^$]_i
'(. Th2 m;t (*En %* 9t nng :$] gam ()o 2[[ml ?ung ?/ch RCl cha %*t nng ;. Xau Gh* \ng G0nh
(*En %* chv c>n
lC*
1
th5 th4y Gh0 ngDng thot &a. a. T0nh nng ; molll c-a ?ung ?/ch ax*t.
2
%. C3n thEm t*7 %ao nh*Eu ml ?ung ?/ch ax*t n* t&En , cho \ng G0nh c-a (*En %* c>n lC*
1
.
4
Cho &`ng (*En %* %/ hn m>n (H ms* h6ng l) Hu nhau. 6p #: a. C
b
!RCl# q [$_M:b. %. 1
?? RCl
c3n thEm
q ^[ml.
'). K. Th2 m;t (*En %* %`ng 9t G*m loC* nng M gam ()o 2:[ ml ?ung ?/ch RCl ,dung dch `/\ Xau Gh*
Gt th@c 7h2n Nng$ th4y c>n lC* m gam 9t GhTng tan.
a. Nu cho m gam 9t t&En ()o ?ung ?/ch R
2
XS
^
c GhI* lfng l) K22$: gam nng ; 2[i$ 9au m;t l@c Gh*
?ung ?/ch
R
2
XS
^
c>n nng ; l) K:$2i th5 l4y m*ng 9t &a$ lau GhT cUn nng K$^ gam. T5m nng ; molll0t c-a
?ung ?/ch ' p
%. Nu , m gam 9t t&En t&ong GhTng Gh0 Zm th5 9au m;t l@c cUn lC* th4y GhI* lfng c-a n thng thEm [$[2^
gam.
T0nh 7h3n t&hm GhI* lfng 9t c>n lC* GhTng %/ ox* ha th)nh ox*t p
2. Th2 m;t (*En %* %`ng 9t nng :$] gam ()o K]^$L ml ?ung ?/ch RCl Kb. Rr* 9au Gh* Gh0 ngDng
thot &a$ th5
%n G0nh (*En %* c>n lC* %`ng %ao nh*Eu 7h3n t&hm %n G0nh (*En %* l@c 3u.
c*2 9F (*En %* %/ m>n Hu . ms* 7h0a. Cho: "e q :] x S q K].
6p #: K. a. C
b
!RCl# q [$L2b
%. QhI* lfng 9t GhTng tan 9au Gh* cho 7h2n Nng (6* ?ung ?/ch RCl l) m q ^$M] gam. QhI*
lfng
m thng thEm [$[2^ gam ch0nh l) GhI* lfng ox* t&ong ox*t 9t tD = fc tCo th)nh m
"e
= %/ ox*
ho q
[$ [2^
L
. .:] [$ []L !gam# im
"e
GhTng %/ ox*
ho q
K] ^
^$ M] [$
[]L
^$ M]
.K[[i n_$ ]_i .
2. c*2 9F GhI* lfng &*Eng c-a 9t l) ?. 1*En %* ?Cng c3u () ng Hu . ms* *,m
1 q
^
..&
L
. mYa
L
()o ?< G*Bn c-a %)* ton

&
.K[[i :]$ L[i
,-
S
&
[
l= 0n kInh vi*n 0i 0an !JuK - l= 0n kInh vi*n 0i cAn
li/.
'*. Cho ()o n6c ? L gam ox*t c-a m;t G*m loC* ha t&/ K$ ta fc ?ung ?/ch G*Hm$ ch*a ?ung ?/ch n)y
th)nh 2 7h3n %`ng nhau :
W th3n I cho tc ?Ong (6* n[ ml ?ung ?/ch RCl Kb$ 9au 7h2n Nng ?ung ?/ch l)m ju
t0m xanh.
W th3n II cho tc ?Ong (6* 1!ml# ?ung ?/ch RCl Kb 9au 7h2n Nng ?ung ?/ch GhTng l)m d*
m)u g*4y ju. a. T5m cTng thNc 7hUn tF ox0t p %. T0nh th, t0ch 1 p 6p #: a.
P*
2
S %. 1 q K[[ml
'+. L$2_g hen hf7 L G*m loC* k$ $ g c tv 9I nguyEn tF k : : g l) ^ : L : 2$ tv 9I nguyEn tF lfng l) L : : :M.
Ro) tan
ho)n to)n hen hf7 t&ong ax*t cloh*&*c th5 thu fc 2$[K]K0t Gh0 . Gtc () ?ung
?/ch !A#.
a. kc /nh L G*m loC* $ %*t &`ng Gh* ch@ng tc ?Ong (6* ax*t Hu cho muI* G*m loC*
ha t&/ 2.
%. Cho ?ung ?/ch x@t ? ()o ??!A#$ un nng t&ong GhTng Gh0 cho 7h2n Nng x2y &a ho)n to)n. T0nh lfng
Gt t-a thu
fc$ %*t &`ng chv :[i muI* c-a G*m loC* Gt t-a (6*
x@t.
6p #: a. k l) bgx l) Ca () g l) "e
%. m q [$[^ mol bg!SR#
2
J [$[K:mol Ca!SR#
2
J [$[2mol "e!SR#
L
q :$:M gam.
',. Ren hf7 A gm QClS
L
$ Ca!ClS
L
#
2
$ Ca!ClS#
2
$ CaCl
2
$ QCl nng _L$]_g. Nh*Bt 7hUn ho)n to)n A ta thu
fc ch4t &n ' gm CaCl
2
$ QCl () m;t th, t0ch ox* (Da - ox* ha XS
2
th)nh XS
L
, *Hu ch
KnK$Kg ?ung ?/ch R
2
XS
^
_[i. Cho ch4t &n ' tc ?Ong (6* L][ml ?ung ?/ch Q
2
CS
L
[$:b !(Da -# thu
fc Gt t-a C () ?ung ?/ch m. Pfng QCl t&ong ?ung ?/ch m nh*Hu g47 22lL l3n lfng QCl c t&ong A.
a. T0nh lfng Gt t-a C. %. T0nh i GhI* lfng c-a QClS
L
t&ong A. C q K2 x S q K] x Cl q L:$: x Q q Ln x
Ca q ^[
6p #: a. mC q [$L] x [$: x K[[ q K_ gam %. im !QClS
L
t&ong A# q :_$:]i
'-. T&;n 1
K
!l0t# ?ung ?/ch RCl !A# chNa n$K2:g () 1
2
!l0t# ?ung ?/ch RCl !'# chNa :$^M:g fc ?ung
?/ch RCl !C#
[$2b. a. T0nh nng ; C
b
c-a ?ung ?/ch A () ?ung ?/ch ' p '*t &`ng h*Bu 9I c-a ha* nng
; l) [$^ molll0t. %. P4y KlK[ ?ung ?/ch C cho tc ?Ong (6* AgNS
L
!?# t0nh lfng Gt t-a thu fc p
6p #: a. C
b
!A# q [$:b x C
b
!'# q [$Kb %. QhI* lfng Gt t-a q :$M^ gam
(.. R>a tan ^L$MKg hen hf7 muI* cac%onat$ h*&ocac%onat () clo&ua c-a G*m loC* G*Hm (6* m;t th, t0ch
?ung ?/ch RCl
K[$:2i !? q K.[:# l4y ?$ thu fc ?ung ?/ch A () _$n] l0t Gh0 ' !Gtc#. Ch*a A th)nh ha* 7h3n
%`ng nhau : th3n K : Tc ?Ong (6* ?ung ?/ch AgNSL !?# c ]_$__g Gt t-a.
th3n 2 : m8ng K2:ml ?ung ?/ch QSR [$_b t&ung h>a
(Da -. Xau 7h2n Nng$ cT cCn thu fc 2n$]_g hen hf7
muI* Ghan.
a. kc /nh cTng thNc cc muI* t&ong hen hf7. %. T0nh th)nh 7h3n i
hen hf7. c. kc /nh th, t0ch ?ung ?/ch RCl = ?8ng. 6p #: a. Na
2
CS
L
x
NaRCS
L
x NaCl
%. imNa
2
CS
L
q M2$Mi x imNaRCS
L
q Kn$2i x imNaCl q _$Ki c. 1
??RCl
q 2nM$^ ml
2
A. T/0 T1t l2 thu3t:
Ch4n5 II: 6xi 7 8u hu9nh
Nhm 1IA gm ox* !S#$ lu hunh !X#$ 9elen !Xe# () telu !Te#. C4u h5nh elect&on l67 ngo)* c8ng l) n9
2
n7
^
$
th*u ha* elect&on n<a l) %=o h>a. Sx* () lu hunh Hu th, h*Bn t0nh ox* ha mCnh$ t0nh ox* ha g*2m ?3n
tD ox* n telu. T&ong nhm 1IA ha* nguyEn tI ox* () lu hunh c nh*Hu Nng ?Ong nh4t t&ong cTng ngh*B7
() \* 9Ing con ng\*.
I- 6xi 7
o:on:
1- Tc dng vi kim loi
o3i'
2bg J S
2
2bgS
L"e J 2S
2 GhTng Gh0
"e
L
S
^
2Cu J S
2
2CuS
2- Tc dng vi phi kim
o3i'
W Tc ?Ong (6*
h*?&o:
W Tc ?Ong (6*
cac%on:
2R
2
J S
2
2R
2
S
C J S
2
CS
2
2C J S
2
2CS
W Tc ?Ong (6* lu hunh:
X J S
2
XS
2
3- Tc dng vi h%p ch&':
&R
2
X J LS
2
2XS
2
J 2R
2
S
2CS J S
2
2CS
2
4- 6iu ch4 o3i '-ong VT(:
Nh*Bt 7hUn cc hf7 ch4t g*)u ox* () Gm %Hn nh*Bt.
bnS
Th0 ?O:
2QClS
L

2
2QCl J LS
t
[ 2
5\ ;1on: TInh o3ihoP mnh
W Tc ?Ong (6* ?ung ?/ch QI:
S
L
J 2QI J R
2
S S
2
J 2QSR J I
2
I
2
tCo th)nh l)m xanh h t*nh %;t$ 7h2n Nng t&En ?8ng nhAn %*t S
L
.
II- 8u hu9nh v; h<= cht:
1- Tc dng vi kim loi muI* 9unua
t
[
"e J X "eX
gn J X
t

[
gnX
+I* (6* &*Eng th-y ngUn$ 7h2n Nng c th, x2y &a ngay . nh*Bt ; 7h>ng: Rg J X
RgX. 15 (Ay$ ng\* ta c th, ?8ng %;t lu hunh , xF l th-y ngUn &* (=*.
2- Tc dng vi phi kim:
W Tc ?Ong (6* h*&o: R
2
J
X

t

[
R X
t
[
W Tc ?Ong (6* ox*: X J S
2
XS
2
16* cc 7h* G*m Ghc$ 7h2n Nng x2y &a Gh Ghhn hn.
III. Hi>#o?un@ua:
1- TInh a3i' )4u:
W Tc ?Ong (6* ?ung ?/ch G*Hm:
[
2 2 2
2
n
R
2
X J 2NaSR Na
2
X J
2R
2
S R
2
X J NaSR NaRX
J R
2
S
W Tc ?Ong (6* ?ung ?/ch muI* !7h2n Nng nhAn %*t Gh0
R
2
X# R
2
X J t%!NS
L
#
2
t%X
en
J 2RNS
L
R
2
X J Cu!NS
L
#
2
CuX
en
J 2RNS
L
2- TInh khL mnh
W Tc ?Ong (6* ox*: 2 R X J L S
t

[
2 XS J 2 R S

2 X J 2 R
S
2 R
2
X J S
2 ox* ho chAm 2
W Tc ?Ong ?ung ?/ch n6c Cl
2
:
R
2
X J ^Cl
2
J ^R
2
S R
2
XS
^
J _RCl
3- 6iu
ch4
"eX J 2RCl "eCl
2
J R
2
X
gnX J R
2
XS
^ lo=ng
gnXS
^
J R
2
X
I"- 8u hu9nh >ioxit ,khI #uncu-2/
1- TInh o3i' a3i'
W Tc ?Ong (6* n6c ax*t 9unu&:
XS
2
J R
2
S R
2
XS
L
W Tc ?Ong (6* ?ung ?/ch %a buI* J R
2
S:
XS
2
J 2NaSR Na
2
XS
L
J
R
2
S XS
2
J NaSR NaRXS
L
n
W Nu
NaOH
2 : TCo muI* Na XS
2 L
SO
2
n
W Nu 1 <
NaOH
< 2 : TCo 2 muI*
NaRXS
J Na XS
n
SO
2
L 2 L
XS
2
J Ca!SR#
2
CaXS
L
J R
2
S ,E;
2
l=m vdn !c nc v?i '-ong/
W Tc ?Ong (6* ox*t %a tan muI* 9un*t
Na
2
S J XS
2
Na
2
XS
L
CaS J XS
2

CaXS
L
2- TInh
khL
V
2
O
5
W Tc ?Ong (6* ox*: 2XS
2
J S
2
2XS
L
t
o
W Tc ?Ong (6* ?ung ?/ch n6c clo$
%&om: XS
2
J Cl
2
J 2R
2
S R
2
XS
^
J
2RCl
XS
2
J '&
2
J 2R
2
S R
2
XS
^
J 2R'& ,phNn "ng l=m m&' m=u dung dch 0-om/
3- TInh o3i
hTa
W2 [ J^ J]
W Tc ?Ong (6* R
2
X: XS
2
J 2R
2
X LX J 2R
2
S
4- 6iu ch4:
2
2
2 ^ c ^ 2
2
2 2
L
W +It jung
9unua:
2"eX
2
J KKS
2
2"e
2
S
L
J _XS
2
2gnX J LS
2
2gnS J LXS
2
W Cho muI* 9un*t$ h*?&o9un*t tc ?Ong (6* ?ung ?/ch ax*t
mCnh: Na
2
XS
L
J R
2
XS
^
Na
2
XS
^
J
XS
2
J R
2
S
W +It chy lu hunh: X J S
t

[
XS
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9I mol N
2
[$ LK] _L$
K]
9I mol N
2
[$ LK] _L$K]
K.[$ L_.22$ ^
Tdng 9I mol Gh0 t&ong A q [$LK] J [$[K^ J [$[: q [$L_ 1Ay:

t
A
.n$
n]
t
A
q K$2_2 !atm# q t
'
^. XI mol S
2
tham g*a 7h2n Nng !K# () !2# q [$[_^ [$[K^ q
[$[M. cs* 9I mol gnX () "eX
2
l3n lft l): a () %$ ta c:
2ML 2ML + KL]$ :
XI mol XS
2
q a J 2% q [$[: () 9I mol S
2
7h2n
Nng q
L
KK
.a +
2 ^
.% [$ [M .
2
2
2 2 2 L L 2 L
2
2
n
q
2 L
2
S
S
2 L 2 2
2
2 L
2
N
2
2
S
c*2* &a fc: a q [$[K () % q [$[2 1Ay GhI* lfng hen hf7 q nM . [$[K J K2[ . [$[2 q L$LM !g#.
(+.
K. Cc 7h2n Nng: "e J X
t

[
"eX !K# "eX J 2RCl "eCl J R
X !2# "e J 2RCl "eCl
2
J R
2
!L# X J RCl GhTng 7h2n
Nng
R
2
X J CuCl
2
CuX J 2RCl !^# "eCl
2
J 2 NaSR "e!SR#
2
J 2NaCl !:#
^"e!SR# J S J 2R S ^"e!SR# !]# 2"e!SR#
t

[
"e S J LR S !M#
n$ ]
Theo !K#$ !2# () !^# n
"eX
q n
R X
q
n
CuX
q
[$K !mol#
n]
+I* (6* Gh0 m: gs* x l) i1 c-a R
2
X$ ta c:
b
m
q n . 2 q K_ q L^x J 2!KWx# x q [$: q :[i. mo n q n q [$K q n
"e
c>n lC*.
R
2
R
2
X
1Ay tdng GhI* lfng "e %an 3u l) m q ![$K J [$K# . :] q KK$2 !g# () GhI* lfng X %an 3u 7 q [$_ J [$K . L2 q
^ !g#.
2. Theo cc 7h2n Nng tD !K# n !M# ta
c: n
QhI* lfng "e
2
S
L
q [$K . K][ q K] !g#.
"e
2
S
L
t
[
K
"e %an 3u
2
[$
2
2
q [$K.
L
t
[
L. Theo %)* &a c cc 7h2n Nng: X J S
2
XS
2
!_# 2 "e J
S
2
"e
2
S
L
!n#
2
2 "eX J
M
S
t

[
"e S J 2 XS !K[#
2
Tdng 9I mol S
2
tham g*a 7h2n Nng !_#$ !n#$ !K[# l):
n n
+
L
.n
^
+
L
.[$ 2
K$K
S
2
X
^
"e
L2 ^ ^
XI mol XS
2
tCo &a: n
X
J n
"eX
q [$[2: J [$K q [$K2: !mol#
cs* 9I mol ox* c>n lC* l) nw
2 $ c tv lB 9I mol t&6c () 9au 7h2n Nng:
K$ K
n +
2
^
n
2

K[[
nw
n:
S
2
q 2$M2:.
1Ay 9I mol S
2
%an 3u q 2$M2: J [$2M: q L !mol#.
(,. +t x$ y l3n lft l) 9I mol c-a "eX () "eX
2
t&ong A. +t a l) 9I mol c-a Gh0 t&ong %5nh t&6c Gh* nung.
M
Qh* nung$ cc 7h2n Nng: 2"eX J
S
2
2

t

[
"e S J 2XS ^"eX J
KK S

t

[
2"e S J _XS
T&6c Gh* nung$ 9I mol Gh0 l): N
2
q [$_a () S
2
q [$2a
Xau Gh* nung$ 9I mol Gh0 l): N
2
q [$_a () XS
2
q !x J 2y#
1Ay 9I mol S
2
? l): [$2a K$M:x 2$M:y tdng 9I mol Gh0 q a [$M:.!xJy#.
[$ _a _^$ MM
C: i 1
2
i 1
XS

a [$ M:.!x + y#K[[

x + 2y

K[$
] a [$ M:.!x + y#K[[
x 2
a q KL$LL. !xJy#
a q K[$K_^x J Kn$]K_y
TD ha* g* t&/ t&En c-a a 9uy &a:
y K
K. T^ ll v khi l%ng:
x 2
15 tv lB (H 9I
mol
$ nEn tv lB (H GhI* lfng 9| l):
y K
[
i"eX
q
2.__
!2.__ +
K.K2[#
.K[[ :n$ ^]i
i"eX
2
q K[[i W :n$^]i q ^[$:^i
2. Ch4t &n ' l) "e
2
S
L
chNa [$:.!x J y# mol.
Cc 7h2n Nng x2y &a: "e
2
S
L
J L R
2
XS
^
"e
2
!XS
^
#
L
J L R
2
S
"e
2
!XS
^
#
L
J L 'a!SR#
2
2 "e!SR#
L
J L 'aXS
^

Qh* nung Gt
t-a:
'aXS
^

t

[
GhTng thay d*
t
[
2 "e!SR#
L
"e
2
S
L
J L R
2
S
TD cc 7h2n Nng t&En c 7hng t&5nh: 2LL . K$: .!x J y# J K][ .[$: .!x J y# q K2$__:
Ray: x J y q [$[L
bt Ghc
c:
x

2
$ nEn x q [$[2 () y q [$[K
y K
1Ay m q __ . [$[2 J K2[ . [$[K q 2$n] !g#.
L. XI mol Gh0 t&6c 7h2n Nng !a mol#:
K$
2L2.K

1
[
.K
1 q K$K2 !l0t# a q
K$K2
q [$[: !mol#
2ML + 2M$ L
2ML
22$ ^
Th, t0ch hen hf7 C t0nh theo *Hu G*Bn t*Eu chuZn q 22$^ .z[$[: [$M: .!x J y#{ q [$]K]
,Fm 3 : ) H
SKS3/
K$ 2L2.7 [$ ]K].K
7 9u4t gUy &a %.* hen hf7
C:

2ML + 2M$ L
2ML
7 q [$:: !atm#.
15 tv lB th, t0ch c-a cc Gh0 t&ong hen hf7 cong ch0nh %`ng tv lB (H 7 9u4t c-a ch@ng$ nEn:
7
N2
q _^$MMi . [$:: q [$^]]
!atm# 7
XS2
q K[$]i . [$:: q
[$[:_ !atm# 7
S2
q ^$]Li . [$::
q [$[2: !atm#
(-. Qh* ho) tan oleum ()o n6c$ c 7h2n Nng: R
2
XS
^
.nXS
L
J n R
2
S !n J K# R
2
XS
^
]$ M].!n + K#
9I mol R
2
XS
^
tCo th)nh l): x
q
n_ +
_[n
!K#
TD 7h2n Nng t&ung ho): R
2
XS
^
J 2 NaSR Na
2
XS
^
J 2R
2
S
[$ :.[$ [K]
9uy &a 9I mol ax*t R
2
XS
^
c t&ong K[ ml ?ung ?/ch l):
2
[$ [[^ !mol#$ (Ay 9I mol R
2
XS
^
fc tCo &a
tD
oleum l): x
q
[$
[[^.2[[
K[
[$ [_ !mol# !2#
TD !K# () !2# 9uy &a n q L cTng thNc c-a oleum: R
2
XS
^
.LXS
L
2. R)m lfng XS
L
tY ?o t&ong oleum l):
2^[.K[[
iXS
L
q
LL_
MKi
L. +t y l) 9I gam R
2
XS
^
.LR
2
S c3n ho) tan: T&ong KLK g R
2
XS
^
^[i c :2$^ g R
2
XS
^
()
M_$] g R
2
S. 1Ay Gh* ho) tan: XS
L
J R
2
S R
2
XS
^
y
K
M_$]
y
2
M_$
]._[
y
K
q
y
2
q
K_
M_$
].n_
K_
L^n$ L !g# XS
L
^2M$ n !g# R
2
XS
^
15 t&ong oleum c K[i l) XS
L
$ nEn:
2 2 L
L
QhI* lfng XS
L
QhI* lfng R
2
XS
^
2^[y

K[
n[
GhI* lfng XS
L
? q
LL_
L^n$ L ![$ MKy L^n$ L# !g#
n_y
1) GhI* lfng R
2
XS
^
q ^2M$n J :2$^
J
LL_
!^_[$ L + [$
2ny#
!g#
mYa ()o tv lB (H GhI* lfng g*<a XS
L
() R
2
XS
^
. t&En 9uy &a y q :n^$K !gam#.
)..
t
[
t
[
Cc 7h2n Nng:
2QClS
L
2QCl J L S
2
!K# Ca!ClS
L
#
2
CaCl
2
J LS
2
!2#
t
[
Ca!ClS#
2
CaCl
2
J S
2
!L# ,9a9l
2
v= 89l kh?ng 0 nhil' phPn O !iu kiln n=)/
2XS
2
J S
2
2XS
L
!^# XS
L
J R
2
S R
2
XS
^
!:# CaCl
2
J Q
2
CS
L
CaCS
L
J
2QCl !]# 1Ay 9I mol cc ch4t l):
n
XS
L
n
R
2
XS
^

KnK$K._[
K$ :] !mol#
n
K[[.n_
S
2

K
.K$ :] [$ M_ !mol#
2
n
CaCl
n
Q CS
n
CaCS
[$ L].[$ : [$K_ !mol#
a. QhI* lfng Gt t-a C l): [$K_ . K[[ q K_ !g#
%. +t x () y l3n lft l) 9I mol c-a QClS
L
() QCl c t&ong A$ theo /nh luAt %2o to)n GhI* lfng$ c:
_L$ ]_ [$ M_.L2
[$K_.KKK
Tdng 9I mol QCl t&ong ' q x J
y q
22
M^$
:
[$ :2 .
bt Ghc: x J y J [$K_ . 2 q
.y
L
c*2* hB 7hng t&5nh c x q [$^.
Vy %KClO
3
=
[$ ^.K22$ :.K[[
:_$
::i
_L$
]_
)& *+i t(, t- gi.i "
)%. Nung m
A
gam hen hf7 QClS
L
() QbnS
^
thu fc ch4t ' () Gh0 S
2
,lnc !T 89l;
3
0 phPn h) ho=n
'o=n cAn 8Xn;
4
0 phPn hui kh?ng ho=n 'o=n/. T&ong ' c [$_n^g QCl ch*m _$LK2i (H GhI* lfng. T&;n
lfng ox* thu fc . t&En (6* GhTng Gh0 ,ch^ ch"a ;
2
v= (
2
/ theo tv lB th, t0ch K: L t&ong m;t %5nh G0n thu
fc hen hf7 Gh0 C. Cho ()o %5nh [$:2_g cac%on &* It chy ht cac%on thu fc hen hf7 Gh0 m gm L
Gh0$ t&ong CS
2
ch*m 22$n2i (H th, t0ch. a. T0nh m
A
p
%. T0nh i GhI* lfng me* ch4t t&ong hen hf7 A p
Cho %*t: W QhTng Gh0 chNa _[i n*t () 2[i ox* (H
th, t0ch.
6p #: a. T-Wng h%p 1: Nu ? ox*: 'a Gh0 l) S
2
$ N
2
() CS
2
m
A
q K2$:L gam.
T-Wng h%p 2: Nu th*u ox*: 'a Gh0 l) N
2
$ CS
2
() CS m
A
q
KK$]^M gam. %. im !QClS
L
# q K2$]ix im !QbnS
^
# q _M$^i
)&. R=y xc /nh nng ; i c-a ?ung ?/ch R
2
XS
^
. '*t &`ng Gh* l4y m;t lfng ?ung ?/ch cho tc ?Ong
(6* nat&* ?
th5 lfng Gh0 h*&o thot &a %`ng :i GhI* lfng ?ung ?/ch R
2
XS
^
.+7 9I: Ci !R
2
XS
^
#
]M$L_i
)'. R>a tan ho)n to)n hen hf7 A gm bg$ Cu ()o m;t lfng (Da - ?ung ?/ch R
2
XS
^
M[i ,!5cK nTng/$
thu fc K$K2 l0t Gh0 XS
2
,!o O !iu kiln 'i*u chudn/ () ?ung ?/ch '. Cho ?ung ?/ch ' tc ?Ong (6* NaSR
?$ fc Gt t-a Cx nung C
n GhI* lfng GhTng d*$ fc hen hf7 ch4t &n u. Cho u tc ?Ong (6* lfng ? R
2
,nung nTng/ thu fc 2$M2g
hen hf7 ch4t &n ". a. T0nh 9I gam bg$ Cu c t&ong hen hf7 A.
%. Cho thEm ]$_g n6c ()o ?ung ?/ch ' fc ?ung ?/ch '. T0nh nng ; i cc ch4t t&ong ' ,3m
nh l%ng nc 0a) h2i kh?ng !ng kC/. Cho: Cu q ]^$ bg q 2^$ R q K$ S q K]$ 6p #: a. m
bg
q [$^_ gamx m
Cu
q
K$n2 gam.
%. mung ?/ch 'w c: ] J ]$_ q K2$_ !gam# R
2
S$ m!bgXS
^
# q [$[2 x K2[ q 2$^ !gam#$ m!CuXS
^
#
q [$[L x
K][ q ^$_ !gam# Ci !bgXS
^
# q K2i () Ci !CuXS
^
# q 2^i.
)(. Na
2
XS
^
fc ?8ng t&ong 92n xu4t g*4y$ thuV t*nh$ ch4t tZy &Fa. T&ong cTng ngh*B7 n fc 92n xu4t %`ng
cch un R
2
XS
^
(6* NaCl. Ng\* ta ?8ng m;t lfng R
2
XS
^
GhTng ? nng ; M:i un (6* NaCl. Xau 7h2n Nng
thu fc hen hf7 &n chNa nK$^_i Na
2
XS
^
x ^$Mni NaRXS
^
x K$n_i NaCl x K$L:i R
2
S () [$^[i RCl.
K. 1*t 7h2n Nng ha hsc x2y &a.
2. T0nh tv lB i NaCl chuy,n ha th)nh Na
2
XS
^
.
L. T0nh GhI* lfng hen hf7 &n thu fc nu ?8ng m;t t4n NaCl.
^. QhI* lfng Gh0 () h* thot &a Gh* 92n xu4t fc K t4n hen hf7 &n.
6p #: 2. im c-a NaCl = chuy,n ho th)nh Na
2
XS
^
q n^$:_i.
L. m hen hf7 &n q K$L^L t4n.
^. m
RCl
q [$2^:M t4nx m
R2S
q [$2[n_ t4n.
)). Ch*a :n$2 gam hen hf7 gm G*m loC* b$ ox*t () muI* 9unat c-a c8ng G*m loC* b ,cT hTa '- 2 kh?ng
!Qi/ th)nh ha* 7h3n %`ng nhau :
W th3n K h>a tan ht t&ong ?ung ?/ch R
2
XS
^
lo=ng thu fc ?ung ?/ch A () Gh0 '. Pfng Gh0 ' n)y tc
?Ong (Da
- (6* L2 gam CuS. Cho t*7 ?ung ?/ch QSR !?# ()o ?ung ?/ch A$ Gh* 7h2n Nng Gt th@c lsc l4y Gt
t-a$ nung n Gh* lfng GhTng d* fc 2_ gam ch4t &n.
W th3n 2 cho tc ?Ong (6* :[[ml ?ung ?/ch CuXS
^
K$2b$ 9au Gh* 7h2n Nng Gt th@c lsc %r ch4t
&n$ em 7h3n ?ung ?/ch cT cCn$ l)m GhT thu fc n2 gam ch4t &n.
a. 1*t cc 7hng t&5nh 7h2n Nng x2y &a$ xc /nh b p
%. T0nh th)nh 7h3n 7h3n t&hm theo GhI* lfng c-a cc ch4t t&ong hen hf7 %an 3u p '*t cc 7h2n
Nng x2y &a ho)n to)n.
6p #: a. b
b
q 2^ b l) bg.
%. imbg q L2$^Li x imbgS q 2M$[Li x imbgXS
^
q ^[$:^i
)*. +It chy t&ong ox* _$^ gam hen hf7 A gm "eX
2
() Cu
2
X thu fc Gh0 k () ch4t &n ' gm "e
2
S
L
()
Cu
2
S. Pfng Gh0 k n)y l)m m4t m)u (Da ht ?ung ?/ch chNa K^$^gam %&om. Cho ch4t &n ' tc ?Ong (6*
][[ml ?ung ?/ch R
2
XS
^
[$K:b n Gh* 7h2n Nng Gt th@c thu fc m gam ch4t &n () ?ung ?/ch C. tha lo=ng ?ung ?/ch C %`ng
n6c , fc
L l0t ?ung ?/ch
m.
'*t &`ng Gh* h>a tan Cu
2
S ()o R
2
XS
^
lo=ng thu fc CuXS
^
$ Cu () R
2
S.
K. T0nh th)nh 7h3n i GhI* lfng me* ch4t t&ong hen hf7 A p 2. T0nh m p L. T0nh 7R c-a ?ung ?/ch
m p
6p #: K. im"eX
2
q ^2$_]i x imCu
2
X q :M$K^i
2. T&ong ' c [$[K:mol "e
2
S
L
() [$[Lmol Cu
2
S lfng ax*t R
2
XS
^
? 9au Gh* 7h2n Nng (6* ' q
[$[n
![$[^: J [$[L# q [$[K: !mol#. Ch4t &n C l) Cu (6* m q K$n2 gam.
L. mung ?/ch m c 7R q 2.
)+. Cho L$[ gam hen hf7 A !gm Al () bg# h>a tan ho)n to)n %`ng R
2
XS
^
lo=ng$ g*2* 7hng L$L] l0t Gh0
R
2
. Gtc () ?ung ?/ch '. Cho ' ()o NaSR ?$ l4y Gt t-a 9Cch nung t6* GhI* lfng GhTng d* fc m gam
ch4t &n. Cho K$: gam A tc ?Ong (6* ?ung ?/ch CuXS
^
?$ cuI* c8ng thu ch4t &n tCo th)nh cho tc ?Ong
(6* RNS
L
c g*2* 7hng 1 l0t Gh0 m)u nUu . Gtc. K. 1*t cc 7hng t&5nh 7h2n Nng x2y &a.
2. T0nh m () 1. T0nh th)nh 7h3n i ,'ho khi l%ng/ me* ch4t t&ong A.
6p #: 2. m q 2 gamx 1 q L$L] l0t x im
Al
q ][i () im
bg
q ^[i
),. Cho K$]_ gam hf7 G*m AgWCu tc ?Ong (6* ?ung ?/ch R
2
XS
^
c$ nng. Qh0 thu fc tc ?Ong (6* n6c
clo ?$ 7h2n Nng xZy &a theo 7hng t&5nhx XS
2
J Cl
2
J 2 R
2
S q 2 RCl J R
2
XS
^
mung ?/ch thu fc 9au Gh* 7h2n Nng (6* clo cho tc ?Ong ht (6* ?ung ?/ch 'aCl
2
[$K:b thu fc
2$Mn] gam Gt t-a. a. T0nh th, t0ch ?ung ?/ch 'aCl
2
c3n ?8ng. %. T0nh th)nh 7h3n im c-a hf7
G*m.
6p #: a. 1
??
!'aCl
2
# q [$_ l0t
%. im
Ag
q MMi x im
Cu
q 2Li
)-. k l) hen hf7 ha* G*m loC* bg () gn. l) ?ung ?/ch R
2
XS
^
lo=ng cha &
nng ;. Th0 ngh*Bm K : Cho 2^$L gam k ()o 2 l0t $ 9*nh &a _$n] l0t Gh0
R
2
.
Th0 ngh*Bm 2 : Cho 2^$L gam k ()o L l0t $ 9*nh &a KK$2
l0t Gh0 R
2
.
'*t &`ng: t&ong th0 ngh*Bm K$ k cha tan ht x t&ong th0 ngh*Bm 2$ k
= tan ht.
T0nh nng ; molll c-a ?ung ?/ch () GhI* lfng me* G*m loC* t&ong k.,ThC 'Ich khI !%c
!o O !k'c/
6p #: C
b
!?? # q [$Kb x m
bg
q [$2 x 2^ q ^$_!gam# () m
gn
q [$L x ]: q Kn$:!gam#
*.. Tv GhI* c-a hen hf7 k gm CS
2
() XS
2
9o (6* Gh0 n*t %`ng 2. Cho [$KK2 l*t !. *Hu G*Bn t*Eu
chuZn# c-a k l;* chAm jua :[[ml ?ung ?/ch 'a!SR#
2
. Xau th0 ngh*Bm 7h2* ?8ng 2:$[[ml RCl [$2[[ b
, t&ung ho) lfng 'a!SR#
2
thDa. a. T0nh i 9I mol c-a me* Gh0 t&ong hen hf7 k.
%. T0nh nng ; ?ung ?/ch 'a!SR#
2
t&6c th0 ngh*Bm.
c. R=y t5m cch nhAn %*t me* Gh0 c t&ong hen hf7 k$ (*t cc 7hng t&5nh 7h2n Nng.
6p #: a. inCS2 q ^[i x inXS2 q ][i
%. C
b
?? 'a!SR#
2
q [$[K:b.
c. XOc hen hf7 Gh0 jua n6c '&om ?$ XS
2
9| l)m m4t m)u '&om. Qh0 c>n lC* 9Oc jua n6c (T*
t&ong$ CS
2
l)m (}n Oc.
*%. Ro) tan __$2 gam hen hf7 A gm Cu$ Al$ "eCS
L
t&ong 2:[ ml ?ung ?/ch R
2
XS
^
n_i !? q K$_^ glml# Gh*
un nng
fc ?ung ?/ch ' () hen hf7 Gh0. Cho hen hf7 Gh0 n)y * jua ?ung ?/ch %&om !?# 9au 7h2n Nng fc
?ung ?/ch C. Qh0 thot &a Ghr* %5nh n6c %&om cho h47 thO ho)n to)n ()o %5nh Yng ?ung ?/ch 'a!SR#
2
fc Ln$^ gam Gt t-a x lsc tch Gt t-a &* thEm ?ung ?/ch NaSR ? ()o lC* thu fc Kn$M gam Gt t-a. Cho
?ung ?/ch 'aCl
2
? ()o ?ung ?/ch C
fc L^n$: gam Gt
t-a.
K. T0nh GhI* lfng tDng ch4t c t&ong hen hf7 A.
2. T0nh th, t0ch ?ung ?/ch NaSR 2b c3n cho ()o ?ung ?/ch ' , tch &*Eng *on Al
LJ
&a Ghr* cc *on
G*m loC* Ghc.
6p #: K. m
Cu
q 2:$] gam x m
Al
q K]$2 gam x m
"eCSL
q ^]$^ gam.
2. 1
??NaSR
q 2$[: l0t
*&. b;t nguyEn tI 7h* G*m tCo (6* ox* ha* loC* ox*t
a
S
x
()
%
S
y
(6* a K () % 2. Tv 9I 7hUn tF GhI*
c-a ha* ox*t l) K$2: () tv 9I im c-a ox* t&ong ha* ox0t l) K$2. c*2 9F x ~ y.
a. kc /nh nguyEn tI .
%. R>a tan m;t lfng ox0t
a
S
x
()o R
2
S$ fc ?ung ?/ch m. Cho m tc ?Ong (Da - (6* K$M]g ox0t
b
2
S

c-a G*m loC* b$ thu fc K l0t ?ung ?/ch u c nng ; molll c-a ch4t tan l) [$[KKb. kc /nh nguyEn
tI b p
6p #: a. b

q L2 A l) X %. b
b
q :] b l) "e
*'. T&ong %5nh G0n ?ung t0ch GhTng d* chNa L:$2x!g# ox* () K][x!g# Gh0 XS
2
$ . KL]$:C c x@c tc
1
2
S
:
. +un nng %5nh m;t th\* g*an$ a (H nh*Bt ; %an 3u$ 7 9u4t %5nh l) t. '*t 7 9u4t %5nh %an
3u l) ^$: atm () h*Bu 9u4t 7h2n Nng l) Ri.
a. PA7 %*,u thNc t0nh 7 9u4t 9au 7h2n Nng t () tv GhI* h* ? c-a hen hf7 Gh0 9au 7h2n Nng 9o
(6* GhTng Gh0
theo R ,coi b
kk
H
2jKj/.
%. T5m Gho2ng xc /nh t$ ? p
c. T0nh ?ung t0ch %5nh t&ong t&\ng hf7 x q [$2: p
6p #: a. '5nh G0n$ nh*Bt ; GhTng
d*$ nEn
t

n

L$ ]x
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[
q ^$: atm$ th5 tw q ^$:

t
[
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hh 9au tlGG
q
n
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.
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i#.2_$ _
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c. TD ?< G*Bn c-a t
[

1
2]$ __ Gh* x q [$2: th5 1 q ]$M2 l0t.
x
*(. Cho hen hf7 A gm Al$ gn () X ?6* ?Cng %;t m/n. Xau Gh* nung LL$[2 gam hen hf7 A ,kh?ng cT kh?ng
khI/ m;t th\* g*an nhAn fc hen hf7 '. Nu thEm _$2n] gam %;t gn ()o ' th5 h)m lfng n ch4t gn t&ong
hen hf7 n)y %`ng
1
h)m lfng gn t&ong A.
2
W P4y
1
lfng hen hf7 ' h>a tan t&ong ?ung ?/ch R
2
XS
^
lo=ng ?$ 9au Gh* 7h2n Nng Gt th@c$ thu fc
[$^_
2
gam ch4t &n nguyEn ch4t.
W P4y
1
lfng hen hf7 '$ thEm m;t th, t0ch GhTng Gh0 th0ch hf7. Xau Gh* It chy ho)n to)n fc
hen hf7
2
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?/ch NaSR Am
c$ ?8ng ? th5 th, t0ch g*2m * :$[^ l0t !. *Hu G*Bn
t*Eu chuZn#.
K. 1*t cc 7hng t&5nh 7h2n Nng.
2. T0nh th, t0ch GhTng Gh0 = ?8ng.
L. T0nh th)nh 7h3n i theo GhI* lfng cc ch4t t&ong hen hf7 '.
*). A l) ?ung ?/ch R
2
XS
^
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C. P4y 2[ ml ?ung ?/ch C$ thEm m;t 0t ju t0m ()o th4y c m)u xanh. Xau thEm tD tD ?ung ?/ch
RCl [$[:b t6* Gh* ju t0m
d* th)nh m)u t0m th4y ht ^[ml ax*t.
T&;n [$2 l0t ' (6* [$L l0t A ta fc [$: l0t m. P4y 2[ ml ?ung ?/ch m$ thEm K 0t ju t0m ()o th4y c
m)u r. Xau thEm tD tD ?ung ?/ch NaSR [$Kb t6* Gh* ju t0m d* th)nh m)u t0m th4y ht _[ml x@t.
K. T0nh nng ; mol c-a cc ?ung ?/ch A () '.
2. T&;n 1
'
l0t NaSR ()o 1
A
l0t R
2
XS
^
. t&En ta thu fc ?ung ?/ch u. P4y 1 mol ?ung ?/ch cho tc
?Ong (6*
K[[ml ?ung ?/ch 'aCl
2
[$K:b fc Gt t-a ". bt Ghc$ l4y 1 ml ?ung ?/ch u cho tc ?Ong (6* K[[ml
?ung ?/ch AlCl
L
Kb fc Gt t-a c. Nung u hoc c . nh*Bt ; cao n GhI* lfng GhTng d* th5 Hu
thu fc L$2]2 gam ch4t &n. T0nh tv lB 1
'
: 1
A
.
o
tt
J
L ^

L
2
2 ^

2
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chMn5 l; n?
&
n=
'
. NOc EL nit4 c/ tnh cht =hi Pi0 0Qnh h4n =hot=hoR tu3 nhiSnR >4n cht =hot=ho
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Pt ba bn vVn5 5iVa hai n5u3Sn tW nit4: N N . Nit4 chi0 PhoDn5 +,X thY tch Ph$n5 PhR Ph$n5
>HcR nhn5 Ph$n5 Eu3 t#K ?Z ?[n5. N5u3Sn t[ N c/ vai t#\ #t ]uan t#n5 t#on5 cuHc ?[n5R l; th;nh
=hJn h/a hc Ph$n5 thY thiu ><c cIa cc
cht =#otit.
I- Nit4:1- Tc dng vi
hid-o:
xt, t
o
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2
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L
3000 C
N
2
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2
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t
[
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NR
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2
S
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2
() S
2
.
II- A0oniac: a- /h amoniac
1- TInh 0a12: NR
L
J RCl NR
^
Cl 2 NR
L
J R
2
XS
^

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t
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C
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L
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2
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LR
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b- Dung dch amoniac
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3
vi .
2
;: NR
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2
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3
: W T0nh %a: tc ?Ong (6* ax*t tCo &a muI* amon*
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W P)m d* m)u chv th/: ju5 t0m xanh x 7henol7htale*n hng.
NR
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W Tc ?Ong (6* ?ung ?/ch muI* h*&ox*t Gt t-a$ th0 ?O: AlCl
L
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L
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c %*Bt
cat*on c-a cc nguyEn tI nhm 7hO. Chang hCn:
Cu!SR#
2
J ^ NR
L
!??#
zCu!NR
L
#
^
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!??# J 2SR
W
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J
W
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L
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L
#
2
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J W Q*Hm!&n#
c- #i$u ch% amoniac" o T-ong phAng 'hI nghilm:
NR
^
J SR
NR
L
JR
2
S
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^
Cl !&# J
CaS

t 0
2NR J CaCl
o T-ong c?ng nghilp: - (gu)*n lilu: N
2
fc *Hu ch %`ng 7hng 7h7 chng c4t 7hUn oCn GhTng

^ L 2
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t 0
C J
2R
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#
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2
J
LR
2

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L[[K[[[!atm #$"e
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2
S
L
() Q
2
S#
III- Nu[i a0oni: 1- VhNn "ng '-ao !Qi ion:
NR
^
Cl J NaSR NaCl J NR
L
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2
S ,phNn "ng nhpn 0i4' mui amoni/
Ray: NR
J
J SR
W
NR J R S
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th2n Nng tdng jut: !NR
^
#
n
k NR
L
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n
k ,'-ong !T b l= gc a3i' cT ho '- n/
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L
L
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L
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tt
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2
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L
th, h*Bn t0nh GhF mCnh$ nEn 92n 7hZm c-a
7h2n Nng 9|
GhTng ?Dng lC* . g*a* oCn t&En.
t
[
t
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L
N
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S
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R
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L
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WL [ JK J2 J^ J:
NR
^
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N
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N
2
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2
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W Tc ?Ong (6* h3u ht G*m loC*$ G, c2 m;t 9I G*m loC* Nng 9au R nh Cu$ Ag:
t
[
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c
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L
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L
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J 2R
2
S
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L
Cu!NS
L
#
2
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2
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2
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L
AgNS
L
J NS
2
J R
2
S
Uu ]: J X2n 7hZm c-a 7h2n Nng thO thu;c ()o:
'2n ch4t G*m loC*x Nng ; ax*t: ax*t c$ ch- yu NS
2
x ax*t lo=ng$ ch- yu NSx Nh*Bt ; 7h2n Nng.
J b;t G*m loC* tc ?Ong (6* ?ung ?/ch RNS
L
tCo &a nh*Hu 92n 7hZm Gh0$ me* 92n 7hZm (*t K 7hng
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L
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L
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2
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L
th)nh NR
L
() 9au NR
L
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L
NR
^
NS
L
$ c ngha l)
t&ong ?ung
?/ch tn tC* NR
J
() NS
W
. Chang hCn nh: ^bg J K[RNS ^bg!NS # J NR NS J LR S
J Cc G*m loC* Al$ "e %/ thO ;ng t&ong ?ung ?/ch RNS
L
c ngu;*
J mung ?/ch chNa muI* n*t&at !QNS
L
# t&ong mT* t&\ng ax*t cong c t0nh ch4t tng tY nh ?ung ?/ch
RNS
L
$ (5
t&ong ?ung ?/ch tn tC* R
J
() NS
W
. 9ch giNi:
1*t cc 7hng t&5nh *Bn l* c-a muI* n*t&at () ax*t. 1*t 7hng t&5nh ?Cng *on: b J R
J
J NS
W
92n
7hZm
ThI d: Cho Cu ()o ?ung ?/ch chNa QNS
L
() R
2
XS
^
lo=ng:
thng t&5nh *Bn l*: QNS
Q
J
W
J NS
W
J
() R XS
2R
J
2J
J XS
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thng t&5nh 7h2n Nng: LCu J 2NS
L
J
_R
LCu J 2NS J ^R
2
S
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L
CS
2
J ^NS
2
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2
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L
R
2
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^
J ]NS
2
J 2R
2
S
W Tc ?Ong (6* hf7 ch4t c t0nh GhF ,O '-ng 'hi o3i ho 'h&p/: L"eS J K[RNS
L
L"e!NS
L
#
L
J NS J :R
2
S
"e
L
S
^
J K[RNS
L
L"e!NS
L
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L
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2
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2
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2
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2
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2
S
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2J
J NS
W
J ^R
J
L"e
LJ
J NS J 2R S
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J K_RNS "e!NS # J 2R
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J K:NS J MR S
L 2 2
L
L L 2 ^ 2 2
3- 6iu ch4 W T&ong tTN: NaNS
L t*nh th,
J R
2
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^ c
NaRXS
^
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2
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L
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:[[

C
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2 2
L 2
2
2
t
[
2- VhNn "ng nhil' phPn ,'hC hiln 'Inh kqm 0n nhil'/:
W buI* n*t&at c-a G*m loC* hoCt ;ng mCnh ,'hWng l= cc kim loi '@ Xg '-O v '-c '-ong dR) ho' !Bng ho h<c/
%/
t
[
7hUn huV %.* nh*Bt tao &a muI* n*t&*t () ox*: Th0 ?O:
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L
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2
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2
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n*t *ox*t ()
ox*: Th0 ?O:
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L
#
2

[
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2Cu!NS #

t

[
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L
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H %)*
**. Cho K$: l0t NR
L
!o . Gtc# * jua Ing Yng K]g CuS nung nng$ thu fc m;t
ch4t &n k.
K. 1*t 7hng t&5nh 7h2n Nng g*<a NR
L
() CuS$ %*t &`ng t&ong 7h2n Nng ox* ho c-a n*t thng
lEn %`ng [.
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?Ong (6* k.
*+. m}n K$L^^ l0t NR
L
()o %5nh c chNa [$]M2 l0t Cl
2
,'hC 'Ich cc khI !%c
!o O !k'c/
K. T0nh th)nh 7h3n i theo th, t0ch c-a hen hf7 Gh0 9au
7h2n Nng.
2. T0nh GhI* lfng c-a muI* NR
^
Cl fc tCo
&a.
*,. Ren hf7 A gm %a Gh0 NR
L
$ N
2
() R
2
. m}n A ()o %5nh c nh*Bt ; cao. Xau 7h2n Nng 7hUn huV NR
L
,coi nh ho=n 'o=n/ thu fc hen hf7 ' c th, t0ch thng 2:i 9o (6* A. m}n ' * jua Ing Yng CuS nung
nng 9au loC* n6c th5 chv c>n lC* m;t ch4t Gh0 c th, t0ch g*2m M:i 9o (6* '.
T0nh th)nh 7h3n i theo th, t0ch c-a cc Gh0 t&ong
hen hf7 A.
*-. '*t &`ng c n$[L.K[
22
7hUn
tF R
tham g*a 7h2n Nng (6* L$[K.K[
22
7hUn
tF N
,# [voga!-o 0eng $KS2\1S
23
/. PW
fng
amon*ac tCo th)nh fc ho) tan ()o m;t lfng n6c (Da - [$^ l0t ?ung ?/ch ,khi l%ng -i*ng !%c coi 0eng d
H
1grml/ K. T0nh 9I mol$ 9I gam () 9I 7hUn tF NR
L
tCo th)nh.
2. T0nh nng ; i () nng ; molll c-a ?ung ?/ch amon*ac.
+.. Cho ?ung ?/ch NR
L
n ? ()o 2[ml ?ung ?/ch Al
2
!XS
^
#
L
. Psc l4y ch4t Gt t-a () cho ()o K[ ml ?ung
?/ch NaSR
2b th5 Gt t-a (Da tan ht.
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2. T0nh nng ; molll c-a ?ung ?/ch Al
2
!XS
^
#
L
.
J 2W W
+%. Cho ?ung ?/ch 'a!SR#
2
n ? ()o :[ ml ?ung ?/ch A c chNa cc *on
NR
^
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^
Gt t-a fc tCo &a () un nng th5 c ^$^_ l0t ,!o O !k'c/ m;t ch4t Gh0 %ay &a.
K. 1*t 7hng t&5nh 7hUn tF () 7hng t&5nh *on c-a cc 7h2n Nng x2y &a.
2. T0nh nng ; molll c-a me* muI* t&ong ?ung ?/ch A.
() NS
L
. C KK$]:g m;t
ch4t
+&. +un nng hen hf7 gm 2[[g NR
^
Cl () 2[[g CaS. TD lfng Gh0 NR
L
tCo &a$ *Hu ch fc 22^ ml ?ung
?/ch NR
L
L[i ,khi l%ng -i*ng d H SKjh2 grml/. T0nh h*Bu 9u4t c-a 7h2n Nng.
+'. T&ong %5nh 7h2n Nng c K[[ mol N
2
() R
2
theo tV lB K : L. 7 9u4t c-a hen hf7 Gh0 l@c 3u l) L[[
atm () c-a hen hf7 Gh0 9au 7h2n Nng l) 2_: atm. Nh*Bt ; t&ong %5nh fc g*< GhTng d*.
K. T0nh 9I mol cc Gh0 t&ong hen hf7 9au 7h2n Nng. 2. T0nh h*Bu 9u4t c-a 7h2n Nng tdng hf7.
+(. T&ong %5nh 7h2n Nng c ^[ mol N
2
() K][ mol R
2
. 7 9u4t c-a hen hf7 Gh0 l@c 3u l) ^[[ atm$ nh*Bt
; t&ong %5nh
fc g*< GhTng d*. '*t &`ng Gh* 7h2n Nng Ct t6* t&Cng th* cUn %`ng th5 tV lB N
2
= 7h2n Nng l) 2:i
,hilu #u&' ca phNn "ng 'Qng h%p/. K. T0nh 9I mol cc Gh0 t&ong hen hf7 9au 7h2n Nng.
2. T0nh 7 9u4t c-a hen hf7 Gh0 9au 7h2n Nng.
+). b;t hen hf7 N
2
() R
2
fc l4y ()o %5nh 7h2n Nng c nh*Bt ; fc g*< GhTng d*. Xau th\* g*an 7h2n
Nng$ 7 9u4t c-a cc Gh0 t&ong %5nh g*2m :i 9o (6* 7 9u4t l@c 3u. '*t &`ng tV lB 9I mol N
2
= 7h2n Nng
l) K[i.
T0nh th)nh 7h3n i 9I mol N
2
() R
2
t&ong hen hf7 3u.
+*. Cho %*t A l) m;t hf7 ch4t (T c :
K. Ro)n th)nh 9 %*n ha 9au$ (*t cc 7hng t&5nh 7h2n Nng :
2. Cho CS
2
tc ?Ong (6* ?ung ?/ch A thu fc hen hf7 gm 2 muI* k () . +un nng hen hf7 k$ , 7hUn
huV ht muI*$ thu fc hen hf7 Gh0 () h* R
2
S$ t&ong CS
2
ch*m L[i th, t0ch. T0nh tv lB 9I mol c-a
k () t&ong hen hf7.
++. Qh* nung hen hf7 muI* n*t&at c-a ch5 () %Cc$ thu fc K2$L2 l0t ,!iu kiln 'i*u chudn/ hen hf7 ha* Gh0.
Ren hf7
Gh0 Gh* fc l)m lCnh %`ng hen hf7 n6c () muI* hn c>n lC* L$L] l0t ,!iu kiln 'i*u
chudn/. kc /nh th)nh 7h3n 7h3n t&hm (H GhI* lfng c-a hen hf7 muI*.
+,. mung ?/ch A chNa ha* ax*t RCl () RNS
L
c nng ; tng Nng l) a molll () % molll.
K. +, t&ung ho) 2[ ml ?ung ?/ch A c3n ?8ng L[[ ml ?ung ?/ch NaSR [$Kb. bt Ghc l4y 2[ ml ?ung
?/ch A cho tc ?Ong (6* AgNS
L
? th4y tCo th)nh 2$_M gam Gt t-a. T0nh cc g* t&/ c-a a () %.
2
2. ThEm tD tD bg G*m loC* ()o K[[ ml ?ung ?/ch A cho t6* Gh* Gh0 ngDng thot &a$ thu fc ?ung ?/ch ' ,'hC
'Ich vkn
1SS ml/ chv chNa cc muI* c-a bg () [$n]L l0t hen hf7 m gm %a Gh0 GhTng m)u cUn nng [$MM2 gam.
T&;n Gh0 m (6*
K l0t S
2
$ 9au Gh* 7h2n Nng ho)n to)n$ cho Gh0 c>n lC* * tD tD jua ?ung ?/ch NaSR ? th5 th, t0ch hen
hf7 Gh0 c>n lC*
K$2nK
l0t.
a. Rr* hen hf7 Gh0 m gm cc Gh0 g5 p '*t &`ng t&ong Gh0 m c ha* Gh0 ch*m i th, t0ch nh nhau$ cc
th, t0ch Gh0 o . Gtc.
%. 1*t 7hng t&5nh 7h2n Nng h>a tan bg ?6* ?Cng
*on.
c. T0nh nng ; cc *on t&ong ?ung ?/ch ' () t0nh GhI* lfng bg =
%/ tan.
+-. +It chy a gam 7hot7ho ta fc ch4t A$ cho a tc ?Ong (6* ?ung ?/ch chNa % gam NaSR. Rr* thu fc
nh<ng ch4t g5 p 'ao nh*Eu mol p
,.. Ro) tan 2[g hen hf7 gm %a&* 9unat$ canx* 7hot7hat$ nat&* 7hot7hat () canx* cac%onat ()o n6c. th3n
GhTng tan c GhI* lfng %`ng K_g fc lsc &*Eng () cho ()o ?ung ?/ch RCl l4y ? th5 tan fc K:g () c 2$2^
l0t ,!o O !k'c/ m;t ch4t Gh0 %ay &a. T0nh GhI* lfng c-a me* muI* t&ong hen hf7.
,%. +It chy ho)n to)n ]$_ g m;t hf7 ch4t c-a 7hot7ho thu fc K^$2g t
2
S
:
() :$^g n6c. Cho cc 92n 7hZm
()o :[g ?ung ?/ch NaSR L2i
1. kc /nh cTng thNc ho hsc c-a hf7 ch4t. 2. T0nh nng ; i c-a ?ung ?/ch
muI* thu fc.
,&. C3n l4y %ao nh*Eu t4n jung 7hot7ho&*t loC* c chNa ]:i Ca
L
!tS
^
#
2
, *Hu ch fc K:[ Gg
7hot7ho$ %*t &`ng lfng 7hot7ho hao hOt t&ong ju t&5nh 92n xu4t l) Li.
,'. Ro) tan 22 gam hen hf7 A !"e$ "eCS
L
$ "e
L
S
^
# ()o [$_n] l0t ?ung ?/ch RNS
L
K b thu fc ?ung
?/ch ' () hen hf7 Gh0 C !gm CS
2
() NS#. Pfng RNS
L
? t&ong ' 7h2n Nng (Da - (6* :$:K] gam 'aCS
L
.
C m;t %5nh G0n ?ung
t0ch _$n] l0t chNa GhTng Gh0 ,ch^ gDm (
2
v= ;
2
'ho '^ ll 'hC 'Ich l= 4:1/ c 7 9u4t [$LM: atm$ nh*Bt
; [
[
C. NC7 hen
hf7 Gh0 C ()o %5nh g*< nh*Bt ; . [
[
C th5 t&ong %5nh
GhTng c>n S
() 7 9u4t t&ong %5nh cuI* c8ng l) [$] atm.
K. T0nh i GhI* lfng cc ch4t t&ong hen hf7 A. 2.T0nh i1 hen hf7 Gh0 C
,(. Ro) tan ho)n to)n [$L]_ gam hen hf7 Al () gn c3n (Da - 2: l0t ?ung ?/ch RNS
L
c 7RqL. Xau
7h2n Nng thu
fc ?ung ?/ch A chNa L muI* ,kh?ng cT khI 'ho' -a/.
K. 1*t 7hng t&5nh 7h2n Nng x2y &a. 2. T0nh GhI* lfng c-a me* G*m loC* t&ong hen hf7.
L. ThEm ()o ?ung ?/ch A m;t lfng ? ?ung ?/ch NR
L
. T0nh GhI* lfng Gt t-a thu fc.
,). Cho x mol "e tc ?Ong (6* ?ung ?/ch chNa y mol RNS
L
thu fc Gh0 NS ?uy nh4t () ?ung ?/ch '.
mung ?/ch '
tn tC* nh<ng *on n)op 'ao nh*Eu molp '*Bn luAn juan hB g*<a x () y , t&ong ?? ' tn tC* cc *on .
R6ng ?}n g*2*
**. K. L CuS J 2 NR
L
N
2
J L Cu
L._[
x!g#
!g# 2.22$^
K$:
!l#
!l#
2. QhI* lfng CuS %/ GhF:
x
K$: . L . _[
_ !g#
2 . 22$^
QhI* lfng CuS c>n thDa:
m
CuS
K] _ _ !g#
L. k gm c CuS () Cu. Chv CuS c tc ?Ong (6* ?ung ?/ch RCl. thng t&5nh
7h2n Nng: CuS J 2 RCl CuCl
2
J R
2
S
Th, t0ch ?ung ?/ch RCl c3n l4y: 1
?? RCl
q [$2 : 2 q [$K !l0t#
*+.
n
NR
n
Cl
2
K$L^^ : 22$^ [$[] !mol#
L
[$]M2 : 22$^ [$[L !mol#
thng t&5nh 7h2n Nng: 2 NR
L
J L Cl
2
] RCl J N
2
NR
Lc>n ?: n
NR
L
[$[] [$[2 [$[^ !mol #
22 22
mo : NR
L
J RCl NR
^
Cl
Qh0 RCl c>n lC*
:
n
RCl
[$[] [$[^ [$[2 !mol#
K. Ren hf7 Gh0 9au 7h2n Nng gm [$[K mol N
2
() [$[2 mol RCl. Th)nh 7h3n i theo th, t0ch c-a ha*
Gh0 %`ng th)nh 7h3n i theo 9I mol () %`ng.
i N
2

[$[K
.K[[ LL$L !i#
[$[L
i RCl
[$[2
.K[[ ]]$M !i#
[$[L
m
NR
^
Cl
[$[^ . :L$: 2$K^ !g#
2. QhI* lfng c-a NR
^
Cl %`ng:
*,. cs* x$ y () l) th)nh 7h3n i theo th, t0ch c-a %a
Gh0 NR $ R
() N t&ong hen hf7 A. Ta c:
L 2
2
x J y J q K !K#
thng t&5nh 7h2n Nng 7hUn huV NR
L
: 2 NR
L
N
2
J L R
2
x Lx
x
2
2
Xau 7h2n Nng hen hf7 ' gm !y J K$:x# h*&o () ! J [$:x# n*t. ' c th, t0ch thng 2:i 9o (6* A tNc l)
%`ng K2:l K[[$ ?o :
(y + K$:x ) + ( + [$:x ) 2x + y +
K2:

K$2:
K[[
!2#
TD !K# () !2#$ &@t &a : x q [$2:
Qh* hen hf7 ' * jua Ing Yng CuS nung nng th5 R
2
%/ ox* ho : CuS J R
2
Cu
J R
2
S PoC* n6c th5 ch4t Gh0 c>n lC* l) N
2
. Th, t0ch g*2m M:i 9o (6* ' tNc l) c>n %`ng
2:i c-a '$ ?o :
+ [$:x
2:
.
K2:

:
[$LK2:
@t &a: q [$LK2: W ![$: . [$2:# q
[$K_M:
K[[ K[[ K]
Thay cc g* t&/ c-a x () ()o !K#$ ta fc: [$2: J y J [$K_M: q K$ &@t &a y q [$:]2:
Th)nh 7h3n i theo th, t0ch c-a cc Gh0 t&ong hen hf7 A:
i NR
L
2:i
i R
2
:]$2:i
i N
2
K_$M:i
*-.K.
n
R
2

!n$[L.K[
# :
!]$[2.K[
2L
# [$K:
!mol#
n
N
2
!L$[K.K[
# :
!]$[2.K[
2L
# [$[: !mol#
N
2
J L R
2
2 NR
L
[$[:mol [$K:mol [$Kmo
l
n [$K !mol#$
m

[$K.KM

K$M !g#

2L 22
NR
L
NR
L
XI 7han tF NR
L
[$K .
]$[2.K[
]$[2.K[
2. Nng
; i c-a
?ung
?/ch
NR
L
:
Ci
!??NR
L
#
L
^
LJ

K$M.K[[
^[[ +
K$M
[$^2!i#
Nng ; molll c-a ?ung ?/ch
NR
L
:
+.. K. thng t&5nh 7h2n
Nng:
C
b !??NR
L
#
[$K : [$^ [$2: !b#
] NR
L
J ] R
2
S J Al
2
!XS
^
#
L
2 Al!SR#
L
J L !NR
^
#
2
XS
^
L NR
L
J L R
2
S J Al
Al!SR# J L NR
J
xmol x mol
Al!SR#
L
J NaSR NaAlS
2
J 2 R
2
S
W W
Al!SR#
L
J SR AlS
2
J 2 R
2
S
^
^
2 K
N R
xmol x mol
2. T&ong K[ml ?ung ?/ch NaSR 2b c: n
NaSR
q [$[K.2 q [$[2 !mol#$ ?o :
n
SR

L+
[$[2 !mol#
XI mol Al %`ng
:
x n

SR
[$[2 !mol#
XI mol Al
2
!XS
^
#
L
%`ng:
n
Al
2
!XS
^
#
L

K
n
2
Al
L+
[$: . [$[2 [$[K !mol#
Nng ; molll c-a ?ung ?/ch Al
2
!XS
^
#
L
:
C
b Al
2
!XS
^
#
L
[$[K : [$[2 [$: !b#
9hn 'hIch: [l,;./
3
kh?ng 'an '-ong dung dch (.
3
d vm !P) l= dung dch 0a12 )4u\
+%. K. 'a
2J
J XS
2W
'aXS ^
x mol
J W
^
x mol
NR
^
J SR NR
L
J R
2
S
y mol
y mol
2. XI mol XS
2W
c t&ong ?ung ?/ch:
x KK$]: : 2LL [$[: !mol#
J 2W
XI mol
NR
^
mo :
c t&ong ?ung ?/ch: y q ^$^_ : 22$^ q [$2 !mol#. XI mol muI* !NR
^
#
2
XS
^
%`ng 9I
mol : XS
^
q [$[: mol
C
b! NR
^
#
2
XS
^
[$[: : [$[: K
!b#
XI mol NR
J
c-a muI* n*t&at: [$2 W ![$[: . 2# q [$K !mol#
mo
:
+&.
n
NR
^
NS
L
[$K
mol
() : C
b! NR
^
NS
L
#
[$K : [$[: 2 !b#
thng t&5nh 7h2n
Nng:
2 NR
^
Cl J CaS 2 NR
L
J CaCl
2
J R
2
S
Theo 7h2n Nng: 2. :L$:g :]g 2. KMg
Theo %)* &a: 2[[g 2[[g xg
Pfng CaS c ? () NR
^
Cl c th, 7h2n Nng ht$ nu h*Bu 9u4t K[[i th5 9| thu fc:
m
NR
L
x
2[[.2.KM
]L$:: !g#
2.:L$:
QhI* lfng NR
L
thYc t thu fc:
22^ . [$_n2 . [$L :n$n^ !i#
R*Bu 9u4t c-a 7h2n
Nng:
:n$n^
.K[[ n^$L !i#
]L$::
+'. K. Tdng 9I mol cc Gh0 t&ong hen hf7 9au 7h2n Nng:
n
7
2
.n 7
K

2_:.K[[
n: !mol #
L[[
2. n
2
K[[ : ^ 2:!mol#x
n
2
K[[ 2: M:!mol#
15 cc Gh0 l4y theo @ng tV lB t&ong 7h2n Nng nEn theo 7hng t&5nh
7h2n Nng: N
2
J LR
2
2NR
L
x mol
Lx mol 2x mol
XI mol N
2
c>n lC* : n
N
2
!2: x#
mol
XI mol R
2
c>n lC* : n
R
2
!M: Lx# mol
XI mol NR
L
tCo th)nh :
n
NR
L
2x !mol
#
Tdng 9I mol cc Gh0: !2: x# J !M: Lx# J 2x q n: !mol#
L L ^ L ^ L 2
2
K
c*2* &a fc: x q 2$: mol R*Bu 9u4t c-a 7h2n Nng
tdng hf7:
2$:
.K[[ K[ !i#
2:
+(. TV lB mol l@c
3u:
n
N
2
: n
R
2
^[ : K][ K : ^
R
2
= l4y c ?$ ?o theo 7hng t&5nh 7h2n
Nng: N
2
J LR
2
2NR
L
K mol
^[.[$2:
mol
L mol
x mol
2 mol
y mol
K. XI mol N
2
c>n lC* l): ^[ W !^[.[$2:# q L[ !mol# XI mol R
2
= 7h2n Nng: x q L. ^[. [$2: q L[ !mol#
XI mol R
2
c>n lC* : n
R
2
K][ L[ KL[
!mol #
XI mol NR
L
tCo th)nh: y q 2. ^[. [$2: q 2[ !mol#
Tdng 9I mol cc Gh0 t&ong hen hf7 9au 7h2n
Nng.
n
2
L[ + KL[ + 2[ K_[ !mol #
2. Qh* nh*Bt ; GhTng d* th5 7 9u4t c-a cc Gh0 t&ong %5nh G0n tV lB thuAn (6* 9I mol ch4t Gh0:
7
K

n
K
7
2
n
2
7 9u4t c-a hen hf7 Gh0 9au 7h2n Nng %`ng:
72 q
n
2
.7
n
K

K_[.^[[
L][ !atm#
^[ + K][
+). cs* x l) 9I mol N
2
() y l) 9I mol R
2
c l@c 3u. XI mol N
2
= 7h2n Nng l) [$Kx. Theo 7hng
t&5nh 7h2n Nng: [$Kx mol N
2
tc ?Ong (6* [$Lx mol R
2
tCo &a [$2x mol NR
L
.
Xau 7h2n Nng c>n lC*: !K [$Kx# mol N
2
$ !y [$Lx# mol R
2
Tdng 9I mol cc Gh0 t&ong hen hf7 9au 7h2n
Nng:
[$nx + !y [$Lx# + [$2x y + [$_x
7 9u4t c-a cc Gh0 t&ong %5nh g*2m :i 9o (6* 7 9u4t l@c 3u$ tNc l) %`ng n:i l@c 3u$ ?o ta c:
t
2

y + [$_x

t
K
x + y
n:
K[[
[$n:
hay l): y J [$_x q [$n:!x J y#$ &@t &a x : y q K : L Th)nh 7h3n i 9I mol t&ong hen hf7 3u:
i N
2

K
.K[[
2:!i#
^
x i R
2

L
.K[[ M:!i#
^
+*. K. Ro)n th)nh 9 : A chv c th, l) NR
L
$ ?o (Ay:
NR
L
J RCl NR
^
Cl !K# NR
^
Cl J NaSR NR
L
J NaCl J R
2
S
!2# NR J RNS NR NS !L# NR NS
t

[
N S J 2 R S
!^#
2. CS
2
J NR
L
J R
2
S NR
^
RCS
L
!:# CS
2
J 2NR
L
J R
2
S !NR
^
#
2
CS
L
!]#
t
[
t
[
NR
^
RCS
L
CS
2
J R
2
S J NR
L
!M# !NR
^
#
2
CS
L
CS
2
J R
2
S J 2 NR
L
!_#
cs* x () y l) 9I mol NR
^
RCS
L
() !NR
^
#
2
CS
L
$ theo !M#$ !_# ta c:
n
CS2
q x J y q [$L n
hh
q Lx J ^y q K TD &@t &a : x q 2y
++. buI* t%!NS
L
#
2
() muI* AgNS
L
%/ nh*Bt 7hUn theo cc 7h2n Nng:
t
[
2t%!NS
L
#
2
2t%S J ^NS
2
J S
2
!K#
2mol !2.2L2g# ^mol !^.22$^l# Kmol !22$^l#
t
[
2AgNS
L
2Ag J 2NS
2
J S
2
!2#
2mol !2.KM[g# 2mol !2.22$^l# Kmol !22$^l#
Ren hf7 Gh0 thu fc l) NS
2
() S
2
$ Gh* fc l)m lCnh NS
2
ho lrng c>n lC* S
2
.
XI mol hen hf7
Gh0
K2$L2
[$::
!mol#
22$^
XI mol
S
2
c>n lC*
L$L]
[$K: !mol#
22$^
cs* x l) 9I mol t%!NS
L
#
2
() y l) 9I mol AgNS
L
c t&ong hen hf7 muI*.
Theo 7h2n Nng !K#$ x mol t%!NS
L
#
2
7hUn huV tCo nEn 2x mol NS
2
() [$:x mol S
2
.
Theo 7h2n Nng !2#$ y mol AgNS
L
7hUn huV tCo nEn y mol NS
2
() [$:y mol S
2
. Ta c cc 7hng t&5nh:
2
L
W
2$:x J K$:y q [$:: [$:x J [$:y q [$K:
c*2* hB 7hng t&5nh$ t5m fc x q [$K () y q
[$2. Th)nh 7h3n c-a hen hf7 muI* = nung:
LL2 [$K q LL$2g t%!NS
L
#
2
() KM[ [$2 q L^g AgNS
L
Th)nh 7h3n 7h3n t&hm c-a hen hf7 muI*:
LL$2
LL$2 +
L^
K[[ ^n$:i
x
L^
LL$2 +
L^
K[[ :[$:i
+,. K. Cc 7h2n Nng: RCl J NaSR NaCl J R
2
S !K# RNS
L
J NaSR NaNS
L
J
R
2
S !2# RCl J AgNS
L
AgCl J RNS
L
!L#
Theo !L# :
n
RCl
n
AgNS
L
a . [$[2

2$_
M
K^L$
:
[$[2
a q K
Theo !K# () !2# n
RCl
J n
RNSL
q n
NaSR
q [$[2. !K J %# q [$L . [$K % q [$:
2. a. Qh* h>a tan bg ()o A c th, cho cc Gh0 GhTng m)u l) : R
2
$ NS$ N
2
S$ N
2
.
Ta c : n
m

[$n]L
[$[^L
mol
22$^
1* b
m
[$MM2
KM$n:
[$[^L
mo m;t Gh0 7h2* l) R
2
. Qh* t&;n Gh0 m (6* S
2
$ th, t0ch Gh0 %/ hOt ?o c cc 7h2n Nng:
2NS J S
2
2NS
2
!^#
() 2NS
2
J 2NaSR NaNS
2
J NaNS
L
J R
2
S !:#
1Ay Gh0 thN ha* l) NS.
Th, t0ch Gh0 %/ hOt q [$n]L J K K$2nK q [$]M2 l0t
Nh (Ay theo !^# :
n

2
n
2
.
[$]M2
[$[2
NS
L
Gh0
hOt
L 22$^
cs* b l) QPtT c-a Gh0 thN L kt L t&\ng hf7:
Th1\ R
2
() NS c th, t0ch nh nhau: 2 . [$[2 J L[ . [$[2 J b![$[^L [$[^# q [$MM2
b q ^^ l) Gh0 N
2
S
Th2\ NS () Gh0 thN L c th, t0ch nh nhau : L[ . [$[2 J b . [$[2 J 2 . [$[[L q [$MM2
b q _$L : loC*
Th3\ R
2
() Gh0 thN L c th, t0ch nh nhau:
L[ . [$[2 + 2 .
[$[^L [$[2
+ b .
[$[^L [$[2
[$MM2
2
2
J
2J
q K2$n:: loC*
%. bg J
2R
bg J R !]#
J
Lbg J _R J 2NS
2J
Lbg
J 2NS J ^R S !M#
J
^bg J K[R
L
J 2NS
2J
^bg
2
J N S J :R S !_#
L 2 2
c. Ion Cl
W
GhTng tham g*a 7h2n Nng nEn zCl
W
{ q K molll
Theo !M#$ !_# zNS
W
{ c>n lC*
q
[$ :.[$K [$ [2 [$ [[L.2
[$K
[$ 2^!mol l l#
15 ?ung ?/ch t&ung h>a *Bn nEn:

1

+



1
zbg
2J
{ q

Cl
]
NS
L
]

K + [$ 2^
[$ ]2!mol l l#
2 2
QhI* lfng bg tan ()o ?ung ?/ch: [$]2 . [$K.2^ q K$^__ !g#
,cT 'hC 'Inh # mol Xg
2:
,3/ 'ho #s 0No 'o=n lc'-on: 23 H SKS2 \ 3 : SKS2 \ 2 : SKSS3 \ j 3 H SKS$2/
+-. Cc 7h2n Nng: 2
t J
:
S
2
t
2
S
:
!K#
2
t
2
S
:
J L R
2
S 2 R
L
tS
^
!2# R
L
tS
^
J NaSR NaR
2
tS
^
J R
2
S !L#
NaR
2
tS
^
J NaSR Na
2
RtS
^
J R
2
S !^# Na
2
RtS
^
J NaSR Na
L
tS
^
J
R
2
S !:#
Theo !K$ 2#
n
R
L
tS
^
n
7

a
mol a mol
LK
n
NaSR

%
% mol
^[
Ta xt cc t&\ng hf7:
% a : 7h2n Nng !L# cha ht$ ta c % mol NaR
2
tS
^
() c>n !a %#
mol R
L
tS
^
% q a : (Da ht 7h2n Nng !L# Ta c: a q % mol NaR
2
tS
^
a % 2a : 7h2n Nng !L# Gt th@c () c
m;t 7h3n 7h2n Nng !^# Ta c: !2a %# mol NaR
2
tS
^
() !%W a# mol Na
2
RtS
^
% q 2a : (Da ht 7h2n Nng
!L# () !^# Ta c: a mol Na
2
RtS
^
2a % La : 7h2n Nng !L$ ^# Gt th@c () m;t 7h3n 7h2n Nng !:#
Ta c:
!La %# mol Na
2
RtS
^
() !%W2a# mol Na
L
tS
^
% q La: (Da Gt th@c c2 L 7h2n Nng !L$ ^$ :# Ta c : a
mol Na
L
tS
^
% ~ La : 9au 7h2n Nng !:# c>n ? NaSR Ta c: a mol Na
L
tS
^
() !% La# mol
NaSR.
,.. Chv c Na
L
tS
^
tan t&ong n6c$ GhI* lfng c-a Na
L
tS
^
q 2[ K_ q 2 !g#. 'a&* 9unat GhTng tan t&ong
?ung ?/ch RCl$ c GhI* lfng %`ng K_ K: q L !g#. Cc muI* Ca
L
!tS
^
#
2
() CaCS
L
tan t&ong ?ung ?/ch
RCl$ 7hng t&5nh 7h2n Nng: Ca
L
!tS
^
#
2
J ] RCl L CaCl
2
J 2 R
L
tS
^
!K# CaCS
L
J 2 RCl CaCl
2
J CS
2
J R
2
S !2#
Theo 7h2n Nng !2#$ GhI* lfng CaCS
L
q n
CaCSL
. K[[ q n
CS2
. K[[ q K[ !g# QhI* lfng Ca
L
!tS
^
#
2
q K: K[
q : !g#
,%. K. Tdng GhI* lfng c-a t () R: ]$2 J [$] q ]$_ !g# %`ng GhI* lfng c-a ch4t %/ It chy$ hf7 ch4t
GhTng c S.
x : y
]$2
:
[$]
[$2 : [$] K : L
CTng thNc c ?Cng t
x
R
y
$ ta c tV
lB:
LK K
P4y tV lB n g*2n nh4t ta c cTng thNc ho hsc c-a hf7 ch4t: tR
L
2. XI mol t
2
S
:
thu W
fc:
n
t
2
S
:
K^$2 : K^2 [$K
!mol #
n

:[.L2
[$^ !mol #
XI mol NaSR c t&ong ?ung
?/ch:
NaSR
K[[.^[
Cc 7h2n Nng c th, x2y &a g*<a t
2
S
:
() NaSR: t
2
S
:
J 2 NaSR J R
2
S 2 NaR
2
tS
^
!K# t
2
S
:
J ^ NaSR 2 Na
2
RtS
^
J R
2
S !2# t
2
S
:
J ] NaSR 2 Na
L
tS
^
J L R
2
S
!L# Theo !2#$ tD K mol t
2
S
:
() ^ mol NaSR tCo &a 2 mol Na
2
RtS
^
.
1Ay: tD [$K mol t
2
S
:
() [$^ mol NaSR tCo &a [$2 mol
Na
2
RtS
^
.
QhI* lfng c-a Na
2
RtS
^
:
m
Na
2
RtS
^
[$2 . K^2 2_$^ !g#
QhI* lfng c-a ?ung
?/ch:
m
??
:[ + K^$2 + :$^ ]n$] !g#
Nng ; i c-a ?ung
?/ch:
Ci
!Na
2
RtS
^
#
2_$^.K[[
^K !i#
]n.]
,&. Theo 9 hf7
thNc:
Ca
L
!tS
^
#
2
LK[ g
x M:[ Gg
2t
2.LK g
K:[ Gg
QhI* lfng Ca
L
!tS
^
#
2
thYc t c3n
c:
M:[.K[[
MML !Gg#
]:
QhI* lfng jung
7hot7ho&*t:
MML.K[[
KK_n !Gg# K$K_n !t4n#
]:
,'.K. cs* 9I mol "e$ "eCS $
"e S
t&ong hen hf7 A l) x$ y$ mol. Ta c cc 7hng t&5nh 7h2n Nng:
L L ^
2
2
2
2
2 S2 2
2
2
+
"e J ^ RNS
L
"e!NS
L
#
L
J NS J 2 R
2
S !K# L "eCS
L
J K[ RNS
L
L "e!NS
L
#
L
J NS J : R
2
S J L
CS
2
!2#
L "e
L
S
^
J 2_ RNS
L
n RNS
L
J NS J K^ R
2
S !L# 'aCS
L
J 2 RNS
L
'a!NS
L
#
2
J R
2
S
!^# Theo cc 7hng t&5nh 7h2n Nng !K#$ !2#$ !L# ta c: XI mol NS: a q x J ylL J lL mol
XI mol CS
2
: y mol Theo cc 7hng t&5nh 7h2n Nng !K#$ !2#$ !L#$ !^# ta c:
XI mol RNS
L
: ^x J K[ylL J 2_lL J :$:K]lKnM q [$_n].K q [$_n] !mol# K2x J K[y J 2_ q
2$:2 !I# QhI* lfng hen hf7 &n %an 3u: :]x J KK]y J 2L2 q 22 gam !II#
XI mol Gh0 c 9n t&ong %5nh: n q t1lT q [$K: !mol#
T&ong N
2
c [$K2 mol$ S
2
c [$[L mol. Qh* nC7 NS () CS
2
()o c 7h2n Nng: 2 NS J S
2
2 NS
2
!:#
Theo %)* &a ta th4y
ht S
nEn NS c th, ?$ () theo 7hng t&5nh 7h2n Nng !:# th5 9I
mol NS
%`ng ha* l3n 9I mol S
$
mt Ghc tdng 9I mol NS ()
NS
(}n %`ng 9I mol NS %an 3u. mo :
n n +
n
+ n a + y +
[$K2
x +
^y
+

+ [$K2
t1
[$2^ mol
hh
NS
CS
2
N
2
L L T
^x J ^y J q [$L] mol !III#
c*2* hB 7hng t&5nh: !I#$ !II#$ !III# thu fc: x q [$[2 molx y q [$[] molx q [$[] molx
im
:]x.K[[i

:].[$[2.K[[i
)R.-%X "e
22 22
im
KK]y.K[[i

KK].[$[].K[[i
'%R*'*X
"eCS
L
22 22
im
2L2.K[[i

2L2.[$[].K[[i
*'R&+'X
"e
L
S
^
22 22
y z
2. XI mol NS 9*nh &a: a q x
J
J q [$[] mol
3 3
XI mol
NS
9*nh &a: % q 2.n q [$[] mol T&ong hen hf7 cuI* c8ng GhTng c>n NS$ chv
c>n: NS
[$[] mol$ N
2
[$K2
mol$ CS
[$[] mol. Tdng 9I mol hen hf7: [$2^ mol. i 9I mol %`ng i th, t0ch hen hf7:
%V
NO
2
%V
N
2

0,06.100%
2)X
0,24

0,12.100%
).X%
0,24
V
CO

0,06.100%
&)X
0,24
,(. K. Al$ gn tc ?Ong ?ung ?/ch RNS
L
GhTng c Gh0 thot &a$ ?ung ?/ch chNa %a muI* 92n 7hZm
c NR
^
NS
L
. thng t&5nh 7h2n Nng: _ Al J L[ RNS
L
_ Al!NS
L
#
L
J L NR
^
NS
L
J n R
2
S !K#
^ gn J K[ RNS
L
^ gn!NS
L
#
2
J NR
^
NS
L
J L R
2
S !2#
2. mung ?/ch RNS
L
: nng
;
L
RNS
L
zR {
K[
W7R
K[
WL
b
9I mol RNS
L
q C
b
.1 q
2:.K[
q [$[2: !mol#
cs* 9I mol Al$ gn t&ong [$L]_ gam hen hf7 l3n lft l) x$ y mol.
Theo cc 7hng t&5nh 7h2n Nng !K# () !2# ta c: 2Mx J ]:y q [$L]_ () L[xl_ J K[yl^ q [$[2:
x ^.K[
L
mol$ y ^.K[
L
mol
2 L
L ^
m
Al
2Mx

[$K[_
gam$
m
gn
]:y

[$2][ gam
L. mung ?/ch A chNa Al!NS
L
#
L
x gn!NS
L
#
2
cho tc ?Ong (6* ?ung ?/ch
NR
L
?: Al!NS
L
#
L
J L NR
L
J L R
2
S Al!SR#
L
J L NR
^
NS
L
!L#
gn!NS
L
#
2
J 2 NR
L
J 2 R
2
S gn!SR#
2
J 2 NR
^
NS
L
!^#
gn!SR# J ^ NR gn!NR #
2J
J 2 SR
W
!:#
QhI* lfng Gt t-a thu fc m q M_x q [$LK2 !gam#
L L L
R
L
L
^

L
,). thng t&5nh 7h2n Nng: "e J ^ RNS
L
"e!NS
L
#
L
J NS J 2 R
2
S !K#
Nu ? "e 9| x2y &a 7h2n Nng: "e J "e!NS
L
#
L
"e!NS
L
#
2
!2#
J W 2J LJ
cs* 9I mol "e l) x$ 9I mol ax*t RNS
L
l) y. T&ong ?ung ?/ch c th, c cc *on: R $
NS
L
$ "e
$ "e $ cO th, nh 9au:
T-Wng h%p 1: Nu ? hoc (Da - RNS
L
$ tNc l): y ^x 7h2n Nng !K# x2y &a ht "e nEn GhTng c 7h2n Nng
!2#.
mung ?/ch chNa RNS !y ^x# mol () "e!NS # x
mol:
J
!y ^x# molx
"e
LJ
x molx NS

!y x# mol
T-Wng h%p 2: th*u RNS
L$ tNc l):
y ^x 7h2n Nng !K# x2y &a ht RNS
L
$ ? "e nEn c 7h2n Nng 2 x2y &a.
XI mol
"e!NS
L
#
L
9*nh &a tD 7h2n Nng !K# l) yl^ mol lfng "e c>n lC* 9au 7h2n Nng !K# l) !x yl^#.
( 4 u : !x yl^# yl_ th5 7h2n Nng !2# x2y &a c>n ? "e!NS
L
#
L
th5 ?ung
?/ch chNa: "e!NS
L
#
L
: yl^ 2!x yl^# q !Lyl^ 2x# mol () "e!NS
L
#
2
: L!x yl^# molx
"e
LJ
: !Lyl^ 2x# molx "e
2J
: !Lx Lyl^# molx NS

: Lyl^ mol(4 u: x
y
! ~
y
7h2n Nng !2# x2y
&a ht
4 "
y y 3y
2J
3y
"e!NS
L
#
L
() "e ?. mung ?/ch chNa: "e!NS
L
#
2
c !
4
J
"
# q
3y
mol. mung ?/ch chNa
"e
"
: mol$
"
NS
L
: mol.
4
)& *+i t(, t- gi.i"
,*. a. C ha* Gh0 A () ':W Nu t&;n c8ng 9I mol A$ ' th5 thu fc hen hf7 k c ?klRe q M$:
W Nu t&;n c8ng GhI* lfng A$ ' th5 thu fc hen hf7 c ?lS
2
q KKlK: T5m GhI* lfng mol c-a A () '.
%. b;t hen hf7 Gh0 gm N
2
() R
2
c tv GhI* I* (6* R
2
%`ng L$]. Xau Gh* nung nng m;t th\* g*an , Ct hB
cUn %`ng th5 tv GhI* c-a hen hf7 9au 7h2n Nng I* (6* R
2
%`ng ^$:.
kc /nh i theo th, t0ch c-a cc hen hf7 t&6c () 9au 7h2n Nng. T0nh h*Bu 9u4t 7h2n Nng.
6p #: a. b
A
q ^^ x b
'
q K] %. i1
N2
q K2$:i x i1
R2
q ]2$:i x i1
NRL
q 2:i x R*Bu 9u4t q :[i
,+. a. 1*t cc 7hng t&5nh 7h2n Nng *Hu ch NR
L
t&ong 7h>ng th0 ngh*Bm () t&ong
cTng ngh*B7. %. 1*t cc 7hng t&5nh 7h2n Nng *Hu ch ax*t n*t&*c tD amon*ac.
c. Cho L m2nh G*m loC* Al$ "e$ Cu ()o %a cIc Yng ?ung ?/ch ax*t n*t&*c c nng ; Ghc nhau () th4y:
W CIc c Al: QhTng c Gh0 thot &a$ nhng nu l4y ?ung ?/ch 9au 7h2n Nng tc ?Ong (6* ?ung ?/ch
NaSR th4y Gh0 c m8* Gha* %ay &a.
W CIc c "e: C Gh0 GhTng m)u %ay &a () ho nUu t&ong GhTng Gh0.
W CIc c Cu: C Gh0 m)u nUu %ay &a.
R=y (*t cc 7hng t&5nh 7h2n Nng xZy &a.
6p #: a. NR
J
J SR
W

t [
NR J R S
hoc ?8ng NaSR &n h@t n6c c-a ?ung ?/ch NR
L
Am c ,
thu Gh0 NR
L
. %. XcQ
c. CIc c Al: tCo &a muI* amon*. CIc c "e: tCo &a Gh0 NS. CIc c Cu: tCo &a Gh0 NS
2
.
,,. a. 'a '&on9tet l) g5 p Nh<ng %a n)o fc gs* l) G*Hm p
%. R=y g*2* th0ch tC* 9ao amon*ac () an*l*n Hu c t0nh %a p
c. mung ?/ch NR
L
Kb c q [$^L i. T0nh h`ng 9I Q
'
() 7R c-a ?ung
?/ch . ?. NEu nhAn xt Gh* jut (H 9Y 7hUn l* c-a %a t&ong ?ung
?/ch n6c.
6p #: a. XcQ
%. C2 ha* Hu l) %a (5 Hu c Gh2 nhng nhAn R
J
,do '-*n ngu)*n 'L ni'2 !u cAn !?i
lc'-on cha
W:
'ham gia li*n k4'/. c. Q
%
q K$ _]
.K[
x 7R q KK$]LL
t
2 L ^ :

t

^ 2 ^

L 2 ^ 2

2 2 L
L
,-.a. NhTm () mag*e tc ?Ong (6* RNS
L
lo=ng$ nng Hu 9*nh &a NS$ N
2
S () NR
^
NS
L
.
1*t 7hng t&5nh *on thu gsn c-a cc 7h2n Nng x2y &a.
%. Qh* h>a tan ho)n to)n K$:M: gam hen hf7 A gm %;t nhTm () mag*e t&ong RNS
L
th5 c ][i A
7h2n Nng tCo &a [$M2_ l0t Gh0 NS !Gtc#.
T0nh 7h3n t&hm GhI* lfng c-a bg () Al t&ong hen hf7.
6p #: a. 1*t L tTt cho me* c7.
%. im
bg
q MK$^Li x im
Al
q
2_$:Mi.
-.. a. R=y (*t cc 7hng t&5nh 7h2n Nng ho hsc thYc h*Bn ?=y %*n ho 9au:
[
A
K

N
2

S
2
A

S
2
A

R

2
S
A

Cu
A
t
0
[
A
L
%. Chv ?8ng ju t0m$ h=y 7hUn %*Bt cc ?ung ?/ch Yng t&ong cc ls m4t nh=n 9au:
'aCl
2
x NR
^
Cl x !NR
^
#
2
XS
^
x NaSR x Na
2
CS
L
.
6p #: a. A
K
l) NR
^
NS
2
x A
2
l) NS x A
L
l) NS
2
x A
^
l) RNS
L
x A
:
l) Cu!NS
L
#
2
.
J
%. Pu NR
^
l) m;t ax*t yu l)m d* m)u ju5 t0m th)nh hng.
-%. 1*t cc 7h2n Nng nh*Bt 7hUn muI* amon* 9au Uy:
NR
^
Cl$ NR
^
RCS
L
$ !NR
^
#
2
CS
L
$ NR
^
NS
2
$ NR
^
NS
L
$ !NR
^
#
L
tS
^
$ !NR
^
#
2
XS
^
$ !NR
^
#
2
C&
2
S
M
t
[
t
[
6p #: a. NR
^
Cl NR
L
J RCl NR
^
RCS
L
NR
L
J CS
2
J R
2
S
t
[
t
[
!NR
^
#
2
CS
L
2 NR
L
J CS
2
J R
2
S NR
^
NS
2
N
2
J 2 R
2
S
t
[
t
[
NR
^
NS
L
N
2
S J 2 R
2
S !NR
^
#
L
tS
^
L NR
L
J R
L
tS
^
!NR # XS
t [
2 NR JR XS ,n4u 'i4p 'c nung nTng 'hm cui ctng #u 'hu !%c ( : E; : . ;/
!NR
^
#
2
C&
2
S
M

t [
N J C& S J ^ R S
-&. a. Cc ch4t: NS$ NS
2
$ XS
2
$ R
2
S
2
(Da c t0nh ox* ha (Da c t0nh GhF. 1*t cc 7h2n Nng chNng m*nh
me* t0nh ch4t
cho me* ch4t = nEu t&En m) GhTng fc cho cc ch4t tc ?Ong l}n nhau ,'&' cN j phNn "ng/.
%. TD jung 7hot7ho&*t () cc ch4t Ghc$ (*t cc 7h2n Nng *Hu ch 7hot7ho$ 9u7e7hot7hat n$
9u7e7hot7hat G7.
t
[
t
[
!Uu ]: +*Hu ch 7hIt 7ho: 2 Ca
L
!tS
^
#
2
J ] X*S
2
] CaX*S
L
J t
^
S
K[
t
^
S
K[
J K[ C
t
^
J K[ CS#
-'. Rf7 ch4t bk
2
Gh 7hd %*n t&ong tY nh*En. R>a tan bk
2
%`ng ?ung ?/ch RNS
L
c nng$ ? ta thu
fc ?ung ?/ch A. Cho A tc ?Ong (6* 'aCl
2
th4y tCo th)nh Gt t-a t&ng$ c>n Gh* cho A tc ?Ong (6* NR
L
?
th4y tCo th)nh Gt t-a nUu r. a. Rr* bk
2
l) ch4t g5 p cs* tEn n. 1*t cc 7hng t&5nh 7h2n Nng x2y
&a.
%. 1*t c4u h5nh elect&on c-a b () c-a cc *on th\ng g7 c-a G*m loC* b.
2 2 ] 2 ] ] 2 2J 2 2 ] 2 ] ]
6p #: a. bk
2
l) "eX
2
,vu5ng pi-i' #+'/ %. "e: K9 29 27 L9 L7 L?
^9 x "e
"e
LJ
: K9
2
29
2
27
]
L9
2
L7
]
L?
:
: K9 29 27 L9 L7 L? x
-(. a. 1*t cc 7hng t&5nh 7h2n Nng x2y &a t&ong juy t&5nh *Hu ch ax*t n*t&*c tD Gh0 NR
L
() ox* GhTng
Gh0.
%. T0nh th, t0ch ?ung ?/ch ax*t n*t&*c :[i !c ? q K$LK glml# tCo th)nh Gh* ?8ng ht
Km
L
Gh0 NR
,O !iu kiln
'i*u
chudn/\ '*t &`ng chv c n_$:]i NR
L
chuy,n th)nh ax*t n*t&*c. 6p #: %. 1 q ^$2L2 l0t ?ung ?/ch RNS
L
NH
-). Cho %;t gn ()o ?ung ?/ch hen hf7 NaNS
L
() NaSR$ Gt th@c 7h2n Nng thu fc _$n] l0t !Gtc# hen hf7
Gh0 NR
L
() R
2
. Cho hen hf7 n)y ()o m;t %5nh G0n nung nng , nh*Bt 7hUn NR
L
$ 9au 7h2n Nng thu fc 1 l0t hen
hf7 Gh0 t&ong
1
N
2
ch*m
12
"
th, t0ch 1$ R
2
ch*m
12
th, t0ch 1$ c>n lC* l) NR
L
.
a. T0nh th, t0ch 1 . Gtc.
%. T0nh tv GhI* c-a hen hf7 t&6c () 9au 7h2n Nng 9o (6* R
2
$ g*2* th0ch 9Y thay d* c-a tv GhI* n)y.
c. XOc hen hf7 Gh0 A ()o ?ung ?/ch RCl (Da -. Xau 7h2n Nng cho thEm n6c c4t ()o th)nh K l0t ?ung
?/ch. T0nh 7R
c-a ?ung ?/ch muI* tCo th)nh$ %*t #K q ^$M:.
3
2 2
c
6p #: a. 1 q K[$M:2 l0t
n:
%. ?
hh t&6ctlR2
q ^$M: () ?
hh 9au tlR2
q
2^
mol Gh0 9au 7h2n Nng
thng. c. 7R q :$[n
L$n] x mo GhI* lfng hen hf7 Gh0 GhTng d*$ nhng tdng
9I
-*. '5nh G0n c 1 q [$: l0t chNa [$: mol R () [$: mol N !. t
o
C# Gh* Ct n t&Cng th* cUn %`ng c [$2
mol NR tCo th)nh.
a. T0nh h`ng 9I cUn %`ng Q !. t
o
C#
%. T0nh h*Bu 9u4t tCo th)nh NR
L
. buIn h*Bu 9u4t Ct n[i c3n 7h2* thEm ()o %5nh %ao nh*Eu mol N
2
p
c. Nu thEm ()o %5nh K mol R
2
() 2 mol NR
L
th5 cUn %`ng 9| chuy,n ?/ch (H 7h0a n)o p TC* 9ao p
?. Nu thEm ()o %5nh K mol hel*$ cUn %`ng 9| chuy,n ?/ch (H 7h0a n)o p TC* 9ao p
6p #: a. Q
c
q L$K2:
%. R*Bu 9u4t q ][i x +, Ct h*Bu 9u4t n[i th5 c3n thEm ()o %5nh
:M$2: mol N
2
.
c. CUn %`ng 9| chuy,n ?/ch theo ch*Hu ngh/ch ,7sa v=o gi '- ca 8c O
'-*n !C 3q'/
?. Theo ch*Hu thuAn$ 7h2n Nng l)m g*2m 9I mol Gh0$ tNc l) l)m g*2m 7 9u4t chung c-a
hB ,do phNn "ng 'hsc hiln '-ong 0mnh kIn/. 15 (Ay$ Gh* thEm Gh0 Re 9| l)m cho 7 9u4t
chung c-a hB thng$ nEn cUn %`ng %/ ?/ch chuy,n theo ch*Hu thuAn ,ngu)*n l] U2#a'2li/.
-+. b;t hen hf7 k gm 2 G*m loC* Al () Cu. Cho K_$2[ gam k ()o K[[ml ?ung ?/ch chNa R
2
XS
^
K2b
() RNS
L
2b$ un nng cho &a ?ung ?/ch g () _$n] l0t !Gtc# hen hf7 Gh0 y gm NS () Gh0 m GhTng m)u. '*t
hen hf7 Gh0 y c tv GhI* I* (6* R
2
q 2L$:.
a. T0nh 9I mol Gh0 m () Gh0 NS t&ong hen hf7 Gh0 y.
%. T0nh GhI* lfng me* G*m loC* t&ong hen hf7 3u. T0nh GhI* lfng me* muI* t&ong ?ung ?/ch g.
c. T0nh th, t0ch ?ung ?/ch NaSR 2b thEm ()o ?ung ?/ch g , %t 3u c Gt t-a$ Gt t-a cYc C*$ Gt
t-a cYc t*,u. T0nh GhI* lfng Gt t-a cYc C*$ cYc t*,u.
6p #: a. Qh0 m l) XS
2
c 9I mol l) [$2 x 9I mol Gh0 NS
l) [$2.
%. m
Al
q :$^ gam x m
Cu
q K2$_ gam x mung ?/ch g gm: Al
2
!XS
^
#
L
c m q L^$2 gam ()
CuXS
^
c m q
L2
gam.
c. 't 3u Gt t-a$ 1
??NaSR
q [$: l0t x +, fc lfng Gt t-a cYc C*$ c3n thEm [$n l0t ?ung
?/ch NaSR x
+, fc lfng Gt t-a cYc t*,u$ c3n thEm K l0t ?ung ?/ch NaSR x QhI* lfng Gt t-a cYc C* l) L:$2 gam x
QhI* lfng Gt t-a cY t*,u l) Kn$] gam.
-,. Cho 2[[ml ?ung ?/ch A chNa RNS
L
Kb () R
2
XS
^
[$2b t&ung h>a (6* ?ung ?/ch ' chNa NaSR 2b ()
'a!SR#
2
Kb. K. T5m th, t0ch ?ung ?/ch ' c3n ?8ng p
2. m8ng 2[[ml ?ung ?/ch A tc ?Ong (Da - (6* KK$2_!g# hen hf7 G*m loC* Cu$ Ag. Xau 7h2n Nng thu fc
?ung ?/ch
C () Gh0 m$ GhTng m)u$ ha nUu t&ong
GhTng Gh0. a. T5m th, t0ch Gh0 m .
2M$LCx Katm.
%. T5m nng ; molll c-a cc *on c t&ong C p ,>iN #L cc ch&' !iln li ho=n 'o=n/.
6p #: K. Th, t0ch ?ung ?/ch ' c3n ?8ng l) [$[M l0t.
2. a. Qh0 m l) NS c th, t0ch l)
K$M2^_ l0t.
%. C
+
[$ Lb x
C
Ag
2+
[$ LM:b x
C
Cu

[$ ]:b x
C
NS
L
2
[$ 2b
XS
^
--. R>a tan a g hen hf7 G*m loC* Cu$ "e ,'-ong !T Z chi4m 3Sf v khi l%ng/ %`ng :[ml ?ung ?/ch RNS
L
]Li !? q
K$L_glml# Ghu4y Hu hen hf7 cho n Gh* cc 7h2n Nng x2y &a ho)n to)n$ thu fc ch4t &n A cUn
nng [$M: a gam$ ?ung ?/ch ' () M$L2^_ l0t hen hf7 Gh0 NS
2
() NS . :^$]C$ Katm. Rr* cT cCn ?ung
?/ch ' th5 thu fc %ao nh*Eu gam muI* Ghan p
L
6p #: mo GhI* lfng hen hf7 G*m loC* ? (ft ju GhI* lfng Cu c t&ong hen hf7 %an 3u !q [$Ma gam#$
nEn GhTng c muI* ng t&ong ?ung ?/ch '. mung ?/ch ' chv chNa muI* 9t!II# n*t&at$
9au Gh* cT cCn thu fc LM$:M: gam muI* Ghan.
%... R>a tan ^_$_ gam hen hf7 gm Cu () m;t ox*t 9t t&ong lfng ? ?ung ?/ch RNS
L
thu fc ?ung
?/ch A ()
]$M2 l0t Gh0 NS ,O !iu kiln 'i*u chudn/. CT cCn ?ung ?/ch A thu fc K^M$_ gam ch4t
&n Ghan. a. R=y xc /nh cTng thNc c-a ox*t 9t.
%. Cho c8ng lfng hen hf7 t&En 7h2n Nng (6* ^[[ml ?ung ?/ch RCl 2b cho n Gh* 7h2n Nng x2y &a ho)n
to)n$ thu
fc ?ung ?/ch ' () ch4t &n m. Cho ?ung ?/ch ' 7h2n Nng (6* lfng ? ?ung ?/ch AgNS
L
tCo th)nh Gt t-a.
R=y t0nh lfng Gt t-a thu fc.
c. Cho m 7h2n Nng (6* ?ung ?/ch RNS . R=y t0nh th, t0ch Gh0 NS thu fc tC* 2M$L
S
C ()
K$K atm.
6p #: a. CTng thNc ox*t 9t c3n t5m l) "e
L
S
^
%. Ch4t &n m chv c>n Cu$ nEn m
AgCl
q [$_ . K^L$: q KK^$_ !gam#
c. XI mol Cu t&ong m q [$^. 1
NS
:$nM l0t.
%.%. Cho 2$K] gam hen hf7 gm Al () bg tan ht t&ong ?ung ?/ch ax*t RNS
L
lo=ng$ un nng nh tCo &a
?ung ?/ch A () ^^_ ml ! o . L:^$n Q () n__ mmRg# hen hf7 Gh0 ' GhT gm ha* Gh0 GhTng m)u$ GhTng
d* m)u t&ong GhTng Gh0. TV GhI* c-a ' 9o (6* ox* %`ng [$MK] l3n tV GhI* c-a CS
2
9o (6* n*t. P)m Ghan A
m;t cch cZn thZn thu fc ch4t &n m$ nung m n GhI* lfng GhTng d* thu fc L$_^ gam ch4t &n u.
1*t 7hng t&5nh ha hsc$ t0nh lfng ch4t m () i lfng me* G*m loC* t&ong hen hf7 %an 3u.
9c ph2ng '-mnh hTa h<c : 8hI ` 'ho giN 'hi4' ch"a (
2
v= (
2
;\
: bg J K2 R
J
J 2 NS

: bg
2J
J
N
J ] R
S !K#
3
^ bg J K[ R
J
J 2 NS

^ bg
2J
J
N
2
S J : R
2
S !2#
3 2 2
K[ Al J L] R
J
J ] NS

K[ Al
LJ
J L
N
J K_ R
S !L#
3 2 2
_ Al J L[ R
J
J ] NS

_ Al
LJ
J L
N
S J K:
R
S !^#
3 2 2
^Al!NS
L
#
L
2Al
2
S
L
J K2 NS
2
J LS
2
!:#
2bg!NS
L
#
2
2bgS J ^ NS
2
J S
2
!]#
^bg J K[ R
J
J NS

^ bg
2J
J NR
+
J L R S !M#
3 4 2
_ Al J L[ R
J
JL NS

_ Al
LJ
J L NR
+
J n
R
S !_#
3 4 2
2NR
^
NS
L
N
2
J S
2
J ^ R
2
S !n#
6p #?: ch&' 7 gDm : [l,(;
3
/
3
,jK52 gam/ w Xg,(;
3
/
2
,$K$$ gam/ w (.
4
(;
3
,2K4 gam/ cT l%ng H 1gK5j
gam\ ._n h%p 0an !Ju cT 5Sf l%ng m_i kim loi\
%.&. mung ?/ch ' chNa ha* ch4t tan l) R
2
XS
^
() Cu!NS
L
#
2
$ :[ml ?ung ?/ch ' 7h2n Nng (Da - (6* LK$2: ml
?ung ?/ch NaSR K]i$ ? q K$K2 glml. Psc l4y Gt t-a 9au 7h2n Nng$ em nung . nh*Bt ; cao n GhI* lW
fng GhTng d*$ fc K$] gam ch4t &n.
a. T5m nng ; molll c-a ?ung
?/ch '.
%. Cho 2$^g ng ()o :[ml ?ung ?/ch ' ,ch^ cT khI (; 0a) -a/. R=y t0nh th, t0ch NS thu fc . Gtc
,cc phNn "ng 3N) -a ho=n 'o=n/.
6p #: a. C
b
!?ung ?/ch R
2
XS
^
# q K molll x C
b
!?ung ?/ch Cu!NS
L
#
2
# q [$^ molll. %. 1
NS
q
[$:] l0t
L
%.'. Q*m loC* b t&ong ?=y 'eGeto7 c ha t&/ %*n d* x () y !(6* y ~ x#. Q*m loC* tCo &a ha* muI* clo&ua ()
ha* ox*t. R)m lfng i clo t&ong cc muI* clo&ua tv lB (6* nhau l) K : K$KM2.
R)m lfng i ox* t&ong cc ox*t tV lB (6* nhau l) K : K$L:.
a. kc /nh tEn G*m loC* b.
b. Cho G*m loC* b tc ?Ong (6* K[[ml ?ung ?/ch A gm AgNS
L
Kb () Rg!NS
L
#
2
K$:b thu fc hen hf7
G*m loC* k () ?ung ?/ch ' chv chNa m;t muI* ?uy nh4t. R>a tan hen hf7 G*m loC* k t&ong ax*t RNS
L
Am
c$ nng th4y thot &a K:$]_ l0t Gh0 !Gtc#. T0nh GhI* lfng hen hf7 G*m loC* k.
'*t: Rg q 2[[ $ Ag q K[_.
6p #: a. Xt !"e q :]#
%. QhI* lfng hen hf7 G*m loC* k q ^]$^ !g# ,gDm: SK1 mol 0cK SK15 mol 'h) ngPnK SK1 mol #+'/
%.(. Pc m gam %;t 9t (6* ?ung ?/ch A gm AgNS
L
() Cu!NS
L
#
2
$ n Gh* 7h2n Nng Gt th@c$ thu fc
x gam ch4t &n '. Tch ch4t &n '$ thu fc n6c lsc C.
Cho n6c lsc C tc ?Ong (6* ?ung ?/ch NaSR ?$ thu fc a gam Gt t-a c-a ha* h*&ox*t G*m loC*. Nung Gt t-a
t&ong GhTng Gh0 n GhI* lfng GhTng d* fc % gam ch4t &n.
Cho ch4t &n ' tc ?Ong ht (6* ?ung ?/ch RNS
L
lo=ng thu fc 1 l0t Gh0 NS !Gtc#.
K. PA7 %*,u thNc t0nh m theo a () %.
2. Cho a q L]$_ x % q L2 x x q
L^$^. a. T0nh g* t&/
c-a m.
%. T0nh 9I mol c-a me* muI* t&ong ?ung ?/ch A %an 3u.
c. T0nh th, t0ch 1 c-a Gh0 NS. Cho: Cu q ]^$ Ag q K[_$ "e q :].
6p #: K. m q _$:M:% Ma
2. a. m q K]$_
gam
%. mung ?/ch A %an 3u chNa: [$2 mol AgNS
L
() [$L mol
Cu!NS
L
#
2
. c. Th, t0ch 1 c-a Gh0 NS q ^$^_ l0t.
%.). b;t m*ng bg %/ ox* ha m;t 7h3n th)nh ox*t$ ch*a m*ng l)m ha* 7h3n %`ng nhau.
W th3n I cho h>a tan ht t&ong ?ung ?/ch RCl th5 fc L$KL] l0t Gh0. CT cCn thu fc K^$2:g ch4t &n A.
W th3n II$ cho h>a tan ht t&ong ?ung ?/ch RNS
L
th5 thu fc [$^^_ l0t Gh0 k nguyEn ch4t$ 7h3n ?ung
?/ch cT cCn fc
2Lg ch4t &n '.
a. T0nh h)m lfng bg nguyEn ch4t t&ong m}u = 9F ?Ong.
%. kc /nh cTng thNc 7hUn tF Gh0 k ,cc 'hC 'Ich khI !o O !k'c/.
Cho: bg q 2^ x R q K x Cl q L:$: x N q K^ x S q K].
6p #: a. im
bg
!nguyEn ch4t# q _n$L]i$ im
bgS
q K[[i W _n$L]i q K[$L]i.
%. Qh0 k l) N
2
,giNi 'ho ph2ng php 0No 'o=n lc'-onK cT mB' phJn #inh -a mui amoni/
%.*. b;t ox*t !A# c-a n*t c chNa L[$^Li N (H GhI* lfng. TV GhI* !h*# c-a A 9o (6* GhTng Gh0 l) K$:n.
K. T5m cTng thNc c-a A.
2. +, *Hu ch K l0t Gh0 A !KL^
[
C () K atm# c3n 0t nh4t l) %ao nh*Eu gam
?ung ?/ch RNS
^[i tc ?Ong (6* Cu
,vi giN 'hi4' ch^ cT khI [ 'ho' -a du) nh&'/.
L. '*t &`ng 2 7hUn tF A c th, Gt hf7 (6* nhau th)nh m;t 7hUn tF ox*t '. . 2:
[
C$ Katm$ hen hf7 Gh0
!AJ'# c tV GhI* 9o (6* GhTng Gh0 l) K$M:2.
T0nh i th, t0ch c-a A$ ' t&ong hen hf7.
^. Qh* un nng : l0t hen hf7 !A J '# . 2:
[
C$ K atm n KL^
[
C$ t4t c2 ' = chuy,n ht th)nh A.
Cho A tan ()o n6c tCo th)nh : l0t ?ung ?/ch m. R=y t0nh nng ; c-a ?ung ?/ch m.
,.ilu #u&' cc phNn "ng l= 1SSf/\
6p #: K. Sx*t A c-a n*t l) NS
2
2. QhI* lfng ?ung ?/ch RNS
L
^[i c3n l4y l) n$^: gam
L. i1
A
q _n$KLi () i1
'
q K[$_Mi
^. Nng ; RNS
L
t&ong ?ung ?/ch m l) [$[Lb
%.+. +It chy :$] gam %;t "e nung r t&ong %5nh oxy thu fc M$L]g hen hf7 A gm "e
2
S
L
$ "e
L
S
^
() m;t
7h3n "e c>n lC*. R>a tan ho)n to)n hen hf7 A %`ng ?ung ?/ch RNS
L
thu fc 1 !l0t# hen hf7 Gh0 ' gm
NS
2
() NS c tV GhI* 9o (6* R
2
%`ng Kn.
K. T0nh th, t0ch 1 !. Gc#.
2. Cho m;t %5nh G0n ?ung t0ch ^ l0t GhTng d* chNa ]^[ml R
2
S$ 7h3n c>n lC* chNa GhTng Gh0 .
Gtc !c tv lB
th, t0ch g*<a N
2
: S
2
q ^ : K#. 'm t4t c2 Gh0 ' ()o %5nh () lc G fc ?ung ?/ch k
t&ong %5nh. c*2 9F 7 9u4t h* R
2
S t&ong %5nh GhTng ng G,. T0nh nng ; i c-a
?ung ?/ch k.
6p #: K. 1!Gtc# n]L
ml
2. Pfng ox* t&ong GhTng Gh0 ? , thYc h*Bn cc 7h2n Nng (6* NS () NS
2
$ (5 (Ay lfng NS
2
()
NS
fc chuy,n ho ho)n to)n th)nh ax*t RNS
L
$ nEn nng ; c-a ?ung ?/ch k ,chInh l= dung
dch .(;
3
/
[$[]Mb.
%.,. Nung LM$] gam muI* n*t&at c-a G*m loC* b n GhI* lufng GhTng d* thu fc K] gam ch4t &n l) ox*t
?uy nh4t () hen hf7 Gh0 c tv GhI* h* 9o (6* R
2
%`ng 2K$].
a. kc /nh muI* n*t&at .
%. P4y K2$_ g G*m loC* b tc ?Ong (6* K[[ml hen hf7 RNS
L
Kb $ RCl 2b$ R
2
XS
^
Kb th5 thu fc %ao
nh*Eu l0t NS !Gtc#.
6p #: a. buI* n*t&at c3n t5m l) Cu!NS
L
#
2
.
W
%. . Uy chv c 7h2n Nng c-a Cu (6* NS
L
t&ong mT* t&\ng ax*t 9*nh &a Gh0 NS. Pfng Cu =
cho l) ?
W :
-
9o (6* lfng RNSL$ (5 (Ay 9I mol NS q 9I mol c-a NS
L
,do m?i '-Wng cAn d nhiu . K n*n
(;
3
0 khL ho=n 'o=n/ q [$K.K q [$K !mol# 1
NS
!Gtc# q 2$2^ l0t.
%.-. Ren hf7 k gm "e$ Cu c GhI* lfng ] gam. Tv lB GhI* lfng g*<a "e () Cu l) M: _. Cho lfng k t&En ()o
m;t lfng ?ung ?/ch RNS
L
Kb $ Ghu4y Hu cho 7h2n Nng xZy &a ho)n to)n th5 thu fc K 7h3n &n A
nng ^$L2 gam$ ?ung ?/ch ' () Gh0 NS ?uy nh4t.
a. T0nh th, t0ch Gh0 NS tCo th)nh ,!o
O !k'c/
%. T0nh th, t0ch ?ung ?/ch RNS
L
=
?8ng.
c.T0nh lfng muI* tCo th)nh t&ong ?ung ?/ch
' . Cho "e q :] $ Cu q ]^ $ N q K^ $ S q K].
6p #: a. QhI* lfng ch4t &n ? l6n hn GhI* lfng Cu c t&ong hen hf7 3u$ nEn 9t c>n ? () co* nh
chv
2J
c ] ^$L2 q K$]_ !gam# !q [$[L mol# 9t tham g*a 7h2n Nng (6* ?ung ?/ch RNS
L
tCo &a "e
NS. T0nh theo %2o to)n elect&on n
NS
q [$[2 mol 1
NS
q
^^_ ml. %. n
RNSL
= ?8ng q [$[2 . ^ q [$[_ !mol# 1
??
q _[ ml
c. mung ?/ch ' chNa muI* ?uy nh4t l) "e!NS
L
#
2
c GhI* lfng m q [$[L.K_[ q :$^
!gam#
()
Gh0
%%.. L^$_g m;t ox*t G*m loC* tc ?Ong (Da - (6* K$2 l0t ?ung ?/ch RCl Kb. Cong (6* lfng ox*t n)y ho) tan t&ong
ax*t RNS
L
Am c$ ? th5 lfng RNS
L
= 7h2n Nng (Da - l) K$:mol. Rr* cTng thNc c-a ox*t l) g5p ! '*t
G*m loC* c th, c ha t&/ II () III#.
6p #: '*Bn luAn 9| th4y t&ong ox*t c c2 G*m loC* . t&Cng th* ho t&/ !II# () !III#. cs* 7h3n c ho t&/
!II# l) x mol$ 7h3n c ho t&/ !III# l) y mol. TD cc ?< G*Bn c-a %)* ton 9| t0nh fc x q y q [$K:
!mol# () GhI* lfng G*m loC* t&ong ox*t l) 2:$2 gam b
G*m loC*
q :] ox*t c3n t5m l) "eS."e
2
S
L
hay "e
L
S
^
.

2
L

2
t
Ch4n5 I": Cacbon v; ?ilic
A. Tm tt l thuyt:
Cac%on W 9*l*c thu;c nhm I1A c-a %2ng hB thIng tu3n ho)n. T&ong nhm c cc nguyEn tI cac%on
C$ 9*l*c X*$ geman* ce$ th*c Xn () ch5 t%. NguyEn tF c-a cc nguyEn tI n)y c ^ elect&on l67 ngo)* c8ng$
c c4u h5nh n9
2
n7
2
. Theo ch*Hu thng c-a *Bn t0ch hCt nhUn$ t0nh ch4t c-a cc nguyEn tI %*n d* nh
9au: cac%on C () 9*l*c X* l) cc 7h* G*m & &Bt$ th*c Xn () ch5 t% l) cc G*m loC*$ geman* ce l) nguyEn tI
t&ung g*an.
Ta chv t5m h*,u ha* nguyEn tI c nh*Hu Nng ?Ong nh4t l) cac%on C$ 9*l*c X*.
I. 4n cht cacbon:
1\ TInh ch&' vp' lI:
Cac%on l) ch4t &n$ tn tC* . nh*Hu ?Cng th8 h5nh:
W Q*m cng: t*nh th, t&ong 9uIt$ l) (At l*Bu cNng nh4t t&ong tY nh*En$ ?}n nh*Bt Gm$ GhTng ?}n *Bn.
W Than ch5: m)u xm$ c nh G*m$ mHm$ ?}n *Bn tIt th\ng fc ?8ng l)m *Bn cYc.
W Than (T /nh h5nh: than $ than ge$ m hng.
2\ TInh ch&' hTa h<c:
. *Hu G*Bn th\ng$ cac%on l) 7h* G*m hoCt ;ng ho hsc Gm. Nhng Gh* un nng$ n ch4t cac%on Gh
hoCt ;ng. a. Th, h*Bn t0nh GhF I* (6* cc ch4t ox* ho$ chang hCn:
- 9h) vi o3i: . nh*Bt ; cao ,'-*n hSS
S
9/ th5 92n 7hZm tCo th)nh ch- yu l) CS. . nh*Bt ; th47 hn ,di
5SS
S
9/ th5
92n 7hZm tCo th)nh ch- yu l) CS
2
:
C J S
2

CS
2
2C J S
2
2 CS
Ngo)* &a th, c>n c 7h2n Nng: C J CS
2

2 CS
W th2n Nng (6* ch4t ox* ho Ghc:
L C J 2QClS
t [
2QCl J
LCS C J 2CuS
t [
2Cu J
CS
t
[
C J gnS gn J CS
%. Th, h*Bn t0nh ox* ha (6* cc ch4t GhF Ghc$ chang hCn:
th2n Nng (6* G*m loC* mCnh . nh*Bt ; cao tCo th)nh cac%ua G*m loC*:
t
[
Ca J 2 C CaC
2
t
[
^ Al J L C
Al
^
C
L
Cc cac%ua G*m loC* n)y tc ?Ong (6* n6c hoc ax*t tCo &a h*&ocac%on () h*&ox*t G*m loC*$ chang hCn: Al
^
C
L
J
K2R
2
S ^Al!SR#
L
J LCR
^
.
II. H<= cht:
1\ 9ac0on o3i' ,9;/: l) Gh0 ;c$ th, h*Bn t0nh GhF mCnh.
[
W Chy (6* ox*: 2 CS J S
2
2 CS
2
W Qt hf7 (6* clo ,5SS
S
9 v= '-ong 0Tng 'i/$ tCo th)nh 7hotgen:
t
[
CS J Cl
2
CSCl
2
Nu fc ch*u 9ng$ 7h2n Nng c th, x2y &a . nh*Bt ; th\ng.
,Vho'gn l= ch&' -&' !BcK '-ong chi4n '-anh 'h4 gii 'h" nh&' !R !%c dtng !C l=m 0om h2i ng'\ (g=)
na)K ngWi 'a dtng nT '-ong cc phNn "ng 'Qng h%p hxu c2/\
W QhF ox*t G*m loC* . nh*Bt ; cao:
2 L

J W
L

L

2 L 2
LCS J "e S
t [
L CS J 2 "e
W T&ong ?ung ?/ch$ CS cong c th, GhF fc m;t 9I muI* c-a G*m loC* ju0$ nh ()ng$ 7lat*n$ 7ala?* n G*m
loC* tY ?o: t?Cl
2
J R
2
S J CS t? J 2 RCl J CS
2
W th2n Nng (6* G*Hm ,!un nTng/: tCo th)nh om*at.
CS J NaSR RCSSNa
2\ 9ac0on !io3i' ,9;
2
/: Gh0 GhTng m)u$ GhTng ?uy t&5 9Y chy.
W Tan t&ong n6c tCo th)nh ax*t cac%on*c$ l) m;t ax*t yu ha* l3n ax*t.
CS
2
J 2R
2
S

R
L
S
J RCS
L
W P) m;t ox*t ax*t$ nEn tc ?Ong fc (6* %a () ox*t
%a:
Nu ? G*Hm: CS
2
J 2 NaSR Na
2
CS
L
J
R
2
S Nu th*u G*Hm: Na
2
CS
L
J CS
2
J R
2
S
NaRCS
L
W +*Hu ch: CS
2
fc *Hu ch %`ng cch It than hoc * tD muI*
cac%onat: CaCS
K

[[[[ C
CaS J
CS
T&ong 7h>ng th0 ngh*Bm: CaCS
L
J 2 RCl CaCl
2
J CS
2

J R
2
S
3\ Xui cac0ona': Ax*t cac%on*c tCo &a ha* muI* l) cac%onat ()
h*&ocac%onat.
W buI* cac%onat: chv c cc muI* c-a G*m loC* G*Hm () amon* l) tan tIt t&ong n6c ,-i*ng Ui
2
9;
3
'an v@a
phNi '-ong nc nguBi v= 'an I' h2n '-ong nc nTng/. mung ?/ch c-a cc muI* n)y t&ong n6c c x2y &a ju
t&5nh th-y 7hUn$ nEn mT* t&\ng c t0nh G*Hm ,!i vi mui amoni cac0ona' cang vp)/.
CS
L J R
2
S

RCS
L
J SR
2W W W
W buI* h*&ocac%onat: +a 9I cc muI* n)y tan fc Gh nh*Hu t&ong n6c$ nhng Gm %Hn$ c th, %/ 7hUn h-y
ngay c2
Gh* un nng ?ung ?/ch:
III. T#Qn5 thi thiSn nhiSn:
2 NaRCS
t [
Na CS J CS J R
S Ca!RCS
L
#
2

CaCS
L
J
CS
2
J R
2
S
Cac%on tn tC* . c2 ?Cng n ch4t () hf7 ch4t t&ong tY nh*En.
+n ch4t nh: than $ G*m cng$ than ch5.
Rf7 ch4t nh: CaCS
L
,! v?iK ! ph&nK ! hoa/$ bgCS
L
,manh*1i'/$ CaCS
L
.bgCS
L
,!?l?mi'/$ "eCS
L
,3i!*-i'/$ CuCS
L
.Cu!SR#
2
,malaki'/.
Ngo)* &a cac%on c>n tn tC* m;t lfng l6n t&ong cc hf7 ch4t h<u c !?3u mr$ Gh0
It$ ...# I1. X*l*c () cTng ngh*B7 9*l*cat
K. Ailic l) m;t t&ong nh<ng nguyEn tI 7hd %*n nh4t t&ong (r T&* 4t !Nng h)ng thN ha* 9au nguyEn tI ox*#
X*l*c c ha* ?Cng th8 h5nh$ ?Cng (T /nh h5nh () ?Cng t*nh th,. mCng t*nh th, c c4u t&@c tng tY G*m cW
ng$ g*>n () cNng$ c nh G*m ?}n *Bn () ?}n nh*Bt Gm.
X*l*c l) nguyEn tI 0t hoCt ;ng ho hsc.
t
X* J "
2
X*"
^
t
o
X* J
S
2
X*S
2
t
o
X* J 2NaSR J R
2
S Na
2
X*S
L
J 2R
2
+*Hu ch X* t&ong 7h>ng th0 ngh*Bm:
o
2bg J X*S
2
X* J
2bgS

2 L

2 L
+*Hu ch X* t&ong cTng ngh*B7:
2C J
X*S
2

t o
X* J 2CS
2. H<= cht cIa ?ilic
a. Ailic >ioxit !X*S
2
#
[
X*S
2
l) ch4t &n GhTng tan t&ong n6c$ Gh nng ch2y !K]K[ #$ c tEn gs* l) thCch anh. Ct t&ng l) nh<ng
hCt thCch
anh nhr.
X*S
2
l) ox*t ax*t. . nh*Bt ; cao$ X*S
2
tc ?Ong (6* ox*t %a$ G*Hm$ cac%onat G*m loC* G*Hm tCo &a 9*l*cat:
t
o
X*S
2
J CaS
X*S
2
J
2NaSR
X*S
2
J
Q
2
CS
L
CaX*S
L
!canx* 9*l*cat#

t o
Na X*S J R S

t o
Q X*S J CS
X*S
2
c t0nh ch4t ho hsc c t&ng l) tan fc t&ong ?ung ?/ch ax*t
loh*&*c R": X*S
2
J ^R" X*"
^
J R
2
S
15 (Ay ng\* ta ?8ng ax*t loh*&*c , Ghc h5nh t&En thuV t*nh.
X*S
2
fc ?8ng &;ng &=* t&ong xUy ?Yng$ 92n xu4t thuV t*nh$
m)*... %. Axit ?ilicic v; 0u[i ?ilicat
Ax*t 9*l*c*c c cTng thNc ho hsc l) R
2
X*S
L
$ l) ax*t yu$ 0t tan t&ong n6c.
+*Hu ch ax*t 9*l*c*c %`ng cch cho ax*t cloh*&*c tc ?Ong (6* ?ung ?/ch 9*l*cat$ fc ?ung ?/ch R
2
X*S
L
?6*
?Cng Geo:
2RCl J Na
2
X*S
L
R
2
X*S
L
J 2NaCl
buI* c-a ax*t 9*l*c*c c tEn l) 9*l*cat. Nat&* () Gal* 9*l*cat t&Tng %H ngo)* g*Ing thuV t*nh$ nhng tan fc t&ong nW
6c$ (5
(Ay ch@ng c tEn l) thuV t*nh tan. mung ?/ch c-a ch@ng tan t&ong n6c gs* l) thuV t*nh lrng.
ThuV t*nh tan ?8ng , ch tCo x* mhng () %EtTng ch/u ax*t$ ?8ng l)m l67 %2o (B ge GhTng chy$ 92n xu4t
9*l*cagen. X*l*cagen l) m;t 7ol*me (T c c cTng thNc !X*S
2
#
n
l) m;t ch4t chIng Zm &4t tIt$ ?8ng t&ong %2o
ju2n 7h*m 2nh$ %hng
a h5nh$ thYc 7hZm cao c47 ...
L. CTng ngh*B7 9*l*cat
a. X2n xu4t th-y t*nh: G0nh$ cha* ls$ cIc$ chn
%. X2n xu4t gIm: gCch$ ng*$ chum$ (C*$ %t
a... c. X2n xu4t x* mhng
'. ')* tA7 c l\* g*2*:
+H %)*
%%%. C K l0t ?ung ?/ch hen hf7 Na
2
CS
L
[$K b () !NR
^
#
2
CS
L
[$2: b. Cho ^L g hen hf7 'aCl
2
() CaCl
2
()o
?ung ?/ch
. Xau Gh* cc 7h2n Nng Gt th@c thu fc Ln$M g Gt t-a A () ?ung ?/ch '.
K. T0nh i GhI* lfng cc ch4t c t&ong A.
2. Ch*a ?ung ?/ch ' th)nh 2 7h3n %`ng nhau:
a. Cho ax*t RCl ()o m;t 7h3n$ cT cCn ?ung ?/ch () nung ch4t &n c>n lC* t6* GhI* lfng GhTng d*
fc ch4t &n k. T0nh i GhI* lfng cc ch4t t&ong k.
%. +un nng 7h3n thN ha* &* thEm tD tD 2M[ ml ?ung ?/ch'a!SR#
2
[$2 b ()o. Rr* tdng GhI* lfng c-a
2 ?ung
?/ch g*2m tI* a %ao nh*Eu gam p c*2 9F n6c %ay h* GhTng
ng G,. Cho C q K2x S q K]x Cl q L:$: x Ca q ^[x 'a q KLM.
%%&. K. Cho a mol CS
2
tc ?Ong (6* % mol 'a!SR#
2
.
a. R=y g*2* th0ch 9Y 7hO thu;c g*<a a () % theo cc *Hu G*Bn 9au:
L 2 L 2
% a 2% x 2% a () % ~ a.
%. Qh* thay 'a!SR#
2
%`ng NaSR th5 cc %4t ang thNc t&En c>n @ng hay GhTngp
c. 7 ?Ong a q [$K: mol$ % q [$K_ mol Nng (6* cc *Hu G*Bn n)o t&ong cc *Hu G*Bn t&En.
2. Ro) tan 22$n: g 'aS ()o n6c fc ?ung ?/ch A. Cho K_$^ g hen hf7 CaCS
L
() bgCS
L
ho) tan ht
t&ong ?ung ?/ch RCl thu fc Gh0 '. Nu cho ?ung ?/ch A h47 thO ht Gh0 ' th5 c Gt t-a tCo th)nh hay
GhTng p
L. Nu K^$2 g hen hf7 ha* muI* t&En t&ong c ai bgCS
L
tc ?Ong (6* ?ung ?/ch A th5 a c g* t&/
%`ng %ao nh*Eu , cho lfng Gt t-a c t&ong ?ung ?/ch l) cao nh4t$ th47 nh4t p
%%'. Cho &4t tD tD ?ung ?/ch A chNa x mol RCl ()o ?ung ?/ch ' chNa y mol Na
2
CS
L
. Xau Gh* cho ht A
()o ' ta fc ?ung ?/ch C. Rr* t&ong ?ung ?/ch C c nh<ng ch4t g5$ %ao nh*Eu mol ,'Inh 'ho 3 v= )/.
Nu x q 2y th5 7R c-a ?ung ?/ch C l) %ao nh*Eu 9au Gh* un nh , ud* ht Gh0.
%%(. Ro) tan ho)n to)n KK$2 g CaS ()o n6c ta fc ?ung ?/ch A.
K. Nu cho Gh0 CS
2
9Oc jua ?ung ?/ch A () 9au Gh* Gt th@c th0 ngh*Bm th4y c 2$:g Gt t-a
th5 c %ao nh*Eu l0t CS
2
= tham g*a 7h2n Nng p
2. Nu ho) tan ho)n to)n 2_$K g hen hf7 bgCS
L
() 'aCS
L
c th)nh 7h3n GhTng d* t&ong chNa
ai bgCS
L
%`ng ?ung ?/ch RCl () cho t4t c2 Gh0 thot &a h47 thO ht ()o ?ung ?/ch A th5 thu fc Gt
t-a m. Rr* Gh* a c g* t&/ %ao nh*Eu th5 lfng Gt t-a m nh*Hu nh4t () 0t nh4t.
Cho: C q K2 x S q K] x bg q 2^ x Ca q ^[ x 'a q
KLM.
%%). b;t loC* (T* chNa _[i CaCS $ K[$2i Al S () n$_i "e S . Nung . nh*Bt ; cao !K2[[
[
C# ta thu
fc ch4t &n c GhI* lfng %`ng M_i GhI* lfng t&fc Gh* nung.
a. T0nh h*Bu 9u4t 7h2n Nng 7hUn huV CaCS
L
() i GhI* lfng CaS t&ong 9au Gh* nung.
%. +, ho) tan K[ g hen hf7 9au Gh* nung c3n t*Eu tIn %ao nh*Eu ml ?ung ?/ch RCl [$:b$ g*2 9F cc
7h2n Nng x2y &a ho)n to)n.
c. Ro) tan 2] g hen hf7 9au Gh* nung %`ng ?ung ?/ch RCl ? () cho t4t c2 Gh0 thot &a h47 thO
()o ^[[ml ?ung ?/ch NaSR nng ; ai !? q K$K_ glml# 9au thEm lfng ? 'aCl
2
th4y tCo th)nh K_$MK: g
Gt t-a. T0nh a.
Cho: R q Kx C q K2 x S q K] x Al q 2M x Ca q ^[ x "e q :] x 'a q
KLM.
%%*. Ro) tan :: gam hen hf7 Na
2
CS
L
() Na
2
XS
L
%`ng :[[ml ?ung ?/ch R
2
XS
^
Kb ,l%ng a3i' v@a !/ ta thu
fc hen hf7 Gh0 A () ?ung ?/ch chNa m;t muI* t&ung ho) ?uy nh4t.
a. Cho hen hf7 Gh0 A ()o %5nh G0n ?ung t0ch : l0t c m;t 0t %;t x@c tc 1
2
S
:
,'hC 'Ich kh?ng
!ng kC/. T0nh 7 9u4t t&ong %5nh$ %*t nh*Bt ; %5nh l) 2M$L
[
C.
%. 'm t*7 ox* ()o %5nh ta thu fc hen hf7 Gh0 ' c tV GhI* 9o (6* h*&o l) 2K$2M. T0nh 9I mol
ox* = %m ()o %5nh.
c. Nung nng %5nh m;t th\* g*an ta thu fc hen hf7 Gh0 C$ c tV GhI* 9o (6* h*&o l) 22$L:. T0nh i
th, t0ch
c-a cc Gh0 t&ong hen hf7 C.
Cho: R q K$ S q K]$ C q K2$ Na q 2L$ X q
L2.
%%+. Nung :_ gam hen hf7 A gm AK !"eCS
L
J tC7 ch4t t&# () A2 !"eX
2
J tC7 ch4t t&# (6* lfng GhTng Gh0
!gm
2[i ox* () _[i n*t theo th, t0ch# (Da - t&ong %5nh G0n ?ung t0ch K[ l0t. Xau Gh* cc 7h2n Nng x2y &a
ho)n to)n$ thu
fc hen hf7 ch4t &n AL () hen hf7 Gh0 '. T&ong AL chv chNa m;t 9t ox*t ?uy nh4t () lfng tC7 ch4t t&
%an 3u. Ren hf7 ' c tV GhI* 9o (6* GhTng Gh0 c th)nh 7h3n cho t&En l) K$K_K.
a. T0nh GhI* lfng c-a AK () A2 %an 3u$ %*t &`ng i GhI* lfng tC7 ch4t t&ong AK () A2 %`ng
nhau.
%. T0nh 7 9u4t c-a Gh0 t&ong %5nh 9au Gh* nung = a (H nh*Bt ; KL]$:
[
C$ g*2 9F ?ung t0ch
c-a %5nh GhTng
d
*.
c. Nu cho ' 7h2n Nng (6* ox* ? ,cT 3nc 'c F
2
;
5
/$ 9au Gh* 7h2n Nng ho)n to)n$ ho) tan Gh0 ()o ][[
gam R
2
S
fc ?ung ?/ch ax*t c GhI* lfng &*Eng l) K$[2
gamlml. T0nh nng ; molll c-a ax*t t&ong ?ung
?/ch.
Cho: "e q :]$ X q L2$ C q K2$ S q K]$ N q K^.
2
2 3
%%,. Cho lung h* n6c jua than nng r$ 9au Gh* loC* ht h* n6c thu fc hen hf7 Gh0 k gm CS$ R
2
()
CS
2
. T&;n hen hf7 Gh0 k (6* ox* ? ()o %5nh G0n ?ung t0ch GhTng d* fc hen hf7 Gh0 A . nh*Bt ; [
[
C ()
7 9u4t 7K. +It
chy ho)n to)n hen hf7 Gh0 A &* a (H nh*Bt ; [[C th5 7 9u4t c-a Gh0 t&ong %5nh ,h_n h%p `/ l) 7
2
q [$:
7
K
.
Nu cho NaSR &n ()o %5nh , h47 thO ht Gh0 CS $ c>n lC* m;t Gh0 ?uy nh4t$ nh*Bt ; t&ong
%5nh l) [
[
C th5 7 9u4t o fc l) 7
L
q [$L 7
K
.
a. T0nh i th, t0ch cc Gh0 t&ong A.
%. C3n %ao nh*Eu Gg than c chNa ^i tC7 ch4t t& , thu fc K[[[ m
L
hen hf7 k o . KL]$:
[
C ()
2$2^ atm. '*t &`ng c ni cac%on = %/ It chy.
Cho: R q K$ C q K2$ S q
K].
%%-. C ][[ml ?ung ?/ch hen hf7 Na
2
CS
L
() NaRCS
L
. ThEm :$]^ gam hen hf7 Q
2
CS
L
() QRCS
L
()o ?ung
?/ch t&En$ th5 fc ?ung ?/ch A ,giN #L 'hC 'Ich dung dch [ vkn l= $SSml/. Ch*a ?ung ?/ch A th)nh L
7h3n %`ng nhau:
W Cho &4t tD tD K[[ml ?ung ?/ch RCl ()o 7h3n thN nh4t$ thu fc ?ung ?/ch ' () ^^_ml Gh0 ,!o O
!k'c/ %ay &a. ThEm n6c (T* t&ong ,d/ ()o ?ung ?/ch ' th4y tCo th)nh 2$: gam Gt t-a.
W th3n thN ha* tc ?Ong (Da - (6* K:[ml ?ung ?/ch NaSR [$Kb.
W Cho Gh0 R'& ,d/ * jua 7h3n thN %a$ 9au cT cCn th5 thu fc _$K2: gam
muI* Ghan. a. 1*t 7hng t&5nh 7h2n Nng ?6* ?Cng *on.
%. T0nh nng ; mol c-a cc muI* t&ong ?/ch A () c-a ?ung ?/ch RCl = ?8ng.
Cho: R q K$ C q K2$ S q K]$ Na q 2L$ Q q Ln$ '& q _[$ Ca
q ^[.
%&.. Ro) tan 2$_^ gam hen hf7 ha* muI* cac%onat c-a ha* G*m loC* A () ' G t*7 nhau t&ong 7hUn nhm
IIA %`ng
K2[ml ?ung ?/ch RCl [$:b thu fc [$_n] l0t Gh0 CS
2
,!o O 54K$
S
9 v= SKh a'm/ () ?ung ?/ch k.
K. a. T0nh GhI* lfng mol nguyEn tF c-a A () '.
%. T0nh GhI* lfng muI* tCo th)nh t&ong ?ung ?/ch
k.
2. T0nh i GhI* lfng c-a me* muI* t&ong hen hf7 %an 3u.
L. Nu cho to)n %; Gh0 CS
2
h47 thO %.* 2[[ml ?ung ?/ch 'a!SR#
2
th5 nng ; c-a 'a!SR#
2
l)
%ao nh*Eu ,
thu fc L$n^ gam Gt t-a p
^. tha lo=ng ?ung ?/ch k th)nh 2[[ml$ 9au cho thEm 2[[ml ?ung ?/ch Na2XS^ [$Kb. '*t
&`ng Gh* lfng
2J 2W
2J 2W
Gt t-a 'XS
^
GhTngthng thEm n<a th5 t0ch 9I nng ; c-a
cc *on '
2$:.K[
W:
. R=y t0nh lfng Gt t-a thYc t fc tCo &a.
()
XS
^
t&ong ?ung ?/ch %`ng:
z'
{zXS
^
{ q
Cho: 'e q n$ bg q 2^$ Ca q ^[$ X& q __$ 'a q
KLM.
R6ng ?}n g*2*
%%%
.
K. Na CS
2Na
J
J CS
2
+
2
!NR
^
#
2
CS
L
2 NR
4
J CS
3
2
3
3
L 3
'aCl 'a
2J
2J
J 2Cl
W
W
CaCl
2

Ca
Cc 7h2n Nng: 'a
2J
J CS
2
Ca
2J
J CS
2

J 2Cl
'aCS
L

CaCS
L

CN K mol 'aCl
2
hoc CaCl
2
%*n th)nh 'aCS
L
hoc CaCS
L
$ GhI* lfng g*2m MK W ][ q KK !g#. 1Ay tdng 9I
mol 'aCS
L
J
CaCS
L
%`ng
^ L L n $ M
K K
[ $ L . 1Ay tdng 9I mol
CS
2W
q [$K J [$2: q [$L:. +*Hu chNng tr ? CS
2
.
cs* x$ y l) 9I mol 'aCS
L
() CaCS
L
t&ong A ta c :

+
3
3
2
3
L
3 L
L
1$%
x +
x +
100
y 0 ,3

y 3$ , %
;

x = 0,1 mol
y = 0,2 mol
Th)nh 7h3n c-a A:
i 'aCS
L
q
0 ,1 1$%
3$ , %
.
100
4$ , 62
i
1
2. a# T&ong
2
i CaCS
L
q K[[ W ^n$]2 q :[$L_i
?ung ?/ch % c: Na
J
$ Cl
W
$ NR
4
$ CS
2
Qh* cho RCl ()o 7h2n Nng: CS
2
J 2R
J
R S J CS
3
2
2
Nh (Ay Gh* cT cCn ta thu fc 2 muI* Nacl () NR
^
Cl. Qh* nung hen hf7 muI* n)y chv c NR
^
Cl %/
7hUn huV:
t
[
NR
^
Cl NR
L
J RCl
1Ay ch4t &n k chNa K[[i NaCl.
%#
T&ong
1
?ung ?/ch ' c: Na
J
$ Cl
W
$ CS
2
$ NR
+
. Ta c:
2
XI mol CS
2
+
3 4
q
1
![$L: W [$L[# q [$[2:
2
1
XI mol NR
4
q
. 0 , 25 . 2
2
0 , 25
XI mol 'a!SR#
2
q [$2M . [$2 q [$[:^ () (5:
'a!SR#
'a
2J
J 2 SR
W
nEn 9I mol 'a
2J
q [$[:^ () 9I mol SR
W
q 2 . [$[:^ q [$K[_
!mol# Qh* cho 'a!SR#
2
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4
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22 , $5
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L
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.
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.
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_^x + K[[y 2$ _^

%. c*2*
hB:
x + y [$
[L
;
x q [$[K () y q [$[2.

^
m
bgCSL
q _^ . [$[K q [$_^ !g# im q 2n$:_i
m
CaCSL
q K[[ . [$[2 q 2 !g# im q M[$^2i
c. Qh* 'a!SR#
2
h47 thO CS
2
x2y &a cc 7h2n Nng:
CS
2
J 'a!SR#
2
'aCS
L
J
R
2
S bol: a a a
'aCS
L
J R
2
S J CS
2
'a!RCS
L
#
2
Roc (*t: 2CS
2
J 'a!SR#
2
'a!RCS
L
#
2
bol: % [$:% [$:%
Ta c: a J % q [$[L
L$
n^
15 a
q
KnM
[$ [2 nEn % q [$[K
XI mol 'a!SR#
2
q a J [$:% q [$[2: !mol#
[$ [2:
Nng ; 'a!SR#
2
t&ong ?ung ?/ch l):
[$ 2
[$K2: !molll#
?. XI mol RCl = 7h2n Nng: 2. !x J y# q [$[] !mol#$ ?o t&ong k chv c: bgCl
2
![$[K mol# () CaCl
2
![$[2
mol#. Xau Gh* 7ha lo=ng k () thEm Na
2
XS
^
th5:
Nng ; c-a *on Ca
2J
q
[$ [2
[$ [: !molll#
[$ ^
Nng ; c-a *on XS
2W
q
[$K.[$
2
[$ ^
[$ [: !molll#
Ta c 7h2n Nng: Ca
2J
J XS
2W
CaXS ^
^
T&6c 7h2n Nng: !mol#: [$[: [$[:
Qt t-a: x x
Xau Gt t-a: ![$[: x# ![$[: x# x
![$[: x# . ![$[: x# q 2$: . K[
W:
x q [$[^: !molll#
[$ [^:.^[[
1Ay 9I mol CaXS
^
= Gt
t-a l):
K[[[
[$ [K_ !mol#$ hay [$[K_ . KL] q 2$^^_ !g#.
C. ')* tA7 tY g*2*:
%&%. K. +t ha* cIc A$ ' c GhI* lfng %`ng nhau lEn ha* a cUn: cUn thhng %`ng. Cho K[$] g Na
2
CS
L
()o cIc A ()
KK$_2 g 'aCS
L
()o cIc ' 9au thEm K2 g ?ung ?/ch R
2
XS
^
n_i ()o cIc A$ cUn m4t thhng %`ng. Nu
thEm tD tD ?ung ?/ch RCl K^$]i ()o cIc ' cho t6* Gh* cUn t&. lC* thhng %`ng th5 tIn ht %ao nh*Eu gam
?ung ?/ch RCl p ,>iN #L .
2
;
v= a3i' 0a) h2i kh?ng !ng kC/
1
2. Xau Gh* cUn thhng %`ng$
l4y
2
lfng cc ch4t t&ong cIc ' ()o cIc A: cUn m4t thhng %`ng:
a. Rr* 7h2* thEm %ao nh*Eu gam n6c ()o cIc ' ,cho cUn t&. lC* thhng %`ng p
%. Nu GhTng ?8ng n6c m) ?8ng ?ung ?/ch RCl K^$]i th5 7h2* thEm %ao nh*Eu gam ?ung
?/ch ax*t p Cho: R q K xC q K2 x S q K] x Na q 2L x X q L2 x Cl q L:$: x 'a q KLM.
6p #: K. QhI* lfng ?ung ?/ch RCl K^$]i c3n thEm l) ]$nn] gam.
2. a. Pfng n6c thEm ()o cIc ' l): KM$L2 gam.
%. QhI* lfng ?ung ?/ch RCl K^$]i c3n thEm l) K_$LL2 gam.
%&&. Cho h* n6c jua than nung r thu fc 2$2^ l0t hen hf7 Gh0 A !Gtc# gm CS$ R2$ CS
2
. cho hen hf7
A GhF
^[$K^ g t%S ? nung nng ,hilu #u&' 1SSf/ thu fc hen hf7 Gh0 ' () hen hf7 ch4t
&n C. Ro) tan ho)n to)n hen hf7 C t&ong RNS
L
2b thu fc K$L^^ l0t Gh0 NS !Gtc#
() ?ung ?/ch m.
Qh0 ' fc h47 thO %.* ?ung ?/ch n6c (T* t&ong$ thu fc K$^ g Gt t-a ux Psc Gt t-a$ un nng ?ung ?/ch
n6c lsc
lC* tCo &a m gam Gt t-a
u.
Cho ?ung ?/ch m tc ?Ong (6* lfng ? Q
2
XS
^
() Na
2
XS
^
tCo &a Gt t-a
t&ng c.
K. T0nh i theo th, t0ch cc Gh0 t&ong A.
2. T0nh th, t0ch ?ung ?/ch RNS
L
tI* th*,u , ho) tan ho)n to)n hen hf7 C.
L. T0nh GhI* lfng m.
^. T0nh GhI* lfng Gt t-a c. c*2 th*t cc 7h2n Nng tCo th)nh Gt t-a u () c x2y &a
ho)n to)n. Cho: t% q 2[M xCa q ^[ x C q K2 x S q K] x X q L2.
6p #: K. i1
CS
q L:ix i1
CS2
q K[ix i1
R2
q ::i
2. 1
??RNSL
q [$2K l0t
L. m q K$:: gam
^. m
c
!t%XS
^
# q :^$:^ gam
%&'. Cho _$_ gam hen hf7 A gm "eCS
L
() CaCS
L
()o %5nh G0n ?ung t0ch l) K$2 l0t chNa GhTng Gh0 !c
tV lB 1
S2
: 1
N2
q K : ^# . Kn$:
[
C () K atm. Nung %5nh n nh*Bt ; cao , 7h2n Nng x2y &a ho)n to)n$ fc hen hf7 ch4t
&n ' () hen hf7 Gh0 C$ 9au a %5nh (H nh*Bt ; ]_2$: Q$ 7 9u4t t&ong %5nh l) 7. Pfng hen hf7 '
7h2n Nng (Da - (6* RNS
L
c t&ong 2[[ g ?ung ?/ch RNS
L
]$M2i thu fc ?ung ?/ch m () Gh0 NS.
a. T0nh i (H GhI* lfng cc ch4t t&ong A.
%. T0nh 7.
c. T0nh lfng muI* tCo th)nh t&ong ?ung ?/ch m () th, t0ch Gh0
NS !Gtc#. Cho: "e q :] x Ca q ^[ x S q K] x C q K2 x N q K^ x R q K.
6p #: a. im
"eCSL
q ]:$ni x im
CaCSL
q L^$Ki
%. 7 q :$] atm
c. Pfng muI* tCo th)nh t&ong ?ung ?/ch m q KM$[2 gamx 1
NS
!Gtc# q [$[M^] l0t.
2
%&(. Cho M$2 g hen hf7 A gm ha* muI* cac%onat c-a 2 G*m $loC* G t*7 nhau t&ong nhm G*m loC* G*Hm
thd. Cho A
ho) tan ht t&ong ?ung ?/ch R
2
XS
^
lo=ng$ thu fc Gh0 '. Cho to)n %; ' h47 thO ht %.* ^:[ ml ?ung ?/ch
'a!SR#
2
[$2
b thu fc K:$M] g Gt t-a.
a. kc /nh ha* muI* cac%onat () t0nh i theo GhI* lfng c-a ch@ng t&ong A.
%. bt Ghc$ cho M$2 g A () KK$] g "e
2
S
L
()o %5nh G0n ?ung t0ch K[ l0t ,giN #L 'hC 'Ich ch&' -+n
kh?ng !ng kC v= dung 'Ich 0mnh kh?ng !Qi/. 'm GhTng Gh0 !chNa 2[i S () _[i N theo th, t0ch#
()o %5nh . 2M$L
[
C n Gh* 7 9u4t t&ong %5nh l) 7
K
q K$2L2 atm. Nung %5nh . nh*Bt ; cao , cc 7h2n
Nng x2y &a ho)n to)n$ &* a (H nh*Bt ; %an
3u$ 7 9u4t Gh0 t&ong %5nh l) 7
2
.
T0nh 7 9u4t 7
2
.
c. T0nh th, t0ch ?ung ?/ch RCl ^ b 0t nh4t 7h2* ?8ng , ho)n tan ht hen hf7 &n 9au Gh* nung.
Cho: 'e q n x Ca q ^[ x bg q 2^ x X& q __ x %a q
KLM.
6p #: a. T-Wng h%p 1: bgCS
L
:_$LLi () CaCS
L
^K$]Mi.
T-Wng h%p 2: 'eCS
L
M]$]Mi () bgCS
L
2L$LLi.
%. T-Wng h%p 1: bgCS
L
() CaCS
L
th5 72 q K$]K^ atm.
T-Wng h%p 2: 'eCS
L
() bgCS
L
th5 72 q K$]]L atm.
c. T-Wng h%p 1: bgCS
L
() CaCS
L
th5 1??RCl q KK:
ml.
T-Wng h%p 2: 'eCS
L
() bgCS
L
th5 72 q K2: ml.
%&). +It chy ho)n to)n L$[ g m;t m}u than chv c chNa tC7 ch4t lu hunh$ Gh0 thu fc cho h47 thO
ho)n to)n %.*
[$: l0t ?ung ?/ch NaSR K$:b fc ?ung ?/ch A chNa ha* muI*.
Cho Gh0 clo tc ?Ong (6* A$ 9au Gh* 7h2n Nng xong thu fc ?ung ?/ch '. Cho ?ung ?/ch ' tc ?Ong (6*
'aCl
2
? thu
fc a gam Gt t-a gm 'aCS
L
() 'aXS
^
$ nu ho) tan lfng Gt t-a n)y t&ong RCl ? c>n lC* L$^n: g ch4t
GhTng tan. a. T0nh th)nh 7h3n i GhI* lfng c-a C () X t&ong m}u than () g* t&/ c-a a.
%. T0nh nng ; cc*on t&ong ?ung
?/ch A. c. T0nh th, t0ch Gh0 Cl
2
!Gtc# = 7h2n Nng.
?. T0nh lfng nh*Bt to2 &a !Gy# Gh* It chy L[ gam loC* than t&En !cho nh*Bt tCo th)nh c-a CS
2
%`ng ^^_$M
Gylmol$ c-a XS
2
%`ng 2_n$n Gylmol#.
Cho: 'a q KLM x X q L2 x S q K] x C q K2.
6p #: a. iC q _^ix iX q K]i
%. zSR
W
{ q [$]bx zCS
2W
{ q [$^2bx zXS
2W
{ q [$[Lbx zNa
J
{ q K$:b
L L
c. 1Cl
2
q L$L]
l0t ?. q
K.[]n$M Gy.
Chung 1 %)* tA7 tdng hf7
A. +H %)* c l\* g*2*
+H %)*
%&*. +, t&ung ho) L$L_g m;t oleum c3n ?8ng 2:$][ml ?ung ?/ch QSR K^i ! ? q
K$2:glml#
a$ kc /nh cTng thNc oleum. %$ T0nh Ci XS
L
t&ong oleum.
c$ T0nh m
Sleum
t&En c3n l4y , 7ha ()o :[[ml ?ung ?/ch R
2
XS
^
^ni ! ? q K$2:ml# c th, *Hu ch W
fc oleum K:i.
%&+. QhF L$^_g m;t ox*t c-a G*m loC* b c3n ?8ng K$L^^ l0t Gh0 R
2
. !Gtc#. To)n %; lfng G*m loC* b thu W
fc cho tc ?Ong (6* ?ung ?/ch RCl ? cho K$[__ l0t R
2
! Gtc#. T5m G*m loC* b () ox*t c-a b.
K2_. T&;n [$:^ g %;t nhTm (6* %;t "e
2
S
L
() CuS &* t*n h)nh 7h2n Nng nh*Bt nhTm thu fc hen hf7 A. Ro)
tan ho)n to)n A t&ong ?ung ?/ch RNS
L
fc hen hf7 Gh0 gm NS () NS
2
c tv lB 9I mol tng Nng l) K : L.
Th, t0ch !Gtc# Gh0 NS () NS
2
l) %ao nh*Eu l0tp
K2n. T&;n CuS (6* m;t ox*t G*m loC* chv c ho t&/ II theo tV lB mol K : 2 fc hen hf7 A. Cho m;t lung R
2
?
* jua
2$^g A nung nng thu fc hen hf7 '. +, ho) tan ' ht c3n ^[ ml ?ung ?/ch RNS
L
2$:b () thu fc 1l*t
NS ?uy nh4t ! Gtc#. kc /nh G*m loC* ho t&/ II t&En () t0nh 1p
KL[. Nh@ng ha* t4m G|m$ me* t4m c GhI* lfng K[$[[ gam ()o ha* ?ung ?/ch muI* G*m loC* ho t&/ ha*. Xau
m;t th\* g*an xc /nh$ l4y ha* t4m G|m &a Ghr* ?ung ?/ch$ &Fa 9Cch$ l)m GhT &* cUn lC*. Qt ju2 cho
th4y m;t t4m c GhI* lfng n$:2L: gam$ t4m G*a c GhI* lfng KM$[nK gam. 9ho 0i4': b;t t&ong ha* ?ung
?/ch muI* G*m loC* ho t&/ ha* l) muI* 9t !II#x lfng G|m tham g*a 7h2n Nng . ha* ?ung ?/ch l) nh nhau$
GhI* lfng mol t&ung %5nh c-a G|m$ gn q
]:$L_
gam.
K. c*2* th0ch h*Bn tfng x2y &a . me* ?ung
?/ch.
2. Cho %*t G*m loC* n)o tham g*a ()o th)nh 7h3n ?ung ?/ch muI*
thN ha*.
KLK. Cho Kn$2 g Cu tc ?Ong ht (6* ?ung ?/ch RNS
L
. T4t c2 lfng Gh0 NS 9*nh &a em ox* ho th)nh NS
2
&* 9Oc ()o n6c c8ng (6* ?>ng Gh0 ox* , chuy,n ht th)nh RNS
L
. T0nh th, t0ch ox* !Gtc# = tham g*a
()o ju t&5nh t&En.
KL2. Cho ag hen hf7 A gm "eS$ CuS$ "e
L
S
^
!c 9I mol %`ng nhau# tc ?Ong (Da - (6* 2:[ml ?ung ?/ch
RNS
L
thu
fc ?ung ?/ch ' () L$KL]l hen hf7 NS
2
() NS c tv GhI* 9o (6* h*&o l) 2[$K^L. T0nh a () C
b
c-a RNS
L
.
KLL. +, m g 7ho* %)o 9t !A# ngo)* GhTng Gh0 9au m;t th\* g*an %*n th)nh hen hf7 !'# c GhI* lfng L[g
gm "e () cc ox*t "eS$ "e
L
S
^
$ "e
2
S
L
. Cho ' tc ?Ong ho)n to)n (6* ax*t n*t&*c th4y g*2* 7hng &a :$]
l*t Gh0 NS ?uy nh4t !Gtc#.T0nh mp
KL^. Ro) tan ht ^$^LKg hen hf7 Al () bg t&ong RNS
L
lo=ng thu fc ?ung ?/ch A () K$:]_l*t !Gtc# hen hf7
ha* Gh0 !Hu GhTng m)u# c GhI* lfng 2$:ng$ t&ong m;t Gh0 %/ ho nUu t&ong GhTng Gh0.
K. T0nh th)nh 7h3n i (H th, t0ch me* Gh0 t&ong hen hf7.
2. T0nh 9I mol RNS
L
= tham g*a 7h2n Nng.
L. CT cCn ?ung ?/ch A thu fc %ao nh*Eu gam muI* Ghanp
KL:. +*Bn 7hUn ?ung ?/ch chNa [$2 mol "eXS
^
() [$[]mol RCl (6* ?>ng *Bn K$L^ A t&ong 2 g*\
!*Bn cYc t&$ c m)ng nghn#. T0nh GhI* lfng G*m loC* thot &a . Gatot () th, t0ch Gh0 thot &a .
anot!Gtc#. 'r jua 9Y ho) tan c-a clo t&ong n6c () h*Bu 9u4t *Bn 7hUn l) K[[i.
KLM. +*Bn 7hUn 2[[ml ?ung ?/ch hen hf7 Cu!NS
L
#
2
() AgNS
L
t&ong ^ g*\ (6* ?>ng *Bn [.^[2A th5 G*m
loC* t&ong ?ung ?/ch thot &a ht !GhTng c Gh0 h*&o %ay &a# . kc *nh C
b
c-a me* muI*$ %*t GhI* lfng
G*m loC* thu fc l)
L$^^g
.
KL_. mung ?/ch k chNa RCl$ CuXS
^
$ "e
2
!XS
^
#
L
. P4y ^[[ml ?ung ?/ch k em *Bn 7hUn %`ng *Bn
cYc t&$ c\ng ; ?>ng *Bn M$M2A$ n Gh* . Gatot thu fc :$K2g Cu th5 ?Dng lC*. Qh* . anot c 2$2^ l*t
m;t ch4t Gh0 %ay &a !Gtc#. mung ?/ch 9au *Bn 7hUn tc ?Ong (Da - (6* K$2: l*t ?ung ?/ch 'a!SR#
2
[$2b () un nng ?ung ?/ch t&ong GhTng Gh0 cho cc 7h2n Nng x2y &a ho)n to)n th5 thu fc :]$M]g Gt
t-a.
K. T0nh th\* g*an *Bn 7hUn. T0nh C
b
c-a cc ch4t t&ong ?ung ?/ch %an 3u.
3
2 4
x y 2
KLn. bNc tI* a cho 7h7 c-a R
2
X t&ong GhTng Gh0 l) [$[K mg ll. +, nh g* 9Y nh*m %Zn c-a GhTng
Gh0 . m;t nh)
my ng\* ta l)m nh 9au :
+*Bn 7hUn ?ung ?/ch QI t&ong 2 7h@t $ I q 2mA. Xau cho 2 l0t GhTng Gh0 l;* tD tD jua ?ung
?/ch *Bn 7hUn t&En cho n Gh* *ot ho)n to)n m4t m)u . ThEm h t*nh %;t ()o %5nh () t*7 tOc *Bn
7hUn L: g*Uy n<a (6* ?>ng *Bn t&En th5 ?ung ?/ch %t 3u xu4t h*Bn m)u xanh. c*2* th0ch th0 ngh*Bm
() cho %*t 9Y nh*m %Zn GhTng Gh0 . nh) my = (ft ju mNc cho 7h7 cha p
K^[. +*Bn 7hUn ?ung ?/ch hen hf7 RCl [$[Kb J CuCl
2
[$Kb J NaCl [$Kb !*Bn cYc t& c m)ng nghn#.
1| th/ %*,u ?*n 9Y %*n th*En 7R c-a ?ung ?/ch theo ju t&5nh *Bn 7hUn
R6ng ?}n g*2*
%&*. c * 2 *
25, 6 1, 25
14
a# n
QSR
q
100 56
q [$[_ !mol#
R
2
XS
^
.nXS
L
J ! 2n J 2# QSR !n JK# Q
2
XS
^
J !n J 2# R
2
S
K mol !2n J2# mol
3 , 3"
[$[_ n q L R XS . LXS
$" + "0 n
3 "0
2 ^ L
%# Ci
XSL
q
$" + "0 3!
100%
q MKi
c# QhI* lfng mol c-a R
2
XS
^
.LXS
L
q LL_ !g# cs* x l) 9I gam R
2
XS
^
.LXS
L
c3n t5m.
T&ong LL_g R
2
XS
^
.LXS
L
c n_g R
2
XS
^
() 2^[g LXS
L
xg R
2
XS
^
.LXS
L
c
$"x
33"
g R
2
XS
^
()
240x
33"
g LXS
L
m
??
q :[[. K$2: q ]2:g t&ong ]2:g R
2
XS
^
^ni c L[]$2:g R
2
XS
^
() LK_$M:g LXS
L
Qh* ho) tan: XS
L
J R
2
S R
2
XS
^
_[g K_g n_g
y
K
LK_$M:g y
2
&@t &a: y
K
q K^K]$]Mg XS
L
x y
2
q KML:$^2g R
2
XS
^
15 oleum c K:i XS
L
nEn: Ta c:
m
SO
m
H SO
15 3
q q
"5 %
240x
33"
1416, 6%
$"x
3
q c*2* &a ta fc x q 2]n]$_ hay 2$M Gg
1%
306, 25 + + 1%35, 42
33"
%&+. c*2I b S J yR
t
0
xb J yR S !K#
1, 344
n
S t&ong ox*t
q n
R
q
2
22, 4
q [$[]. m
G*m loC*
q L$^_W !K]. [$[]# q 2$:2g
2b J 2nRCl 2bCl
n
J nR
2

2b!g# n!mol#
2$:2!g#

1, 0""
22, 4
q [$[^:!mol# b q 2_n n q 2 b q :] "e
CuS J J R
2
S !K#
x mol x mol
2

t
2
"e
x
S
y
J yR
2
x"e J
yR
2
S
y x mol
[$[] mol

2, 52
56
x 3
q [$[^: q
y 4
"e
L
S
^
K2_. c * 2 I 7 ?Ong 7hng 7h7 %2o to)n elect&on$ ta c:
Tdng 9I mol elect&on
cho q
0, 54
2%
3 q [$[] !mol# q Tdng 9I mol elect&on nhAn
+t x l) 9I mol NS th5 9I mol NS
2
l) Lx.
TD N
J:
xuIng N
J2
nhAn Lelect&on$ c>n tD N
J:
xuIng N
J^
nhAn
Kelect&on$ ?o tdng 9I mol elect&on nhAn q Lx J Lx q [$[] !mol#
hay x q [$[K
Th, t0ch c-a ha* ox*t . Gtc l) ![$[K J [$[L#22$^ q [$_n] !l0t#
K2n. c * 2 I cs* 9I mol CuS l) x th5 9I bS 9| l) 2x. C ha* t&\ng hf7:
a# b Nng 9au Al t&ong ?=y *Bn ho$ c2 ha* ox*t Hu tc ?Ong (6* h*&o.
t
0
R

Cu
bS J
R
2
0

b J R S !2#
2x 2x
LCu J
_RNS
L

L Cu!NS
L
#
2
J 2NS J ^R
2
S !L#
x
" x
3
Lb J
_RNS
L

Lb!NS
L
#
2
J 2NS J ^R
2
S !^#
2x
16x
3
Ta c: _[x J !b J K]#. 2x q 2$^ g*2* &a x q [$ [K2:
" x
J
16x
q [$[^. 2$: q [$K b q ^[ Ca ! loC*#
3 3
%# b Nng t&6c Al t&ong ?=y *Bn ho.
t
0
CuS J
R
2

Cu J R
2
S
x mol x mol
LCu J
_RNS
L

L Cu!NS
L
#
2
J 2NS J ^R
2
S
NS
x
" x
2x
3 3
LbS J
2RNS
L
2x ^x

b!NS
L
#
2
J NS J ^R
2
S
_[x J !b J K]#. 2x q 2$^ g*2* &a x q [$ [K:
"x
J ^x q [$[^. 2$: q [$K b q 2^ bg
1
3
q
20,015
.22$^ q [$22^ l0t
3
W 2
KL[. c * 2 *
K. Qh* nh@ng t4m G|m ()o ?ung ?/ch muI* "e!II#: gn J "e
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A
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n =
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mol
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S
2(
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2]$:.K[
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2
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d

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d

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R
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M
2
CuCl
2
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2
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2
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L
#
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2
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?ung ?/ch
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2
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thu fc
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'a!RCS
L
#
2
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%. Ro) tan ho)n to)n L[$^ gam "eXS
^
()o :^$M: gam ?ung ?/ch RCl ^i thu fc ?ung ?/ch A.
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x
S
y
tc ?Ong (6* ?ung ?/ch RNS
L
thu fc [$^^gam ox*t N

. kc /nh cTng thNc

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!: W 2#"e
x
S
y
J !K_x W ]x W 2y#RNS
L
!: W 2#x"e!NS
L
#
L
J !Lx 2y#N

S

J !nx W Lx W y#R
2
S
K^L. R>a tan ho)n to)n m;t 0t %;t "e
L
S
^
()o m;t lfng ax*t RNS
L
(Da -$ thu fc [$LL] l0t N
x
S
y
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cCn ?ung ?/ch 9au 7h2n Nng fc L2$]M gam muI* Ghan. kc /nh cTng thNc ox*t () t0nh GhI* lfng "e
L
S
^
%/
h>a tan
K^^. a#b;t ox*t c-a n*t c cTng thNc NS
x
$ t&ong N ch*m L[$^Li (H GhI* lfng. kc /nh NS
x
. 1*t 7hW
ng t&5nh ha hsc c-a NS
x
(6* ?ung ?/ch NaSR . ?Cng 7hUn tF () *on.
%# NS
x
nh/ hf7 theo 7hng t&5nh ha hsc : 2NS
x
!G# N
2
S
2x
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NS
x
l) Gh0 m)u nUu$ N
2
S
2x
l) Gh0 GhTng m)u.
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W Qh* ngUm %5nh chNa NS
x
t&ong n6c $ th4y m)u nUu nhCt ?3n. Cho %*t 7h2n Nng thuAn l) tra
nh*Bt hay thu nh*Bt.
L
K^:. a# Cho 1ml ?ung ?/ch NR
L
2b ()o L[[ml ?ung ?/ch CuCl
2
[$Lb th5 thu fc L$n2 gam Gt
t-a. T0nh 1p
%# T&5nh %)y nh<ng h*Bn tfng c th, x2y &a () (*t 7hng t&5nh ha hsc cho tDng t&\ng hf7 9au:
W Nhr tD tD ?ung ?/ch NR
L
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^
cho n ?.
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L
()o ?ung ?/ch Al
2
!XS
^
#
L
cho n ?.
W Nhr tD tD ?ung ?/ch CuXS
^
()o ?ung ?/ch NR
L
cho n ?.
K^]. Ren hf7 k gm m;t G*m loC* b ! c g* t&/ 2 () L# () b
x
S
y
. QhI* lfng c-a k l) _[$_g. Ro) tan ht k %.*
?ung ?/ch RCl thu fc ^$^_l R
2
! Gtc# c>n nu ho) tan ht k %.* RNS
L
thu fc ]$M2l NS ! Gtc#. '*t
&`ng m;t ch4t c 9I mol g47 K$: l3n 9I mol ch4t G*a. kc /nh b () b
x
S
y
.
14%. Ro) tan a gam CuXS
^W
:R
2
S ()o ?ung ?/ch RCl fc :[[ml ?ung
?/ch A .
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ngDng *Bn 7hUn
fc ?ung ?/ch ' . ThEm L$2__ gam 'a ()o ?ung ?/ch '$ 9au Gh* 7h2n Nng xong lsc l4y Gt
t-a$ nung n GhI* lfng GhTng d* thu fc ^$_L^ gam ch4t &n C gm ha* ch4t. th3n n6c lsc c
mT* t&\ng t&ung t0nh$
em l)m GhT cUn nng m gam m;t muI* Ghan. T0nh GhI* lfng cc ch4t 9*nh &a t&En 2 *Bn cYc .
T0nh a $ C
b
RCl t&ong ?ung ?/ch A $ m .
%. P4y K[[ml ?ung ?/ch A *Bn 7hUn %`ng ?>ng *Bn ]$^A$ *Bn cYc t& $ 9au t 7h@t th5 t&En
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P\* n* 3u..................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Chng I: Cc halogen .......................................................................... 3
A. Tm tt l thuyt: ........................................................................... 3
'. ')* tA7 c l\* g*2*: ............................................................................. 4
C. ')* tA7 tY g*2*: ................................................................................... 11
Chng II: Sx* Pu hunh ................................................................. 15
A. Tm Tt l thuyt: ......................................................................... 15
'. ')* tA7 c l\* g*2*: ........................................................................... 1$
C. ')* tA7 tY g*2* : .................................................................................. 24
Chng III: N*t W thot7ho ..................................................................... 2"
A. Tm Tt l thuyt: ......................................................................... 2"
'. ')* tA7 c l\* g*2*: ........................................................................... 30
C. ')* tA7 tY g*2*: ................................................................................... 3"
Chng I1: Cac%on () 9*l*c .................................................................. 45
A. Tm tt l thuyt: ......................................................................... 45
'. ')* tA7 c l\* g*2*: ........................................................................... 4%
C. ')* tA7 tY g*2*: ................................................................................... 5"
Chung 1 %)* tA7 tdng hf7 ................................................................ 60
A. +H %)* c l\* g*2* .............................................................................. 60
'. ')* tA7 tY g*2*..................................................................................... 6%
bOc lOc......................................................................................................... 6$