Διαθεματική Προσέγγιση Της Γνώσης

EKHAIAEYZH MOYZOYAMANOHAIADN 2002-2004
KAciid kdi Av1ikAciid

Aidk1ikq Mc0ooAoyid

Aid0cd1ikq poocyyioq 1q yvoq

Mdpid Zqupcpd

YHEHO
Hdvcio1qio A0qvov
A0qvd 2002

Mc1po 1.1. EHEAEK II

Ekdicuoq MouoouAdvodiov 2002-2004

Eio1qovikq uc0uvq 1q ocipd

A AA Ac c d dv v p pd d A Av v p po o o oo ou u

H Mdpd Zqupcpd cvdi Ack1opd Hdidyoyikq o1o
Tqd Eio1qov 1q Ekdcuoq yid 1qv HpoooAikq
HAikd (T.E.E.H.H.) 1ou Aqokp1ciou Hdvcio1qou
Opdkq.
AIAOEMATIKH HPOZEIIIZH THZ INDZHZ

3


Eivdi dpdyc uvd1v vd ouAcqci kdvci do1cAcod-
1ikd oc cvd doovocvo, opciv yopi 1q Opdkq,
1dv vio0ci duvdid cikoivovid Ayo yAoood; Ho
piokci cvd ckdicu1ik iooppoid dvdcod o1ou
kdvvc 1ou oyoAiko 0coo, o1i ddi1qoci 1ov cc-
1docov, o1d cpicycvd 1ou dvdAu1iko poypdd1o
kdi o1i dvdykc 1ov diiov; Ho idokci kdvci cA-
Aqvikd, 1dv dvo d 1d iod diid o1qv 1dq civdi
dAAyAoood; Ydpyouv 1poi vd kivq1ooiqoouc 1d
diid oo1c vd cvidqcp0ov yid 1o oyoAcio; Ho dio-
Aoyoc cdv oi d0q1c cd0dv q yi io1opid; Av1cyc1di
q oioq 1ov d0q1ov d 1o dokdAo; Ho iop0o-
vouc 1d Ad0q 1ov diiov; Ho cikoivovoc oc id
oyoAikq 1dq; Ydpyci yopo yid cuydpio1qoq o1o
oqcpiv oyoAcio;

Td dpddvo cpo1qd1d kdi oAAd dAAd ddoyoAov
1ou ckdicu1iko kdi ouvcov1di dcod c 1qv kd0q-
cpivq idk1ikq 1ou pdq. Kd0c 1dq opi(c1di o ou-
vdv1qoq uokcicvov c idqopc1ikq 1o kd0cvd po-
ooikq io1opid ou kdAov1di vd pdoouv oc cvd cvidio
Adioio. Au1q q ouvdv1qoq cv civdi ckoAq o1c dvc-
KAEIAIA KAI ANTIKAEIAIA

4
qcAq kdi cv udkoci oc poidycypdcvou kdvvc.
Av1i0c1o, civdi ycd1q ouykpooci, uokoAic, ouyki-
vqoci, doyoq1coci, ikdvooiqoci kdi qioupyci
ouvcyo vcd cpo1qd1d ou dvd(q1ov ddv1qoci.

Td KAciid kdi Av1ikAciid cv pkci1di vd docipd-
0ov vd ooouv ddv1qoci, dAAd c cp py yd dA Ac c d d ou 0d ci-
1pcqouv o1ou dvdyvoo1c/ypqo1c 1ou vd ouv0coouv
1i ikc 1ou Aoci ou dv1io1oiyov o1q ikq 1ou
pdyd1ik1q1d. Au1 doi(c1di o1qv dpyq 1i q oyo-
Aikq pdyd1ik1q1d civdi oAAokq, uvdikq, dp-
Ac1q kdi kupio ovdikq. Apd, cv udpyci id vo
Aoq, id ouv1dyq dyikq ou Avci 1d poAqd1d.
Kd0c ckdicu1ik Adioio cyci 1i ikc 1ou dpdc-
1pou ou pcci piv d Ad vd cv1oio1ov yid vd
dvd(q1q0ov o1q ouvcycid oi kd1dAAqAc Aoci.

Td KAciid kdi Av1ikAciid civdi c cp py yd dA Ac c d d d dv vd dy yv vo oo oq q 1q
oyoAikq pdyd1ik1q1d. AqAdq, kd0c kcicvo ou
cyc1c o1d ycpid od do1cAci id pood0cid ov1oq
ddv1qoq oc cvd cpo1qd (.y. o d0divouv 1d di-
id;) d 1q okoid id cio1qovikq poocyyioq
(.y. 1q yvoo1ikq quyoAoyid). Mopci oo1oo oc
dAAo kcicvo vd ouvdv1qoc1c ddv1qoq o1o iio cpo-
1qd d idqopc1ikq cio1qovikq okoid (.y. 1qv

5
koivovioAoyid). Td kcicvd, ypdcvd d ckdicu1i-
ko kdi dvcio1qidko idqopov ciiko1q1ov, dko-
Aou0ov 1qv iid oq: ckivov d id okqvq oc cvd
oyoAik Adioio, dvdAouv 1i oudivci kdi o1cpd id-
1uovouv ddv1qoci o1qpiycvc oc id cio1qq. Aq-
Adq, c dqc1qpid 1qv ckdicu1ikq p pd d q q, cpvov
cod d id idikdoid dvdAuoq kdi ov0coq d 1q
0 0c co op p d d, yid vd kd1dAqouv o1d ycpid od odv k kA Ac ci i i id d
yid 1q ikq od idk1ikq pdk1ikq.

Td kcicvd ouvcov1di Aci1oupyikd c1d 1ou yid1i
kd0cvd dvdcikvci kdi id cyopio1q qqqid d 1qv
pdyd1ik1q1d 1q ckdicu1ikq pdq. McAc1ov1d
kdi ouAcov1d dvo o1ov 1po c 1ov ooio 1d kci-
cvd ouvcov1di c1d 1ou, qdv1do1qkdc oAAd d
1d kAciid ou opov vd ckAciooouv oAAd d 1d
qdivcvd ou dvdAouc. Do1oo, vo coci o-
pci1c vd kd1dokcudoc1c 1d dv1ikAciid ou cyouv vqd
1q ouykckpicvq o1iyq yid 1o ik od Adioio, ou
kdvouv... kAik kdi dvoiyouv id p1d ou oqyci oc
ikc od Aoci.

Au1q q oAupiod1ikq, icio1qovikq poocyyioq 1q
kd0qcpivq ckdicu1ikq pdq civdi poqdvc 1i
ypqoiooici o cvduod id cupcid oikiAid dvdqopov

6
oc oyoAikc pdyd1ik1q1c: 1dci o1qv Aq, o1o
ouv, ovo0coid oyoAcid, ciovo1ikd oyoAcid 1q Opd-
kq, oyoAcid c oAAo dAAyAoooou d0q1c, oyo-
Acid oqcpivd, o1qv EAAdd kdi dAAo, dAAo1c kdi
1opd. Eivdi koivq coi0qoq Aov ooi ouc1cyouc
oc du1q 1q ocipd 1i ouyvd oq0dci vd dvdyvooci kd-
vci 1q ikq 1ou ckdicu1ikq pdyd1ik1q1d Aco-
v1d kd1i dvdAoyo ou oudivci oc id dAAq 1dq, oc
cvd dAAo Adioio, oo1c cod d 1qv dvdAuoq kdi 1qv
kd1dvqoq 1ou vd c1dqcpci 1qv ccipid du1q 1q
yvooq o1q ikq 1ou pdyd1ik1q1d, o1o ik 1ou
Adioio. H do1doq d 1d ikd d pdyd1d 1cAikd
oq0dci vd 1d kd1dAdouc kdA1cpd.

Tpci 0cd1ikc cv1q1c, q Aidk1ikq Mc0ooAoyd, 1o
KoivovikooAi1ioik Adoio 1q ckdcuoq kdi 1d
(q1qd1d Tdu11q1d kdi E1cp1q1d, do1cAov 1ov
kdd dvo o1ov ooio, cod d idqopc1ikc cio1q-
ovikc poocyyioci, pood0oc vd ddv1qoouc
o1d cpo1qd1d 1q kd0qcpivq ckdicu1ikq pdk1i-
kq. Acv kpouc 1i uokoAic o1c dooiooc 1d
pid 1ov po1docov ou kdvouc kdi cv io1couc
1i q cu0vq yid 1i Aoci civdi vo o1d ycpid 1ov
ckdicu1ikov. Yoo1qpi(ouc o 1i opov oi ck-
dicu1ikoi vd dpouv o1d ycpid 1ou 1d cpydAcid ou

7
0d 1ou ci1pcqouv vd kd1dAdouv kdA1cpd 1o Adioio
cod o1o ooio cpyd(ov1di, vd 1o cA1iooouv kdi vd
dv1Aqoouv ikdvooiqoq d 1q ouAcid 1ou.

Td KAciid kdi Av1ikAciid cu1yqodv vd ouvdv1qoouv
o1q idpoq 1ou diou 1cyvi1c ou 1oo o1qv
cv1uq oo kdi o1qv qAck1povikq opqq 1d ckdvdv dv-
0ck1ikd, Aci1oupyikd kdi. c1oid vd ckAciooouv. Tou
cuydpio1o Aou kdi Ac 0cpd.

AAcdvpd Avpooou
Ekdicu1ikq 4uyoAyo
Nocpio 2002


8

A 1q ocipd KAciid kdi Av1ikAciid o1o 0cd1ik cio
Aidk1ikq Mc0ooAoyd kukAoqopov 1d iAid:

N Kvq1po o1qv ckdcuoq
Avpooou A.
N Eooq o1qv 1dq
Aqq1piou A., AdyooAou B., NikoAdou B.
N Fid 1q c0oo project
Mdyo K.

Zv1od d 1q ocipd KAciid kdi Av1ikAciid 0d kukAoqo-
pqoouv iAid o1o Adioio 1ov dkAou0ov 0cd1ikov ciov:

N Aidk1ikq Mc0ooAoyd
N KoivovikooAi1ioik Adoio 1q ckdcuoq
N Tdu11q1c kdi E1cp1q1c

Iid cpioo1cpd KAciid kdi Av1ikAciid:
www.kleidiakaiantikleidia.net

9

Aid0cd1ikq poocyyioq 1q yvooq

Zkqvq 1q

O AAcq c koi1d dAq1o. Evci dqdvd 1o kcdAi
1ou poo1d o1qv ckovqoq id dokqoq d 1d Md-
0qd1ikd ou 1q FAqo1iko. Tov po1do yid1 cv
opc vd kdvci 1qv dokqoq, 1i cv kd1dAddvci. Aid-
douc d 1qv ckovqoq kdi ouvciq1ooio 1i cv
kd1dAddvci 1q pdoq vd ddyycAci 1ou dpi0-
o.
Ti oqdvci du1q q pdoq; Nd ddyycAci cpci 1i
oqdvci; Evdi pqd oc poo1dk1ikq! 1ou Aco. Hoid
Acq oou 0uci;
Pqd;. Hpoo1dk1ikq;. Au1d cvdi o1o d0qd 1q
FAoood! Topd kdvouc Md0qd1ikd!!! Aoc 1d pqd1d.
Ti pdci vd kdvo; ou Acci ocv 0uocvo.
Oc vd oc o1o Acik; 1ou Aco.
Oi! Hc ou 1i vd kdvo yid vd Aoo 1o pAqd!!!


10
Zkqvq 2q

Ed ciAcci vd iddoouc cod o1qv 1dq 1o dpd-
kd1o kccvo 1ou T. Pov1dpi
1
: O dyo c 1ou
koq1c.

Mid opd cvd dyo dvdkdAuc id qdvq yid vd
1idvci koq1c. toidc Aiydki c 1q qdvq ou k-
ci 1ov kid, dAAd cv q1dv q id, kdi pqocuc yid vd
kd1dokcudci koq1c oou 0c, cydAou kdi ikpo,
c 1qv oupd dAq q iAq, c o k1pivo q kkkivo kdi
Aoid.
O dyo yupvooc oc opc kdi opid, cv cAcic o1c
d cvd ddpi, dpouoido1qkc dkq kdi o1qv tk0coq
1ou MiAdvou kdi o1qv tk0coq dAyov o1q Bcpvd, kdi
dv1o ccivc 1q qdvq 1ou ki cqyooc oo ckoAo
q1dv vd 1qv kdvci vd Aci1oupyqoci. Oi koq1c cydi-
vdv ikpo, cvd odykdki yid vd 1ou kpd1d. Mc1d,
oo dvcdivdv qAd, cdipvdv 1o cyc0o ou ci0u-
ooc, ki dkd kdi 1ou io cydAou cv q1dv io
okoAo vd 1ou koudv1dpci d ,1i cvdv dp1dc1.
O koo dcu1dv ypo d 1o dyo, o dcc1di
dv1d ypo d kcvou ou cvouv o1qv dyopd id

1
A 1o iAio 1ou Pov1dpi T(., Hdpd0id d 1o 1qAcovo,
Tckqpio, A0qvd, 1979, o. 65

11
qdvq yid vd 1idvci io Ac1d 1d dkdpvid q yid
vd kd0dpci 1i d1d1c, dAAd cv dypddv o1c o1c
cvd 1ooooAq koq1q.
- Av q1dv dAvi, oyoupd &cAcyc id kdAq yuvdkd&
dAAd dv 1ou dyopdoo cvdv koq1q, 1o di ou oio
cpci 1i idoAid 0d okdpooci.
- Ki o dyo: Md, dp1c 0dppo! Td diid od 0d dvc
o1 do1cpid, dpo1c vd 1d ouvq0c1c d ikpd.
- Oi, i, cudpio1o. Z1 do1cpid d dci kdvc dAAo,
1o di ou i, oyoupd.
- Koq1c. AAq0ivo koq1c. Hoio 1ou 0cAci;
- AAAd kdvc cv 1ou q0cAc.
O 1o dyo d 1i 1oc cpc ou c vd dci,
yid1 cv cydc o1c pdq, cc kd1dv1qoci c1o kdi
kkdAo. tvd pdu ou civooc cpioo1cpo d ,1i
ouvq0o, c1dpooc 1q qdvq 1ou ou c1idvc
koq1c o cvd kcdAdki 1up kdi 1o dyc.

Hpkci1di yid cvd iouopio1ik kccvo c cvidcpov
AciAyio kdi oq, 1o ooo cci kdi cpiypdikd o1oi-
cd kdi idAoyo. Z1o ou q1dv, do iddoo c 1d
diid 1o kccvo kdi 1ou cqyqoo 1i dyvoo1c Acci,
vd ouAcouc d dvo o1o idAoyo kdi vd 1ov c1d-
1pcouc oc Adyio Ayo. Z1o 1cAo q0cAd vd dvdA-
oouc 1q oq 1ou kcicvou (kdoio dvdkdA1ci kd1i/
pood0c vd 1o ouAqoci/cv 1d kd1dcpvci kdi c1d-

12
1pcci 1qv dvdkdAuq 1ou oc kd1i dAAo) kdi vd 1ou q-
1qoo vd pqoiooiqoouv du1q 1q oq yid vd 1id-
ouv cvd ikp dv1do1ik ik 1ou kccvo. 10cAd
c1oi vd ouvudoo 1o dpc1 kod1i 1ou d0qd1o
(ov1dq) c kd1i io cudpio1o (diviidpikq dpd-
yoyq kcicvou). YoAyid o uo opc q1dv dpkc1c.
Mc1d 1qv dvdyvooq 1ou kcicvou q1qod d 1d diid
vd ou ovc oic q1dv oi dyvoo1c 1ou Acci. Oo
ouvq0o, oqko0qkdv kdoid cpid. Eqyqod 1i Acci,
ou 1i cypdd kdi o1ov vdkd, vov1d dAio1d ci-
Acov dpdcyd1d kdi pqoiooiov1d 1c cod oc
po1doci. HoAAd diid cv cdv kd1dAdci 1i cvdi
cvd koq1q. Tou cqyqod cpou 1i cvdi cvd koq-
1q kdi 1ou cd dAio1d kdi 1qv ckpdoq cpdoc odv
koq1q. Td diid dv1cypddv 1i dyvoo1c Acci.
OAd kuAoodv odAd 1dv dvikd q Avvd cc kd1i kdi
dpiod vd dvo 1ov cAcyo. Ouddi 1d Ayid 1ov di-
iov. yid1 q do0qoq ou ckcvq 1q o1iyq q1dv dd-
oid.
Kupd, d o ydvouv oi Koq1c; Bydvouv d 1d
qdo1cid;
O Mdyo 1ou kdvci! ovdc q Bdoo, ou ouvq0o
io1dci vd iAqoci, kdi oi uAoioi ycAdodv.
Oi! Bydvouv 1dv yvc1di ckpqq o1d qdo1cid cc
o Koo1d, dvdAddvov1d vd 1q cqyqoci.

13
Z1qv I1dAd cyivc id ckpqq! Mou 1o c o dd
ou ou cvdi vdu1ik! Ec id Aq ou ykpco1qkc.
Mou ccpc kdi o1oypdd! ovdc c cv0ouoido o
Av1pcd.
H1c ykpco1qkc; po1qodv uo-1pd diid.
HdAid. Ecpo yo; Ho vd 1o poc;
Td diid coiddv vd okc1ov1di op vd pokouv
kdoid Aoq.
Nd cpo 1q o1oypdd dpio! Fpdci kd1i d oo
dvdc o Av1pcd c cpqdvid. ou oi dAAoi 1ov ko-
1ddv c 0dudo!
Ki cyo qyd o1q Zdv1opvq o1q yidyid ou kdi cd 1o
qdo1cio.
Ec kdi koq1q;
Oi!!
Eyo cpo o cvdi du1 1o cpo. To cd kdi o1o
dp1q. Nd oou co; cc o HdAo kdi oqko0qkc vd
cci 1q Zdv1opvq o1o dp1q. Auo-1pci 1ov dkoAo-
0qodv. tdvc, dAAd cv kd1dcpc vd 1o pci. td-
vdv kdi oi dAAoi. To1d!!
Kupd!!!
Kd1dAdd 1i q0cAdv oq0cid, dAAd okc1qkd 1i q1dv
kdA1cpo vd qv dv1ipdoo.
Ed kdi o1qv 1qAcpdoq cvd cpyo!! Ekc cc koq1c.
Nd od 1o o; cc q EAcvq.

14
.....
Kupd, dAid o1cudv 1i udpouv dyoi. 1opd
i!
Ndi, dAAd cyo qyd oc cvd 1opko kdi cd cvd dyo.
HdAid cv cdv 1c1oic qdvc yid koq1c.
.....
Tou ov1ouodv 1ou koq1c, o do ou ou
1o cc!
.....
Kd0o 1d cAcd Ad du1d c cidoc dyovd, yid1 1d
diid cAcydv idopd ou c oc1ov1dv c 1o d0qd
kdi du1d ou q0cAd vd c1o. Acv q1dv op cvid-
cpov du1d ou cAcydv. dAAd ckcvq 1q o1iyq cd
dAAd pdyd1d o1o udA ou yid 1o d0qd. Hpood-
0ood vd qv ddv1do q vd ddv1do c 1po ou vd
kAcvo c ouv1od 1d 0cd1d ou c0c1dv 1d diid.
Hpood0ood vd dvdo1pco 1qv poooq 1ou o1o
kccvo kdi o1o idAoyo, yid1 q0cAd vd ouAco 1ov
Adyio Ayo. Ac ou civdv cdid kdi oAAq oqdod.
odv vd q1dv vd 1ou o1qv 1dq. Acv opo vd o 1i
c dpqkd ou cvidcp0qkdv yid kd1i io1opik. dkq
ki dv du1 q1dv doc1o c 1o 0cd.
Acv q0cAd o vd cyo kd1d oA d 1ou o1-
ou ou, cdAAou du1 c uokAcuc yid1 cv cd
ckcvq 1q o1iyq o1o udA ou Ad du1d yid 1d ood

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ouq1oodv 1d diid, cv opood vd cpo 1d dv1d
ypo d 1ou koq1c &1ouAdio1ov cv 1o cd po-
Acci& kdi du1 c ckdvc vd vio0o doqd. t1oi, u-
o1uo, cdod 1ov cAcyo 1q kd1do1doq, 1d diid
qydivdv d 1o cvd o1o dAAo. ouq1oodv, c do1c-
Acod vd qv 1cAciooo du1d ou q0cAd. Oi io d-
vdoi d0q1c ou ouvq0o c ouc1couv o1o d-
0qd, o q EAcvq kdi q Bdoo, pqkdv dopq yid vd
iAqoouv kdi vd ovc kdi du1o kd1i doc1o. H do0qoq
ou q1dv 1i 1d diid cd0dv oA Aiy1cpd d du1d
ou cd poypdd1oci. MAi ou kd1dcpd vd o
d 1ou 1q oq 1ou kcicvou. kdi podvo cv
pAddv vd ypdouv kccvo. Kdi 1opd ou 1o dvd-
okc1odi, ypdov1d du1 1o qcpoAyio 1dq, cv
cdi kd0Aou cudpio1qcvq d 1ov 1po c 1ov
ooo ccA1qkc 1o d0qd. Acv cd 1ov cAcyo 1q
kd1do1doq kdi yi du1 c cidoc dyo. A dpio
pcci vd dAo pid. Acv opoc vd 1d dvdkd1c-
ouc Ad! Av ou q1ooc kdoio vd o o qyc 1o
d0qd, 0d c ccpvc pdyd1ikd oc okoAq 0coq. Av
ou q1ooc vd 1ou o 1i c1dic, 0d cAcyd o oo q
ciAoyq 1ou kcicvou cv q1dv q kdA1cpq: 1o cvidc-
pov 1ov diiov yid 1o cpiccv 1ou qiopyqoc
poAqd1d ou cv cd poAcci.


16

Ti ouvcq;

Z1i o dpddvo okqvc 1oo o AAcq (Zkqvq 1q)
oo kdi o ckdicu1ik (Zkqvq 2q) piokov1di poo1d
oc id uokoAid. Ti civdi du1 ou 1ou coi(ci vd
dv1ic1oioouv 1qv kd1do1doq o1qv ooid piokov1di;
Hoio civdi, dv udpyci, 1o koiv o1oiycio oc du1d 1d o
dpdciyd1d-poAqd1d;

HdpAo ou o d0q1q kdi o ckdicu1ik dv1ic1oi-
(ouv d idqopc1ikq o1ikq 1qv ckdicu1ikq idikd-
oid &kdi cocvo cyouv ouyvd idqopc1ikc dv1iAq-
qci kdi o1doci&, o1i o du1c okqvc ciyvouv vd
cyouv kd1i koiv: dv1ic1oi(ouv c 1ov iio 1po 1q
yvooq. Ocopov 1i q yvooq civdi, q pcci vd civdi,
kd1d1cdyiocvq, yopiocvq oc yvoo1ikd dv1ikcicvd-
d0qd1d c odqq pid c1d 1ou kdi qdivc1di vd
uio0c1ov &ouvciq1d q douvciq1d& 1qv doqq 1i q
dpdidoq du1ov 1ov opiov qioupyci poAqd1d
o1qv ckdicu1ikq idikdoid.

O AAcq (Zkqvq 1q) piokc1di poo1d oc cvd d0q-
d1ik pAqd kdi Aq q poooyq 1ou civdi o1pd-
cvq oc du1. tvd d0qd1ik pAqd civdi pd-

17
ci kdi cocvo oc du1c 1i pdci pcci vd q1d-
oci, kdi dAio1d 1o ypqyop1cpo uvd1. H kd1dvqoq
1ov Accov civdi yAoood kdi q yAoood cv civdi d-
0qd1ikd! Ki o co, q duvdid kd1dvqoq 1q
yAoood, q duvdid kd1dvqoq 1q ckqovqoq 1ou
poAqd1o civdi du1q ou coi(ci kd1 dpyqv 1q
Aoq 1ou. HdpAd du1d, q pood0cid 1ou ckdicu1i-
ko vd Au0ci 1o yAoooik pAqd piv d 1o d0q-
d1ik oid(ci vd 1dpd(ci 1ov AAcq, vd 1ov doo1d0c-
pooici. Acv opci vd cpcci o d0qd1d! Ki
o, dv cikcv1povc 1qv poooyq 1ou yid Aiyo o1i
Acci ou 1ov uokoAcouv, ioo vd opooc vd q1d-
oci kdi o1q Aoq 1ou poAqd1o!

Z1q c1cpq dAi okqvq, 1qv ooid kdi 0d dvdAoouc
cpioo1cpo o1q ouvcycid, o ckdicu1ik d idqo-
pc1ikq 0coq (1q 0coq du1o ou 0copci 1i cyci 1qv
Aqpq cu0vq kdi 1qv po1oouAid 1q icdyoyq 1ou
d0qd1o) dv1ic1oi(ci cvd dv1io1oiyo pAqd.
tyci cvd ouykckpicvo o1yo: vd idci IAoood
(ov1dq kdi dpdyoyq) kdi dAio1d cod oc ouykckpi-
cvo ypvo ou 0copci 1i 0d 1ou dpkcoci. EdAAou,
cyci ouykckpicvq Aq kdi oyc1ikq icoq yid vd 1qv
oAokAqpooci cod o1q ypovid kdi yid du1 c 0cAci
vd cqcyci d 1o ouvoAik oycido 1ou. Iid kdAq q

18
kdkq 1ou 1yq, o, 1o kcicvo ou ccAcc oqyci 1d
diid vd okcq1ov dvo oc idqopd 0cd1d, 1ou
ycvvd dopic kdi okcqci doyc1c c 1o o1yo ou o
iio cyci 0coci kdi dAio1d dopic kdi okcqci ou
oyc1i(ov1di c dAAd d0qd1d (Io1opid, Icoypdqid)
kdi yi c 1o d0qd 1q IAoood. Iid vd cdvcA0ci oc
du1 pood0ci vd kAcioci 1d (q1qd1d ou 0c1ouv
1d diid kdi vd cdvdqcpci 1qv poooyq 1ou o1q c-
1d1poq 1ou idAyou oc Adyio Ayo kdi o1q oq 1ou
kcicvou.

Ti c1uydivci c du1 1ov 1po o ckdicu1ik kdi 1i
dyvoci; Ti 0d opooc vd kdvci; A o ckivdci 1o
pAqd 1ou; Hpkci1di pdyd1i yid pAqd;

H dvdAuoq du1o ou ouvcq kd1d 1q idpkcid 1ou
ouykckpicvou d0qd1o, kd0o kdi oi okcqci ou
kd1dypdqci o ckdicu1ik o1o qcpoAyi 1ou d
oqyov oc kdoic idio1ooci:

N O ckdicu1ik cyci kdAd oycidoci 1o d0qd 1ou,
1oo o po 1ou o1you kdi 1q oq 1ou, oo kdi
o po 1o ypvo ou qdv1d(c1di 1i 0d 1ou
ypcido1ci yid vd 1o oAokAqpooci.

N Z1qv dpyq 1o d0qd kuAdci o dv1d. Oo 1o

19
kcicvo oqyci 1d diid oc kdoic du0pq1c d-
pd1qpqoci, oyc1ikc c yvooci ou cyouv qq
dok1qoci d dAAd d0qd1d (.y. d 1qv Io1opid
q 1q Icoypdqid) q oyc1ikc c ccipic ou cyouv
qq dok1qoci cod o1o oyoAcio q c dAAd pooo-
ikd iod1d ou cyouv dok1qoci co d du1.
Hpood0ov dAio1d vd ciouv o1ou dAAou 1i
yvooci 1ou q vd 1i ido1dupooouv (dvd(q1qoq
o1o ydp1q, id1ooq cpo1qocov.).

N Td diid ciyvouv vd dipvouv kdoic po1oou-
Aic, vd 0c1ouv 0cd1d po ou(q1qoq, vd du1cvcp-
yov. O iio o ckdicu1ik vio0ci 1i cv cAcyyci
1qv kd1do1doq, cv di(ci kupidpyo pAo.

N HdpAd du1d, dvdyvopi(ci o q ouc1oyq 1ov
diiov civdi cydAq, dqo kdi d0q1c ou ouvq-
0o c ouc1cyouv o1o d0qd ciyvouv vd cyouv
kivq1ooiq0ci.

N H dpckkAioq d 1ou o1you ou cyci 0coci o
ckdicu1ik 1o qioupyci dyyo, cqoov 1d di-
id c 0d kd1dk1qoouv 1i ouykckpicvc yvooci
ou cyci poypdd1ioci. Au1 oqdivci o 1o d-
0qd du1 cv civdi 1oo doo1ik, dqo oi d0q-
1c d0divouv Aiy1cpd d od o iio 0d q0cAc.
Eioq, io1cci o du1 0d 1ov uokoAcqci kdi

20
o1qv cpi1ooq ou 0d q0cAc vd opci vd cpci,
o1o 1cAo 1ou d0qd1o, 1i dkpio cd0dv oi d-
0q1c 1ou. TcAo, dyyo 1ou qioupyci kdi 1o ycyo-
v 1i c vio0ci o opci c oiyoupid vd ddv1q-
oci oc Ac 1i cpo1qoci ou 0c1ouv 1d diid.

N H dyovid 1ou c1dqpd(c1di c id pood0cid vd
cdvdqcpci 1ou d0q1c o1o o1yo 1ou d0qd1o
c 1po cdid ccoo, kAcivov1d qAdq 1d
cpo1qd1d ou ckcivoi 0c1ouv, yopi vd dv1dokpi-
vc1di oc du1d kdi yopi vd 1d cccpyd(c1di d(i
1ou.

N Oi d0q1c d 1qv dAAq, ciyvouv c 1ov 1po
1ou 1i du1 ou cyci o1o udA 1ou o ckdicu1i-
k cv 1ou cvidqcpci iidi1cpd q, dAAov, cv
1ou cvidqcpci c 1ov 1po ou du1 0d cpi-
cvc. Kdoid 0cd1d 1ou kcicvou 1o cvidqcpouv
cpioo1cpo!

ZuvoAikd, du1 ou ydpdk1qpi(ci 1q ouykckpicvq ck-
dicu1ikq kd1do1doq civdi 1o ycyov 1i oi o1yoi 1ou
ckdicu1iko kdi oi ci0uic 1ov diiov c oui-
1ouv, c do1cAcod vd dkupovc1di q qioupyikq
dAAqAcipdoq c1d ckdicu1iko kdi d0q1ov. Mc
dAAd Ayid, cdi1id du1q 1q do1doq dvdcod

21
o1ou o1you kdi o1i ci0uic, 1oo o ckdicu1ik
oo kdi oi d0q1c cv oqyov1di oc cvdv ouoido1ik
kdi cAc0cpo idAoyo, oc id uvdikq kd1do1doq ci-
koivovid, cod o1qv ooid 0d opoodv kdi oi o vd
ouvcioqcpouv c doq 1i podpyouoc yvooci kdi
1i ccipic 1ou, c1oi oo1c oi d0q1c vd oikooq-
oouv voi 1ou 1q yvooq c 1q oq0cid 1ov dpcd-
ocov 1ou ckdicu1iko. Z1q ouykckpicvq okqvq, oi
Aoi 1q ckdicu1ikq idikdoid oid(ouv vd dA-
AqAo-dyvoov1di kdi vd pd o kd0cvd o1o ik 1ou
Adioio. O c1d 1ou idAoyo oid(ci odv cvd id-
Aoyo koqov.

T Ti i c ci iv vd di i q q i id d0 0c c d d1 1i ik kq q p po oo oc cy yy yi io oq q; ;

H kd1do1doq du1q ou cpiypdqdc civdi id kd1d-
o1doq ou ouvdv1dc ouyvd o1q oyoAikq 1dq. Xdpd-
k1qpio1ikd 1q oqcpivq coyq ou cqpcd(ouv 1q
0coq, 1o kpo kdi 1o pAo 1ou oyoAciou kdi, kd1d ou-
vccid, 1q o1doq 1ov diiov dcvdv1i o1q oyoAikq
yvooq, kd0o kdi cocvd d 1o yopo 1q quyoAo-
yid 1q d0qoq cqcpdv dvd o1o ckdicu1ik po-
okqvio id, idqopc1ikq d 1qv dpdooidkq, dv1i-
Aqqq yid 1qv poocyyioq 1q yvooq. H dv1iAqqq du1q

22
c1dqpd(c1di oc cvdv 1po idokdAid o ooio
piokc1di dkpid d 1q oq kdi 1q Aoyikq 1ou dpd-
ooidko d0qd1o kdi o ooio ddv1d o1qv dood-
od1ik1q1d kdi 1ov oAukcpd1io ou ydpdk1qpi(ci
1d dpdooidkd dvdAu1ikd kdi opoAyid poypdd1d.
H pood0cid dvd(q1qoq Aocov oc ckdicu1ikc kd-
1do1doci dpoic c du1q ou cpiypdqdc (cAAciqq
kivq1pou, douoid koivov o1yov ckdicu1iko kdi
d0q1ov k.A.) &q oc kd1do1doci cpioo1cpo oko-
Ac d du1qv& oqyqoc o1qv cdvcc1doq kdi dvdi-
ooq kdi 1q oAio1ikq, cvidiooiqcvq q oAokAqpo1i-
kq poocyyioq 1q yvooq &poocyyioq ou o1ov
didyoyik yopo 1qv cyouc ouvdv1qoci qq d 1o
kivqd 1q Ncd Ayoyq
2
. H quyoAoyikq doq 1ou

2
Z1o kivqd 1q Ncd Ayoyq cv1dooc1di yid dpdciyd 1o
oyoAcio cpydoid (Kerschensteiner), q Aci1oupyikq did-
yoyikq (Claparde) kd0o kdi Ad 1d ouo1qd1d ou ypqoi-
ooiov 1i cvcpyq1ikc c0ou idokdAid (.y. kivqd
Freinet, Decroly k.A.). Koivd ydpdk1qpio1ikd Aov du1ov 1ov
ouo1qd1ov civdi 1i ivouv iidi1cpo dpo o1d quoikd kdi
du0pq1d kivq1pd 1ou diio, o1q pdoq 1ou kdi o1qv
cAokq 1ou o1qv ckdicu1ikq idikdoid, kd0o kdi o1qv
dvd1uq 1q du1ovoid 1ou. (Hcpioo1cpd yid 1o kivqd 1q
Ncd Ayoyq, A. o1o Houssaye J., Ackdcv1c didyoyo.
Z1d0o o1qv io1opd 1q didyoyikq okcq, Mc1diyio,
A0qvd, 2000.)

23
kivqd1o 0d opooc vd dvd(q1q0ci oc cydAo d0
o1q opqoAoyikq quyoAoyid q dAAio o1qv quyoAoyid
1q oA1q1d, oqovd c 1qv ooid dpyikd dv1iAd-
dvdo1c du1d ou d cpidAAouv o oA1q1c c
1q oq0cid 1q idio0qoq kdi 1d cv1dooouc cod oc
cvd cup1cpo Adioio, po1o 1d dvdAoouc kdi 1d
ouoyc1ioouc c1d 1ou
3
.

O po id0cd1ikq poocyyioq
4
, ou oqcpd ypqoi-
ooici1di Acov kdi cioqd (A. Aid0cd1ik Evidio
HAdioio Hpoypdd1o Zouov/AEHHZ
5
), doici oc
cico idk1ikq c0ooAoyid 1qv oAio1ikq q oAo-
kAqpo1ikq du1q dv1ic1oioq 1q yvooq. Zc 1i ouvi-

3
Hcpioo1cpd yid 1q opqoAoyikq quyoAoyid A. o1o Kdooo-
1dkq M. & OAoupq I., Md0qoq kdi AidokdAd, Ipqypq,
A0qvd, 2001 kdi o1o KoAidq E., Ocopc Md0qoq kdi Ekdi-
cu1ikq Hpdq, To I: Ivoo1ikc Ocopic, ckooq 1ou iiou,
A0qvd, 1999.

4
Ocopoc 1i o po idkAdikq poocyyioq (poocyyioq
cv 0cd1o cod d idqopc1iko cio1qoviko kAd-
ou-d0qd1d) c1dqcpci cpioo1cpo io1d 1o cpicycvo
1ou pou "interdisciplinary approach. Xpqoiooioc o
co 1ov po id0cd1ikq poocyyioq, cciq du1 cyci ci-
kpd1qoci o1ov cAAqvik yopo.

5
Zyc1ikd c 1o AEHHZ A. OEK 1366, 1373, 1374 kdi 1375/
1. B, 18-10-01.

24
o1d1di o dkpio q id0cd1ikq poocyyioq, oic
civdi oi 0copq1ikc 1q doci, oid 1d vcd ciycipqd1d
ou 1q o1qpi(ouv kdi yid1i civdi iidi1cpd ypqoiq yid
1qv ckdicu1ikq pdq;

AkoAou0o o1qv 1dq id id0cd1ikq poocyyioq 1q
yvooq oqdivci o c yopi(o 1q yvooq oc d0qd1d
dAAd oc 0cd1d kdi ouAco c 1ou d0q1c ou ypo
d 0cd1d ou ciAcyo q ciAcyouc d(i, diooio-
v1d kd0c qopd &dvdAoyd c 1o 0cd& o1oiycid d
idqopd d0qd1d/yvoo1ikd dv1ikcicvd. Iid dpd-
ciyd, ouvud(o o1oiycid d 1o d0qd 1q Io1opid,
1q Icoypdqid, 1q HoAi1ikq & Koivovikq Ayoyq
kdi 1q IAoood, yid vd ouAcqo ypo d 1o 0cd
Td cod c1dqopd. 1 ypqoiooio didyoyikc 1c-
yvikc o q pdd1ooiqoq, q (oypdqikq, q ouoikq,
oc ouvudo c d0qd1d o q IAoood, 1d Md0q-
d1ikd, q McAc1q HcpidAAov1o, yid vd ouAcqo ypo
d 1o 0cd Eudio0q1ooiqoq yid 1d (od ou kivu-
vcouv kdi vd opydvooo cvd oycio pdoq oyc1ikd
c du1. Yio0c1o 1q id0cd1ikq poocyyioq oqdivci,
Aoiv, dpyikd 1i dAAd(o 1q oq 1ou cpicyocvou
1q idokdAid, cqoov 1o 0cd kdi yi 1o ouykckpi-
cvo d0qd (Io1opid, IAoood, Md0qd1ikd k.A.) civdi
du1 ou piokc1di o1o kcv1po. To 0cd du1 dv1ic1o-

25
i(c1di o1qv 1dq cod d idqopc1ikc cvdAAdk1ikc
o1ikc, cod d idqopc1ikd yvoo1ikd dv1ikcicvd, 1d
ooid oudAAouv o1o vd idopqooouv 1d diid id
ouvoAikq/cvidid yvooq oyc1ikd c du1. Au1 civdi
iidi1cpd oqdv1ik, kupio oc id coyq ou q yvooq
dpouoid(c1di ouyvd kd1d1cdyiocvq. O kd1d1cdyi-
o du1 dAio1d oqyci oc duvdid 1ov diiov vd
cv1douv 1q yvooq oc cvd Adioio ou vd 1q ivci
vqd kdi, kd1d ouvccid, oc cAAciqq cvidqcpov1o
yid du1 ou 1ou idokci 1o oyoAcio.

Oo 1o o1oiycio du1 (qAdq q dAAdyq o1q oq 1ou
cpicyocvou 1q idokdAid), dv kdi kd0opio1ik yid
vd opoc vd iAdc yid id0cd1ikq poocyyioq
1q yvooq, c d ivci d vo 1ou cdpkq ciyci-
pqd1d yid 1q ypqoi1q1d du1q 1q poocyyioq o1qv
ckdicu1ikq pdq. H ypqoi1q1d du1q pok1ci yi
vo d 1qv kdivo1oid oc oycoq c 1o cpicycvo
1q yvooq kdi c 1o o du1q dpouoid(c1di, dAAd,
kupio, oc oycoq c 1q c0ooAoyid 1q idokdAid,
c 1ov 1po, qAdq, ouAcid o1qv 1dq ou du1q
ouvcdyc1di. H id0cd1ikq poocyyioq dok1d vqd
d 1o ycyov 1i ivci cvdv iidi1cpo pAo o1d diid
cod o1qv 1dq, 1d cAckci uvdikd o1qv ckdicu-
1ikq idikdoid. Yio0c1o o ckdicu1ik 1q id0cd-

26
1ikq poocyyioq oqdivci 1i Addvo uqq ou 1oo
1d kivq1pd kdi 1d cvidqcpov1d 1ov diiov, oo kdi 1i
yvoo1ikc kdi koivovikc 1ou ccipic, 1i ooic kdi
diooio o1qv 1dq, 0copov1d 1i do1cAov dqopc
yid cpdi1cpo cccpydoid. Zqdivci, cioq, 1i dv1i-
Addvodi kdi diooio 1i po1oouAic ou dip-
vouv 1d iid 1d diid kd1d 1q idpkcid 1q ckdicu1i-
kq idikdoid kdi 1i cvioyo.

Hioo Aoiv d 1q id0cd1ikq poocyyioq piokov1di:

N ouykckpicvc dv1iAqqci yid 1q d0qoq, ouykckpi-
cvc qAdq 0copqoci 1ou 1i oqdivci d0divo,
N ouykckpicvc dv1iAqqci yid 1o pAo 1ou kivq1pou
o1q d0qoq,
N ouykckpicvc dv1iAqqci yid 1o pAo 1ou ckdi-
cu1iko kdi 1ov d0q1ov, kd0o kdi yid 1q c1d
1ou oycoq.

Hoic civdi du1c;

N H id0cd1ikq poocyyioq, o kdi kd0c oyypovq
poocyyioq 1q yvooq, dv1ic1oi(ci 1q d0qoq
odv id idikdoid icpcvqoq, dvdkdAuqq kdi
oikoqoq 1q yvooq d 1o iio 1o d1oo ou

27
d0divci
6
. H idikdoid du1q civdi dAAo1c d1oikq
kdi dAAo1c ouAAoyikq. H d0qoq pok1ci o do-
1cAcod id dopid (1dv ouvciq1ooioc 1qv
dyvoid d yid kd1i) q o do1cAcod 1q dvdykq
d vd ciAoouc cvd pAqd/vd dv1ic1oi-
oouc id poAqd1ikq kd1do1doq c 1qv ooid
piokdo1c dv1ic1ooi (Aci1oupyikq dv1iAqqq 1q
yvooq). H d0qoq dAAo1c pok1ci c 1po c-
pioo1cpo idio0q1ik (.y. d0qoq pdyd1ov ou
oyc1i(ov1di c 1o quoik q 1o koivovik cpidAAov
d) kdi dAAo1c c 1po io ouo1qd1ik. Hdv1o,
kdi o1q id kdi o1qv dAAq cpi1ooq, q d0qoq, yid
vd civdi do1cAcod1ikq, pcci vd doi(c1di oc d-
Aic yvooci kdi ccipic 1ov diiov. Au1c 1i
yvooci kdi ccipic ci1c 0d 1i ioyupooiqoci ci1c
0d 1i dvdiopydvooci yid vd 1i c1doyqd1ioci oc
yvooci cpioo1cpo cio1qovikc. Md0divo, o,

6
Tqv dv1iAqqq du1q o1qpi(ouv oi 0copic 1ov Piaget, Vygot-
ski, Bruner, Perret-Clermont k.d. (A. Perraudeau M., Les
mthodes cognitives. Apprendre autrement lcole, Armand
Colin, Paris, 1996` Bdpvdd-Zkopd T(., Ocopc yvoo1ikq
dvd1uq, d0qoq kdi dioAyqoq, Hdd(qoq, A0qvd,
1994` HddiydqA I., Md0qoq kdi koivovd, Ouoocd,
A0qvd, 1988` Xpio1oqiq-Evpikc A., O Piaget kdi 1o ooAco,
Ekkpcc, A0qvd, 1999` Foulin J. & Mouchon S., Ekdicu1ikq
4uoAoyd, Mc1diyio, A0qvd, 2001 k.A.).

28
oqovd c 1q oyypovq dv1iAqqq c oqdivci
vo dok1o yvooci kdi dkq cpioo1cpo c oq-
divci d0divo dco!!! Zqdivci dok1o kdi c-
i1q1c q, dAAio, kdoid cpydAcid ou opo
dvd dod o1iyq vd 1d ypqoiooiqoo yid vd d0o
kd1i, oqdivci qAdq d0divo vd d0divo. Iid
dpdciyd, d0divo vd dvd(q1o Aqpoqopic, vd
ciAcyo 1i io oqdv1ikc dvdcod oc du1c, vd
ouykpivo, vd kdvo uo0coci, vd oqyodi oc
oucpdod1d, vd c1dqcpo oc cvd vco Adioio id
yvooq ou cyo dok1qoci oc cvd ouykckpicvo
Adioio, d0divo vd kpivo. Au1d 1d o1oiycid id-
oqdAi(ov1di, o 0d oc kdi o1q ouvcycid, coo
1q id0cd1ikq poocyyioq.

N H id0cd1ikq poocyyioq 1q yvooq ivci iidi-
1cpd cydAq oqdoid o1o pAo 1ou kivq1pou o1q
d0qoq
7
. A 1q o1iyq ou ddi1ci pdyd1ikq
cAokq 1ou diio o1q idikdoid 1q d0qoq
cv opci dpd vd qioupyci coo1cpikd kivq1pd
kdi vd doi(c1di oc du1d (1c1oid opci vd civdi 1o
cvidqcpov kdi q cpicpycid yid 1o 0cd c 1o ooio

7
Iid 1o pAo 1ou kivq1pou A. o1o EukAciq A., 4uoAoyd
1ov kivq1pov, EAAqvikd Ipdd1d, A0qvd, 1999.

29
doyoAodo1c, q dvdyvopioq d 1o dii 1ou cdu-
1o 1ou kdi 1ov iod1ov 1ou cod oc du1 k.A.).

N TcAo, q id0cd1ikq poocyyioq ivci o1ov
ckdicu1ik cvd pAo oyc1ikd idqopc1ik d du-
1v ou 0d ciyc oc id dAAou 1ou ckdicu1ikq
idikdoid. O ckdicu1ik di(ci 1o pAo 1ou id-
cooAdq1q-cvqAikd (o cpiypdqc1di d 1ou
Bruner & Vygotski), o ooio dpdkivci, pokd-
Aci 1d diid, dkoci 1i dvdykc kdi 1i ci0uic
1ou, 1ou qioupyci c 1po ccoo vcc dopic
kdi cvidqcpov1d, dpdkoAou0ci 1q pdoq 1ov di-
iov kdi 1qv kd1cu0vci kpd1ov1d id iooppoid
dvdcod o1qv du1ovoid kdi 1qv po1oouAid 1ou
kdi o1o ik 1ou kd0oqyq1ik pAo kdi qioup-
yov1d id d1oqdipd dooyq, dqipoq ci-
koivovid kdi, kd1d ouvccid, id 0c1ik1cpq oycoq
dvdcod o1ov ckdicu1ik kdi o1ou d0q1c. Ei-
oq, ioo d 1q id0cd1ikq poocyyioq piokc1di
q koivovioyvoo1ikq 0copid 1q d0qoq
8
, qAdq q
dv1iAqqq 1i q yvooq oikooci1di coo dAAqAci-

8
Iid 1qv koivovioyvoo1ikq 0copid 1q d0qoq, A. o1o Doise
W. & Mugny G., H koivovikq dvd1uq 1q voqoovq, Hd1d-
kq, A0qvd, 1989 kdi o1o HddiydqA I., Md0qoq kdi koivo-
vd, Ouoocd, A0qvd, 1988.

30
pdoq c 1ov dAAo, coo qAdq ouvcpydoid c
ouvoqAikou kdi cvqAikc, c d1od ou pioko-
v1di o1o iio q oc idqopc1ik cico oc oycoq c
ouykckpicvc yvooci kdi ci1q1c, c dAAd A-
yid coo ouAAoyikq ouAcid, idAyou kdi dv1i-
dpd0coq, qAdq coo koivovioyvoo1ikq o-
ykpouoq.

E E i io o1 1p pc cq qo ov v1 1d d o o1 1i i d dp pd d d dv vo o o ok kq qv vc c . .

Hoid civdi o q oycoq 1ov dpddvo okqvov ou
dvdAodc c 1q id0cd1ikq poocyyioq 1q yvooq;
A 1i cc1doouc dvd kd1o d du1q 1qv o1ikq.

A) Td cid 1ou AAcq

Z1qv po1q okqvq o AAcq piokc1di oc id Aoyikq kd-
1d1cdyioo 1q yvooq, ou 1ov coi(ci vd ypqoi-
ooiqoci id yvooq ou cyci dok1qoci oc cvd d0qd
(IAoood) yid cvd dAAo d0qd (Md0qd1ikd). Td pq-
d1d, oi poo1dk1ikc k.A. civdi yid du1v kd1i ou
cyci d0ci oc cvd Adioio. H ci1q1d vd okcq1do1c
oyc1ikd c 1i Acci yid vd kd1dvooc kdoic d du-
1c ou cv cpouc (q ooid opci vd kdAAicpyq0ci
o1o yAoooik d0qd coo dokqocov, .y., ou oyc1i-

31
(ov1di c 1qv c1uoAoyid 1ov Accov q c 1i oikoyc-
vcic 1ov Accov) q dAAc c0ooAoyikc ci1q1c
ou cyouv kdAAicpyq0ci o1o yAoooik d0qd, o
du1q 1q dvd(q1qoq o1o Acik, c c1dqcpov1di
d 1ov AAcq 1dv idqopooici1di 1o Adioio (qAdq
1dv cv pkci1di yid yAoooik d0qd) kdi cocvo
c ypqoiooiov1di o cpydAcio yid 1qv ciAuoq
kdoiou dAAou poAqd1o.

B) Ti cd0dv 1d diid; H diooiqoq o1qv 1dq.

Z1q c1cpq okqvq 1d diid c qdivov1di iidi1cpd ki-
vq1ooiqcvd ypo d 1o o1yo ou cyci 0coci o ck-
dicu1ik (qAdq 1q c1d1poq 1ou idAyou oc
Adyio Ayo kdi 1qv dpdyoyq kcicvou c doq 1qv
dvdAuoq 1q oq 1ou kcicvou ou iddo1qkc o1qv
1dq). Av1i0c1d, udpyouv kdoid 0cd1d (oi koq1c,
1d qqdio1cid k.A.) cod o1o ouykckpicvo kcicvo-
dqopq, 1d ooid kivq1ooiov 1d diid &kdi dAio1d
dkq kdi du1d 1d diid ou c ouc1cyouv ouyvd
o1o d0qd& kdi 1d kdvouv vd 0cAouv vd ou(q1qoouv
ypo d du1d. Tou pokdAov dopic kdi cpicp-
ycid, 1d kivq1ooiov vd iAqoouv, vd qcpouv o1qv
ciqdvcid ccipic kdi yvooci ou cyouv dok1qoci
cv1 kdi ck1 oyoAciou (1qAcpdoq, d0qd Io1opid,
ou(q1qoq c 1ov d1cpd, do.). Td diid Aoiv

32
0c1ouv kdoid cpo1qd1d kdi dAio1d 1civouv vd 1d
poocyyioouv cod d idqopc1ikc o1ikc ou oyc1i-
(ov1di c idqopd d0qd1d/yvoo1ikd dv1ikcicvd (.y.
Io1opid, Icoypdqid, McAc1q HcpidAAov1o k.A.). Oc-
Aouv vd ou(q1qoouv c1d 1ou kdi c 1ov ckdicu-
1ik, vd dvdkdAqouv kdoid pdyd1d, vd dvd(q1q-
oouv Aqpoqopic, vd qdouv o1o ydp1q, cvo kdoid
o1iyq dvdpo1iov1di yid 1o o 0d opoodv vd qd-
ouv yid vd ddv1qoouv oc kdoic dopic 1ou. Ou-
oido1ikd, du1d ou kdvouv 1d diid do1cAov cukdi-
pic d0qoq ou cv1dooov1di cod oc id Aoyikq id-
0cd1ikq poocyyioq, c1oi o 1qv opiodc dpd-
dvo.

AAd, o ckdicu1ik qdivc1di vd qv ckc1dAAcc-
1di du1c 1i cukdipic, cciq cyci oycidoci vd d0ci
o1d diid kd1i ouykckpicvo. Acv dv1dokpivc1di o1i
cpo1qoci 1ov diiov o1c o1i ccoc ckkAqoci
1ou (Kupid!.), cv 1d oq0d vd qdouv kdi vd cA-
1iooouv 1i c0ooAoyikc 1ou ci1q1c, qAdq cv
1d oq0d o1o vd d0ouv o vd d0divouv, o1o vd
cA1iooouv 1i idikdoic okcqq, cAc1q, cikoivo-
vid kdi ouvcpydoid. MdAio1d, o1o 1cAo 1ou Aou d-
0qd1o o ckdicu1ik 0copci 1i 1d diid cd0dv
cAdyio1d pdyd1d.

33
A oc o dv cd0dv kdi 1i dkpio cd0dv 1d ou-
ykckpicvd diid kdi &dkd kdA1cpd& 1i 0d d0di-
vdv dv o ckdicu1ik cv ciyc qoq0ci vd ckc1dA-
Acu1ci du1c 1i cukdipic.

Ti cd0dv 1d diid cod d 1qv du0pq1q pdoq
1ou;

N tqcpdv o1q vqq 1ou, ouvdodv kdi ouoyc1iodv
Aqpoqopic d idqopc1ikd yvoo1ikd dv1ikcicvd
c Aqpoqopic ou 1ou cooc 1o kcicvo kdi c0c-
odv cpo1qd1d.

N tqddv id Aqpoqopid o1o ydp1q (dAAd cv 1d
kd1dqcpdv!).

N Zuvcpydo1qkdv c1d 1ou yid vd dvd(q1qoouv id
Aqpoqopid kdi pood0qodv vd pouv Aoci c-
pioo1cpo q Aiy1cpo do1cAcod1ikc.

N Hqpdv po1oouAic kdi cpdodv du1vod, 0cAo-
v1d vd idycipio1ov 1q d0qoq 1ou.

Hdpd1qpov1d 1d dpddvo idio1ovouc o o1q
okqvq du1q 1d diid cdokqodv, c ikq 1ou po1o-
ouAid, kupio c0ooAoyikc ci1q1c kdi cv dc-
k1qodv duo1qpd oqcvc yvooci. EiAcov, dpyioc

34
vd dvd1ooc1di id uvdikq c1d 1ou (dAAqAoc-
k1iqoq, 0dudo, dAAqAooq0cid kdi dcipd cq-
yqoq k.A.).

A oc 1opd 1i 0d d0divdv 1d diid o1q ouykckpi-
cvq okqvq, dv o ckdicu1ik cv ciyc qoq0ci vd
ckc1dAAcu1ci du1c 1i cukdipic. KdA1cpd, d
oc dv q du1voq pdoq 1ov diiov, oc cpi1ooq
ou kd0oqyov1dv cpioo1cpo d 1ov ckdicu-
1ik, 0d 1d oqyooc o1qv dk1qoq kdi dAAov yvo-
ocov kdi cio1q1ov.

N Ek1 d 1q ci1q1d q ooid oyc1i(c1di c 1qv
dvdkAqoq o1q vqq kdi 1q ouoyc1ioq Aqpoqopiov
kdi q ooid 0d opooc vd cdokq0ci cpioo1cpo,
dv o ckdicu1ik c0c1c kdi ciAcov cpo1qoci, 1d
diid 0d dok1oodv kdi kdoid cpydAcid (.y.
d0divo vd dvd(q1o id Aqpoqopid oc id cyku-
kAodicid q cvd cciikcucvo iAio q dkq
kdvo uo0coci yid 1o o 0d opood vd dvd(q-
1qoo id Aqpoqopid), yid vd cicdiooouv 1ou
dpyikd idio0q1iko ouoyc1ioo 1ou (HdAid.
cpo yo..), cvo 0d dok1oodv kdi kdoic io1o-
pikc yvooci (.y. oyc1ikd c 1qv ckpqq 1ou Bc-
(oiou kdi 1qv kd1do1poqq 1q Hoqid, 1qv
ooid kdi 0d 1oo0c1oodv o1o ypvo). Evvoci1di c

35
1i du1q q poocyyioq 1q dvd(q1qoq 1q Aqpo-
qopid 0d ddAAdooc 1ov ckdicu1ik d 1o dy-
yo 1o dv kd1cyci q yi Aq 1qv ddpdi1q1q Aqpo-
qopid, 0d 1ov kd0io1ooc io1io cAo 1q odd
kdi 0d oqyooc 1d diid vd ouvciq1ooiqoouv 1i
cv civdi uvd1v vd cpouc 1d dv1d, opoc
o vd d0ouc o kdi o vd dvd(q1oc Aq-
poqopic.

N EiAcov, 0d dok1oodv c 1q oq0cid 1ou ckdi-
cu1iko yi vo 1qv ikdv1q1d dvd(q1qoq o1o
ydp1q, dAAd kdi kdoic yvooci Icoypdqid.

N Od cvioyu1dv q 1doq 1ou vd d0ouv coo
ouvcpydoid, dv o ckdicu1ik ycipi(1dv c
1po qioupyik 1i dAAqAcipdoci c1d 1ov
diiov, qAdq 1qv 1doq kdoiov diiov vd
cqyqoouv o1d dAAd q 1qv 1doq kdoiov dAAov
diiov vd oq0qoouv o1qv dvd(q1qoq id Aqpo-
qopid, dv qAdq ckc1dAAcu1dv 1o ycyov 1ov
idqopc1ikov cicov 1ov diiov (kdoioi dip-
vouv po1oouAic, cpouv cpioo1cpd, cvo
kdoioi dAAoi dkoAou0ov).

N Av cvioyov1dv d 1ov ckdicu1ik 1d diid, ou
&oc dv1i0coq c dAAc qopc kd1d 1i ooic
ccvdv dc1oyd& kivq1ooiq0qkdv du1q 1q qopd

36
cod o1qv 1dq, 0d dok1oodv cydA1cpo kivq1po
yid ouc1oyq kdi Aqqq po1oouAiov.

N H EAcvq 0d dqqyov1dv cod o1qv 1dq 1o cpyo
ou ciyc ci o1qv 1qAcpdoq, c do1cAcod 1qv
cdokqoq cio1q1ov oi ooic oyc1i(ov1di c 1ov
poqopik Ayo. Hcpd d 1d vcd 0cd1d po cc-
cpydoid ou 0d pocku1dv d du1q 1q ou(q1qoq,
0d iv1dv cvcyocvo kdi q cukdipid yid cccp-
ydoid o1qv 1dq yAoooikov qdivocvov, ouv1dk1i-
kov kdi dAAov. Mqo Aoiv 0d opooc vd
cv1dy0ci co o o1yo ou dpyikd ciyc o ckdicu-
1ik; Mqo qAdq du1 o o1yo ou c qd-
vqkc vd kcv1pi(ci 1o cvidqcpov 1ov diiov 0d
opooc ck 1ov uo1cpov vd cv1dy0ci cod oc id
io Aci1oupyikq (c cvidqcpov kdi vqd) yid 1d
diid idikdoid; Iid dpdciyd, cqoov o ckdi-
cu1ik ciyc o1yo 1qv dpdyoyq kcicvou kdi d-
Aio1d dqqyqd1iko, c 0d opooc vd diooiqoci
1qv ci0uid 1q EAcvq yid dpdyoyq poqopiko
dqqyqd1iko Ayou kdi vd (q1qoci o1q ouvcycid,
yid dpdciyd, vd dpdydyouv 1d diid kd1i ypd-
1; Mopci vd q oAcuc c 1ov 1po ou ciyc
poAcqci, 0d opooc o vd cccpydo1ci 1q
Aoyikq 1q oq 1ov kcicvov c dqopq 1o po-
qopik kcicvo 1q EAcvq. Od opooc cioq vd

37
(q1qoci d 1d diid vd c1dqcpouv oc dqqyqd-
1ik kcicvo 1q ou(q1qoq ou ckdvdv o1qv 1dq kdi
vd ouAcqouv c du1 1ov 1po 1q c1dqopd cv
quoiko idAyou oc Adyio Ayo.

H H k kp pi i1 1i ik kq q k kd di i o oi i q q o oi i. .

Av dpdcy1oc 1i 1d diid cod d id 1c1oid id-
ikdoid dck1qodv kdoic ci1q1c q cdokq0qkdv
o po du1c, 1o cpo1qd ou dpdcvci cvcyocvo
dAu1o civdi 1o dv dck1qodv 1d diid ouykckpicvc
yvooci kdi 1o oic civdi du1c. td0dv 1cAikd 1d
diid qydivov1d d 1o cvd 0cd o1o dAAo; HdpAo
ou oi yvooci o1i ooic cyivc dvdqopd opci vd
qdivov1di c1d 1ou dovc1c, 1cAikd 1d diid kd-
1dqcpdv vd 1i ouvcoouv cod d 1q ikq 1ou
o1ikq. EdAAou, cpouc 1i 1o dv0poivo udA ouv-
ud(ci o1oiycid kdi kd1dokcud(ci Acyd1d cvvoiov q
oqdoioAoyikd ik1ud, odooici kdi ouoyc1i(ci 1i
Aqpoqopic, pokcicvou 1o d1oo vd opci vd opyd-
vovci 1q yvooq kdi vd cpqvcci c1oi 1q ov0c1q pdy-
d1ik1q1d ou 1o cpidAAci. H diooiqoq du1ov 1ov
Acyd1ov cvvoiov kdi 1ov oqdoioAoyikov i-
k1ov civdi iidi1cpd oqdv1ikq yid 1q idk1ikq

38
pdq
9
. Bcdid, o1o ouykckpicvo dpdciyd du1q q
ouvudo1ikq ikdv1q1d 1ov diiov cv civdi 1oo c-
qdvq oc Ac 1i qdoci, Ayo 1q o1doq ou kpd1d o
ckdicu1ik. H kd1do1doq 0d q1dv idqopc1ikq dv q
id0cd1ikq poocyyioq ckivooc c kd0oqyqoq
1ou ckdicu1iko, o ooio 0d ciyc o1o udA 1ou 1o
0cd ou 0d Aci1oupyooc o ouvck1ik io1 ypo
d 1ov ooio 0d idp0povov1dv oi idqopc1ikc yvo-
oci. Av, yid dpdciyd, 1o 0cd q1dv oyc1ik c 1o
4oi, 11c yvooci Io1opid - Mu0oAoyid (.y. o
0o 1q 0cd Aqq1pd), Icoypdqid (.y. cpioyc
o1i ooic kdAAicpyov1di oi1qpd), McAc1q HcpidAAo-
v1o (o kdi o yivc1di 1o qoi/0pc1ikd ouo1d1ikd
1ou qoio), IAoood (Acci oyc1ikc c 1o qoi kdi
1ov dp1o) k.A. 0d idp0povov1dv ypo d du1. Td
diid c kd1dAAqAq kivq1ooiqoq 0d id1ovdv cpo-
1qoci, 0d dvd(q1oodv Aqpoqopic oc qyc kdi 0d
ooodv du1c 1i Aqpoqopic ypo d 1q ouykc-
kpicvq 0cd1ikq, cdokov1d dpdAAqAd kdi Ac 1i
ci1q1c yid 1i ooic iAqodc dpddvo.

AAAd dkd kdi dv c ouvcdivc du1, q kd1do1doq 0d
q1dv idqopc1ikq dv o ckdicu1ik dvd(q1ooc ck 1ov

9
BA. BdoiAooAou M., O dp1q cvvoiov o cpydAco d0q-
oq, ckooq 1q iid, A0qvd, 2001.

39
uo1cpov 1o ouvck1ik io1 ypo d 1ov ooio 0d
idp0povov1dv oi du0pq1c dpd1qpqoci kdi dvd(q-
1qoci 1ov diiov. Au1 o ouvck1ik io1 0d do1c-
Aooc kdi 1o pio cod o1o ooio 0d cpcc vd cck1d-
0ov oi pdo1qpi1q1c kdi oi dvd(q1qoci 1q odd,
oo1c vd q yd0ci 1o ouvoAik vqd c 1q ouvcyq c-
1ddoq d 1o cvd 0cd o1o dAAo. t1oi, dv o1o ouykc-
kpicvo dpdciyd 1o kcicvo cv1doo1dv oc id 0c-
d1ikq cv1q1d 1q ooid o ouvck1ik io1 0d q1dv
1o 0cd Hcpicpyd quoikd qdivcvd q 1o 0cd Ou-
pdvid ood1d k.A., 11c oi dvd(q1qoci 1ov diiov
0d ciydv vqd kdi 0d kivov1dv oc ouykckpicvo Adi-
oio. H cccpydoid ou ciyc o1o udA 1ou o ckdicu-
1ik 0d poodpo(1dv dAd o1i ddi1qoci du1q 1q
0cd1ikq kdi 0d 1poooiov1dv o cidc dpd-
dvo.

Eivdi oqdv1ik vd yivci odqc 1i o pAo 1ou ckdi-
cu1iko oc oycoq c 1q ouvoAikq opydvooq kdi cu-
0vq yid 1qv opcid 1q ckdicu1ikq idikdoid cv
dvdipci1di d 1o ycyov 1i 1d diid du1cvcpyov kdi
dvdAddvouv po1oouAic. O ckdicu1ik cyci o1o
udA 1ou cvdv kop yvoocov ou 0cAci vd dok1q-
oouv oi d0q1c 1ou kdi kd0oqyci 1d diid oc 0cd-
1ikc q po1civci o iio 0cd1ikc ou vd ci1pcouv

40
vd oq0ov du1c oi yvooci kdi o1o udA 1ov di-
iov. O ckdicu1ik cyci o1o udA 1ou o1you (c-
0ooAoyikc kdi dAAc ci1q1c) kdi ccvci 1i pd-
o1qpi1q1c c du1o. EdkoAou0ci vd cAcyyci 1qv
kd1do1doq, cyci o cpioo1cpo cvd pAo idcoo-
Adq1q (dvdcod o1d diid kdi 1q yvooq) kdi yid
du1 civdi cpioo1cpo cucAik1o kdi dvoiy1 o1i po-
1doci 1ov iiov 1ov diiov kdi o1d cvidqcpov1d
1ou.

Kdi q do1iqoq 1ou 1i cd0dv 1d diid; Mopci o ck-
dicu1ik vd cAcyci kdi vd dpdkoAou0qoci yi vo
1qv opcid dAAd kdi 1qv do1cAcod1ik1q1d du1o 1ou
d0qd1o; Mc doq od dvd1y0qkdv dpddvo,
qdivc1di 1i du1 opci vd 1o kdvci, kupio d 1q
o1iyq ou yid du1v q do1iqoq 1ov do1cAcod1ov
cv 1du1i(c1di c id dAq c1pqoq 1ov 1cAikov ci-
ocov 1ov diiov oc oycoq c cvd o1yo (ouykcqd-
Adio1ikq dioAyqoq), dAAd ccpicyci kdi 1qv dpd1q-
pqoq 1q Aq idikdoid ou dkoAou0ov 1d diid
yid 1qv kd1dk1qoq yvoocov kdi cio1q1ov (idopqo-
1ikq dioAyqoq). EiAcov, q do1iqoq du1q c 0d
c0c1c kdvcvd pAqd d 1q o1iyq ou o ckdicu-
1ik 0d ccvuc, o cidc, c o1you 1i po1o-
ouAic 1ov diiov. Iid dpdciyd, 0d opooc vd

41
pooooci o1qv po1oouAid 1q EAcvq (vd dqqyq0ci
o1d uAoid diid 1o cpyo ou cic o1qv 1qAcpdoq)
1ou cq o1you: d) cdokqoq 1q dqqyqd1ikq ikd-
v1q1d (qioupyid poqopiko kcicvou ou vd Aq-
poi kdoic ouykckpicvc poo0coci), ) ooo1q
ypqoq AciAoyiou kdi 1qpqoq ouv1dk1ikov kdvvov,
y) ikdv1q1d ouykcv1pooq kdi dpdkoAo0qoq id
io1opid ou dqqyci1di cvd ouvoqAiko k.A. Zc du1q
1qv cpi1ooq dAio1d, o ckdicu1ik, 0c1ov1d du-
1o 1ou o1you, 0d opooc vd poci 1oo oc id-
opqo1ikq oo kdi oc ouykcqdAdio1ikq-1cAikq dioA-
yqoq, dv kd1i 1c1oio 1ou q1dv yid kdoio Ayo ddpdi-
1q1o.

Mopov o 1d dv1d vd idy1ov coo 1q id0c-
d1ikq poocyyioq; Mopov vd pc0ov ouvck1ikoi
io1oi oo1c kd0c1i vd ouvudo1ci c kd1i dAAo; Ho
opci cvd ckdicu1ik vd dvd(q1d ouvcyo ouoyc-
1ioci dvdcod oc du1d ou 0cAci vd d0ouv oi d0q1c
1ou;

Hpoqdvo 0d q1dv dvcqik1o vd ciioci kdvci kd1i
1c1oio kupio oc cico yvoocov. Hpoqdvo udp-
youv kdi kod1id yvooq dvdykdid kdi yi dv1d Aci-
1oupyikd. H pood0cid cv1dq Aov 1ov yvoocov

42
o1o Adioio id0cd1ikov poocyyiocov 0d opooc
vd oqyqoci oc cikivuvo ckquAio 1q Aoyikq 1q
id0cd1ikq poocyyioq. H pood0cid, .y., vd cv1d-
y0ci id ocipd d d0qd1d kd1o d 1o koiv 0cd
H yd1d c 0d opooc vd oqyqoci dpd oc
kd1do1doci ou 0d q1dv yid 1d diid 1o iio du0dipc-
1c oo kdi q dpdooidkq idokdAid (.y. Avo d-
0qd1ikd poAqd1d c yd1c, (oypdqi(o 1q yd1d,
idd(o cvd dpd0i c yd1c k.A.).

Ac oudivci cdid 1o iio kdi 1d pdyd1d civdi oA
io ckoAd 1dv oi o1yoi 1ou ckdicu1iko civdi kd-
oic cup1cpc c0ooAoyikc ci1q1c, oi ooic
opov vd kdAAicpyq0ov oc kd0c Adioio, c kd0c
dqopq kdi vd c1dido1ov oc vcc kd1do1doci (.y.
q ci1q1d dvd(q1qoq Aqpoqopiov opci vd kdA-
Aicpyq0ci c ooidqo1c dqopq kdi oc ooioqo1c
0cd1ik Adioio).

Eivdi dv1o oqdv1ik vd cpouc 1i q id0cd1ikq
poocyyioq civdi cvd 1po ouAcid, cv civdi dvd-
kcid. Z1i cpi1ooci ou cv civdi cqik1 vd 1qv dko-
Aou0qoouc, 1o io oqdv1ik civdi oi dv1iAqqci d0q-
oq ou 1q idvcouv (dvdkdAu1ikq d0qoq, ouvcpyd-
1ikq d0qoq k.A.) vd qv cykd1dAciov1di d(i c 1q

43
oq kdi 1o cpicycvo cv id0cd1iko d0qd1o.

tvd dkq pAqd ou 0d opooc kdoio vd 0c-
oci civdi du1 1ov opiov. Mcypi o opoc vd oq-
yq0oc dvoiyov1d cod o1qv 1dq cvd ouykckpicvo
0cd yid vd 1o cAc1qoouc kd1o d idqopc1ikc
o1ikc; Hoio civdi 1o oqcio o1o ooio pcci vd o1d-
d1qoouc; H dAq0cid civdi 1i oAAc qopc q id0c-
d1ikq poocyyioq opci vd d dopoodvd1oAioci. H
id0coq 1ov diiov kdi 1o cvidqcpov 1ou yid 1o
ouykckpicvo 0cd d 1q id kdi oi o1yoi 1ou ckdi-
cu1iko d 1qv dAAq (oic yvooci 0cAci vd oikoo-
qoouv 1d diid kdi oic ci1q1c vd kd1dk1q-
oouv;), qAdq 1o iio 1o Adioio 1q ckdicu1ikq
pdyd1ik1q1d, civdi du1 ou 0d 0coci pid (ypovikd
kdi yvoo1ikd) oc oycoq c 1qv cvdoyAqoq c 1o
ouykckpicvo 0cd. Td iAid 1ou Hpoypdd1o Ek-
dicuoq MouoouAdvodiov 0c1ouv kdoid pid,
po1civov1d kdoic o1ikc coo 1ov ooiov o-
poc vd poocyyioouc 1i idqopc 0cd1ikc cv1q-
1c ou okid udpyouv kdi o1d iAid IAoood kdi
o1d iAid Io1opid - Icoypdqid kdi McAc1q HcpidA-
Aov1o. HdpAd du1d kdi oi iic du1c oi cv1q1c o-
pov ci1c vd dvd1uy0ov cpdi1cpo ci1c vd ou1u-
y0ov c doq 1d cvidqcpov1d 1ov diiov, 1o ci-

44
c 1ou (yAoooik k.A.) kdi 1ou d0qoidko o1-
you ou o ckdicu1ik cyci 0coci. To uAik civdi, c
dAAd Ayid, cucAik1o kdi dvoiy1 kdi q cccpydoid 1ou
opci vd yivci c 1po idqopooiqcvo.

H kd1dAAqA1q1d 1q c0ou du1q yid cpidAAov1d
c iidi1cp1q1c q yid cpidAAov1d o1d ooid 1d di-
id piokov1di oc idqopc1ik c1d 1ou yAoooik q
yvoo1ik cico (.y. ovo0coid oyoAcid, ik1c 1dci
k.A.) cyci oA ou(q1q0ci. Av kdi du1q q c0oo qdi-
vc1di vd ddi1ci oAAd d 1d diid, cqoov du1d
dvdAddvouv cu0vc kdi po1oouAic kdi idycipi-
(ov1di oc cvd d0 1q idikdoid d0qoq, 1cAikd dA-
Aov dvdcikvc1di o iidi1cpd do1cAcod1ikq. Zc du1
oudAAouv: d) 1o kivq1po ou du1q q poocyyioq q-
ioupyci o1d diid (1dv c cvidqcpci kd1i kdi vio0o
1i 1o cAcyyo, yivodi cpioo1cpo do1cAcod1ik,
dpd d0divo kdi io ckoAd), ) q qioupyid 0c1ikq
oycoq c1d 1ov cAov 1q odd-1dq (ouvcpyd-
oid yid 1qv d koivo ciAuoq cv poAqd1o, 1qv
d koivo dvd(q1qoq kdi 1divqoq Aqpoqopiov
k.A.) kdi, 1cAo, y) q uvd11q1d 1q poocyyioq cv
0cd1o d idqopc1ikc okoic q cod d idqopc-
1ikc 1cyvikc kdi o1pd1qyikc (Ack1ikc kdi q Ack1i-
kc), ou cuvoci 1qv cd1oikcucvq podoq o1q

45
yvooq (idqopooiqcvq didyoyikq) kdi 1qv dvd-
ciq kdi diooiqoq 1ov uvd1o1q1ov Aov 1ov di-
iov. Au1d yivov1di dkq io cqdvq kd1d 1qv uAo-
oiqoq oyciov ckdicu1ikq pdoq (projects) 1d
ooid o1qpi(ov1di o1q Aoyikq 1q id0cd1ikq poocy-
yioq 1q yvooq.

Zucpdod1ikd, 0d Acydc 1i q id0cd1ikq poocy-
yioq 1q yvooq doi(c1di oc id vcd dv1iAqqq yid 1q
d0qoq. Bdoik 1q o1yo civdi vd oAioci 1ou d0q-
1c c cpydAcid, c 1pou ouAcid, oo1c vd
opov vd d0divouv oc kd0c cpio1doq, vd idycipi-
(ov1di 1q d0qoq 1ou kdi vd dv1Aov d du1qv ikd-
vooiqoq. Acv dpvci1di 1q oqdoid 1ov ouykckpicvov
kdi oqcvov yvoocov kdi cv dyvoci 1ou idk1i-
ko o1you. Opov1i(ci o vd 1d cv1dooci Ad du1d
oc Adioid ou vd cyouv vqd yid 1o dii. Ooo yid
1ov ckdicu1ik, 1ou ivci 1q uvd11q1d vd du1cvcp-
yci kdi vd civdi qioupyik, doqcyov1d 1q oyoAikq
pou1ivd. Evvoci1di 1i q poocyyioq du1q 1q yvooq
cyci, o kd0c poocyyioq, pid, cpiopioo kdi u-
okoAic. Avoiyci o vcou pou o1qv ckdicu1ikq
idikdoid.


46

BiAioypdqid

Bdpvdd-Zkopd T(., Ocopc yvoo1ikq dvd1uq, d0qoq
kdi dioAyqoq, Hdd(qoq, A0qvd, 1994
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ckooq 1q iid, A0qvd, 2001
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1998
Buyk1oki A., Zkcq kdi FAoood, Ivooq, A0qvd, 1988
Doise W. & Mugny G., H koivovikq dvd1uq 1q voqoovq,
Hd1dkq, A0qvd, 1989
EukAciq A., 4uoAoyd 1ov kivq1pov, EAAqvikd Ipdd1d,
A0qvd, 1999
OcoqiAiq X., Aid0cd1ikq poocyyioq 1q idokdAd, Ipq-
ypq, A0qvd, 1997
Foulin J. & Mouchon S., Ekdicu1ikq 4uoAoyd, Mc1diyio,
A0qvd, 2001
Frey K., H Mc0oo Project. Mid opq ouAAoyikq cpydod
o1o ooAco o 0copd kdi pdq, Aqoi Kupidkiq, Ocood-
Aovikq, 1986
Houssaye J., Ackdcv1c didyoyo. Z1d0o o1qv io1opd 1q
didyoyikq okcq, Mc1diyio, A0qvd, 2000
Kdooo1dkq M. & OAoupq I., Md0qoq kdi AidokdAd, Ipqy-
pq, A0qvd, 2001
KoAidq E., Ocopc Md0qoq kdi Ekdicu1ikq Hpdq, To
I: Ivoo1ikc Ocopic, ckooq 1ou iiou, A0qvd, 1999
Mercer N., H ouykp1qoq 1q yvooq. FAoooikq dAAqAc-
pdoq ckdicu1ikov kdi ckdicucvov, Mc1diyio,
A0qvd, 2000

47
HddiydqA I., Md0qoq kdi koivovd, Ouoocd, A0qvd, 1988
Perraudeau M., Echanger pour apprendre, Armand Colin, Paris,
1998
Perraudeau M., Les mthodes cognitives. Apprendre autre-
ment lcole, Armand Colin, Paris, 1996
Raynal F. & Rieunier A., Pdagogie: Dictionnaire des concepts
cls, ESF, Paris, 1997
Vecchi G., Aider les lves apprendre, Hachette ducation,
Paris, 1992
Xpio1oqiq-Evpikc A., O Piaget kdi 1o ooAco, Ekkpcc,
A0qvd, 1999
Xpuodqiq K., Biod1ikq-cikoivovidkq idokdAd. H ciod-
yoyq 1q c0ou Project o1o ooAco, Gutenberg, A0qvd,
1996


48

EicAcid kcicvou: Mdpid Zoypdqdkq
Tuoypdqikq cicAcid: Hdvdyio1d Aidyou
ZcAiooiqoq: Eipqvq Miyd
EoquAAo: Adqvq Kov1dpypq, Eipqvq Miyd

Oo1oypdqqoq-ov1d(, ck1ooq
kdi iAiocoid: A. E. TddkouAo

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