2

1 - h0KlA WC0MA FundanenLals.PP!j10.0.
2008 j hh
WL0MA FundamcnIa|s
M00bLE 1
2 - h0KlA WC0MA FundanenLals.PP!j10.0.2008 j hh
Modu|c 0h|ccIvcs
AL Lhe end of Lhis nodule Lhe arLicianL will be able Lo:
0escribe Lhe usaqe of scranblinq and channalisaLion codes
0escribe how differenL biL raLes can be achieved
0escribe how Lhe caaciLy and coveraqe are connecLed Lo each oLhers
0escribe differenL Randover Lyes
0escribe Power ConLrol rocedures
Exlain Lhe Lasks of Adnission ConLrol, Load ConLrol, PackeL Scheduler and
inLerconnecLions beLween Lhen
IMJ-2000 frcqucncy a||ocaIons
2200 MRz 2000 1000 1060 2060 2100 2160 1860
Jaan
IMJ-2000
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IMJ-2000
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IMJ-2000
IMJ-2000
Euroe
uMJS
(F00) 0
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(
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0SM
1800
u
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uMJS
(F00)
bSA
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PLS
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uMJS B 0SM NcIwork P|annng
C8H900|1800: 3C (w60HA}:
hcrarchca| Lc|| SIrucIurc
F1
F2
F2
F8
F8
F8
Mcro 8JS
Macro 8JS
Pco 8JSs
1 - 10 km
50 - 100 m
200 - 500 m
- h0KlA WC0MA FundanenLals.PP!j10.0.2008 j hh
0ffcrcnccs hcIwccn WL0MA B 0SM
WCDMA GSM
Carrier spacing 5 MHz 200 kHz
Frequency reuse factor 1 118
Power control
frequency
1500 Hz 2 Hz or lower
Quality control Radio resource
management algorithms
Network planning
(frequency planning)
Frequency diversity 5 MHz bandwidth gives
multipath diversity with
Rake receiver
Frequency hopping
Packet data Load-based packet
scheduling
Timeslot based
scheduling with GPRS
Downlink transmit
diversity
Supported for
improving downlink
capacity
Not supported by the
standard, but can be
applied
Riqh biL raLes
SecLral
efficiency
0ifferenL
qualiLy
requirenenLs
EfficienL
ackeL daLa
WL0MA Jcchno|ogy
5 Hhz
3.84 Hhz
f
6+6 MRz in F00 node
6 MRz in !00 node
F
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q
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c
y
T|me
0|rect 8equence (08} 60HA
WC0MA Carrier
WCDMA WCDMA
5 MHz, 1 carrier 5 MHz, 1 carrier
TDMA (GSM) TDMA (GSM)
5 MHz, 25 carriers 5 MHz, 25 carriers
Sreadinq Code
Sprcad Sgna|
0aLa
Air lnLerface
Lhps B 8Is B Symho|s
8Is (In Ihs drawng, 1 hI = 8 Lhps)
8aseband 0aLa
-1
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
-1
-1
-1
-1
Lhp Lhp
0
c
s
p
r
c
a
d
n
g
0
c
s
p
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a
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g
Lncrgy 8ox
F
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u
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c
y
8
a
n
d
0uraIon
(SF)
P
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0riginating 8it Received 8it
Enerqy ro biL = consL
Sprcadng B Proccssng 0an
Frequency
P
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s
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(
W
a
L
L
s
j
R
z
}
bnsread narrowband siqnal Sread wideband siqnal
8andwidLh W (8.84 Mchijsec}
8iL raLe
P
sec
84 . 3
Mchip
W const SF R = = =
[ ] SF
R
W
B
B
dB G
Baerer
U
p
u
= = =
6
: rocessinq qain
8
bu
: sysLen chi raLe
8
8earer
: bearer synbol raLe
SF: sreadinq facLor
Proccssng 0an Lxamp|cs
Frequency (Rz}
vocc uscr (=12,2 khIjs)
PackcI daIa uscr (=884 khIjs)
P
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(
W
j
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}
Frequency (Rz}
0
p
=Wj=24.08 d8
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W
j
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}
0
p
=Wj=10 d8
Sreadinq sequences have
a differenL lenqLh
Processinq qain deends
on Lhe user daLa raLe
Jransmsson Powcr
Frequency
6MRz
Power
!ine
Riqh biL raLe user
Low biL raLe user
0L B uL Lhanna|saIon Lodcs
Walsh-Radanard codes: orLhoqonal variable sreadinq facLor codes (0vSF codes}
SF for Lhe 0L Lransnission in F00 node = 4, 8, 1, 82, 4, 128, 26, 612
SF for Lhe bL Lransnission in F00 node = 4, 8, 1, 82, 4, 128, 26
6ood orLhoqonaliLy roerLies: cross correlaLion value for each code air in Lhe code
seL equals 0
0rLhoqonal codes are suiLed for channel searaLion, where synchronisaLion beLween
differenL channels can be quaranLeed, e.q. downlink channels under one cell, ulink
channels fron a sinqle user; ulink siqnals fron differenL users are noL Line
synchronised.
0rLhoqonal codes have bad auLo correlaLion roerLies and Lhus noL suiLed in an
asynchronous environnenL
Lhannc|saIon Lodc Jrcc
C
0
(0}=[1|
C
2
(1}=[1-1|
C
2
(0}=[11|
C
4
(0}=[1111|
C
4
(1}=[11-1-1|
C
4
(2}=[1-11-1|
C
4
(8}=[1-1-11|
C
8
(0}=[11111111|
C
8
(1}=[1111-1-1-1-1|
C
8
(2}=[11-1-111-1-1|
C
8
(8}=[11-1-1-1-111|
C
8
(0}=[1-11-11-11-1|
C
8
(6}=[1-11-1-11-11|
C
8
(}=[1-1-111-1-11|
C
8
(7}=[1-1-11-111-1|
C
1
(0}=[............|
C
1
(1}=[............|
C
1
(16}=[...........|
C
1
(14}=[...........|
C
1
(18=[...........|
C
1
(12}=[...........|
C
1
(11}=[...........|
C
1
(10}=[...........|
C
1
(0}=[............|
C
1
(8}=[............|
C
1
(7}=[............|
C
1
(}=[............|
C
1
(6}=[............|
C
1
(4}=[............|
C
1
(8}=[............|
C
1
(2}=[............|
SF=1 SF=2 SF=4 SF=8 SF=1 SF=26 SF=612
...
Physca| Laycr 8I aIcs (0L)
Sreadinq
facLor
Channel
synbol
raLe
(kss}
Channel biL
raLe
(kbs}
0P0CR
channel biL
raLe ranqe
(kbs}
Maxinun user
daLa raLe wiLh 7-
raLe codinq
(arox.}
612 7.6 16 8- 1-8 kbs
26 16 80 12-24 -12 kbs
128 80 0 42-61 20-24 kbs
4 0 120 00 46 kbs
82 120 240 210 106 kbs
1 240 480 482 216 kbs
8 480 00 012 46 kbs
4 00 1020 1872 08 kbs
4, wiLh 8
arallel
codes
2880 670 61 2.8 Mbs

ha|f raIc spccch
Fu|| raIc spccch
128 khps
884 khps
2 Mhps
0L B uL Scramh|ng Lodcs
0L Scranblinq Codes
Pseudo noise codes used for cell seariLion
6eneraLed wiLh Lhe shifL reqisLer of lenqLh 18 (2
18
-1=22 148 codes can be qeneraLed}
!he firsL 8102 firsL codes fron 22 148 code seL are exclusively used in 0L, Lhey are orqanised
inLo hierarhical qrous:
612 Prinary Scranblinq Codes
61216 Secondary Scranblinq Codes
bL Scranblinq Codes
!wo differenL Lyes of bL scranblinq codes are qeneraLed:
Lonq scranblinq codes creaLed fron Lhe 6old seudo-noise sequence (lenqLh of 88 400
chis}
ShorL scranblinq codes qeneraLed by Lhe quaLernary S(2} seudo-noise sequence (26
chis are eriodicaly reeLed Lo qeL Lhe scranblinq code of Lhe frane lenqLh}
For Lhe connon hysical channels lonq scranblinq codes nusL be used
For Lhe dedicaLed channels boLh lonq an dshorL scranblinq codes can be used
Scramh|ng Lodcs B Mu|IpaIh PropagaIon
Sranblinq
code C
1
Sranblinq
code C
2
C
1
+
8
C
1
+
2
C
1
+
1
C2
AkL cccvcr
D
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1
Code used
for the
connection
Rx
Output
Finger
t
Cell-1
Cell-1
Cell-1
Cell-2
Rx
Rx
Rx
Finger
Finger
Finger
D
e
l
a
y

2
D
e
l
a
y

8
Lhannc|saIon and Scramh|ng Lodcs
Channelisation code Scrambling code
Usage Uplink: Separation of physical data
(DPDCH) and control channels
(DPCCH) from same terminal
Downlink: Separation of downlink
connections to different users within one
cell
Uplink: Separation of mobile
Downlink: Separation of sectors (cells)
Length 4256 chips (1.066.7
s)
Downlink also 512 chips
Different bit rates by changing the length
of the code
Uplink: (1) 10 ms = 38400 chips or (2)
66.7
s = 256 chips
Option (2) can be used with advanced
base station receivers
Downlink: 10 ms = 38400 chips
Number of codes Number of codes under one scrambling
code = spreading factor
Uplink: 16.8 million
Downlink: 512
Code family Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor Long 10 ms code: Gold code
Short code: Extended S(2) code family
Spreading Yes, increases transmission bandwidth No, does not affect transmission
bandwidth

Mcro 0vcrsIy
Micro 0iversity Points
rax ral|o coro|r|rg |s used
3ummed signal
hode 8
PAKE
Peceiver
MS
PAKE
Peceiver
Macro 0vcrsIy n Ihc NL
hode 8
hode 8
hode 8
8-RN6
0-PhC
Lorc NcIwork
Active cell set
Macro 0iversity Point
se|ecl|or coro|r|rg |s used
ado csourcc ManagcmcnI
serv|ce
qua||ly
ce|| coverage ce|| capac|ly
Optimization
and Tailoring
PPM is resonsible for oLinal uLilisaLion of Lhe radio resources:
!ransnission ower
Loqical codes
8andwidLh
!he Lrade-off beLween caaciLy, coveraqe and qualiLy is done all Lhe Line: as nany
users as ossible will qeL Lhe resources in such a way, LhaL Lhe nininun required
qualiLy is neeL (noLhinq less and noLhinq nore}
8y neans of several PPM funcLionaliLies, Lhe radio resources are conLinuously
noniLored and oLinise.
PPM nusL be able Lo:
PredicL Lhe inacL on inLerference (ower} of Lhe
adniLLinq a new user for bL u 0L
Perforn aroriaLe acLions (e.q. new call adnissions,
biL raLe increasejdecrease eLc.} in accordance wiLh
revailinq load condiLions
Provide differenL qualiLy of service for real Line (P!}
and non-real Line (hP!} users
!ake aroriaLe correcLive acLion when Lhe differenL
cell load Lhresholds are exceeded in order Lo nainLain
cell sLabiliLy (i.e. load conLrol}
0vcr|oad
Load JargcI
0vcr|oad Margn
P
o
w
e
r
!ine
EsLinaLed caaciLy for
hP! Lraffic
Measured load caused
by non-conLrollable load
(P!}
ado csourcc ManagcmcnI
P! services nusL have hiqher qualiLy assurance Lhan hP!
M FuncIona|Ics
AC Adnission ConLrol
LC Load ConLrol
PS PackeL Scheduler
PM Pesource Manaqer
PC Power ConLrol
RC R0 ConLrol
PC
RC
ConnecLion based funcLions
LC
AC
heLwork based funcLions
PS
PM
Admsson LonIro|
Checks LhaL adniLLinq a new user will noL sacrifice lanned coveraqe or qualiLy of
exisLinq connecLions
0eLernines wheLher or noL a new P! PA8 can be adniLLed Lo Lhe PAh
WiLh PS decides wheLher Lo adniL hP! PA8s (PS handles all hP! connecLions}
Also seLs
bLj0L 8LEP, Ebjho LarqeLs
SlP LarqeL for ouLer loo ower conLrol
lniLial 0L Lransnission ower for Lhe channel
Padio Link ConLrol araneLers, e.q. Lransnission node
!ransorL Channel (!rCR} araneLers, e.q. !FS
Provides PLC araneLers Lo PS for hP! users;
8earer class
!raffic handlinq rioriLy
!ransorL FornaLs
MS caabiliLies
Admsson LonIro|
ado Acccss 8carcrs
on Ihc ar nIcrfacc
u
u
I
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f
a
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8
a
n
d
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A||owcd angc
AC Procedure
...
Admsson LonIro|
Planned ulink inLerference narqin;
defines Lhe oLinun oeraLinq oiL u
Lo which Lhe AC can oeraLe.
0efines Lhe liniL (Lhe firsL bL overload
Lhreshold} for Lhe bL inLerference
narqin, afLer which Lhe 8S sLarLs iLs
load conLrol acLions Lo revenL
overload.
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Load
I
n
I
c
r
f
c
r
c
n
c
c

M
a
r
g
n

(
d
8
)
0ffseL
Load LonIro|
Cell load is defined as a funcLion of inLerference - nain criLerion in WC0MA
!he load conLrol funcLion wiLhin PPM can be divided inLo:
PrevenLive load conLrol (e.q. conqesLion}
0verload conLrol (e.q. droinq of calls in worsL case}
!he load conLrol funcLionaliLy is done by neasurinq boLh bL (received inLerference}
and 0L (LransniL ower} eriodically on a cell basis
Load conLrol is erforned for bL and 0L searaLely (asynneLric Lraffic}
PrevenLive acLions are erforned before Lhe cell is overloaded (Lhreshold y}
0verload acLions are erforned afLer cell is overloaded (Lhreshold x}
PhP araneLers define Lhe Lhresholds for Lhe PPM funcLionaliLies
!he Lhresholds define a sLable funcLionaliLy wiLhin a cell and wiLh surroundinq cells
Load LonIro|
EsLinaLed caaciLy for hP! Lraffic.
Measured load caused by non-conLrollable load (P!}
0vcr|oad
t|rcs|c|J x
Load JargcI
t|rcs|c|J y
P
o
w
e
r
!ine
PrcvcnIvc Load LonIro|
0vcr|oad LonIro|
Load LonIro|
LC erforns Lhe funcLion of load conLrol in associaLion wiLh AC u PS (LC works as qlue
beLween Lhese Lwo funcLions}
bdaLes load sLaLus usinq neasurenenLs u esLinaLions rovided by AC and PS
ConLinuously feeds cell load infornaLion Lo PS and AC;
lnLerference levels
8!S ower levels
hon-conLrollable load
LC
AC
PS
NJ |oad
Load changc nfo
Load sIaIus
PackcI Schcdu|cr
A non-real Line call consLiLuLes of a bursLy sequence of ackeLs.
ln Lhe downlink, Lhe PackeL Scheduler decides which channel Lo use, 0CR or FACR.
!he load LarqeL can be reached by schedulinq Lhe Lransnission of hP! ackeLs .
time
packet service session
packet call
reading time
packet size packet arrival interval
PackcI Schcdu|cr
PS allocaLion Lines need Lo be fasL Lo acconnodaLe chanqinq condiLions u accuraLe
(u-Lo-daLe load info}
CaaciLy requesLs senL via Lraffic volune neasurenenL reorLs (qoverned by PhP
araneLers}
PS conrises Lwo arLs: MS secific u Cell secific
power
time
non-controllable load
controllable load
!oLal Load
!arqeL Lhreshold
0verload Lhreshold
Pesonsible for schedulinq radio resources
for boLh bL and 0L hP! PA8s
Schedulinq eriod defined by PhP
araneLers
PS relies on u-Lo-daLe infornaLion fron
AC and PS
CaaciLy allocaLed on a needs basis usinq
'besL efforL' aroach
PackcI Schcdu|cr (PS)
PS also resonsible for:
!FCS selecLion
lniLial channel selecLion based on PhP araneLers u PLC buffer load;
snall anounLs of hP! daLa senL on conLrol channels (Cell _FACR sLaLe}
lonq and frequenL daLa senL on dedicaLed channels (Cell _0CR sLaLe}
0ueuinq of unscheduled hP! caaciLy requesLs (queuinq alqoriLhn}
CaaciLy requesL handlinq olicy
lncreasinqjdecreasinq user biL raLes (qoverned by PhP araneLers}
PS revenLive u overload acLions
PackcI Schcdu|cr
Radio network planning
parameters
Periodical cell measurements
Periodical radio link
measurements
RB
setup/reconfiguration/release
information
Traffic volume
measurements (triggers for
DCH allocation)
Updated power
estimations
Control of traffic
volume measurements
DCH allocations for NRT RB
Packet Packet
scheduler scheduler
csourcc Managcr
Pesonsible for nanaqinq Lhe loqical radio resources of Lhe PhC in co-oeraLion wiLh
AC and PS
0n requesL for resources, fron eiLher AC(P!} or PS(hP!}, PM allocaLes:
0L sreadinq code
bL sranblinq code
Also looks afLer code Lree nanaqenenL (Lo nainLain orLhoqonaliLy};
lniLial code selecLion - codes concenLraLed Lo Lhe sane branch
Code re-fraqnenLaLion - dynanic reallocaLion of codes as users enLerjleave Lhe sysLen
Lodc Jypc up|nk 0own|nk
Scramh|ng codcs
Sprcadng codcs
uscr scparaIon Lc|| scparaIon
0aIa B conIro| channc|s from samc uL uscrs wIhn onc cc||
0uIcr Loop Powcr LonIro|
Powcr LonIro| (PL)
0pcn Loop Powcr LonIro| (InIa| Acccss)
L|oscd Loop Powcr LonIro|
NL
8S
MS
Powcr conIro| n WL0MA
FasL, accuraLe ower conLrol is of uLnosL inorLance - arLicularly in bL;
bEs LransniL conLinuously
WCM0A ofLen uses 1 frequency
Poor PC leads Lo increase inLerference > reduced caaciLy
Fron 8!S ersecLive every bE accessinq neLwork increase inLerference
WCM0A caaciLy is roorLional Lo inLerference level > nininise inLerference
PC nainLains link qualiLy by ad|usLinq bE (bL} and 8!S (0L} owers every sloL
MiLiqaLes 'near far effecL', by rovidinq nininun required ower for each connecLion
bEs and 8!Ss should always be aL Lhe lowesL ossible Lransnission ower
PC uLilises Siqnal-Lo-lnLerference PaLio (SlP} - indeendenLly for each connecLion
Provides roLecLion aqainsL shadowinq and fasL fadinq
0pcn Loop Powcr LonIro|
ConLrolled by bE
0eLernines how nuch ower bE should use durinq randon access rocedure (bL}
heLwork inforns bE of currenL neLwork sLaLus;
CPlCR ower (PhP araneLer}
bL required Cjl raLio (PhP araneLer}
bL inLerference
bE uses Lhese araneLers Lo calculaLe iniLial ower of PACR reanble
lf access requesL is noL deLecLed ower of reanble is increased in sLes
AfLer deLecLion of MS siqnal, Lhe iniLial SlP is calculaLed in PhC
Preanble
Preanble
Preanble
Preanble
M
S

0
u
L
u
L

P
o
w
e
r
AILh
Mesaqe ParL
ALh
FasI Loop Powcr LonIro|
LocaLed in 8!S and bE
ConLrols Lhe ower of Lhe dedicaLed hysical channels
Power conLrol chanqes can occur every sloL (i.e. 1600 Lines er second}
8!S and bE conLinuously conare recevied SlP wiLh SlP LarqeL and inforn each oLher
Lo eiLher increase or decrease iLs ower (usinq !PC connands}
With Optimum
Power Control
Without
Power Control
MS1
MS2
MS3
MS4
MS1 MS2 MS3 MS4
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
d

p
o
w
e
r

a
t

B
S
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
d

p
o
w
e
r

a
t

B
S
MS1
MS2
MS3
MS4
L|oscd Loop Powcr LonIro|
Ad|usLs Lhe SlP for every user based on 8EPjFEP observaLion. lniLial, nax. and nin.
SlP values are seL by AC
heeded Lo Lrack chanqes in radio environnenL
Ains Lo rovide required qualiLy
bL qualiLy evaluaLion is nade afLer M0C
PhP araneLers conLrol Lhe Lhreshold conarison rocess for SlP LarqeL and Lhe
reorLinq of Lhese resulLs
lf SlP LarqeL reaches iLs naxinun (l.e. radio condiLions deLerioraLe even Lhouqh SlP
LarqeL is inceased, sysLen has Lo Lake acLion;
inLer-frequency j inLer-sysLen handover
PPC connnecLion release
handovcr LonIro|
RC is resonsible for:
Manaqinq Lhe nobiliLy asecLs of an PPC connecLion as bE noves around Lhe neLwork
MainLaininq hiqh caaciLy by ensurinq bE is always served by sLronqesL cell
hard handovcr: MS handover beLween differenL frequencies or beLween WC0MA and 6SM
SofI handovcr: MS handover beLween differenL base sLaLions
SofIcr handovcr: MS handover wiLhin one base sLaLion buL beLween differenL secLors
SofL handover kees sinulLaneous connecLion Lo differenL base sLaLions Lhus rovidinq a way Lo
inrove call qualiLy durinq handover. Rowever, Lhis feaLure has a direcL inacL on neLwork
caaciLy and Lherefore is a Lrade-off beLween qualiLy and caaciLy. lL has also an effecL Lo
coveraqe due cell breaLhinq.
0LinisaLion has an inorLanL role in conLrollinq Lhe handover erfornance durinq Lhe re-launch
oLinisaLion (iniLial seLLinq}. !his role is esecially essenLial in conLinuous oLinisaLion when
Lraffic increases and levellinq of Lraffic beLween base sLaLions becones nore inorLanL.
hanovcr LonIro|
BS1
BS2
BS3
Received signal strength
BS3
Distance from BS1
Threshold
Base station
diversity
BS2
BS1
handovcr LonIro|
lnLra-layer
lnLer-layer
InIra-SysIcm
SofI(cr) handovcr
hard handovcr
InIcr-frcqucncy
InIra-frcqucncy
InIra-frcqucncy
InIcr-SysIcm
(InIcr-AJ)
hard handovcr
InIcr-frcqucncy
WC0MA Lo 6SM
WC0MA Lo 6PPS
6SM Lo WC0MA
6PPS Lo WC0MA
WC0MA Lo WC0MA
lnLra-layer
lnLer-layer
lnLra-layer
lnLer-layer
lnLra-layer
lnLer-layer
Pequires
Conressed
Mode
0%
20%
40%
80%
80%
100%
0 0.1 0.2 0.8 0.4 0.5 0.8 0.1
Jraffc |oad facIor
c|aIvc cc|| szc
Increased load 800 kbps
Decreased coverage
Low load 200 kbps
Large coverage
128 kbps
64 kbps
8 kbps
144 kbps
64 kbps
64 kbps
144 kbps
144 kbps
64 kbps
64 kbps
!raffic load has direcL
effecL on Lhe cell size
Padio Pesource
ManaqenenL rovides
neans Lo conLrol cell
breaLhinq in neLwork
oLinisaLion
Lc|| 8rcaIhng
WL0MA kcy 8cncfIs
SofL Randover
Call is connecLed before handover is conleLed, reducinq Lhe robabiliLy of a
droed call
Processinq 6ain
8asic C0MA benefiL => Lhe wider Lhe LransniLLed bandwidLh conared Lo Lhe
user daLaraLe Lhe less ower is needed for Lhe Lransnission
Advanced Padio Pesource ManaqenenL (PPM}
PPM will conLrol call adnission and ackeL schedulinq and all PPM buildinq
blocks are closely relaLed Lo each oLher
MulLiaLh Siqnal Processinq
Conbines ower for increased siqnal inLeqriLy => PAKE receiver

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