Salaries and Wages Survey Report 2012 11092013

JABATAN PERANGKAAN MALAYSIA
DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS, MALAYSIA

Salaries & Wages
Survey Report
ISSN 1985 - 7284

LAPORAN PENYIASATAN GAJI & UPAH
SALARIES & WAGES SURVEY REPORT

MALAYSIA
2012

JABATAN PERANGKAAN MALAYSIA
DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS, MALAYSIA

Jun
June
2013

i

KATA PENGANTAR

Laporan ini membentangkan perangkaan gaji dan upah berdasarkan Penyiasatan Gaji & Upah
yang dijalankan pada bulan Januari hingga Jun 2012. Laporan ini turut memuatkan data siri
masa gaji & upah bagi tahun 20102012. Objektif utama laporan ini adalah untuk menyediakan
perangkaan penting bagi perancangan tenaga manusia khususnya gaji & upah di samping
melengkapkan maklumat yang dikeluarkan dalam Penyiasatan Tenaga Buruh. Indikator utama
gaji & upah bulanan seperti purata, penengah dan jurang upah gender digunakan bagi tujuan
analisis pasaran buruh.
Maklumat gaji & upah bulanan mengikut jantina, kumpulan etnik, pekerjaan dan industri
merupakan sebahagian perangkaan penting yang dipersembahkan dalam laporan ini. Data yang
diperoleh daripada penyiasatan ini digunakan dalam perancangan ekonomi dan pembangunan
sosial, penetapan gaji minimum dan polisi fiskal.
Jabatan mengambil kesempatan untuk merakamkan penghargaan kepada semua pihak yang
telah menyumbang dalam penyediaan laporan ini. Sebarang ulasan dan cadangan bagi
meningkatkan mutu persembahan laporan ini pada masa hadapan amat dihargai.

DR. HAJI ABDUL RAHMAN BIN HASAN
Ketua Perangkawan Malaysia

Jun 2013

ii

PREFACE

This report presents statistics on salaries and wages based on the Salaries & Wages Survey
conducted from January to June 2012. It includes monthly salaries & wages time series data for
the years 20102012. The main objective of this report is to provide statistics for human
resource planning, particularly salaries & wages as well as to complete the information
produced in the Labour Force Survey. Main indicators of monthly salaries & wages such as
mean, median and gender wage gap are used for the labour market analysis.
Information on monthly salaries & wages by sex, ethnic group, occupation and industry are part
of the vital statistics presented in this report. Information obtained from this survey is used for
economic planning and social development, formulation of minimum wage and fiscal policy.
The Department would like to take this opportunity to record its appreciation to all parties who
have contributed towards the preparation of this report. All comments and suggestions towards
enhancing the quality of future reports would be greatly appreciated.

DR. HAJI ABDUL RAHMAN BIN HASAN
Chief Statistician, Malaysia

June 2013

iii

KANDUNGAN
CONTENTS

Muka surat
Page
Kata pengantar
Preface
i

Senarai jadual
List of tables

v

Ringkasan penemuan
Summary of findings

1
Jadual utama
Main tables
9
Jadual siri masa
Time series tables
19
Nota teknikal
Technical notes
31
Jadual ralat piawai relatif
Relative standard error tables
47
Lampiran
Appendix
51

SENARAI JADUAL
LIST OF TABLES

Jadual
Table
Muka surat
Page
SENARAI JADUAL
LIST OF TABLES

JADUAL UTAMA
MAIN TABLES

1 Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut strata dan
jantina, Malaysia, 2012
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by stratum and sex,
Malaysia, 2012

9
2 Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut kumpulan
umur dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by age group and sex,
Malaysia, 2012

10
3 Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut kumpulan
etnik dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by ethnic group and sex,
Malaysia, 2012

11
4 Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut pekerjaan
dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by occupation and sex,
Malaysia, 2012

12
5 Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut industri
dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by industry and sex,
Malaysia, 2012

13
6 Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut
pencapaian pendidikan dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by educational
attainment and sex, Malaysia, 2012

14
7 Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut sijil
tertinggi diperoleh dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by the highest certificate
obtained and sex, Malaysia, 2012

15
8 Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut taraf
perkahwinan dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by marital status and sex,
Malaysia, 2012

v
16

Jadual
Table

Muka surat
Page
9

Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut negeri dan
jantina, Malaysia, 2012
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by state and sex,
Malaysia, 2012

17

JADUAL SIRI MASA
TIME SERIES TABLES

A1 Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut jantina,
Malaysia, 20102012
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by sex, Malaysia,
20102012

19
A2 Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut strata,
Malaysia, 20102012
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by stratum, Malaysia,
20102012

20
A3 Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut kumpulan
umur, Malaysia, 20102012
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by age group, Malaysia,
20102012

21
A4 Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut kumpulan
etnik, Malaysia, 20102012
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by ethnic group,
Malaysia, 20102012

22
A5(i) Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut pekerjaan,
Malaysia, 2010
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by occupation, Malaysia,
2010

23
A5(ii) Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut pekerjaan,
Malaysia, 20112012
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by occupation, Malaysia,
20112012

24
A6 Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut industri,
Malaysia, 20102012
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by industry, Malaysia,
20102012

vi
25

Jadual
Table

Muka surat
Page
A7 Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut
pencapaian pendidikan, Malaysia, 20102012
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by educational
attainment, Malaysia, 20102012

26
A8 Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut sijil
tertinggi diperoleh, Malaysia, 20102012
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by the highest certificate
obtained, Malaysia, 20102012

27
A9 Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut taraf
perkahwinan, Malaysia, 20102012
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by marital status,
Malaysia, 20102012

28
A10 Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut negeri,
Malaysia, 20102012
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by state, Malaysia,
20102012

29

JADUAL RALAT PIAWAI RELATIF
RELATIVE STANDARD ERROR TABLES

S1 Ralat piawai relatif bagi purata gaji & upah bulanan mengikut
pekerjaan, Malaysia, 2012
Relative standard error for mean monthly salaries & wages by
occupation, Malaysia, 2012

47
industri, Malaysia, 2012
Relative standard error for mean monthly salaries & wages by industry,
Malaysia, 2012

48
negeri, Malaysia, 2012
Relative standard error for mean monthly salaries & wages by state,
Malaysia, 2012

50

vii
RINGKASAN PENEMUAN
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

1
RINGKASAN PENEMUAN

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
1. Purata dan penengah gaji & upah
bulanan

1. Mean and median monthly salaries &
wages
Bilangan penerima gaji & upah pada 2012
telah meningkat sebanyak 1.7 mata peratus
daripada 8.94 juta orang pada 2011 kepada
9.09 juta orang pada 2012. Purata dan
penengah gaji & upah bulanan pada 2012
masing-masing adalah RM1,881 dan RM1,400.

2. Gaji & upah mengikut jantina
The number of salaries & wages recipients
increased 1.7 percentage point from 8.94
million persons in 2011 to 9.09 million persons
in 2012. The mean and median of the monthly
salaries & wages for 2012 were RM1,881 and
RM1,400 respectively.

2. Salaries & wages by gender

Purata gaji & upah bulanan lelaki (RM1,906)
lebih tinggi berbanding perempuan (RM1,838)
dengan jurang upah gender sebanyak 3.6
peratus. Walaupun pekerja lelaki masih
menerima gaji & upah yang lebih tinggi
berbanding perempuan tetapi jurang gaji &
upah gender menurun sebanyak 0.5 mata
peratus daripada 4.1 peratus pada 2011.

The mean monthly salaries & wages of male
(RM1,906) was higher than female (RM1,838)
with 3.6 per cent of gender wage gap. Even
though male workers still received higher
salaries & wages compared to female
workers, the gender wage gap declined by 0.5
percentage point from 4.1 per cent in 2011.

Jadual A: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut jantina, Malaysia, 20112012
Table A: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by sex, Malaysia, 20112012

Tahun
Year
Bilangan
penerima
Number of
recipients
Jumlah
Total
Lelaki
Male
Perempuan
Female
Jurang
upah
gender
Gender
wage
gap
Purata
Mean
Penengah
Median
Purata
Mean
Penengah
Median
Purata
Mean
Penengah
Median
(000) (RM) (%)

2012

9,088.6

1,881

1,400

1,906

1,400

1,838

1,446

3.6

2011

8,937.8

1,775

1,300

1,801

1,300

1,728

1,300

4.1

2
3. Gaji & upah mengikut kumpulan etnik

3. Salaries & wages by ethnic groups

Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan bagi
warganegara pada 2012 masing-masing
sebanyak RM2,017 dan RM1,500, manakala
bukan warganegara adalah lebih rendah iaitu
RM1,075 dan RM800. Secara perbandingan
purata gaji & upah bulanan warganegara
hampir satu kali ganda lebih tinggi daripada
bukan warganegara.

Di kalangan kumpulan etnik utama di
Malaysia, etnik Cina menerima purata gaji &
upah bulanan paling tinggi iaitu RM2,331
berbanding Melayu (RM1,990) dan India
(RM1,903).

Mean and median monthly salaries & wages
for citizens in 2012 were RM2,017 and
RM1,500 respectively, while for non-citizens
were lower which were RM1,075 and RM800.
As a comparison, mean and median for
citizens was higher almost one-fold than non-
citizens.

Among the major ethnic groups in Malaysia,
the Chinese received the highest mean
monthly salaries & wages at RM2,331 as
compared to the Malay (RM1,990) and Indians
(RM1,903).

Carta 1: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut kumpulan etnik, Malaysia, 2012
Chart 1: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by ethnic group, Malaysia, 2012

800
900
1,400
1,900
1,000
1,500
1,500
1,075
1,371
1,903
2,331
1,503
1,990
2,017
0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500
Bukan warganegara
Lain-lain
India
Cina
Bumiputera lain
Melayu
Warganegara
Purata/Mean Penengah/Median Purata/Mean Penengah/Median
(RM)

Citizens

Malay

Other Bumiputera

Chinese

Indians

Others

Non-citizens
3
Carta 2: Jurang upah gender mengikut kumpulan etnik, Malaysia, 2012
Chart 2: Gender wage gap by ethnic group, Malaysia, 2012

Jurang upah gender bulanan bagi warganegara
adalah lebih kecil berbanding bukan
warganegara masing-masing 8.2 dan 19.3
peratus.

The monthy gender wage gap for citizens was
smaller compared to non-citizens, which were
8.2 and 19.3 per cent respectively.
Di kalangan kumpulan etnik utama, jurang
upah gender bulanan bagi etnik India adalah
paling besar iaitu 20.8 peratus, diikuti oleh
etnik Cina iaitu 12.5 peratus, manakala etnik
Melayu pula mencatatkan jurang yang terkecil
iaitu 5.7 peratus.

Among the major ethnic groups, the monthly
gender wage gap for the Indians was the
largest at 20.8 per cent, followed by the
Chinese at 12.5 per cent while the Malay
recorded the smallest gap at 5.7 per cent.
8.2
5.7
8.3
12.5
20.8
-29.9
19.3
-30.0
-20.0
-10.0
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
Warganegara Melayu Bumiputera
lain
Cina India Lain-lain Bukan
warganegara
(%)
Citizens Malay
Other
Bumiputera
Chinese Indians Others
Non-citizens
4
4. Gaji & upah mengikut pekerjaan

4. Salaries & wages by occupation

Perbandingan mengikut kategori pekerjaan
pada 2012 menunjukkan Pengurus menerima
purata dan penengah gaji & upah tertinggi
iaitu RM5,213 dan RM4,000 diikuti Profesional
masing-masing sebanyak RM3,807 dan
RM3,440. Purata dan penengah gaji & upah
bulanan bagi Pekerjaan asas adalah kurang
daripada RM1,000.

In 2012 the comparison by category of
occupation showed that Managers received
the highest mean and median monthly salaries
& wages of RM5,213 and RM4,000, followed
by Professionals at RM3,807 and RM3,440
respectively. Mean and median monthly
salaries & wages for Elementary occupations
were less than RM1,000.

Carta 3: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut pekerjaan, Malaysia, 2012
Chart 3: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by occupation, Malaysia, 2012

810
860
1,000
1,100
1,000
1,500
2,200
3,440
4,000
959
1,065
1,216
1,283
1,299
1,718
2,435
3,807
5,213
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000
Pekerjaan asas
Pekerja mahir pertanian, perhutanan dan perikanan
Operator loji dan mesin serta pemasang
Pekerja kemahiran dan pekerja pertukangan yang berkaitan
Pekerja perkhidmatan dan jualan
Pekerja sokongan perkeranian
Juruteknik dan profesional bersekutu
Profesional
Pengurus
Purata Penengah

Managers

Professionals

Technicians and associate professionals

Clerical support workers

Service and sales workers

Craft and related trades workers

Plant and machine-operators and assemblers

Skilled agricultural, forestry and fishery workers

Elementary occupations

Purata/Mean Penengah/Median
(RM)
5
Carta 4: Jurang upah gender mengikut pekerjaan, Malaysia, 2012
Chart 4: Gender wage gap by occupation, Malaysia, 2012

1

Pengurus

6

Pekerja mahir pertanian, perhutanan dan perikanan
Managers Skilled agricultural, forestry and fishery workers
2 Profesional 7 Pekerja kemahiran dan pekerja pertukangan yang berkaitan

Professionals Craft and related trades workers
3 Juruteknik dan profesional bersekutu 8 Operator loji dan mesin serta pemasang
Technicians and associate professionals Plant and machine-operators and assemblers
4 Pekerja sokongan perkeranian 9 Pekerjaan asas

Clerical support workers Elementary occupations
5 Pekerja perkhidmatan dan jualan


Taburan mengikut pekerjaan menunjukkan
pekerja lelaki mendahului pekerja perempuan
dari segi purata gaji & upah bulanan. Jurang
upah gender terkecil adalah bagi Juruteknik
dan profesional bersekutu (4.9%) diikuti
Pekerja sokongan perkeranian (10.3%).

The distribution by occupation showed that
male workers were ahead of females in terms
of mean monthly salaries & wages. The
smallest gender wage gap was Technicians
and associate professionals (4.9%) followed
by Clerical support workers (10.3%).

Kategori pekerjaan yang merekodkan jurang
upah gender melebihi 30.0 peratus adalah
Pekerja perkhidmatan dan jualan, Pekerja
mahir pertanian, perhutanan dan perikanan,
Pekerja kemahiran dan pekerja pertukangan
yang berkaitan dan Operator loji dan mesin
serta pemasang.

The categories of occupation that recorded
gender wage gap of more than 30.0 per cent
were Service and sales workers, Skilled
agricultural, forestry and fishery workers,
Craft and related trades workers and Plant
and machine-operators and assemblers.

26.3
22.3
4.9
10.3
33.4
35.8
43.3
31.7
25.5
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Pekerjaan/Occupation
(%)
6
5. Gaji & upah mengikut industri 5. Salaries & wages by industries
Pada 2012, pekerja dalam industri
Perlombongan dan pengkuarian menerima
purata gaji & upah bulanan tertinggi iaitu
RM3,358. Sebaliknya, industri Pertanian,
perhutanan dan perikanan pula mencatatkan
purata gaji & upah paling rendah iaitu kurang
daripada RM1,000 sebulan.

Pekerja lelaki menerima gaji & upah bulanan
lebih tinggi kecuali bagi industri Bekalan
elektrik, gas, wap dan pendingin udara dan
Pembinaan.
In 2012, workers in the Mining and quarrying
industry received the highest mean monthly
salaries & wages at RM3,358. On the contrary,
Agriculture, forestry and fishing industry
recorded the lowest mean monthly salaries &
wages which was below RM1,000 per month.

Male workers received higher monthly salaries
& wages except for Electricity, gas, steam and
air conditioning supply and Construction
industries.

Carta 5: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut industri, Malaysia, 2012
Chart 5: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by industry, Malaysia, 2012

800
840
900
1,200
1,000
1,190
1,300
1,200
1,200
1,500
2,086
2,000
2,225
2,000
2,000
2,500
3,060
2,500
2,200
993
1,106
1,146
1,373
1,416
1,427
1,568
1,608
1,647
1,933
2,439
2,558
2,564
2,759
2,800
3,128
3,135
3,246
3,358
0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000
Pertanian, perhutanan dan perikanan
Aktiviti pentadbiran dan khidmat sokongan
Penginapan dan aktiviti perkhidmatan makanan dan minuman
Aktiviti perkhidmatan lain
Kesenian, hiburan dan rekreasi
Perdagangan borong dan runcit; pembaikan kenderaan bermotor dan motosikal
Bekalan air; pembentungan, pengurusan sisa dan aktiviti pemulihan
Pembinaan
Pembuatan
Pengangkutan dan penyimpanan
Aktiviti kesihatan kemanusiaan dan kerja sosial
Bekalan elektrik, gas, wap dan pendingin udara
Pentadbiran awam dan pertahanan; aktiviti keselamatan sosial wajib
Aktiviti hartanah
Aktiviti profesional, saintifik dan teknikal
Aktiviti kewangan dan insurans/takaful
Pendidikan
Maklumat dan komunikasi
Perlombongan dan pengkuarian
Purata Penengah Purata/Mean Penengah/Median
Mining and quarrying

Information and communication

Education

Financial and insurance/takaful activities

Professional, scientific and technical activities

Real estate activities

Public administration and defence; compulsory social security

Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply

Human health and social work activities

Transportation and storage

Manufacturing

Construction

Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities

Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicle and motorcycles

Arts, entertainment and recreation

Other service activities

Accommodation and food service activities

Administrative and support services activities

Agriculture, forestry and fishing

(RM)

7
Carta 6: Jurang upah gender mengikut industri, Malaysia, 2012
Chart 6: Gender wage gap by industry, Malaysia, 2012

Industri dikelaskan mengikut Piawaian Klasifikasi Industri Malaysia 2008 seperti di muka surat 4344
Industry is classified according to the Malaysia Standard Industrial Classifications 2008 as described on page 4344

Industri Aktiviti hartanah mencatatkan jurang
upah gender yang paling besar iaitu 34.3
peratus. Industri Bekalan elektrik, gas, wap
dan pendingin udara pula menunjukkan
jurang upah gender yang paling kecil iaitu -1.2
peratus.

The Real estate activities industry recorded
the highest gender wage gap which was 34.3
per cent. Electricity, gas, steam and air
conditioning supply industry recorded the
smallest gender wage gap at -1.2 per cent.

15.7
8.0
28.2
-1.2
16.2
-17.9
18.9
2.6
29.9
7.8
15.7
34.3
25.2
25.6
8.8
17.0
16.3
7.0
11.3
-20.0
-10.0
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S
(%)
JADUAL UTAMA
MAIN TABLES
Bil. Penerima Purata Penengah Bil. Penerima Purata Penengah Bil. Penerima Purata Penengah
Number of
recipients
Mean Median Number of
recipients
recipients
Mean Median
('000) (RM) (RM) ('000) (RM) (RM) ('000) (RM) (RM) (%)
Jumlah 9,088.6 1,881 1,400 5,811.1 1,906 1,400 3,277.5 1,838 1,446 3.6
Total
Bandar 6,995.9 2,028 1,500 4,382.0 2,077 1,500 2,613.9 1,945 1,500 6.4
Urban
Luar bandar 2,092.6 1,393 1,000 1,429.1 1,381 1,000 663.6 1,419 900 -2.8
Rural
Gender
wage gap
Strata
Stratum
9
Jadual 1: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut strata dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
Table 1: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by stratum and sex, Malaysia, 2012
Jumlah Lelaki Perempuan
Jurang
upah
gender
Total Male Female
Number of
recipients
recipients
recipients
Mean Median
('000) (RM) (RM) ('000) (RM) (RM) ('000) (RM) (RM) (%)
Jumlah 9,088.6 1,881 1,400 5,811.1 1,906 1,400 3,277.5 1,838 1,446 3.6
Total
1519 316.5 720 678 200.7 741 700 115.8 684 650 7.7
2024 1,345.5 1,121 930 824.4 1,101 945 521.1 1,152 920 -4.6
2529 1,953.3 1,630 1,350 1,188.5 1,589 1,275 764.9 1,693 1,500 -6.5
3034 1,536.9 1,924 1,500 970.5 1,849 1,500 566.5 2,053 1,771 -11.0
3539 1,184.8 2,159 1,650 766.7 2,183 1,600 418.1 2,116 1,764 3.1
4044 965.5 2,345 1,800 620.7 2,412 1,800 344.8 2,225 1,700 7.8
4549 789.4 2,475 1,807 524.9 2,588 1,945 264.5 2,250 1,520 13.1
5054 592.9 2,670 2,000 410.3 2,781 2,000 182.7 2,421 1,915 12.9
5559 294.8 2,270 1,600 215.1 2,290 1,700 79.7 2,217 1,350 3.2
6064 108.9 1,787 1,085 89.5 1,936 1,200 19.5 1,099 750 43.2
1
0
Jurang
upah
gender
Jadual 2: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut kumpulan umur dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
Table 2: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by age group and sex, Malaysia, 2012
Total Male Female
Gender
wage gap
Kumpulan umur
Age group
Number of
recipients
recipients
recipients
Mean Median
('000) (RM) (RM) ('000) (RM) (RM) ('000) (RM) (RM) (%)
Jumlah 9,088.6 1,881 1,400 5,811.1 1,906 1,400 3,277.5 1,838 1,446 3.6
Total
Warganegara 7,784.8 2,017 1,500 4,746.3 2,083 1,530 3,038.5 1,912 1,500 8.2
Citizens
Melayu 4,164.2 1,990 1,500 2,523.0 2,036 1,500 1,641.2 1,920 1,500 5.7
Malay
Bumiputera lain 839.0 1,503 1,000 555.9 1,546 1,080 283.1 1,417 900 8.3
Other Bumiputera
Cina 2,063.2 2,331 1,900 1,214.9 2,457 2,000 848.3 2,149 1,800 12.5
Chinese
India 667.6 1,903 1,400 420.2 2,062 1,500 247.4 1,634 1,200 20.8
Indians
Lain-lain 50.8 1,371 900 32.3 1,236 900 18.5 1,606 900 -29.9
Others
Bukan warganegara 1,303.7 1,075 800 1,064.8 1,115 856 238.9 900 678 19.3
Non-citizens
1
1
Jadual 3: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut kumpulan etnik dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
Table 3: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by ethnic group and sex, Malaysia, 2012
Jurang
upah
gender
Total Male Female
Kumpulan etnik
Ethnic group
Gender
wage gap
Number of
recipients
recipients
recipients
Mean Median
('000) (RM) (RM) ('000) (RM) (RM) ('000) (RM) (RM) (%)
9,088.6 1,881 1,400 5,811.1 1,906 1,400 3,277.5 1,838 1,446 3.6
1 302.0 5,213 4,000 214.2 5,644 4,500 87.8 4,159 3,400 26.3
2 1,134.7 3,807 3,440 492.1 4,358 3,700 642.6 3,384 3,171 22.3
3 1,188.6 2,435 2,200 805.9 2,474 2,200 382.8 2,354 2,200 4.9
4 1,136.5 1,718 1,500 328.7 1,853 1,695 807.8 1,663 1,500 10.3
5 1,685.3 1,299 1,000 992.7 1,506 1,200 692.6 1,003 800 33.4
6 133.6 1,065 860 118.5 1,110 900 15.1 713 500 35.8
7 950.0 1,283 1,100 876.9 1,327 1,155 73.1 752 650 43.3
8 1,389.9 1,216 1,000 1,070.0 1,311 1,200 319.9 896 800 31.7
9 1,167.9 959 810 912.1 1,015 900 255.8 756 600 25.5
1 6
2 7
3 8
4 9
5
Professionals
Pekerja perkhidmatan dan jualan
Technicians and associate professionals Plant and machine-operators and assemblers
Pekerja sokongan perkeranian Pekerjaan asas
Clerical support workers Elementary occupations
Pengurus Pekerja mahir pertanian, perhutanan dan perikanan
Managers Skilled agricultural, forestry and fishery workers
Profesional Pekerja kemahiran dan pekerja pertukangan yang berkaitan
Pekerjaan
Occupation
Gender
wage gap
1
2
Jadual 4: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut pekerjaan dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
Table 4: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by occupation and sex, Malaysia, 2012
Jurang
upah
gender
Total Male
Juruteknik dan profesional bersekutu Operator loji dan mesin serta pemasang
Female
Jumlah
Total
Number of
recipients
recipients
recipients
Mean Median
('000) (RM) (RM) ('000) (RM) (RM) ('000) (RM) (RM) (%)
Jumlah 9,088.6 1,881 1,400 5,811.1 1,906 1,400 3,277.5 1,838 1,446 3.6
Total
A 471.5 993 800 406.4 1,015 830 65.2 856 600 15.7
B 80.4 3,358 2,200 64.2 3,413 2,000 16.2 3,141 2,800 8.0
C 1,968.8 1,647 1,200 1,320.5 1,815 1,300 648.3 1,304 990 28.2
D 60.6 2,558 2,000 50.1 2,553 2,083 10.5 2,583 1,800 -1.2
E 64.6 1,568 1,300 52.9 1,615 1,375 11.8 1,353 800 16.2
F 865.9 1,608 1,200 767.2 1,576 1,200 98.7 1,858 1,500 -17.9
G 1,396.0 1,427 1,190 867.7 1,537 1,200 528.3 1,247 1,000 18.9
H 474.2 1,933 1,500 402.0 1,941 1,500 72.2 1,890 1,500 2.6
I 552.4 1,146 900 274.3 1,350 1,040 278.1 946 780 29.9
J 184.8 3,246 2,500 105.2 3,358 2,500 79.6 3,097 2,700 7.8
K 287.1 3,128 2,500 124.9 3,433 2,500 162.3 2,893 2,500 15.7
L 51.1 2,759 2,000 30.3 3,207 2,500 20.8 2,107 1,800 34.3
M 256.4 2,800 2,000 119.9 3,234 2,500 136.5 2,418 2,000 25.2
N 451.1 1,106 840 313.6 1,200 900 137.5 893 650 25.6
O 673.2 2,564 2,225 465.6 2,636 2,290 207.6 2,404 2,095 8.8
P 739.2 3,135 3,060 244.0 3,539 3,365 495.2 2,936 3,000 17.0
Q 303.6 2,439 2,086 86.1 2,762 2,000 217.5 2,311 2,126 16.3
R 80.1 1,416 1,000 53.1 1,450 1,020 27.0 1,348 1,000 7.0
S 124.6 1,373 1,200 60.9 1,457 1,200 63.7 1,293 1,200 11.3
Table 5: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by industry and sex, Malaysia, 2012
Perempuan
Female
Jurang
upah
gender
Lelaki
Male
Industri
Industry
Gender
wage gap
1
3
Total
Jumlah
Jadual 5: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut industri dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
Number of
recipients
recipients
recipients
Mean Median
('000) (RM) (RM) ('000) (RM) (RM) ('000) (RM) (RM) (%)
Jumlah 9,088.6 1,881 1,400 5,811.1 1,906 1,400 3,277.5 1,838 1,446 3.6
Total
Tiada pendidikan rasmi 196.6 786 700 146.8 849 800 49.9 601 530 29.2
No formal education
Rendah 1,251.7 987 840 978.0 1,060 900 273.6 726 650 31.5
Primary
Menengah 5,010.2 1,463 1,200 3,362.4 1,554 1,300 1,647.8 1,279 1,000 17.7
Secondary
Tertiari 2,630.1 3,185 2,680 1,323.9 3,542 2,895 1,306.2 2,824 2,500 20.3
Tertiary
1
4
Jadual 6: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut pencapaian pendidikan dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
Table 6: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by educational attainment and sex, Malaysia, 2012
Jurang
upah
gender
Total Male Female
Pencapaian pendidikan
Educational attainment
Gender
wage gap
Number of
recipients
recipients
recipients
Mean Median
('000) (RM) (RM) ('000) (RM) (RM) ('000) (RM) (RM) (%)
Jumlah 9,088.6 1,881 1,400 5,811.1 1,906 1,400 3,277.5 1,838 1,446 3.6
Total
UPSR/UPSRA atau yang setaraf 1,043.9 1,058 900 827.1 1,133 1,000 216.8 770 700 32.0
UPSR/UPSRA or equivalent
PMR/SRP/LCE/SRA atau yang setaraf 1,195.1 1,271 1,056 908.9 1,366 1,200 286.1 972 800 28.8
PMR/SRP/LCE/SRA or equivalent
SPM atau yang setaraf 3,469.1 1,567 1,300 2,171.5 1,684 1,475 1,297.5 1,372 1,200 18.5
SPM or equivalent
STPM atau yang setaraf 291.9 1,958 1,500 144.3 2,250 1,879 147.6 1,672 1,373 25.7
STPM or equivalent
Sijil
1
251.2 1,889 1,600 166.0 1,944 1,610 85.2 1,784 1,600 8.2
Certificate
Diploma 915.7 2,698 2,458 441.8 2,909 2,500 473.8 2,501 2,300 14.0
Ijazah 1,138.5 4,230 3,500 551.9 4,940 4,000 586.6 3,561 3,140 27.9
Degree
Tiada sijil 586.9 943 800 452.9 1,008 870 134.0 727 650 27.9
No certificate
Tidak berkenaan 196.3 786 700 146.6 849 800 49.7 601 530 29.2
Not applicable
Refers to certificate obtained from college, polytechnic or other institutions which offers formal education.
1
Merujuk kepada sijil yang diperoleh dari kolej, politeknik atau institusi-institusi lain yang menawarkan pendidikan rasmi.
1
5
Table 7: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by the highest certificate obtained and sex, Malaysia, 2012
Jadual 7: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut sijil tertinggi diperoleh dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
Total Male
Jumlah Lelaki
Jurang
upah
gender
Perempuan
Female
Sijil tertinggi diperoleh
Highest certificate obtained
Gender
wage gap
Number of
recipients
recipients
recipients
Mean Median
('000) (RM) (RM) ('000) (RM) (RM) ('000) (RM) (RM) (%)
Jumlah 9,088.6 1,881 1,400 5,811.1 1,906 1,400 3,277.5 1,838 1,446 3.6
Total
Tidak pernah berkahwin 3,366.4 1,416 1,100 2,183.6 1,357 1,050 1,182.8 1,524 1,200 -12.3
Never married
Berkahwin 5,427.4 2,193 1,600 3,545.0 2,253 1,600 1,882.4 2,080 1,600 7.7
Married
Balu/Duda 139.2 1,464 1,000 39.5 1,545 1,200 99.7 1,432 950 7.3
Widowed
Bercerai/Berpisah tetap 155.6 1,469 1,000 43.0 1,491 1,170 112.6 1,460 1,000 2.1
Divorced/Permanently
separated
Gender
wage gap
1
6
Jadual 8: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut taraf perkahwinan dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
Table 8: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by marital status and sex, Malaysia, 2012
Jurang
upah
gender
Total Male Female
Taraf perkahwinan
Marital status
Number of
recipients
recipients
recipients
Mean Median
('000) (RM) (RM) ('000) (RM) (RM) ('000) (RM) (RM) (%)
Jumlah 9,088.6 1,881 1,400 5,811.1 1,906 1,400 3,277.5 1,838 1,446 3.6
Total
Johor 1,131.2 1,903 1,500 756.4 1,987 1,500 374.8 1,735 1,300 12.7
Kedah 477.0 1,440 1,000 307.9 1,457 1,080 169.2 1,411 900 3.2
Kelantan 297.0 1,580 1,000 186.6 1,509 1,000 110.4 1,699 850 -12.6
Melaka 258.0 1,769 1,300 158.0 1,802 1,300 100.0 1,716 1,250 4.8
Negeri Sembilan 305.8 1,756 1,300 190.6 1,779 1,400 115.1 1,718 1,200 3.4
Pahang 402.4 1,613 1,200 275.1 1,596 1,200 127.3 1,649 1,200 -3.3
Pulau Pinang 591.0 1,906 1,450 353.6 1,982 1,500 237.4 1,794 1,320 9.5
Perak 633.4 1,634 1,200 403.5 1,662 1,200 229.9 1,585 1,000 4.6
Perlis 50.5 1,588 1,000 30.2 1,588 1,170 20.4 1,589 800 -0.1
Selangor 2,252.9 2,283 1,800 1,379.5 2,360 1,800 873.4 2,161 1,800 8.4
Terengganu 259.8 1,702 1,100 172.2 1,690 1,100 87.6 1,725 1,200 -2.1
Sabah
961.0 1,251 800 652.3 1,202 800 308.7 1,356 800 -12.8
Sarawak 723.7 1,629 1,080 500.4 1,644 1,080 223.3 1,598 1,050 2.8
W.P. Kuala Lumpur 673.8 2,617 1,900 405.2 2,732 1,800 268.6 2,444 1,989 10.5
W.P. Labuan 33.3 1,785 1,328 22.1 1,822 1,400 11.3 1,714 1,200 5.9
W.P. Putrajaya 37.8 3,070 2,540 17.5 3,344 2,640 20.3 2,832 2,500 15.3
Gender
wage gap
1
7
Jadual 9: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut negeri dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
Table 9: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by state and sex, Malaysia, 2012
Perempuan
Jurang
upah
gender
Total Male Female
Jumlah Lelaki
Negeri
State
JADUAL SIRI MASA
TIME SERIES TABLES

(RM)
Purata
Mean
Penengah
Median
Purata
Mean
Penengah
Median
Purata
Mean
Penengah
Median
Jumlah 1,772 1,265 1,775 1,300 1,881 1,400
Total
Lelaki 1,810 1,280 1,801 1,300 1,906 1,400
Male
Perempuan 1,702 1,250 1,728 1,300 1,838 1,446
Female
1
9
2012 2011
Jadual A1: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut jantina, Malaysia, 20102012
Table A1: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by sex, Malaysia, 20102012
Kategori
Categories
2010
(RM)
Purata
Mean
Penengah
Median
Purata
Mean
Penengah
Median
Purata
Mean
Penengah
Median
Jumlah 1,772 1,265 1,775 1,300 1,881 1,400
Total
Bandar 1,970 1,500 1,912 1,495 2,028 1,500
Urban
Luar bandar 1,260 850 1,369 930 1,393 1,000
Rural
2
0
Jadual A2: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut strata, Malaysia, 20102012
Table A2: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by stratum, Malaysia, 2010 2012
Kategori
Categories
2010 2011 2012
(RM)
Purata
Mean
Penengah
Median
Purata
Mean
Penengah
Median
Purata
Mean
Penengah
Median
Jumlah 1,772 1,265 1,775 1,300 1,881 1,400
Total
1519 650 600 699 650 720 678
2024 1,062 850 1,067 900 1,121 930
2529 1,536 1,300 1,528 1,250 1,630 1,350
3034 1,745 1,400 1,815 1,500 1,924 1,500
3539 1,986 1,495 2,090 1,598 2,159 1,650
4044 2,031 1,500 2,225 1,600 2,345 1,800
4549 2,287 1,560 2,306 1,750 2,475 1,807
5054 2,476 1,768 2,429 1,895 2,670 2,000
5559 2,566 1,568 2,570 1,653 2,270 1,600
6064 1,577 950 1,737 1,000 1,787 1,085
2
1

2010 2011
Jadual A3: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut kumpulan umur, Malaysia, 20102012
Table A3: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by age group, Malaysia, 2010 2012
2012
Kumpulan umur
Age group
(RM)
Purata
Mean
Penengah
Median
Purata
Mean
Penengah
Median
Purata
Mean
Penengah
Median
Jumlah 1,772 1,265 1,775 1,300 1,881 1,400
Total
Warganegara 1,887 1,480 1,921 1,500 2,017 1,500
Citizens
Melayu 1,893 1,447 1,877 1,500 1,990 1,500
Malay
Bumiputera lain 1,450 1,000 1,485 1,000 1,503 1,000
Other Bumiputera
Cina 2,130 1,700 2,235 1,800 2,331 1,900
Chinese
India 1,725 1,200 1,812 1,260 1,903 1,400
Indians
Lain-lain 1,163 850 1,202 843 1,371 900
Others
Bukan warganegara 1,134 783 926 729 1,075 800
Non-citizens
2
2
Jadual A4: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut kumpulan etnik, Malaysia, 20102012
Table A4: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by ethnic group, Malaysia, 2010 2012
2012

2010 2011
Kumpulan etnik
Ethnic group
(RM)
Pekerjaan
Occupation
Purata
Mean
Penengah
Median
Jumlah 1,772 1,265
Total
Penggubal undang-undang, pegawai kanan dan pengurus 4,736 3,800
Legislators, senior officials and managers
Profesional 3,924 3,325
Professionals
Juruteknik dan profesional bersekutu 2,404 2,095
Pekerja perkeranian 1,564 1,415
Clerical workers
Pekerja perkhidmatan dan pekerja kedai dan jurujual 1,276 950
Service workers and shop and market sales workers
Pekerja mahir pertanian dan perikanan 711 640
Skilled agricultural and fishery workers
Pekerja pertukangan dan yang berkaitan 1,192 1,000
Operator loji dan mesin serta pemasang 1,113 900
Pekerjaan asas 926 800
Nota/Note :
Occupation is classified according to the Malaysia Standard Clasification of Occupations (MASCO) 1998
2
3
Pekerjaan dikelaskan mengikut klasifikasi Piawaian Pengelasan Pekerjaan, Malaysia (MASCO) 1998
Jadual A5 (i): Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut pekerjaan, Malaysia, 2010
Table A5 (i): Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by occupation, Malaysia, 2010
2010
Pekerjaan
Occupation Purata Penengah Purata Penengah
Mean Median Mean Median
Jumlah 1,775 1,300 1,881 1,400
Total
Pengurus 4,945 4,000 5,213 4,000
Managers
Profesional 3,474 3,115 3,807 3,440
Professionals
Juruteknik dan profesional bersekutu 2,327 2,000 2,435 2,200
Pekerja sokongan perkeranian 1,645 1,500 1,718 1,500
Pekerja perkhidmatan dan jualan 1,254 950 1,299 1,000
Pekerja mahir pertanian, perhutanan dan perikanan 954 800 1,065 860
Pekerja kemahiran dan pekerja pertukangan yang berkaitan 1,259 1,000 1,283 1,100
Operator loji dan mesin serta pemasang 1,115 950 1,216 1,000
Pekerjaan asas 901 800 959 810
Nota/Note :
Occupation is classified according to the Malaysia Standard Clasification of Occupations (MASCO) 2008
2011
Pekerjaan dikelaskan mengikut klasifikasi Piawaian Pengelasan Pekerjaan, Malaysia (MASCO) 2008
2
4
2012
(RM)
Jadual A5 (ii): Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut pekerjaan, Malaysia, 20112012
Table A5 (ii): Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by occupation, Malaysia, 20112012
(RM)
Purata
Mean
Penengah
Median
Purata
Mean
Penengah
Median
Purata
Mean
Penengah
Median
Jumlah 1,772 1,265 1,775 1,300 1,881 1,400
Total
Pertanian, perhutanan dan perikanan 871 700 901 750 993 800
Perlombongan dan pengkuarian 3,368 2,180 3,340 2,100 3,358 2,200
Pembuatan 1,489 1,000 1,468 1,020 1,647 1,200
Manufacturing
Bekalan elektrik, gas, wap dan pendingin udara 2,862 2,000 2,528 2,100 2,558 2,000
Bekalan air; pembentungan, pengurusan sisa dan aktiviti pemulihan 1,418 1,200 1,689 1,300 1,568 1,300
Pembinaan 1,498 1,170 1,547 1,200 1,608 1,200
Construction
Perdagangan borong dan runcit, pembaikan kenderaan bermotor dan motosikal 1,357 1,000 1,397 1,000 1,427 1,190
Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicle and motorcycles
Pengangkutan dan penyimpanan 1,923 1,400 1,828 1,500 1,933 1,500
Penginapan dan aktiviti perkhidmatan makanan dan minuman 1,038 800 1,055 840 1,146 900
Maklumat dan komunikasi 3,246 2,500 3,073 2,500 3,246 2,500
Aktiviti kewangan dan insurans/takaful 2,972 2,400 2,926 2,500 3,128 2,500
Aktiviti hartanah 2,759 2,500 3,016 2,300 2,759 2,000
Aktiviti profesional, saintifik dan teknikal 2,615 1,800 2,617 2,000 2,800 2,000
Aktiviti pentadbiran dan khidmat sokongan 1,228 848 1,178 800 1,106 840
Administrative and support services activities
Pentadbiran awam dan pertahanan; aktiviti keselamatan sosial wajib 2,374 2,045 2,466 2,140 2,564 2,225
Pendidikan 2,898 2,800 2,895 2,850 3,135 3,060
Education
Aktiviti kesihatan kemanusiaan dan kerja sosial 2,349 1,980 2,330 2,000 2,439 2,086
Kesenian, hiburan dan rekreasi 1,545 1,200 1,429 1,000 1,416 1,000
Aktiviti perkhidmatan lain 1,319 1,000 1,303 1,000 1,373 1,200
Nota/Note :
Industry is classified according to the Malaysia Standard Industrial Clasification (MSIC) 2008
Industri dikelaskan mengikut Piawaian Klasifikasi Industri Malaysia (MSIC) 2008
2011 2010
2
5
Industri
Industry
2012
Jadual A6: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut industri, Malaysia, 20102012
Table A6: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by industry, Malaysia, 20102012
(RM)
Pencapaian pendidikan
Educational attainment
Purata
Mean
Penengah
Median
Purata
Mean
Penengah
Median
Purata
Mean
Penengah
Median
Jumlah 1,772 1,265 1,775 1,300 1,881 1,400
Total
Tiada pendidikan rasmi 739 650 689 600 786 700
No formal education
Rendah 907 800 931 800 987 840
Primary
Menengah 1,375 1,150 1,399 1,200 1,463 1,200
Secondary
Tertiari 3,125 2,521 3,049 2,590 3,185 2,680
Tertiary
2012
Jadual A7: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut pencapaian pendidikan, Malaysia, 20102012
Table A7: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by educational attainment, Malaysia, 2010 2012
2
6
2011 2010
(RM)
Purata
Mean
Penengah
Median
Purata
Mean
Penengah
Median
Purata
Mean
Penengah
Median
Jumlah 1,772 1,265 1,775 1,300 1,881 1,400
Total
UPSR/UPSRA atau yang setaraf 982 800 1,047 875 1,058 900
UPSR/UPSRA or equivalent
PMR/SRP/LCE/SRA atau yang setaraf 1,158 950 1,190 990 1,271 1,056
PMR/SRP/LCE/SRA or equivalent
SPM atau yang setaraf 1,488 1,221 1,502 1,250 1,567 1,300
SPM or equivalent
STPM atau yang setaraf 1,908 1,500 1,891 1,565 1,958 1,500
STPM or equivalent
Sijil 1,855 1,500 1,867 1,500 1,889 1,600
Certificate
Diploma 2,637 2,335 2,605 2,348 2,698 2,458
Ijazah 4,249 3,480 4,106 3,500 4,230 3,500
Degree
Tiada sijil 879 780 857 720 943 800
No certificate
Tidak berkenaan 739 650 689 600 786 700
Not applicable
1
Merujuk kepada sijil yang diperoleh dari kolej, politeknik atau institusi-institusi lain yang menawarkan pendidikan rasmi.
2012
Jadual A8: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut sijil tertinggi diperoleh, Malaysia, 20102012
Table A8: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by the highest certificate obtained, Malaysia, 2010 2012
2
7
2010 2011
Sijil tertinggi diperoleh
Highest certificate obtained
Refers to certificate obtained from college, polytechnic or other institutions which offers formal education.
(RM)
Taraf perkahwinan
Marital status
Purata
Mean
Penengah
Median
Purata
Mean
Penengah
Median
Purata
Mean
Penengah
Median
Jumlah 1,772 1,265 1,775 1,300 1,881 1,400
Total
Tidak pernah berkahwin 1,322 1,000 1,347 1,000 1,416 1,100
Never married
Berkahwin 2,037 1,500 2,074 1,522 2,193 1,600
Married
Balu/Duda 1,437 900 1,416 840 1,464 1,000
Widowed
Bercerai/Berpisah tetap 1,381 900 1,563 1,000 1,469 1,000
Divorced/permanently separated
2
8
Jadual A9: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut taraf perkahwinan, Malaysia, 20102012
Table A9: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by marital status, Malaysia, 20102012
2010 2011 2012
(RM)
Purata
Mean
Penengah
Median
Purata
Mean
Penengah
Median
Purata
Mean
Penengah
Median
Jumlah 1,772 1,265 1,775 1,300 1,881 1,400
Total
Johor 1,669 1,200 1,808 1,350 1,903 1,500
Kedah 1,407 1,000 1,471 1,000 1,440 1,000
Kelantan 1,493 900 1,593 1,000 1,580 1,000
Melaka 1,629 1,200 1,646 1,200 1,769 1,300
Negeri Sembilan 1,712 1,325 1,805 1,310 1,756 1,300
Pahang 1,472 1,185 1,575 1,250 1,613 1,200
Pulau Pinang 1,792 1,350 1,838 1,300 1,906 1,450
Perak 1,475 1,128 1,538 1,096 1,634 1,200
Perlis 1,630 1,170 1,637 1,178 1,588 1,000
Selangor 2,368 1,800 2,085 1,500 2,283 1,800
Terengganu 1,601 1,080 1,573 1,040 1,702 1,100
Sabah 1,206 750 1,211 750 1,251 800
Sarawak 1,606 950 1,613 1,000 1,629 1,080
W.P. Kuala Lumpur 2,450 1,800 2,379 1,800 2,617 1,900
W.P. Labuan 1,879 1,200 1,736 1,300 1,785 1,328
W.P. Putrajaya - - 2,786 2,240 3,070 2,540
1
Tahun 2010 termasuk W.P. Putrajaya/Year 2010 includes W.P. Putrajaya
2
9
Jadual A10: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 20102012
Table A10: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by state, Malaysia, 2010 2012
2012 2011 2010
Negeri
State
NOTA TEKNIKAL
TECHNICAL NOTES

31

1. Pengenalan 1. Introduction

Konsep dan definisi yang digunapakai
dalam Penyiasatan Gaji & Upah adalah
berdasarkan kepada An Integrated
System of Wages Statistics, International
Labour Office (ILO).

Statistik mengenai gaji & upah
merupakan maklumat penting pasaran
buruh yang dapat digunakan untuk
menilai taraf kehidupan dan keadaan
kerja. Keperluan terhadap statistik
berkaitan gaji & upah dan apa-apa jua
bentuk ganjaran ke atas sesuatu kerja
yang dilaksanakan semakin mendesak
terutamanya bagi kegunaan perancangan
ekonomi dan pembangunan sosial,
penetapan polisi fiskal, pendapatan,
struktur upah, penggunaan buruh dan
lain-lain.

The concept and definition of Salaries &
Wages Survey are based on An Integrated
System of Wages Statistics, International
Labour Office (ILO).

Statistics on salaries & wages are
important labour market information that
can be used to evaluate the standard of
living and conditions of work. There is
crucial need for statistics relating to
salaries & wages particularly for the
economic planning and social
development, fiscal policy formulation,
earnings, wage structure, usage of labour
and others.
2. Objektif dan kegunaan statistik upah

2. Objective and usage of wages statistics
2.1 Gaji membawa fungsi yang berbeza dan
oleh yang demikian, pengukuran statistik
gaji perlu membezakan konsep gaji
sebagai kos buruh, pendapatan kepada
pekerja dan juga kos kepada majikan.
Statistik siri masa kadar upah (wage
rate), pendapatan, pampasan pekerja
dan kos buruh setiap satunya mengukur
aspek gaji yang berbeza. Antaranya ialah:

2.1 Salary bears different functions and
therefore, the measurement of statistics
for salaries need to differentiate the
concept of salaries as labour cost,
earnings for employees and also cost to
employer. Each time series for statistics of
wage rate, earnings, compensation of
employees and labour cost measure the
different aspects of salary, such as:
tahap kehidupan pekerja;

employees standard of living;
penetapan upah termasuk
perundingan majikan pekerja dan
productivity linked wage system;

wage decision includes collective
bargaining and productivity linked
wage system;
indikator ekonomi;

economic indicator;
trend gaji & upah; salaries & wages trend;

teori empirik data dan upah;

data and wage empirical theory;
NOTA TEKNIKAL
TECHNICAL NOTES

32

perancangan, kajian dan analisis
ekonomi, sosial dan guna tenaga;
dan

planning, research and analysis of
economic, social and manpower;
and

polisi upah, pendapatan dan
harga.

wage, income and price policy.
2.2 Maklumat terperinci mengenai statistik
gaji & upah, pemboleh ubah yang perlu
dikutip, pendekatan dan kegunaannya
adalah seperti di Lampiran 1.

2.2 Detailed information on salaries & wages
statistics, variables to be collected, its
approach and usage is as in Appendix 1.
2.3 Setelah dikaji kesesuaian maklumat yang
boleh dikutip dengan pendekatan isi
rumah, maklumat gaji & upah yang
dikutip ialah maklumat kadar upah.
Maklumat kadar upah boleh dipungut
melalui dua pendekatan iaitu:

2.3 Having studied the suitability of the
information to be collected using the
household approach, wage rate
information was selected as the most
appropriate variable for data collection
purposes. Wage rate data can be
collected through two approaches which
are:

a. kadar upah sebagai pekerja; atau

a. wage rate as a worker; or
b. kadar upah daripada pekerjaan
utama.

b. wage rate from principal job.

Memandangkan maklumat kadar upah
yang diperlukan adalah mengikut
pekerjaan, maka adalah sesuai agar
pendekatan kadar upah daripada
pekerjaan utama digunakan.

As the information of wage rate is needed
by occupation, it is suitable to use wage
rate from principal job approach.
2.4 Maklumat kadar upah dapat digunakan
untuk mengukur perbezaan upah dan
juga menilai kaitan gaji & upah dengan
mobiliti buruh. Maklumat gaji & upah
bagi mengukur kos buruh, pampasan
pekerja, pendapatan dan productivity
linked wage system lebih sesuai dikutip
dengan pendekatan pertubuhan. Ini
adalah kerana hanya majikan yang dapat
membekalkan maklumat yang lebih
lengkap dan tepat bagi pemboleh ubah
kemudahan bukan tunai (bayaran
ditanggung majikan) seperti perumahan,
pengangkutan, makanan, perkhidmatan,
kesihatan, insurans, percutian dan lain-
lain.

2.4 Wage rate information can be used to
measure wage differentials and also to
analyse the correlation between salaries
& wages and labour mobility. Salaries &
wages information used to measure
labour cost, employees compensation,
earnings and productivity linked wage
system are more suitable to be collected
using the establishment approach. This is
because, only employers are able to
supply complete and accurate
information on facilities in kind (payment
by employer) such as housing,
transportation, food, services, health,
insurance, vacation and others.

33

3. Liputan 3. Coverage

3.1

Penyiasatan Gaji & Upah yang
merupakan salah satu modul Penyiasatan
Tenaga Buruh meliputi populasi
penyiasatan yang sama di kedua-dua
kawasan bandar dan luar bandar bagi
semua negeri di Malaysia.

3.1

Salaries & Wages Survey which is a
module under the Labour Force Survey
covers the same survey population for
both urban and rural areas for all the
states in Malaysia.
3.2 Definisi populasi penyiasatan meliputi
penduduk yang tinggal di tempat
kediaman persendirian di Malaysia dan
tidak termasuk mereka yang tinggal di
tempat kediaman institusi seperti hotel,
rumah tumpangan, asrama, hospital,
rumah orang tua, berek tentera dan
penjara.
3.2 The survey population is defined to cover
persons who live in private living quarters
in Malaysia and hence exclude persons
residing in institutions such as hotels,
lodging houses, hostels, hospitals, old
folks homes, military barracks and
prisons.

3.3

Maklumat gaji & upah hanya dipungut
bagi responden yang berumur 15 tahun
dan lebih yang berstatus guna tenaga
pekerja kerajaan atau pekerja swasta dan
memenuhi kriteria berikut:

3.3

Salaries & wages data is only collected
from respondents aged 15 years and over
whom status in employment are either
government or private employees and
fulfill the following criteria:
pekerja (kerajaan atau swasta)
yang bekerja sepenuh masa;

employees (government or
private) working full-time;
pekerja yang tidak bekerja dalam
bulan rujukan tetapi bergaji dan
pasti akan dipanggil bekerja
semula;
employees who did not work
during the reference month but
receiving salaries & wages and
will definitely be called for work;

kerja dibuat sekurang-kurangnya
6 jam sehari atau sekurang-
kurangnya 20 hari sebulan bagi
pekerjaan biasa yang dilakukan
secara tetap pada setiap bulan;
atau

work done for at least 6 hours a
day or at least 20 days a month
for usual occupation every month;
or
pekerja kontrak di sektor
kerajaan.
contract workers in the
government sector.

3.4 Maklumat gaji & upah tidak dipungut
bagi responden berikut:

3.4 Salaries & wages data are not collected
for the following respondents:
majikan;

employers;
bekerja sendiri;

own account workers;
pekerja keluarga tanpa gaji; unpaid family workers;

34

pekerja sambilan seperti pelajar
yang bekerja di restoran
makanan segera dan menerima
upah mengikut jam bekerja;

temporary workers such as
students working in fast food
restaurants and receive wages at
hourly rate;
seorang perantis yang menerima
elaun dalam bulan rujukan;

an apprentice who receives
allowances in the reference
month;
pekerja (kerajaan atau swasta)
yang bercuti tanpa gaji dalam
bulan rujukan walaupun ada kerja
yang akan dikembalikan;

employees (government or
private) on unpaid leave in the
reference month even though
they have work to return to;
pekerja yang menerima gaji
terlalu rendah daripada biasa.
Contohnya, disebabkan berhenti
kerja dan tamat kontrak;

employees who receive low
amount of salaries & wages than
usual. For example, due to
expiration of contract or quit
working;

Pekerja Sambilan Harian (PSH) di
sektor kerajaan; dan

Pekerja Sambilan Harian (PSH) in
government sector; and
pekerja kasual.

casual workers.
3.5 Bagi tujuan analisis, Penyiasatan Gaji &
Upah mengambil kira umur bekerja 15
hingga 64 tahun. Ini bersesuaian dengan
konsep Penyiasatan Tenaga Buruh yang
menggunakan kumpulan umur tersebut
dalam mengukur penduduk yang aktif
dalam ekonomi.

3.5 For analysis purposes, the Salaries &
Wages Survey takes into account the
working age group of 15 to 64 years. This
is in line with the concept of Labour Force
Survey which defines this group as the
economically active population.
4.

4.1
Tempoh rujukan

Tempoh rujukan Penyiasatan Gaji & Upah
adalah satu bulan sebelum temu ramah
atau pungutan data dijalankan. Bagi
Penyiasatan Gaji & Upah 2012, terdapat
enam tempoh rujukan iaitu:

4.

4.1
Reference period

The reference period for Salaries & Wages
Survey is one month prior to interview
session or data collection. For 2012
Salaries & Wages Survey, there were six
reference periods i.e:
Penyiasatan Gaji & Upah 2012
Salaries & Wages Survey 2012
Tempoh rujukan Bulan penyiasatan
Reference period Survey month
Disember/December 2011 Januari/January 2012
Januari/January 2012 Februari/February 2012
Februari/February 2012 Mac/March 2012
Mac/March 2012 April 2012
April 2012 Mei/May 2012
Mei/May 2012 Jun/June 2012

35

5.

Rangka pensampelan

5.

Sampling frame

5.1

Rangka pensampelan bagi Penyiasatan
Gaji & Upah adalah daripada Rangka
Pensampelan Isi Rumah Kebangsaan
yang terdiri daripada Blok Penghitungan
(BP) yang diwujudkan untuk Banci
Penduduk dan Perumahan Malaysia
2010. BP ialah satu kawasan muka bumi
yang diwujudkan secara rekaan dan
biasanya mempunyai sempadan
tertentu. Secara puratanya, setiap BP
mengandungi 80 hingga 120 tempat
kediaman. Pada amnya, kesemua BP
dibentuk di dalam lingkungan sempadan
yang diwartakan iaitu di dalam daerah
pentadbiran, mukim atau pihak
berkuasa tempatan.

5.1

The frame used for the Salaries & Wages
Survey is from the National Household
Sampling Frame which is made up of
Enumeration Blocks (EBs) created for the
2010 Population and Housing Census of
Malaysia. EBs are geographically
contiguous areas of land that is created
with identifiable boundaries. On average,
each EB contains about 80 to 120 living
quarters. Generally, all EBs are formed
within gazetted boundaries i.e. within
administrative district, mukim or local
authority areas.

5.2 BP dalam rangka pensampelan juga
dikelaskan mengikut kawasan bandar
dan luar bandar. Kawasan bandar
ditakrifkan sebagaimana yang telah
digunakan dalam Banci Penduduk dan
Perumahan Malaysia 2010. Kawasan
bandar ialah kawasan yang diwartakan
serta kawasan tepu bina yang
bersempadan dengannya dan gabungan
kedua-dua kawasan ini mempunyai
penduduk seramai 10,000 orang atau
lebih semasa Banci Penduduk dan
Perumahan Malaysia 2010. Kawasan
selainnya yang diwartakan dan
mempunyai jumlah penduduk kurang
daripada 10,000 orang serta kawasan
yang tidak diwartakan, dikelaskan
sebagai luar bandar. Kawasan tepu bina
ditakrifkan sebagai kawasan yang
terletak bersebelahan kawasan yang
diwartakan dan mempunyai sekurang-
kurangnya 60 peratus penduduk
(berumur 15 tahun dan lebih) yang
terlibat dalam aktiviti bukan pertanian.

5.2 The EBs in the sampling frame are also
classified by urban and rural areas. Urban
areas are as defined in the 2010
Population and Housing Census of
Malaysia. Urban areas are gazetted areas
with their adjoining built-up areas which
has a combined population of 10,000 or
more at the time of the 2010 Population
and Housing Census of Malaysia. All other
gazetted areas with a population of less
than 10,000 persons and non-gazetted
areas are classified as rural. Built-up
areas are defined as areas contiguous to
a gazetted area and has at least 60 per
cent of their population (aged 15 years
and over) engaged in non-agricultural
activities.

36

5.3 Pengelasan kawasan mengikut strata
adalah seperti berikut:
5.3 The classification of areas by stratum is
as follows:

Strata Bilangan penduduk
Metropolitan 75,000 dan lebih
Bandar besar 10,000 hingga 74,999
Bandar kecil 1,000 hingga 9,999
Luar bandar Kawasan selebihnya

Stratum Number of population
Metropolitan 75,000 and over
Urban large 10,000 to 74,999
Urban small 1,000 to 9,999
Rural All other areas

5.4 Bagi tujuan pensampelan, pengelasan
yang luas seperti di atas adalah
memadai untuk semua negeri di
Malaysia. Walau bagaimanapun, bagi
Sabah dan Sarawak, memandangkan
masalah kesukaran untuk akses ke
kawasan pedalaman, strata luar bandar
dibahagikan lebih lanjut berdasarkan
kepada jangka waktu yang diambil untuk
sampai ke sesuatu tempat dari pusat
bandar yang terdekat.

5.4 For sampling purposes, the above broad
classification is found to be adequate for
all states in Malaysia. However, due to
problems of accessibility for Sabah and
Sarawak, the rural stratum has to be
substratified based on the time taken to
reach the area from the nearest urban
centre.
5.5 Bagi tujuan analisis bandar/luar bandar,
strata dicantum seperti berikut:
5.5 For the purposes of urban/rural analysis,
the stratum are collapsed as follow:

Bandar = Metropolitan + Bandar besar
Luar = Bandar kecil + Luar bandar
bandar

Urban = Metropolitan + Urban large
Rural = Urban small + Rural
6. Reka bentuk pensampelan 6. Sampling design

6.1

Reka bentuk pensampelan berstrata dua
peringkat telah digunakan. Terdapat dua
peringkat strata iaitu:

6.1

A stratified two-staged sampling design is
adopted. There are two levels of
stratification that is:

Strata utama

Primary stratum
Terdiri daripada negeri di
Malaysia.
Made up of the states in
Malaysia.
Strata kedua Secondary stratum
Terdiri daripada strata bandar
dan luar bandar seperti yang
ditakrifkan di perkara 5.5 dan
dibentuk di dalam strata utama.

Made up of the urban and rural
stratum as defined in para 5.5
and formed within the primary
stratum.
6.2 Sampel telah dipilih secara bebas bagi
setiap peringkat pada strata kedua. Unit
pensampelan peringkat pertama ialah
BP, sementara unit peringkat kedua
ialah tempat kediaman (TK) di dalam BP
tersebut. TK terpilih meliputi kesemua
6.2 Samples are drawn independently within
each level of the secondary stratum. The
first stage units of sample selection are
the EBs while the second stage units are
the living quarters (LQs) within the EBs.
All households and persons within the

37

isi rumah dan orang yang tinggal di
dalamnya. Di setiap peringkat pemilihan,
unit telah dipilih secara sistematik
dengan kebarangkalian yang sama
dalam strata kedua.
selected LQs are canvassed. At every
stage of selection, the units are selected
systematically with equal probability
within each level of the secondary
stratum.
Negeri
State
Bilangan BP
terpilih
Number of
selected EBs
Bilangan TK terpilih
Number of selected
LQs
Johor 534 4,289
Kedah 438 3,504
Kelantan 498 4,012
Melaka 444 3,604
Negeri Sembilan 402 3,292
Pahang 498 3,645
Perak 540 4,281
Perlis 300 2,431
Pulau Pinang 378 3,031
Sabah 552 4,384
Sarawak 396 2,997
Selangor 600 4,818
Terengganu 348 2,900
W.P. Kuala Lumpur 246 1,922
W.P. Labuan 78 1,293
W.P. Putrajaya 72 1,149
Malaysia 6,324 51,552
7. Saiz sampel 7. Sample size

7.1

Saiz sampel dalam Penyiasatan Gaji &
Upah 2012 adalah seperti berikut:

7.1

The sample size for the 2012 Salaries &
Wages Survey is as follows:
8. Prosedur penganggaran

8. Estimation procedures
8.1 Maklumat gaji & upah yang dikutip
melalui Penyiasatan Tenaga Buruh
dianggarkan menggunakan prosedur
penganggaran yang sama. Teknik
anggaran nisbah bergabung (adjusted
weight dan faktor penduduk)
digunakan untuk mendapatkan
anggaran sesuatu ciri tertentu bagi
populasi penyiasatan. Faktor penduduk
menggunakan anggaran penduduk
separuh tahun pertama 2012 mengikut
kumpulan umur, jantina, etnik dan
negeri sebagai penanda aras.

8.1 The salaries & wages information
collected through the Labour Force
Survey was estimated using the same
estimation procedures. The combined
ratio estimated method (adjusted
weight and population factor) was used
to obtain the estimates of a specific
characteristic in the survey population.
Population factor uses population
estimates of first half 2012 by age
group, sex, ethnic and state as
benchmarks.

38

8.2 Perlu diambil perhatian bahawa tiada
pengubahsuaian dilakukan untuk
mengasingkan penduduk institusi
daripada anggaran penduduk
walaupun Penyiasatan Gaji & Upah
tidak meliputi penduduk institusi.
Penduduk institusi dianggarkan kurang
daripada tiga peratus jumlah
penduduk berdasarkan Banci
Penduduk dan Perumahan 2010,
penduduk institusi adalah kurang
daripada empat peratus daripada
penduduk.

8.2 It should be noted that no attempt was
made to adjust for the exclusion of the
institutional population from the
population estimates although the
Salaries & Wages Survey did not cover
the institutional population. The
institutional population was estimated
less than three per cent of the total
population, based on the 2010
Population and Housing Census, the
institutional population was less than
four per cent of the total population.

9. Konsep dan definisi 9. Concepts and definitions

9.1

Data gaji & upah dikutip menggunakan
pendekatan isi rumah melalui
Penyiasatan Tenaga Buruh.
Berdasarkan pendekatan ini, maklumat
kadar upah diperoleh daripada
penyiasatan ini.

9.1

Salaries & wages data are collected
using household approach via the
Labour Force Survey. Based on this
approach, wage rate is derived from the
survey.
9.2 Kadar upah merangkumi gaji pokok,
elaun sara hidup dan lain-lain elaun
yang dibayar secara tetap dan berkala.
Ini tidak termasuk bayaran kerja lebih
masa, bonus dan gratuiti, elaun
keluarga dan lain-lain bayaran
keselamatan sosial oleh majikan.

9.2 Wage rates include basic wages, cost-of-
living allowances and other guaranteed
and regularly paid allowances, but
exclude overtime payments, bonuses
and gratuities, family allowances and
other social security payments made by
employers.

9.3 Data gaji & upah yang diperlukan
adalah bagi pekerjaan biasa yang
dilakukan oleh pekerja kerajaan atau
swasta dalam bulan rujukan.

9.3 Salaries & wages data collected are
based on the regular occupation of the
private or government employees in the
reference month.
9.4 Maklumat kadar upah dapat digunakan
untuk mengukur perbezaan upah dan
juga menilai kaitan gaji & upah dengan
mobiliti buruh. Di samping itu,
maklumat ini juga digunakan untuk
mengukur jurang gaji & upah antara
pekerja lelaki dan perempuan (gender
wage gap).

9.4 Wage rates information can be used to
measure wage differentials as well as
the correlation between salaries &
wages to labour mobility. Besides that, it
is used to measure the gap of salaries &
wages between male and female
employees (gender wage gap).

39

9.5 Indikator utama 9.5 Main indicator

Jurang upah gender
= 100% - peratus gaji & upah gender

Gender wage gap
= 100% - gender wage percentage

Peratus gaji & upah gender Gender wages percentage

=
Purata gaji & upah
bulanan perempuan

X 100 Purata gaji & upah
bulanan lelaki

Indikator jurang upah gender secara
umumnya menerangkan jurang gaji
yang diterima oleh pekerja lelaki
berbanding pekerja perempuan.
Apabila nilai yang diperoleh
menghampiri sifar, bermakna purata
gaji yang diterima menuju
kesamarataan di antara lelaki dan
perempuan. Bagi nilai negatif pula,
menunjukkan bahawa gaji & upah yang
diterima oleh pekerja perempuan
adalah lebih tinggi.

=
Mean monthly salaries
& wages for female

X 100

Mean monthly salaries
& wages for male

Indicator of gender wage gap is
generally to explain the gap in salaries &
wages received by working males as
compared to females. When the value
obtained is approximately approaching
zero, its means that the mean salaries &
wages received is heading towards
equality between males and females. A
negative value indicates that the salaries
& wages received by female worker is
higher.
9.6 Kumpulan etnik

9.6 Ethnic group
Kumpulan etnik dikategorikan di
kalangan warganegara Malaysia setelah
mengasingkan bukan warganegara
Malaysia. Pengelasan adalah seperti
berikut:

The ethnic group is categorised within
Malaysian citizens after separating
those who are non-Malaysian citizens.
The classification is as follows:
Warganegara Malaysia Malaysian citizens
Bumiputera Bumiputera
Melayu Malay
Bumiputera lain Other Bumiputera
Cina Chinese
India Indians
Lain-lain Others
Bukan warganegara Malaysia

Non-Malaysian citizens
9.7 Taraf perkahwinan

9.7 Marital status
(i) Tidak pernah berkahwin (i) Never married
Merujuk kepada mereka yang
belum pernah berkahwin pada
masa temu ramah.

Refers to those who have never been
married at the time of interview.

40

(ii) Berkahwin (ii) Married
Merujuk kepada mereka yang masih
berkahwin pada masa
penghitungan. Istilah perkahwinan
adalah termasuk perkahwinan
mengikut undang-undang atau
peraturan keagamaan atau pun
tinggal bersama atas persetujuan
bersama.

Refers to persons who are currently
married at the time of the
enumeration. The term married
includes those married by law or by
religious rites or are living together
by mutual agreement.
(iii) Balu/duda (iii) Widowed
belum berkahwin semula selepas
kematian suami/isteri pada masa
temu ramah.

Refers to those who have not
remarried after the death of the
spouse at the time of interview.

(iv) Bercerai/berpisah tetap (iv) Divorced/permanently separated
perkahwinannya telah
dimansuhkan melalui perceraian
mengikut undang-undang atau
peraturan keagamaan atau tidak
lagi tinggal bersama bagi satu
jangka masa yang lama dan tiada
kemungkinan untuk bersatu
semula.

Refers to those whose marriages
were annulled through divorced by
law or religious arrangement or
separated for a long duration
without any possibility of
reconciliation.
9.8 Pencapaian pendidikan

9.8 Educational attainment
Merujuk kepada peringkat tertinggi
seseorang itu telah menamatkan atau
sedang mengikuti persekolahan di
institusi pendidikan awam atau swasta
yang menyediakan pendidikan rasmi. Ia
dikategorikan seperti berikut:

Refers to the highest level which a
person has completed schooling or is
currently attending, in a public or
private educational institution that
provides formal education. It is
categorised as follows:
(i) Tiada pendidikan rasmi (i) No formal education
tidak pernah menghadiri mana-
mana institusi pendidikan yang
menyediakan pendidikan rasmi.

Refers to person who never
attended school in any of the
educational institutions that
provides formal education.
(ii) Rendah (ii) Primary
telah mencapai pendidikan
tertinggi di peringkat Tahun 1
hingga 6 atau yang setaraf.

Refers to those whose highest level
of education attained is from
Standard 1 to 6 or equivalent.

41

(iii) Menengah (iii) Secondary
tertinggi di peringkat Tingkatan 1
(termasuk kelas peralihan) hingga
Tingkatan 5, General Certificate
of Education O Level atau yang
setaraf. Termasuk program
kemahiran asas di institusi latihan
kemahiran khusus dan teknikal
yang mana tempoh pengajian
adalah sekurang-kurangnya enam
bulan seperti GIATMARA.

of education attained is from Form
1 (including remove class) to Form
5, General Certificate of Education
O Level or equivalent. Includes basic
skill programmes in specific trades
and technical skills institutions
whereby the training period is at
least six months e.g. GIATMARA.
(iv) Tertiari (iv) Tertiary
tertinggi selepas Tingkatan 5.

of education is above Form 5.
9.9 Sijil tertinggi diperoleh

9.9 Highest certificate obtained
Merujuk kepada sijil tertinggi diperoleh
dari institusi pendidikan awam atau
swasta yang menyediakan pendidikan
rasmi. Mulai 2008, klasifikasi sijil
tertinggi diperoleh adalah mengikut
konsep International Standard
Classification of Education (ISCED).

Refers to the highest certificate
obtained from the public or private
educational institution that provides
formal education. Commencing 2008,
classification of highest certificate
obtained is according to the
International Standard Classification of
Education (ISCED).

(i) UPSR/UPSRA atau yang setaraf (i) UPSR/UPSRA or equivalent
Merujuk kepada Ujian Penilaian
Sekolah Rendah/Ujian Penilaian
Sekolah Rendah Agama atau yang
setaraf.

Refers to Ujian Penilaian Sekolah
Rendah/Ujian Penilaian Sekolah
Rendah Agama or equivalent.
(ii) PMR/SRP/LCE/SRA atau yang
setaraf
(ii) PMR/SRP/LCE/SRA or equivalent
Merujuk kepada Penilaian
Menengah Rendah, Sijil Rendah
Pelajaran, Lower Certificate of
Education, Sijil Rendah Agama
atau yang setaraf.

Refers to Penilaian Menengah
Rendah, Sijil Rendah Pelajaran,
Lower Certificate of Education, Sijil
Rendah Agama or equivalent.
(iii) SPM atau yang setaraf (iii) SPM or equivalent
Merujuk kepada Sijil Pelajaran
Malaysia atau yang setaraf
(Senior Cambridge Certificate,
General Certificate of Education O
Level dan Sijil Pelajaran
Refers to Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia or
equivalent (Senior Cambridge
Certificate, General Certificate of
Education O Level and Malaysia
Certificate of Vocational Education).

42

Vokasional Malaysia). Termasuk
sijil kemahiran asas yang
diperoleh dari institusi latihan
kemahiran khusus dan teknikal
yang mana tempoh pengajian
adalah sekurang-kurangnya enam
bulan seperti sijil GIATMARA.
Includes basic skill certificate
obtained from specific trades and
technical skills institutions whereby
the training period is at least six
months e.g. GIATMARA certificate.

(iv) STPM atau yang setaraf (iv) STPM or equivalent
Merujuk kepada Sijil Tinggi
Persekolahan Malaysia, Higher
School Certificate atau kelulusan
yang setaraf (Sijil Tinggi Agama
dan General Certificate of
Education A Level).

Refers to Sijil Tinggi Persekolahan
Malaysia, Higher School Certificate
or equivalent (Sijil Tinggi Agama
and General Certificate of
Education A Level).

(v) Sijil (v) Certificate
Merujuk kepada sijil yang
diperoleh dari kolej, politeknik
atau institusi-institusi lain yang
menawarkan pendidikan rasmi.
Tempoh pensijilan adalah tidak
kurang daripada enam bulan.

Refers to certificate obtained from
college, polytechnic or other
institutions which offers formal
education. Duration of certification
should not be less than six months.

(vi) Diploma (vi) Diploma
Merujuk kepada diploma atau sijil
setaraf dengannya dan diperoleh
selepas kategori (iii), (iv) atau (v)
daripada universiti, kolej, maktab
atau politeknik sebelum
peringkat ijazah.

Refers to diploma or equivalent
certificate obtained after category
(iii), (iv) or (v) from university,
college or polytechnic prior to a
degree qualification.

(vii) Ijazah (vii) Degree
Merujuk kepada ijazah (Ijazah
Sarjana Muda, Sarjana atau
Doktor Falsafah) yang diperoleh
dari institusi pengajian tinggi
awam atau swasta atau yang
setaraf.

Refers to degree (Bachelor, Masters
or PhD) obtained from public or
private higher institution or
equivalent.

(viii) Tiada sijil (viii) No certificate
masih di bangku sekolah atau
tamat persekolahan tanpa
memperoleh sebarang sijil.

Refers to those persons who are
currently attending school or who
have completed schooling without
receiving any certificate.
(ix) Tidak berkenaan (ix) Not applicable
tiada pendidikan rasmi.

Refers to those persons who have
no formal education.

43

9.10 Pekerjaan

9.10 Occupation
Pekerjaan dikelaskan mengikut
klasifikasi Piawaian Pengelasan
Pekerjaan, Malaysia (MASCO) 2008
berasaskan kepada International
Standard Classification of Occupations
(ISCO-08). Bagi seseorang yang
mempunyai lebih daripada satu
pekerjaan, hanya pekerjaan yang
mengambil masa terbanyak semasa
tempoh rujukan dianggap sebagai
pekerjaan utamanya. Jika masa bekerja
bagi tiap-tiap pekerjaan itu sama, maka
pekerjaan yang menghasilkan
pendapatan tertinggi adalah pekerjaan
utamanya. Dalam kes di mana bilangan
jam bekerja dan pendapatannya adalah
sama bagi setiap pekerjaan, pekerjaan
di mana dia telah bekerja paling lama
dianggap sebagai pekerjaan utamanya.

Occupation is classified according to the
Malaysia Standard Classification of
Occupations (MASCO) 2008 based on
the International Standard
Classification of Occupations (ISCO-08).
For a person having more than one job,
only the job at which he worked for the
longest number of hours during the
reference week is treated as his
principal occupation. Should the
number of hours worked for each job is
the same, then the job with the highest
income is the principal occupation. In
cases where the number of hours
worked and the income earned from
each job are the same, the job at which
he was working for the longest period
of time is considered as the principal
occupation.
9.11 Industri

9.11 Industry
Pengelasan industri merujuk kepada
pekerjaan utama. Mulai 2010, industri
dikelaskan mengikut Piawaian
Klasifikasi Industri Malaysia (MSIC)
2008 berasaskan kepada International
Standard Industrial Classification of All
Economic Activities (ISIC), Revision 4.
Kategori industri adalah seperti
berikut:

A Pertanian, perhutanan dan
perikanan
B Perlombongan dan pengkuarian
C Pembuatan
D Bekalan elektrik, gas,wap dan
pendingin udara
E Bekalan air; pembentungan,
pengurusan sisa dan aktiviti
pemulihan
F Pembinaan
G Perdagangan borong dan runcit;
pembaikan kenderaan bermotor
dan motosikal
H Pengangkutan dan penyimpanan
I Penginapan dan aktiviti
perkhidmatan makanan dan
Classification of industry refers to
principal occupation. Starting from
2010, industry is classified according to
the Malaysia Standard Industrial
Classification (MSIC) 2008 based on the
International Standard Industrial
Classification of All Economic Activities
(ISIC), Revision 4. The category of
industries are as follows:

A Agriculture, forestry and fishing

B Mining and quarrying
C Manufacturing
D Electricity, gas, steam and air
conditioning supply
E Water supply; sewerage, waste
management and remediation
activities
F Construction
G Wholesale and retail trade; repair
of motor vehicles and motorcycles

H Transportation and storage
I Accommodation and food service
activities

44

minuman
J Maklumat dan komunikasi
K Aktiviti kewangan dan
insurans/takaful
L Aktiviti hartanah
M Aktiviti profesional, saintifik dan
teknikal
N Aktiviti pentadbiran dan khidmat
sokongan
O Pentadbiran awam dan
pertahanan; aktiviti keselamatan
sosial wajib
P Pendidikan
Q Aktiviti kesihatan kemanusiaan dan
kerja sosial
R Kesenian, hiburan dan rekreasi
S Aktiviti perkhidmatan lain

J Information and communication
K Financial and insurance/takaful
activities
L Real estate activities
M Professional, scientific and
technical activities
N Administrative and support service
activities
O Public administration and defence;
compulsory social security

P Education
Q Human health and social work
activities
R Arts, entertainment and recreation
S Other service activities

10. Kepersisan data 10. Data precision

10.1

Memandangkan anggaran penyiasatan
adalah berdasarkan kepada
penyiasatan sampel, ia adalah tertakluk
kepada ralat pensampelan dan bukan
pensampelan.

10.1

Since the survey estimates are based on
a sample survey, they are subjected to
sampling and non sampling error.

(i) Ralat pensampelan

(i) Sampling error
Ralat pensampelan berpunca
daripada anggaran data yang dibuat
berasaskan sampel
berkebarangkalian, bukan
berdasarkan banci. Ralat ini dalam
statistik dikenali sebagai ralat piawai
relatif dan kerap ditandakan sebagai
RSE dan diberikan dalam peratusan.
Ralat ini digunakan sebagai
penunjuk kepada kepersisan
anggaran parameter yang dikaji.
Dengan kata lain, ia boleh memberi
gambaran tentang tahap variasi
anggaran penyiasatan berbanding
dengan lain-lain anggaran yang
berdasarkan pemilihan sampel.

Sampling error is a result of
estimating data based on a
probability sampling, not on census.
Such error in statistics is termed as
relative standard error and often
denoted as RSE and is given in
percentage. This error is an indication
to the precision of the parameter
under study. In other words, it reflects
the extent of variation with other
sample-based estimates.

45

Anggaran ralat pensampelan telah
dikira secara berasingan untuk
beberapa pembolehubah penting
bagi peringkat nasional dan negeri
seperti di Jadual S1, S2 dan S3. Bagi
Penyiasatan Gaji & Upah 2012,
purata gaji & upah bulanan Malaysia
ialah RM1,881 dengan RSE 0.85
peratus dan ralat piawai (SE)
RM16.06. Pada 95 peratus selang
keyakinan ( = 0.05), purata gaji &
upah bulanan boleh berada di
antara RM1,850 hingga RM1,913.

Sampling errors of estimates on a few
important variables at national and
state level are calculated separately
as shown in the Table S1, S2 to S3.
For Salaries & Wages Survey 2012,
mean monthly salaries & wages
Malaysia was RM1,881 with an RSE
of 0.85 per cent and standard error
(SE) of RM16.06. At 95 per cent
confidence interval ( = 0.05), mean
monthly salaries & wages could be
between RM1,850 to RM1,913.
(ii) Ralat bukan pensampelan

Bagi memastikan kualiti data berada
pada tahap yang tinggi, langkah-
langkah telah diambil untuk
meminimumkan ralat bukan
pensampelan. Berbeza dengan ralat
pensampelan, ralat ini tidak boleh
diukur dan hanya boleh diatasi
melalui beberapa langkah
pentadbiran. Ralat ini boleh
berpunca daripada liputan
penyiasatan yang tidak lengkap,
ketidaksempurnaan rangka, ralat
maklum balas, ralat tiada sambutan,
kesilapan semasa prosesan seperti
di peringkat penyuntingan,
pengekodan dan tangkapan data.

(ii) Non-sampling error

To ensure high quality of data,
several steps were taken to minimise
non-sampling errors. Unlike sampling
errors, these errors cannot be
measured and can only be overcome
through several administrative
procedures. These errors can arise as
a result of incomplete survey
coverage, frame defect, response
error, non-response and processing
such as during editing, coding and
data capture.
Ralat maklum balas boleh berlaku
disebabkan kesukaran dan
perbezaan dalam tafsiran soalan,
sama ada daripada penemu ramah
ataupun responden. Bagi
meminimakan ralat ini, latihan
intensif kepada penyelia dan
penemu ramah telah dijalankan. Di
samping itu, semakan rambang juga
dijalankan ke atas isi rumah yang
telah diliputi oleh penemu ramah
untuk memastikan kesahihan
maklum balas yang dicatatkan.
Untuk memastikan liputan
penyiasatan yang menyeluruh,
rangka sampel dikemas kini dan
tempat kediaman telah dipilih
Response error can occur due to
difference and difficulty in
interpreting questions, either by the
enumerator or respondent. To
minimise this error, intensive training
was conducted for the enumerators
as well as supervisors. In addition,
random checks were carried out on
households that were already
canvassed by the enumerators to
ensure the validity of the information
recorded. To ensure the completeness
of the survey coverage, the sampling
frame is frequently updated and the
living quarters were selected after the
EB listing exercise.

46

W.P. Wilayah Persekutuan W.P. Wilayah Persekutuan
selepas penyenaraian BP dijalankan.

Berhubung dengan ralat
penyuntingan dan prosesan,
beberapa peringkat semakan
konsistensi telah dilaksanakan sama
ada secara manual atau
berkomputer bagi memastikan
penghasilan data yang bermutu dan
boleh diterima pakai.

With regard to editing and processing
errors, several consistency checks
were done, either manually or
computerised, to ensure the quality
and acceptability of the data
produced.
11. Pembundaran anggaran 11. Rounding of estimates

Hasil tambah bagi sesuatu kategori
mungkin tidak sentiasa sama dengan
jumlah yang ditunjukkan dalam jadual
yang berkaitan kerana pembundaran
secara bebas kepada satu titik
perpuluhan. Walau bagaimanapun,
perbezaan ini tidak signifikan.

The sum of individual figures may not
always equal to the totals shown in
related tables because of independent
rounding to one decimal place. However,
the differences are insignificant.

12. Nota dan simbol 12. Note and symbol

JADUAL RALAT PIAWAI RELATIF
RELATIVE STANDARD ERROR TABLES

Pekerjaan
Purata gaji & upah
bulanan
Occupation Mean monthly
salaries & wages
Nilai relatif
Relative value
Ralat piawai
Standard error
(RM) (%) (RM)
Jumlah 1,881 0.85 16.06 1,850 - 1,913
Total
Pengurus 5,213 3.61 188.42 4,844 - 5,582
Managers
Profesional 3,807 1.48 56.35 3,697 - 3,917
Professionals
Juruteknik dan profesional bersekutu 2,435 1.05 25.68 2,385 - 2,485
Pekerja sokongan perkeranian 1,718 0.98 16.86 1,685 - 1,751
Pekerja perkhidmatan dan jualan 1,299 1.22 15.86 1,268 - 1,330
Pekerja mahir pertanian, perhutanan dan perikanan 1,065 3.53 37.62 991 - 1,139
Pekerja kemahiran dan pekerja pertukangan yang berkaitan 1,283 1.37 17.61 1,248 - 1,318
Operator loji dan mesin serta pemasang 1,216 1.19 14.47 1,188 - 1,244
Pekerjaan asas 959 1.20 11.54 936 - 982
4
7
Range of average salaries &
wages at 95 per cent
confidence interval
(RM)
Ralat piawai bagi anggaran
Standard error of estimate
Julat gaji & upah purata pada
95 peratus selang keyakinan
Jadual S1: Ralat piawai relatif bagi purata gaji & upah bulanan mengikut pekerjaan, Malaysia, 2012
Table S1: Relative standard error for mean monthly salaries & wages by occupation, Malaysia, 2012
Industri
Purata gaji &
upah bulanan
Industry Mean monthly
salaries & wages
Nilai relatif
Relative value
Ralat piawai
Standard error
(RM) (%) (RM)
Jumlah 1,881 0.85 16.06 1,850 - 1,913
Total
Pertanian, perhutanan dan perikanan 993 2.73 27.09 940 - 1,046
Perlombongan dan pengkuarian 3,358 7.52 252.60 2,863 - 3,853
Pembuatan 1,647 1.63 26.77 1,595 - 1,699
Manufacturing
Bekalan elektrik, gas, wap dan pendingin udara 2,558 6.28 160.61 2,243 - 2,873
Bekalan air; pembentungan, pengurusan sisa dan aktiviti pemulihan 1,568 4.80 75.31 1,420 - 1,716
Pembinaan 1,608 3.75 60.38 1,490 - 1,726
Construction
Perdagangan borong dan runcit, pembaikan kenderaan bermotor dan motosikal 1,427 1.45 20.63 1,387 - 1,467
Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles
Pengangkutan dan penyimpanan 1,933 3.47 67.17 1,801 - 2,065
Penginapan dan aktiviti perkhidmatan makanan dan minuman 1,146 2.45 28.05 1,091 - 1,201
Accommodation and food service activities
4
8
(RM)
Jadual S2: Ralat piawai relatif bagi purata gaji & upah bulanan mengikut industri, Malaysia, 2012
Table S2: Relative standard error for mean monthly salaries & wages by industry, Malaysia, 2012
Julat gaji & upah purata
pada 95 peratus selang
Range of average
salaries & wages at 95
per cent confidence
Industri
Purata gaji & upah
bulanan
Industry Mean monthly
salaries & wages
Nilai relatif
Relative value
Ralat piawai
Standard error
(RM) (%) (RM)
Maklumat dan komunikasi 3,246 5.18 168.29 2,916 - 3,576
Aktiviti kewangan dan insurans/takaful 3,128 4.51 140.97 2,852 - 3,404
Aktiviti hartanah 2,759 10.59 292.12 2,186 - 3,332
Aktiviti profesional, saintifik dan teknikal 2,800 4.91 137.48 2,531 - 3,069
Aktiviti pentadbiran dan khidmat sokongan 1,106 2.46 27.25 1,053 - 1,159
Administrative and support service activities
Pentadbiran awam dan pertahanan; aktiviti keselamatan sosial wajib 2,564 1.29 32.96 2,499 - 2,629
Pendidikan 3,135 1.18 37.06 3,062 - 3,208
Education
Aktiviti kesihatan kemanusiaan dan kerja sosial 2,439 3.56 86.94 2,269 - 2,609
Kesenian, hiburan dan rekreasi 1,416 8.05 113.96 1,193 - 1,639
Aktiviti perkhidmatan lain 1,373 4.11 56.44 1,262 - 1,484
Jumlah termasuk bilangan penduduk bekerja dalam kategori Aktiviti badan dan pertubuhan luar wilayah
Total includes number of employed persons in Activities of extraterritorial organizations and bodies category
(RM)
4
9
Jadual S2: Ralat piawai relatif bagi purata gaji & upah bulanan mengikut industri, Malaysia, 2012 (samb.)
Table S2: Relative standard error for mean monthly salaries & wages by industry, Malaysia, 2012 (cont'd)
Julat gaji & upah purata
Range of average salaries
& wages at 95 per cent
confidence interval
Negeri
Purata gaji & upah
bulanan
State Mean monthly
salaries & wages
Nilai relatif
Relative value
Ralat piawai
Standard error
(RM) (%) (RM)
Jumlah 1,881 0.85 16.06 1,850 - 1,913
Total
Johor 1,903 1.90 36.10 1,832 - 1,974
Kedah 1,440
2.01 29.01 1,383 - 1,497
Kelantan 1,580
2.65 41.94 1,498 - 1,662
Melaka 1,769
2.42 42.79 1,685 - 1,853
Negeri Sembilan 1,756
2.09 36.63 1,684 - 1,828
Pahang 1,613
1.77 28.57 1,557 - 1,669
Pulau Pinang 1,906
2.38 45.45 1,817 - 1,995
Perak 1,634
1.85 30.22 1,575 - 1,693
Perlis 1,588
2.55 40.43 1,509 - 1,667
Selangor 2,283
1.95 44.53 2,196 - 2,370
Terengganu 1,702
2.26 38.50 1,627 - 1,777
Sabah 1,251
2.24 28.07 1,196 - 1,306
Sarawak 1,629
2.24 36.53 1,557 - 1,701
W.P. Kuala Lumpur 2,617
4.15 108.64 2,404 - 2,830
W.P. Labuan 1,785
2.85 50.82 1,685 - 1,885
W.P. Putrajaya 3,070
2.36 72.52 2,928 - 3,212
5
0
Range of average salaries &
wages at 95 per cent
(RM)
Julat purata gaji & upah
Jadual S3: Ralat piawai relatif bagi purata gaji & upah bulanan mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2012
Table S3: Relative standard error for mean monthly salaries & wages by state, Malaysia, 2012
LAMPIRAN
APPENDIX

KEY WAGES STATISTICS APPENDIX 1 APPENDIX 1

Item Earnings Labour Cost Compensation of
Employees (SNA)
Employee Income
Provisional
Wages Rates
Measure/Use of Statistics i. Employees by wage
rate and earnings
valuable for study of
wage differentials.
ii. Wage drift is the extent
to which earnings over
a period have changed
more (or less) than the
rates which are fixed
The collective
agreements, wage
boards or awards. The
reasons for wage drift
are many and include
changes in the structure
of the labour force, the
proportion of overtime
payment, changes in
working hours etc.
iii. Assessing the
relationship between
wages and labour
mobility and, in
particular, the rural
and urban migration.
i. Provide the full dimension
of the cost of the
employment of labour.
ii. Input to the measurement
of cost of doing business;
iii. Input to the measurement
of productivity;
iv. Input to wage
negotiations and wage
policies e.g. productivity
linked wage system
(PLWS)

i. Wage measure used
in the System of
National Account.
i. Applied to the study of
redistribution of wage
income through the
mechanism of social
security schemes.
ii.Useful for wage fixing,
collective bargaining
and certain practical
problems of incomes
and price policies.
i. Employees by wage rates and
earnings valuable for study of
wage differentials.
ii.Wage drift is the extent to
which earnings over a period
have changed more (or less)
than the rates which are fixed
The collective agreements,
wage boards or awards. The
reasons for wage drift are
many and include changes in
the structure of the labour
force, the proportion of
overtime payment, changes in
working hours etc.
iii.Assessing the relationship
between wages and labour
mobility and, in particular, the
rural and urban migration.

Approach Establishment Establishment Establishment Establishment Establishment
General Definition Statistics on earning should
relate to employees gross
enumeration, i.e. the total
before any deductions are
made by the employer in
respect of taxes,
contributions of employees
to social security and
pension schemes, life
insurance premiums, union
dues and other
Labour cost is the cost
incurred by the employer in
the employment of labour. It
comprises remuneration for
work performed, payments in
respect of time paid for not
worked, bonuses and
gratuities, the cost of food,
drink and other employers
social security expenditures,
cost to the employer for
The compensation of
employees comprises
all payments by
producers of wages
and salaries to their
employees, in kind as
well as in cash, and of
contributions in
respect of their
employees to social
security and to
i. All the components of
earnings; and
ii. Net current benefit
from social security and
insurance schemes
(such as maternity
benefit, health and
sickness benefits,
casualty (temporary
loss of wages) benefits,
unemployment benefit,
Wage rates should include basic
wages, cost of living allowances
and other guaranteed and
regularly paid allowances, but
exclude overtime payments,
bonuses and gratuity, family
allowances and other social
security payment made by
employers. Ex gratia payments in
kind, supplementary to normal
5
1


Employees (SNA)
Employee Income
Provisional
Wages Rates
obligations to employees. vocational training, welfare
services and miscellaneous
items, such as transport of
workers, work clothers and
recruitment, together with
taxes regarded as labour
cost.
private pensions,
casualty insurance, life
insurance and similar
schemes.
family allowances
regarded as social
security benefit,
severance and
termination pay etc.)
wage rates, are also excluded.

I. Direct Wages and
Salaries

+

+

+

+

+ (Refer to general definition)
II. Remuneration for time
not worked
(1)Annual vacation, other
paid leave
(2)Public and other
holidays
(3)Other time off granted
with pay
(4)Severance and
termination pay

+

+

+

-

+

+

+

+
1

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

-
III. Bonuses and gratuities
(1)Year-end and
seasonal bonuses
(2)Profit sharing bonuses
(3)Supplementary vacation
pay and other bonuses
and gratuities.

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

-
5
2


Employees (SNA)
Employee Income
Provisional
Wages Rates
IV.Food, drink, fuel and
other payments in kind
+

+

+

+

-
V.Housing and rent
allowances
+

+

+

+

Refer to general definition
VI.Social security, pension,
etc.
(1)Direct payments by
employer to
employees regarded as
social security
payments.
(2)Employers
contributions to social
security schemes and
pension schemes
(statutory and other)
(3)Imputed contributions
of employer in respect
of unfunded pension
and other social
security schemes
(4)Current receipts from
social security schemes
organized on behalf of
employees

-

-

-

-

+
2

+

-

-

+

+

+

-

+

-

-

+

VII.Employers cost for
vocational training
- +

+

+

-
VIII.Employers cost of
welfare sevices
3
- +

+

- -
5
1

5
3


Item Earnings Labour cost Compensation of
Employees (SNA)
Employee Income
Provisional
Wages Rates
IX. Employers other labour
cost
4

- +

+

- -
X. Taxes regarded as labour
cost
- +

- - -

Sources: 1. An Integrated Wages Statistics: A Manual of Methods, International Labour Organization (ILO)
2. Developments in International Labour Statistics, International Labour Organization (ILO)

Notes:
1
Where not regarded as social security expenditure (as such, included under VI).

2
Including termination pay regarded as social security benefit. Including also assimilated payments in respect of former employees.

3
Including canteens and assimilated services; educational, cultural and recreational facilities and services; grants to credit unions and cost of
assimilated services for employees

4
Including such items as; work clothes, recruitment costs, etc.

5
4

HARGA/PRICE: RM15.00

BOLEH DIPEROLEH DARI:
OBTAINABLE FROM:

JABATAN PERANGKAAN MALAYSIA,
(DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS, MALAYSIA)
BLOK C6, KOMPLEKS C,
PUSAT PENTADBIRAN KERAJAAN PERSEKUTUAN,
62514 PUTRAJAYA,
MALAYSIA.

Tel: 038885 7000
Faks/Fax : 038888 9248
E-mel/E-mail: jpbkkp@stats.gov.my
Laman web/Website: http://www.statistics.gov.mY

Diterbit dan dicetak oleh Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia
Published and printed by Department of Statistics, Malaysia

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