VC

&
BB

1 1
Ni dung
NMLT - Cc khi nim c bn v lp trnh
Cc khi nim c bn 1
Cc bc xy dng chng trnh 2
Biu din thut ton 3
Ci t thut ton bng NNLT 4
VC
&
BB

2 2
Cc khi nim c bn
Lp trnh my tnh
Gi tt l lp trnh (programming).
Ngh thut ci t mt hoc nhiu thut ton
tru tng c lin quan vi nhau bng mt
ngn ng lp trnh to ra mt chng trnh
my tnh.
Thut ton
L tp hp (dy) hu hn cc ch th (hnh
ng) c nh ngha r rng nhm gii
quyt mt bi ton c th no .
NMLT - Cc khi nim c bn v lp trnh
VC
&
BB

3 3
Cc khi nim c bn
V d
Thut ton gii PT bc nht: ax + b = 0
(a, b l cc s thc).
NMLT - Cc khi nim c bn v lp trnh
Nu a = 0
b = 0 th phng trnh c nghim bt k.
b 0 th phng trnh v nghim.
Nu a 0
Phng trnh c nghim duy nht x = -b/a
u vo: a, b thuc R
u ra: nghim phng trnh ax + b = 0
VC
&
BB

4 4
Cc tnh cht ca thut ton
Bao gm 5 tnh cht sau:
Tnh chnh xc: qu trnh tnh ton hay cc
thao tc my tnh thc hin l chnh xc.
Tnh r rng: cc cu lnh minh bch c
sp xp theo th t nht nh.
Tnh khch quan: c vit bi nhiu ngi
trn my tnh nhng kt qu phi nh nhau.
Tnh ph dng: c th p dng cho mt lp
cc bi ton c u vo tng t nhau.
Tnh kt thc: hu hn cc bc tnh ton.
NMLT - Cc khi nim c bn v lp trnh
VC
&
BB

5 5
Cc bc xy dng chng trnh
NMLT - Cc khi nim c bn v lp trnh
Xc nh vn
- bi ton
La chn
phng php gii
Ci t
chng trnh
Hiu chnh
chng trnh
Thc hin
chng trnh
Li c php
Li ng ngha
Biu din bng:
Ngn ng t nhin
Lu - S khi
M gi
Xy dng
thut ton/ thut gii
VC
&
BB

6 6
S dng ngn ng t nhin
NMLT - Cc khi nim c bn v lp trnh
1. Nhp 2 s thc a v b.
2. Nu a = 0 th
2.1. Nu b = 0 th
2.1.1. Phng trnh v s nghim
2.1.2. Kt thc thut ton.
2.2. Ngc li
2.2.1. Phng trnh v nghim.
2.2.2. Kt thc thut ton.
3. Ngc li
3.1. Phng trnh c nghim.
3.2. Gi tr ca nghim l x = -b/a
3.3. Kt thc thut ton.
u vo: a, b thuc R
u ra: nghim phng trnh ax + b = 0
VC
&
BB

7 7
S dng lu - s khi
NMLT - Cc khi nim c bn v lp trnh
Khi gii hn
Ch th bt u v kt thc.
Khi vo ra
Nhp/Xut d liu.
Khi la chn
Ty iu kin s r nhnh.
Khi thao tc
Ghi thao tc cn thc hin.
ng i
Ch hng thao tc tip theo.
VC
&
BB

8 8
S dng lu - s khi
NMLT - Cc khi nim c bn v lp trnh
Bt u
Nhp a,b
a = 0
Tnh
x = -b/a
Xut
VN
b = 0
Xut
VSN
Kt thc
Xut x
S
S
VC
&
BB

9 9
S dng m gi
Vay mn ngn ng no (v d Pascal)
biu din thut ton.
NMLT - Cc khi nim c bn v lp trnh
If a = 0 Then
Begin
If b = 0 Then
Xut Phng trnh v s nghim
Else
Xut Phng trnh v nghim
End
Else
Xut Phng trnh c nghim x = -b/a
u vo: a, b thuc R
u ra: nghim phng trnh ax + b = 0
VC
&
BB

10 10
Ci t thut ton bng C/C++
NMLT - Cc khi nim c bn v lp trnh
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

void main()
{
int a, b;
printf(Nhap a, b: );
scanf(%d%d, &a, &b);
if (a == 0)
if (b == 0)
printf(Phng trnh VSN);
else
printf(Phng trnh VN);
else
printf(x = %.2f, -float(b)/a);
}
VC
&
BB

11 11
Bi tp l thuyt
1. Thut ton l g? Trnh by cc tnh cht quan
trng ca mt thut ton?
2. Cc bc xy dng chng trnh?
3. Cc cch biu din thut ton? u v khuyt
im ca tng phng php?
Cho v d minh ha.
NMLT - Cc khi nim c bn v lp trnh
VC
&
BB

12 12
Bi tp thc hnh
4. Nhp nm sinh ca mt ngi. Tnh tui ngi
.
5. Nhp 2 s a v b. Tnh tng, hiu, tnh v
thng ca hai s .
6. Nhp tn sn phm, s lng v n gi. Tnh
tin v thu gi tr gia tng phi tr, bit:
a. tin = s lng * n gi
b. thu gi tr gia tng = 10% tin
NMLT - Cc khi nim c bn v lp trnh
VC
&
BB

13 13
Bi tp thc hnh
7. Nhp im thi v h s 3 mn Ton, L, Ha
ca mt sinh vin. Tnh im trung bnh ca
sinh vin .
8. Nhp bn knh ca ng trn. Tnh chu vi v
din tch ca hnh trn .
9. Nhp vo s xe (gm 4 ch s) ca bn. Cho
bit s xe ca bn c my nt?
10.Nhp vo 2 s nguyn.
Tnh min v max ca hai s .
NMLT - Cc khi nim c bn v lp trnh