13.

:
(WPAN1),
(WLAN2), (WMAN3)
(WWAN4).

13.1

1970. IBM-a .
a a a ALOHA5 1971.
.
.

.
1985.
(FCC6)

, (ISM7 ).
: 902 - 928MHz; 2,4
- 2,4835GHz 5,725 - 5,875GHz ( 13.1).

:
, , ,
1

Wireless Personal Area Network

Wireless Local Area Network
3
Wireless Metropolitan r Network
4
Wireless Wide Area Network
5
ALOHA . .
6
Federal Communications Commission,
7
Industrial Scientific Medical
2

493

13.

13.1 ISM

,
,
.

13.2

.
: (ad hoc), ,
, 1 -.
13.2.1
(d hoc)
( 13.2)
(2).

3.

,
.

Mesh
Access Point
3
. , , .
2

494

13.2 Ad hoc

13.2.2

()
( 13.3).
.
13.2.3

() ( 13.4).

13.3
( )
495

13.

13.4

.
,
, . , .

,
.

,
. () 1.
13.2.4

(2)
3 ( 13.5).
1

- Backbone
Mesh Access Point
3
: (wireless local area network
mesh topologies) IEEE802.11s .
2

496

13.5

.
100m
.
, .

(. 1)
. .
:
.


.
1

1972. (Robert Metcalfe) Xerox PARC

Xerox Alto .
Alto Aloha Network 1973. . (Ethernet) , Alto .
(ether) : (.
)
(. Luminiferous ether/aether - ) .

497

13.

1.


.
2.

, .

13.3
(WLAN)
() :
(IR3),
(SS4),
(OFDM5),

(MIMO6)
7.

,
-.
.

13.4 IEEE 802.11

IEEE802.11 ( 1997. .)
:
2,4GHz; 3,6GHz 5GHz.

1

Self forming
Self-healing
3
Infrared Technology
4
Spread Spectrum
5
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
6
Multiple Input - Multiple Otput
7
Narrowband Microwave
2

498


Wi-Fi1. Wi-Fi
2 Wi-Fi Alliance IEEE802.11.
Wi-Fi 3
Wi-Fi Alliance WiFi
certified.

: (a 13.2) ( 13.3
13.4). 4 IEEE802.11,
, ,
.
IEEE 1997.
5 .
: IEEE802.11, IEEE802.11a, IEEE802.11b,
IEEE802.11g IEEE802.11n.
13.1
IEEE802.11

13.6 .
13.4.1 IEEE 802.11
IEEE802.11
: 2,4 GHz; 3,6 GHz 4,9/5,0 GHz.
.
()
. (. )

.

Wireless Fidelity
Trademark
3
Interoperability
4
Protocol stack
5
13.6 ( ) IEEE802.11 .
IEEE802.11 .
2

499

1999.

b
g

5
1

20

1999.

2,4

20

2003

2,4

20

2009.

3,7

2,4;
5

20

40
ad2 2012.

ac ~2014.

2,4;
5; 60
5

700090003
20

1, 2

1
1

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1
1

6, 9, 12, 18,
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54
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6, 9, 12, 18,
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54
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43,3; 57,8;
65; 72,2
15, 30, 45,
60, 90, 120,
135, 150

[m]

20

[m]

[MHz]

2,4

[GHz]

1997.

MIMO

[Mb/s]

IEEE802.11

13.

DSSS,
FHSS

20

100

35

120

5000

DSSS

38

140

OFDM,
DSSS

38

140

70

250

70

250

OFDM

7000
87,6

40

200

80

433,3

160

866,7

OFDM

13.1 IEEE802.11
1

IEEE802.11y-2008 IEEE 802.11 3,7GHz.

5km. .
2
WiGig, WiGig Alliance. WiFi .
7Gb/s 60GHz.
3

500

13.6 2,4GHz

14 2,4GHz
5 MHz ( 13.6). 14. 12MHz 13.
. 13 .
11 12 13
(. ).
14.
(DSSS), CCK 802.11b.

. IEEE802.11

.
20dB ( OFDM
1) 11MHz
.
.

1, 6. 11. 1, 5, 9. 13. .
IEEE802.11-20122.
13.4.1 IEEE802.11
IEEE802.11 :
(STA3) ()

IEEE802.11b 30dB.
2007. IEEE802.11a, b, d, e, g,
h, i, j IEEE802.11-2007 2012. IEEE802.11k, r, y, n, w, p, z, v, u, s
IEEE02.11-2012.
3
STAtion
2

501

13.
(BSS1 , BSS ),
(DS2) ( 13.7)
(STA3)
(MBSS4 )
(MG5 ) MBSS
( 13.8).

.
(BSS )
IEEE802.11. (STA6)

(BSS).
BSS
(BSA7 )
. BSS .

,
.
Ad hoc
(BSS). IEEE802.11
BSS (IBSS8).

().


() IEEE802.11
.
1

Basic Service Sets

Distribution System
3
Mesh STAtion
4
Mesh Basic Service Sets
5
Mesh Gate
6
Stations
7
Basic Service Area
8
Independent Basic Service Set
2

502

13.7 IEEE802.11

.
(ESS1) ,
.

(LLC2).
13.7 ()
;
(DS) .
( IEEE802.11) .
IEEE802.3
, .
IEEE802.11
3,
, .
1

Extended Service Set

Logical Link Control
3
-I802.11.
2

503

13.

(DS).

2003. . IEEE802.11
(WDS1)
( 13.16).
,
.
,
I802.11
. 2 2004.
2011. . I 802.11s.
IEEE802.11s
3.
MSTA
(MBSS ).
.
4
, , ,
,

.
MBSS IEEE 802.11
(MSTA ). MBSS

. ,
5 MSTA
.
1

Wireless Distribution System.

. IEEE802.11-2012
(MBSS) .
2
Task group
3
Wireless LAN mesh topologies
4
Mesh facility
5
Multi-hop capability

504


MBSS
, .

MSTA . MBSS MSTA a ,
1 ( MSTA
). MBSS
(DSM2
) BSS .
(MBSS )
13.8. MSTA MBSS ,
. IEEE802.11s MSTA
3
-MSTA 4.
:
IEEE802.11 .
IEEE802.11s
.
IEEE802.11
.

()
IEEE802.11 .
MBSS
( )
( 13.8). MSTA -MSTA
.
MBSS
(MG5 ).
1

Propagators of traffic
Distribution System Medium.
(DS) (AP),
MBSS (MG ) (ESS).
3
IEEE802.11s
.
4
Non-mesh station
5
Mesh gate
2

505

13.

. 2,4GHz
5GHz.

(. ).
802.11-2007 ()

.

.

. .
(MSDU1
) -IEEE802.11 .
.
MBSS
IEEE802.11
(MG ). je

13.8 (MSTA) (MBSS)

(BSS) MG .
1

MAC Service Data Unit

506


(MMSDU1 )
IEEE802.11 .
.
MBSS IEEE802.11
( BSS )
.
( ),
( )
(MBSS )
(MSTA )
( ).

.

. ,
.

.
13.4.2 IEEE 802.11
IEEE802.11
IEEE802.3,
. IEEE802.3

. (
)
. .
2:
-
.
2.3 1 2. 1
3
2.
1
2

Mesh MAC Service Data Unit

2.2.1.

507

13.
1: 2
4 .

4, 1 3.
-
() -.
IEEE802.11 CSMA/CD
IEEE802.3 .
13.4.3 IEEE 802.11

IEEE802.11 13.9.
OSI :
. ( )
LLC ( )
IEEE802 .
IEEE802.11 :
(DCF2)
(PCF) ( 13.9).
a IEEE802.11-2012 ( 13.12):

13.9
IEEE802.11
1
2

Exposed node problem

Distributed Coordination Function

508

(HCF1)
IEEE802.11e
(MCF2)
IEEE802.11s.

IEEE802.11
(DCF)
(CSMA/CA3). DCF

( 13.10):
1.
.
.
. CSMA/CA

;
2. ,
, ,
;
3. .

4.
(5) ()
.
6.
,
.

Hybrid Coordination Function

Mesh Coordination Function
3
CSMA with Collision Avoidance - CSMA ca
4
Random auck off time.
IEEE802.3.
5
Contention time
6
Slot time . 9sec IEEE802.11a.
2

509

13.

13.10 CSMA/CA

0 (CW1 -
).
2 CWmin. CWmin
.
(DCF)
CWmin
.


(QoS).
4.
.
( )
.

, .
:
.

.
IEEE802.11 ()
3 ( )
(ACK ).
ACK
. ACK
. :
1

Contention Window
. 15sec IEEE802.11a.
3
Unicast frame
2

510


- ACK .
, . .
ACK

.

()
1 RTS CTS.

.
:
.
CSMA/CA
13.11.
RTS CTS
. RTS CTS
2.

(ACK ). RTS (
) CTS ( )
.

.
( 2.3) 1
2. 1 RTS
2 . 2 RTS
1, ,
- CTS. CTS 1
K. 2
K .
K
(K) .
1
2

2.1.2 .
Duration field

511

13.

13.11 CSMA/CA

3 4.
3 1, RTS .
RTS
1 . o 3
(, )
(NAV1). RTS 4
CTS, 4 2. ,
(NAV).
(NAV) ,

.

2
.
.

.
IEEE802.11
- . .

3. ( 13.12).
1

Network Allocation Vector

Duration/ID field
3
7. [1].
2

512

13.12

IEEE802.11 .
1
.

.
.

IEEE802.11
2 (PCF). 3
()
.

.
, .

4 (10 100 ).

. .
1

WI-Fi
.
3

4
-
2

513

13.

IEEE802.11e
(QoS1)
2 .
(HCF3 )
( 13.13):
(EDCA4 )
(HCF )
(HCCA5 ).

(DCF ). EDCA
()

IEEE802.1D ( .13.2).
(HCFA )
(PCF )

(HC6 ).
.

13.13 IEEE02.11-2012 (
IEEE802.11e IEEE802.11s)
1

Quality of Service
Time-sensitive applications
3
Hybrid Coordination Function
4
Enhanced Distributed Channel Access
5
HCF Controlled Channel Access
6
Hybrid Coordinator
2

514

1
3
(1. )
4
(2. )
6
(3. )

7
(4. )

.
VoIP
.

5.


(QoS)
.

.

( , )

.

2
7, 6
5, 4

0, 3

2, 1

13.2

Wi-Fi Alliance WMM8

IEEE802.11e . WMM
EDCA
( 13.2).
Wi-Fi Alliance 9 WMM (SA10 )
HCCA .
1

Access Categories
Priority tags. IEEE802.1D.
3
Voice
4
Video
5
IEEE802.11g IEEE802.11a SDTV
(Standard-definition television ) HDTV (High-definition
television ).
6
Best effort
7
Background
8
Wi-Fi Multimedia
9
The Wi-Fi Alliance WMM PS (Power Save), IEEE802.11e
.
10
Scheduled Access
2

515

13.

(). (S )

().
. ,
HCCA .
S
1.

MBSS
.

:
(MCF2 ).
3 4.
MCF EDCA HCCA
IEEE802.11e
(MCCA5 ).

IEEE802.11-2012
: .
.

.
6 (
13.14):
1. (SIFS7 )
.
1

Centralized sche duling control mechanism

Mesh Coordination Function
3
Contention-based
4
Scheduled access
5
Mesh controlled channel access
6
InterFrame Spacing
7
Short Interframe Spacing
2

516

13.14
IEEE802.11-2012

SIFS : CTS
RTS, K
.
SIFS .
2. (RIFS1 )
SIFS

SIFS .
. RIFS


.
3.
SIFS
(PIFS2 ).
.
4.
DIFS3
.

.
1

Reduced InterFrame Space

Point Coordination Function Inter Frame Spacing - PCF
3
Distributed Coordination Function InterFrame Spacing - DCF
2

517

13.
5. (EIFS1 )
2.
.


.
6. (AIFS3 )


. AIFS 2. AIFS

(QoS) EDCA
, ,
(RTS, CTS). i
AIFS[i]
13.2.

DIFS AIFS[i].

13.15

1

Extended InterFrame Spacing -

13.13.
3
Arbitration InterFrame Space
2

518

CWmin

CWmax

AIFSN

DCF

15
15
7
3
15

1023
1023
15
7
1023

7
3
2
2
2

13.3 EDCA

:
(AIFSN1),
(CW) .
.

( 13.15)
AIFSN 0 (CW).
CW
( 13.3).
(CW)
.
CW
.
.
13.4.4 IEEE 802.11
IEEE802.11 3 : ,
.
. 13.16.
(FC2) 11 :
Ver3 -
,
1

Arbitrary InterFrame Space Number

Frame Control field
3
Version
2

519

13.

13.16 IEEE802.11

( ) - , ,
(ST2)- RTS CTS,
DS (TDS3) DS (FDS4) -
,
MF5 - ,
(R6) -
,
(Pw7) -
,
8 -
,
W - WEP9
,
010 - 1
.
1

field
Subtype
3
To DS
4
From DS
5
More fragment
6
Retry
7
Power management
8
More
9
Wired Equivalent Privacy
10
Order
2

520


(D/l1) (
) .
2
(NAV).
(A1 - 4).
IEEE802 .
.
3.
(SC4)
. 16 12
, 4
().
(DF5) 6 0 2312 .
(CRC7)
.

.
.
.
.

(RTS),
(CTS) (K).
13.4.5 IEEE 802.11
IEEE802.11

1

Duration /Connection ID, Duration/ID

(Duration/ID) 16 .
( ) . CFP (Contention Free Period)
( NAV ).
(QoS) .
3

4
Sequence Control
5
Data Field
6
Payload
7
32- (Cyclic Redundancy Check)
2

521

13.

(Association)

(Dissassociation)

(Distribution)

(Reassociation)

(Integration)

(Authentication)

(Deauthentication)

(Privacy)

(MSDU dilevery)

MSDU

MSDU

MSDU

MSDU

MSDU

MSDU

13. 4 IEEE802.11

. 13.4
1.
:
1.
(DS). IEEE802.11
, ().

(BSS); ()

.
2.
1

Service Data Unit

522


IEEE802.11 .

MSDU . MSDU
MAC
1. MSDU
MAC
()
.

RC42 .
13.4.6 IEEE 802.11
13.4
.

IEEE802.11 , IEEE802.11a,
IEEE802.11b, IEEE802.11g IEEE802.11n.
IEEE 802.11

IEEE802.11.
-
3, 2,4GHz
2,4835GHz. 1Mb/s 2Mb/s.
IEEE802.11
.
20m.
IEEE802.11
, , ,
.
.
1

LLC LLC PDU (Logical Link Control Protocol Data Unit)

.
2
(1987. .) RC4 (Rivest Cipher 4) Ron Rivest RSA Security.
RSA Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir Len Adleman RSA
(RSA public key cryptography algorithm) .
3
7.11 [1].

523

13.
: DBPSK1 1Mb/s DQPSK2 2Mb/s.
IEEE802.11
.

. 78 ( ).
6MHz
, 5MHz .
79 ( ) 1MHz
2Mb/s.
IEEE 802.11a

IEEE802.11a. ISM 5,8GHz
(OFDM3).

.
, .
: 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48 54Mb/s. 52
BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM4, 64QAM
.
IEEE 802.11b
IEEE802.11b
() IEEE802.3 .
5,5Mb/s 11 Mb/s ISM
2,400GHz 2,4835GHz. 11Mb/s
CCK5 ,
. CCK
DSSS .
11 Mb/s 5,5Mb/s ,
1

Differential Binary Phase Shift Keying

Differential Quaternary Phase Shift Keying
3
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing. ce DMT
(Discrete Multitone) (MultiCarrier Modulation).
4
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation - PSK ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying).
5
Complementary Code Keying
2

524


.
IEEE 802.11g
IEEE802.11g 802.11b.
OFDM 2,4GHz .
54Mb/s.
IEEE 802.11n
IEEE 802.11n IEEE802.11-2007
2009. . 2,4 GHz
5GHz . 600Mb/s
(OFDM) MIMO1 peoca.
MIMO ( )
.
(QAM) 64 256
. 40MHz 20MHz (
).

Wi-Fi Alliance (2007. )
2.

13.5
(PAN3)
, (PDA4)
().

(WPAN5).
.
Bluetooth SIG Zig Bee Alliance.
1

Multiple Input - Multiple Otput

Draft
3
Personal Area Network
4
Personal Digital Assistent
5
Wireless Personal Area Network
2

525

13.

13.6 Bluetooth
Bluetooth1 , 1994.
Ericsson.
, .
(PDA), .

Bluetooth SIG2.
13.6.1 Bluetooth
Bluetooth 3 .
a ()
,
.
(4).
()
(5). ,
. .

.
.

( ,
). Bluetooth
.
:
Bluetooth
. Bluetooth

1

je II (Blatann Harald), X
. (Bluetooth).
2
Special Interest Group - Ericsson, IBM, Nokia, Toshiba Intel. je 1998.
2000
, Bluetooth .
3
Piconet
4
Master
5
Slave

526

13.17

. Bluetooth
1.
. Bluetooth

Bluetooth . 13.17
. 1 (
1) 2, 3, 4 5
. 1 :
2 3 4
5. : 6
( 2) 5, 7 8
3 ( 4)
9 .
( ) Bluetooth
2.
( ),
, . ,
(3)
1

Scatternet
Parked
3

527

13.

13.18 , Bluetooth

.
()
.
,
.
13.6.2 Bluetooth
Bluetooth
.

( 13.18). 13.5 13 1.
(GAP)
.
Bluetooth ,
() .
GAP SPP, SDAP GOEP
. (GAP)
(SPP), (GOEP)
(SP). :
(LAP),
(HSP) (Fax Profile)
(SPP). : 2
(PDA)
1
2

33 .
Bluetoth enabled.

528

GAP (Generic Access Profile)

SDAP

(Service Discovery Application Profile)
CTP

(Cordeless Telephone Profile)

IP (Intercom Profile)
-
SPP (SerialPortProfile)


HSP (Headset Profile)

DUNP

(Dial Up Networking Profile)


Fax Profile

LAP

(LAN Access Profile)

GOEP
-
(Generic Object Exchange Profile)


OPP (Object Push Profile)

FTP (File Transfer Profile)

PDA
SP (Synchronization Profile)

13.5 Bluetooth

GAP, SPP, GOEP SP. .
13.6.3 Bluetooth
Bluetooth
Bluetooth ,
(SDP1)
(GAP2). Bluetooth

.
1
2

Service Discovery Protocol

Generic Access Profile

529

13.
Bluetooth
13.19.
Bluetooth .
L2CAP1 Bluetooth .
Bluetooth
. :
(SAP2).
: , 3 ,
U4 .
,
.
a
Bluetooth .
, L2CAP
.
- (HCI5).
.
.
(6) ,
.
.
L2CAP
(L2CAP PDU7).

. L2CAP
8.

:
1

Logical Link Control and Adaptation Layer Protocol

Service Access Point
3
Control
4
User
5
Host to Controllerer Interface
6
Baseband Layer
7
Protocol Data Unit - 1. .
8
5.4 .
2

530

13.19 Bluetooth

1
2

(1) ,
L2CAP
, .
L2CAP;
(L2CAP_RM2)
.

QoS;

Channel Manager
L2CAP Resource Manager

531

13.

(DM1) Bluetooth
.

, .;
(LM2) ,
,
.

(LMP3);
(LC4)
Bluetooth
;
(BAB_RM5)
;
- (RF)
.

- Bluetooth
- .
2,4GHz (ISM) IEEE802.11
(Wi-Fi) .
79 1MHz, GFSK6 (
1.2). 1600 .
625s.
Bluetooth 1m OdBm, 10m
4dBm 100m 20dBm.
1Mb/s (a 1.2), 3Mb/s ( 2.1+EDR7) 24b/s
( 3.0+HS8).
1

Device Manager
Link Manager
3
Link Management Protocol
4
Link Contller
5
Baseband Resource Manager
6
Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying
7
Enhanced Data Rate
8
High Speed
2

532

13.20

Bluetooth

.
625s.
,
.

.
1, 3 5 ( 13.20).
- 1.
:
(ACL2),
(SCO3).
ACL
.
L2CAP
L2CAP .
4
.
ACL .
1

Asynchronous ConnectionLess
3
Synchronous Connection Oriented
4
Best effort - ce ,
.
2

533

13.
- SCO ,
.
.
- -
(FEC1).
SCO . SCO
64000b/s .
L2CAP
L2CAP :
, 64kB
.
;
,
.
L2CAP ;
, L2CAP
.
.

64kB.
13.6.4 Bluetooth
.
13.21 :


-
,
54
,
2744 .
.
:
1

Foward Error Correction

534

( 3 ) -
;
( 4 ) - (ACL, SCO...),

;
F1 ( 1 ) -

;
( 1 ) -
2;
S3 ( 1 ) -
. 4
;
5 ( 8 ) -
.
54 18-
.
-.
ACL .
SCO :

13.21 Bluetooth
1

Flow control
Piggy back
3
Sequence
4
Stop and wait 11. [1].
5
CRC
2

535

13.
240 . : 80,160 240
. .
(80 ) .
,
. 800 . 80-
64000b/s
1 .
1600. (
)
SCO .
13.6.5 Bluetooth
2 2.1+EDR, 2007. ,
.
(SSP3).
(EIR4)

.
. 3Mb/s, 10m.
DQPSK 8DPSK.
5 3.0+HS 2009. .
24Mb/s.
Bluetooth ().
IEEE802.11 . , MAC
(AMP6) IEEE802.11
7. Bluetooth -
, .

1

Pulse Code Modulation - , 7. 8.

[1].
2
Bluetooth Core Specification Version 2.1 + EDR (Enhanced Data Rate)
3
Secure Simple Pairing
4
Extended inquiry response
5
Bluetooth Core Specification Version 3.0 + HS (High Speed)
6
Alternate MAC/PHY
7
AMP: 802.11 UWB, UWB
.

536


MAC/PHY IEEE802.11.
Bluetooth
( ). 10m.
1 4.0 2009. .

2.
, , e.

: .

Bluetooth 3.
( )
.

(Bluetooth v2.1 + EDR Bluetooth v3.0 + HS)
.

13.7 IEEE
IEEE
.
Bluetooth SIG 2002. IEEE802.15.1
( Bluetooth v1.1)
( 13.22).
Bluetooth v1.2 4
IEEE802.15.1-2005.
Bluetooth5
,
(a 13.18).
. IEEE802.15
1

Bluetooth Core Specification Version 4.0

Coin-cell batteries
3
Classic Bluetooth controller
4

Bluetooth IEEE .
5
1.1.
2

537

13.

13.22 IEEE802.15.1

PDA, , ,
...
(IEEE802.15.2)
IEEE802.15

IEEE802.11.
,
ISM 2,4GHz
.
1.
IEEE802.15.3
( 20b/s)

.
: IEEE802.15.3a
(UWB2): 3,1GHz 10,6GHz,
500MHz, 480Mb/s. IEEE802.15.3b-2006
3 MAC .
IEEE802.15.3c-2009
1

Coexistence Mechanism
Multi-Band OFDM (MB-OFDM) WiMedia Alliance, Direct Seguence - Ultra Wide Band
UWB Forum
3
Interoperability
2

538


(mmWaveWPAN). 57GHz
64GHz 2Gb/s. ,
(1) 2,
(HDTV3), , .
IEEE802.15.4-2006
(LR-WPAN4), 250kb/s.
.
ZigBee, WirellessHART5 MiWi6.
.
,
.
ZigBee Alliance IEEE802.15.4
Wi-Fi Alliance IEEE802.11.
ZigBee .

13.8
(WSN7) e


, , , , .
.

,
, ,
.
,
-,
1

Streaming
Video on Demand
3
High Definition Television
4
Low Rate WPAN
5
WirellessHART HART Communication Foundation.
6
(proprietary) Microchip
Technology
7
Wireless Sensor Network
2

539

13.
. :
.
ad hoc .
.
.
: 6LoWPAN1, ISA1002, WirellessHART MiWi.

, ,
3

. IEEE 802.15.4
ZigBee ,
, 4
.
13.8.1 Zig Bee
ZigBee Alliance
( ) ,
,
.
ZigBee Alliance, ZigBee
.
( 13.23).
ZigBee (ZCP5) ,
, ,
. ZigBee
ZigBee .
6
1

IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks

IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force).
2

ISA (International Society of Automation).
3
Mesh
4
Multi-hop
5
ZigBee Compliant Platform
6
Public aplication profiles

540

13.23 ZigBee

13.24

() ZigBee
.
1, 2,
() ZigBee
( 13.24).
13.8.2 A Zigbee
ZigBee
MAC ( 13.25).
(APL3) ZigBee
. :
1

Manufacturer-specific profiles
Embeded
3
Application
2

541

13.

13.25 ZigBee

(AF1)
ZigBee (

);
ZigBee (ZDO2)
, /
()
;
(APS3)
TCP
TCP/IP . :
TCP ;
(APS4)
.
ZDO (MN5)
ZigBee (ZDO).
1

Application Framework
ZigBee Device Object
3
Application Support Sublayer
4
Application Support Object
5
Management Plane
2

542


(SSP1)
( ).
(NWK2) .
,
, ,
, .
IEEE802.15.4 MAC
,
CSMA/CA . MAC
.
IEEE802.15.4
.

. :
868MHz () 915MHz ( ).
(2,4GHz) .
ZigBee (IEEE802.15.4) Wi-Fi (IEEE802.11b/g/n)
. ( 13.26) :
0 868MHz,
1-10 915MHz
11-26 2,4GHz.

13.26 : ZigBee, WiFi Bluetooth

1
2

Security Service Provider

Network layer

543

13.

IEEE802.11 25 26.
1, 6 11 WiFi .
. ZigBee
.
13.26 15, 20, 25. 26.
: (DSSS1),
(QPSK2) (ASK3).
13.8.3 ZigBee
ZigBee : ,
( 13.27).
.
,
4 .
,
,
y .
, .
,
.
, .

13.27 ZigBee
1

Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
3
Amplitude Shift Keying
4
Trust Center
2

544

13.9 e e

, IEEE 802.16,
( ) .
13.9.1 IEEE 802.16
a IEEE 802.16x
( WiMAX ) .

. 13.28. WiMAX
(BS1 )
(MS2 ) /
(SS3 ). IEEE 802.16

13.28 IEEE 802.16x

(WiMAX )
1

Base Station
Mobile Stations
3
Subscriber Stations
2

545

13.
(LoS1) .
2 (RS3
).
IEEE802.16 .
2001.
(MAN4 ).
-
(PTP5) .
10GHz 66GHz,
. -
.

.
. (FDD6)
(TDD7).
(8) .
2002. . IEEE802.16c.

10-66GHz .
IEEE802.16a.
WiMAX 11GHz.
2-11GHz
.
.
(NLOS9).
- (PTP) .
1

Line-of-Sight
Backhaul
3
Repeater Station
4
Metropolitan Area Network
5
Point To Point
6
Frequency Division Duplexing
7
Time Division Duplexing
8
Amendment/s
9
Non- Line-of-Sight
2

546


. - (P2MP1)
(SS )
(BS ). - 2

.
.
IEEE802.16a

.

(DFS3).
- (RF4)
. . 1,25MHz 28MHz.
IEEE802.16a,
(OFDM5), 75Mb/s.
50km
5km 10km.
IEEE802.16-2004
IEEE802.16, IEEE802.16a, IEEE802.16c
IEEE802.16d. IEEE802.16d,
WiMAX WiMAX ,
WiMAX .
.
: 2GHz-11GHz 10GHz-66GHz.
1,25MHz 28MHz.
75Mb/s 20MHz.
IEEE802.16-2004
.
.
1

Point to Multi-Point
Mesh
3
Dynamic Frequency Selection
4
Radio Frequency
5
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
2

547

13.
IEEE802.16
()

() .

.
() WiMAX
120 km/h.
IEEE802.16e IEEE802.16-2005.
: 2GHz 6GHz,
,
.

DES1 AES2 .
IEEE802.16-2004
. IEEE802.16e
,
1,25MHz 20MHz (. <15Mb/s
5MHz) 3 .
IEEE802.16d
. 2km 5km.
IEEE 802.16e
WiMAX .
WiMAX
:
,
.
:
IEEE802.16f/I MIB4 ,
IEEE802.16j IEEE802.16m .
13.4
1

Data Encryption Standard

Advanced Encryption Standard
3
Roaming
4
Management Information Base
2

548

13.10 WiMAX
WiMAX .
.


(QoS). WiMAX
.

, ,
.
IEEE802.16
.
WiMAX
: , , ,

, .

WiMAX Forum1
,
WiMAX 2.
13.10.1 WiMAX

WiMAX .
WiMAX Forum (NRM3).
( 13.29) 4,
5 (RP6).
1

[20].
[21] [22].
3
Network Reference Model
4
Logical domains
5
Functional entities
6
Reference Points
2

549

13.

.

. . .

.
13.10.2
13.29 :
(MS1 ).
WiMAX .

.
(ASN2 ).
WiMAX WiMAX
3.

13.29 WiMAX 6

Mobile Station
Access Service Network
3
Connectivity services
2

550

13.30 WiMAX , ASN

2, 1
(H-NSP2 ),
3. (. DHCP
IP ). ASN
13.30. ASN
(BS )
ASN (ASN-GW3). ASN-GW
IP RP3
.
(CSN4 ). CSN
()
IP .
:
IP ,
,

Authentication, Authorization and Accounting

Home Network Service Provider
3
Access Service Network Gateway
4
Connectivity Service Network
2

551

13.

a ,
ASN
IP .
MS , ASN CSN

.
13.10.3

. 13.29
:
(NAP1 ).
.
ASN MS
.
(H-NSP ). H-NSP
WiMAX WiMAX
2.


() ().
(V-NSP3 ). V-NSP
WiMAX

V-NSP .
V-NSP
V-NSP H-NSP .
13.10.4
13.29 (Rx4 )


1

Network Access Point

Service Level Agreement
3
Visited Network Service Provider
4
Reference Point
2

552


.
WiMAX Forum

.
.
. :
R1 -
MS ASN
. WiMAX ;
R3 - ASN
CSN ( H-NSP V-NSP ).

IP
. IP
RADIUS1 ;
R4 -
ASN CSN .
MS 2 ASN
NSP
;
R5 -
CSN H-NSP V-NSP
. IP
3 ;
R8 ASN
(BS ) R8
.
13.10.5 ASN
13.30

1

RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial In User Service)

, (AAA - Authentication, Authorization, Accounting) .
2
Handover
3
Dedicated

553

13.

13.31 WiMax ASN

WiMAX Forum. 1
. 13.31 13.32
ASN ( ) WiMAX Forum
ASN .
( 13.31)
ASN (ASN-GW)
.
() .
ASN (ASN-GW)
R4 2.
13.32
3 o a ASN (ASN-GW)
(BS ). ASN
1

Profiles
ASN-anchored mobility
3
Co-location
2

554

13.32 WiMax ASN

.
1:1 o a ASN (ASN-GW)
(BS).
.
13.31
13.32 ASN
AAA , MIP1 DHCP2 .

.


. ,

.
(R1 R4
) .
13.10.6 WiMAX
1
2

Mobile IP
Dynamic Host Confguration Protocol

555

13.
WiMAX
. :
ASN 1
CSN 2. 13.29

ASN . (ASN-GW)
,
.
ASN IP .
(MS ) ASN .
CSN ASN
ASN H-NSP ASN
V-NSP .
CSN
. ASN
.
()
13.32
13.31.


(MIP FA3).
CSN
. WiMAX

.
: IP

.
IP .
DHCP ,
DHCP MIP
1

ASN anchored
CSN anchored
3
Mobile IP Foreign Agent
2

556


1.
WiMAX Forum

WiMAX .

.
( )
, ASN
CSN .
, IP
.
:

RADIUS ;

RADIUS R3 R5;
, ,
. QoS
MSK2
;

DHCP
R1 e .
RADIUS
CSN ASN . ASN
IEEE802.1x .
13.10.7 DHCP WiMAX
MIP
IP DHCP
IP (

Back-end
Master Session Key -
.
2

557

13.
). 1
IP
.
()
IP DNS .

DHCP .
, IP ,
DHCP .
ASN
MIP .
.
DHCP DISCOVER , ASN
DHCP . MIP
ASN MIP .
DHCP PMIP2
.
DHCP WiMAX
. (3) DHCP
DHCP .
ASN DHCP
. ASN
DHCP REQUEST IP
. ,
, IP .
DHCP ( )
DHCP REQUEST

. DHCP ( )
IP ,
, , ASN
, RAIDUS .
1

, ,
Proxy-MIP
3
Entity
2

558


() ASN ,
1
2.
, ASN
DHCP , DHCP DISCOVER
IP
( ). DHCP DISCOVER
IP
.
IP DHCP

. , IP
RADIUS /
CSN .
13.10.8 IP WiMAX
IP 3
IETF4
IP .

.
DHCP IP
. ,
. IP ,
.
5
IP .
IP
:
(COA6 ). IP
1

Multi-operator networks
Foreign network
3
RFC5944 RFC4721.
4
Internet Engineering Task Force
5
Visited network
6
Care-of-Address
2

559

13.
(HA1 ) . IP
() . COA2
(FA3 ),
I VNSP .
IP (MIP)
:
1.
IP HA .

IP
.
2.
() FA
COA .
3. COA MIP
HA
(RRQ4).
HA COA

() . HA
(RRP5).
4.
.

.

o 6.
(IP ) . HA
1

Home Agent
Care-of-Address
3
Foreign Agent
4
Registration Request
5
Registration Reply
6
Triangular routing
2

560


IEEE
802.16-2001
802.16.2-2001
802.16-2004
802.16f-2005
802.16e-2005
802.16k-2007
P802.16i

802.16-2009
802.16j-2009
802.16h-2010

802.16m-2011

P802.16n

(Fixed
Broadband Wireless Access) 10 - 63 GHz

(Recommended practice for coexistence)

(Air Interface for Fixed Broadband
Wireless Access System) 802.16 - 2001,
802.16a, 802.16c P802.16d)
MIB (Management Information
Base) 802.16-2004

(Mobile Broadband Wireless Access System)

(Bridging) 802.16 (
IEEE802.1D)
MIB
(Mobile Management Information Base)
802.16-2009

(Air
Interface for Fixed and Mobile Broadband Wireless
Access System) : 802.16-2004, 802.162004/Cor 1, 802.16e, 802.16f, 802.16g P802.16i.
(Multihop relay)

(Improved Coexistence
Mechanisms for License-Exempt Operation)

100Mb/s 1Gb/s
. (Advanced Air Interface with data rates
of 100 Mbit/s mobile and 1Gbit/s fixed)
Mobile WiMAX Release 2
WirelessMAN-Advanced ITUR IMT-Advanced 4G .

(Higher Reliability Networks)

13.6 IEEE802.16x
561

13.
, COA
( ),
FA IP
.

13.11
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
562

.
e ae ?
?
?
.
IEEE
802.11?

?
CSMA/CA.
.
IEEE802.112012. IEEE802.11s?
.
IEEE802.11-2012.
IEEE802.11 .
?
I .
Bluetooth .
Bluetooth .
Bluetooth ? .
Bluetooth .
Bluetooth IEEE802.15 ?
IEEE ?
ZigBee .
ZigBee ?
?
?