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Ky Thuat Chuyen Doi IPv4 Va IPv6
Ky Thuat Chuyen Doi IPv4 Va IPv6
Li ni u.........................................................................................................................3
Chng I: Tng quan v a ch IPv4 v IPv6..............................................................4
1.1.
1.2.
1.2.1.
1.2.1.1. a ch IPv4.........................................................................................6
1.2.1.2. Cc lp a ch IPv4.............................................................................6
1.2.2.
Nhng hn ch ca IPv4........................................................................7
1.3.1.
1.3.2.
Cc loi a ch IPv6.............................................................................15
1.3.3.1. Multicast.............................................................................................15
1.3.3.2. Anycast...............................................................................................17
1.3.3.3. Unicast...............................................................................................17
1.3.3.3.1. Global..........................................................................................18
1.3.3.3.2. Link - Local Address (LLA)........................................................19
1.3.3.3.3. Site - Local Address (SLA).........................................................19
1.3.3.3.4. Unique - Local.............................................................................20
1.3.4.
Gii thiu......................................................................................................25
2.2.
Cc loi node................................................................................................26
2.3.
2.3.1.
ng hm (Tunneling)......................................................................30
Li ni u
1.2.1.
1.2.1.1. a ch IPv4
a ch IPv4 c 32 bit c chia thnh 4 Octet (mi Octet c 8 bit,
tng ng 1 byte) cch m t tri qua phi bit 1 cho n bit 32, cc
Octet tch bit nhau bng du chm .
Mt a ch IP c phn bit bi hai phn, phn u gi l Network
ID (a ch mng) v phn sau l Host ID
a ch Internet c th biu din dng bit nh phn
1.2.2.1. Thiu a ch IP
Nhng thp k va qua, do tc pht trin mnh m ca Internet,
khng gian a ch IPv4 khng p ng nhu cu hin ti.Nhng t chc
qun l a ch quc t t mc tiu s dng hiu qu ln hng
u.Nhng cng ngh gp phn gim nhu cu a ch IP nh NAT (cng
ngh bin dch c th s dng a ch IP private), DHCP (cp a ch
tm thi) c s dng rng ri. Nhng cc phng php trn cha thc s
l gii php lu di
1.2.2.2. Qu nhiu cc rounting entry (bn ghi nh tuyn)
S pht trin ca Internet v kh nng ca cc b nh tuyn ng
trc Internet duy tr cc bng nh tuyn ln
Tnh hnh hin ti, cch m a ch IPv4 v ang c giao,
thng xuyn c hn 85.000 cc bn ghi nh tuyn ca thit b nh tuyn
ng trc Internet. Vic ny lm chm qu trnh x l ca cc router, lm
gim tc ca mng
1.2.2.3. An ninh ca mng
Vi IPv4, c nhiu gii php khc phc nhc im ny nh
IPSec, DES, 3DES nhng cc gii php ny u phi ci t thm v c
nhiu phng thc khc nhau i vi mi loi sn phm ch khng c
h tr mc bn thn ca giao thc
1.2.2.4. Nhu cu vn m bo cht lng dch v QoS
Trong khi tiu chun cho QoS tn ti vi IPv4, h tr thi gian da
trn cc loi dch v (TOS) lnh vc v xc nh cc ti trng, thng s
dng mt cng UDP hoc TCP. Tht khng may, cc lnh vc IPv4 TOS
hn ch chc nng v theo thi gian. Ngoi ra, ti trng xc nh bng
cch s dng cng giao thc TCP v UDP l khng th khi gi ti trng
IPv4 c m ha
1.2.3. Gii php khc phc v cc c im ni tri ca IPv6 so vi IPv4
7
10
11
ch
sau
khi
rt
gn:
[1088:0:0:0:8:800:200C:463A]
13
15
trng ny l 4 bit
Th t bit thp u tin l c Transient (T):
Khi thit lp l 0, c T ch ra rng a ch multicast l mt a ch
multicast vnh vin c phn cng, c phn b bi IANA
Khi thit lp l 1, c T ch ra rng a ch multicast l mt a ch
thong qua (khng thng xuyn c giao)
Bit thp th hai l cho c tin t Prefix (P): cho bit a ch
multicast c da trn mt a ch tin t a ch unicast
Bit thp th ba l a ch c Rendezvous (R): cho bit cc a
ch multicast c cha mt a ch im nhng
Scope (Phm vi) - ch ra phm vi lin mng IPv6, cho lu lng truy
trong phm vi. Kch thc ca trng ny l 112 bit, nhm ID c phn
cng l vnh vin, c lp v phm vi. Nhm ID thong qua ch lin quan
n mt phm vi c th. a ch multicast FF01:: thng qua FF0F:: c
dnh cho a ch ni ting
1.1.1.1. Anycast
Mt a ch Anycast c giao cho nhiu giao din. Cc gi tin n
mt a ch anycast c chuyn tip bi c s h tng nh tuyn giao
din gn nht m cc a ch anycast c giao. to iu kin giao tip,
c s h tng nh tuyn phi c nhn thc ca cc giao din c giao
a ch anycast v khong cch v s liu nh tuyn
16
Global
Unique - Local
1.1.1.1.1. Global
a ch Global tng ng vi a ch IPv4 cng cng. N c th
nh tuyn chung trn ton cu v c th truy cp trn tng phn IPv6
Internet. Khng ging nh IPv4 hin ti, m l mt hn hp ca c hai nh
tuyn bng phng v phn cp, mng Internet IPv6 da trn thit k t nn
tng ca n h tr hiu qu, phn cp a ch v nh tuyn
Cu trc a ch Global:
18
- Local
19
20
21
chim c nh 40 bytes
dng nhng c mc nh l 6
22
tng cao PDU. Trng ny chim 8 bit. Khi ch ra giao thc PDU th
trng ny dng cc gi tr nh trong IPv4
Bng gi tr ca cc trng Next Header:
Gi
tr
thp phn
0
6
17
41
43
44
46
50
51
58
59
60
Header k tip
Ty chn Hop-by-Hop
TCP
UDP
Header IPv6 c
ng gi
nh tuyn
Phn mnh
Giao thc d phng ti
nguyn
Bo mt ng gi
Payload
Chng thc
ICMPv6
Trng
Ty chn ch
Gi tr mc nh l 6 thay
v 4 nh trong IPv4
Internet Header B loi b trong IPv6 v
Length
header ca gi tin IPv6 lun c
ln c nh l 40 byte.
Cc header m rng hoc c
ln c nh hoc t ch
nh ln
Type of Service
Thay bi trng Traffic Class
Total Length
Thay bi trng Payload Length
v ch ch ra ln payload.
Identification
B loi b trong IPv6. Thng
Fragmentation
tin phn mnh khng c bao
Flags
gm trong cc header ca gi
Fragment Offset
tin IPv6 m trong header m
rng Fragment.
Time to Live
Thay bi trng Hop Limit.
Protocol
Thay bi trng Next Header.
Header
B loi b trong IPv6. Trong
Checksum
IPv6, pht hin li mc bit
cho ton b gi tin IPv6 c
thc hin tng link layer.
Source Address
Ging nh IPv4 nhng c di
128 bit.
Destination
Ging nh IPv4 nhng c di
Address
128 bit.
Options
B loi b trong IPv6. Cc ty
chn nh trong IPv4 c thay
bi cc header m rng IPv6.
Bng 1.4: So snh header gia IPv4 v IPv6
Chng II: Cng ngh chuyn i t IPv4 sang IPv6
24
2.1.
Gii thiu
Chuyn i giao thc khng phi l d dng v qu trnh chuyn i
t IPv4 sang IPv6 cng khng l ngoi l. Qu trnh chuyn i giao thc
thng c trin khai bng cch ci t v cu hnh giao thc mi v tt
c cc nt trong mng v xc minh rng tt c cc hot ng ca nt v b
nh tuyn lm vic thnh cng. Mc d iu ny c th c trong mt t
chc nh hoc trung bnh, nhng thch thc ca mt qu trnh chuyn i
giao thc trong mt t chc ln l rt kh khn. Ngoi ra, vi phm vi ca
Internet, chuyn i giao thc nhanh chng t IPv4 sang IPv6 l mt nhim
v khng th.
Cc nh thit k IPv6 nhn ra rng, qu trnh chuyn i t IPv4
sang IPv6 s phi mt nhiu nm v c th l t chc hoc my ch trong
cc t chc s tip tc s dng IPv4 v thi hn. V vy, trong khi vic
chuyn i l mc tiu di hn, xem xt bnh ng phi c trao cho cng
tn ti tm thi ca cc nt IPv4 v IPv6.
Cc nh thit k ca IPv6 trong " The Recommendation for the IP
Next Generation Protocol " ban u c im k thut (RFC 1752) nh
ngha tiu chun qu trnh chuyn i sau y:
ch v khng cn a ch b sung.
25
Cc loi node
RFC 2893 nh ngha cc loi nt sau y:
26
ng hm
Gi tin IPv4
Gi tin IPv6
gi vi header ca IPv4)
Hnh sau cho thy cc loi thng tin lin lc vi mt kin trc hai lp
IP
28
29
31
ng hm t ng (automatic tunnel):
Trong cng ngh ng hm t ng, khng i hi cu hnh a ch
32
IPv6
over
IPv4
Tunnel
Tunnel
end
point
Dual-stack
DN
Tunnel
node
Broker
Server
S (User)
33
2.1.1.1.1.
34
35
6to4 relay: 6to4 relay router l mt dual - stack router thc hin
37
38
u im
Nhc im
42