1.

2




1.1 (surface temperature)

1.2 (core temperature)

 1 F
0.6 C 3

0.5-1.5 C

2



(A)
(B)




2

2.1 (conduction)
2


















2.




(thermal conductivity)

2.2 (convection)

2.3 (radiation)

(specific heat)
1 1

3.77, 3.75, 2.3 1.59 J/g per C
3.56 J/g per C

specific heat

3.

3.1
(internal heat gain)
(external heat gain)
3
-
basal metabolic rate BMR



(chemical
thermogenesis)

-
specific dynamic action SDA

-



70-80%


(voluntary muscle control)
(involuntary muscle control)



somatic nerve
autonomic nerve
epineprine norepineprine BMR

thyroxine glucocorticoid BMR

(external
heat gain)

3.2
(heat loss) 3

- (sweating)







- (conduction,
convection and radiation)

- 12%
-

(warm- blood animals)

37 C



4.


10 C

2-3

36.7-37.8 C

2
4.1 (behavioral regulation)




4.2


3
4.2.1 (detector or receptor )

- (warm receptor) Ruffini, s
end organ
dermis
25-45 C


36-45 C
- (cold receptor) Krause, s end
organ
dermis
12-36 C

28-43 C
-


free naked
nerve ending
epidermis

-


(pain receptor)
free nerve ending


15C
45 C
4.2.2 (central controller)







preoptic area
anterior hypothalamus

posterior
hypothalamus

4.2.3 (effectors)

(negative feedback control) 3

3 (
. . :
, .. :
, 2539:283.)

3

3

- (thermeogenesis)

4-5

posterior hypothalamus
motor
neuron

curare


norepineprine
sympathetic

brown cells

norepineprine

- (vasomotor control)

150-200 /
10


posterior
hypothalamus

sympathetic nerve

countercurrent heat
exchange

32 C

preoptic area anterior
hypothalamus sympathetic
nerve

cold induced
vasodilation



- (sweating)



sympathetic

2



aldosterone

atropine

10

(-----) (
)

40

5.1

threshold
temperature
4


aldosterone


5.

11

5.2




brown fat
threshold

6.

6.1
6.1.1 (superficial heat)

1






6.1.2 (deep heat)

6.2
6.2.1 (local effects)


12

-


-

-

-

-
-

-

-

-
-
-
6.2.2 (general effects)



-

-
-
-
6.3
6.3.1

13

6.3.2

6.3.3

5

C fiber afferent fiber
efferent fiber


endorphin

prostaglandin bradykinin

14

 5 ( John L,
Ann R. Electrotherapy explained: principles and practice.
3rd ed. London: MPG Books Ltd, 2000:223.)

6.3.4

primary and secondary muscle spindles

(stretching)

15

6.4

-

1
-
muscle fiber

-

6.5
- 48-72

16

-
(thromboplebitis)

17

1. .
. .
. : , 2538:3-5.
1. .
. :
, .
. :
,
2539:279-289.
2. Chad S. Therapeutic Modalities. 2nd ed. USA: F.A Davis
Company, 1999:110-129.
3. Lehman JF, De Lateur BJ. Therapeutic heat. In: Lehman JF,
Ed. Therapeutic heat and cold.
4th ed. London: Willium & Wilkin, 1990:417-40.
4. John L, Ann R. Electrotherapy explained: principles and
practice. 3rd ed. London: MPG Books Ltd, 2000:223.
5. Kitchen S, Thermal effects. In: Kitchen S. Ed.
Electrotherapy: evidence-based practice, 7 th ed. London:
Churchill Livingstone, 2002: 90-1.
6. Michelle HC. Physical agents in rehabilitation: from research
to practice. 1st ed. USA: WB Saunder Company, 1999:125157.

18