TH HM S SUY RA T TH CHO TRC

I.
Cc php bin i th
1/ th y = g ( x) = f ( x )
Bi ton: T th y = f (x) ( f suy ra th y = g ( x) = f ( x ) )
Phng php : Ly i xng f qua Ox ta c g
DOx : M ( xO , y 0 ) M ( xO , y 0 )
M ly bt k M ( xO , y 0 ) ( f )
Ta c M ( xO ,y 0 ) ( x0 , f ( x 0 )) ( x0 , g ( x)) ( g )
Vy : DOx : (C f ) (C g )
V d : Kho st v v th hm s : y = f ( x) = x 3 + 3 x 2 1 . T suy ra th hm s
y = x 3 3 x 2 +1

Gii
-

Kho st
y ' =f

'

( x) =

3x 2 +
6x =
3x(2
x)

x =
0
y =

f ' ( x) =
0

x =
2
y =
3

f ' ' ( x) = 6 x + 6; f ' ' ( x) = 0 x = 1 y = 1 im un (1,1)

lim f ( x) = +
x

lim f ( x) =
x +

th :

Ta c y = x 3 3x 2 + 1 = (x 3 + 3x 2 1) = f ( x)

Do : th hm s y = x 3 3 x 2 +1 i xng vi th hm s y = f (x) qua Ox

2/ th y = h( x ) = f ( x )

Bi ton : T th y = f (x) suy ra th ca y = h(x)

Phng php gii: Ly i xng th hm s y = f (x) qua Oy ta c th hm s

y = h( x ) = f ( x )

DOy : N ( x 0 , y 0 ) N ' ( x 0 , y 0 )
Cm: Ly bt k N ( x 0 , y 0 ) (C f )
Ta c: N ( x0 , y 0 ) (x 0 , f ((x0 ))) (x0 , h(x0 )) C h
Vy: DOy : (C f ) (C h )

V d: Kho st v v th hm s y = f ( x) =
y=

x 2 3x + 3
. T suy ra th hm s
x 1

x 2 + 3x + 3
x 1

Gii :

y = f ( x) = x 2 +

1
x1

x = 0 y = 3
1
; y' = 0
2
( x 1)
x = 2 y = 1
lim ( f ( x) x + 2) = 0
y' = 1
x

Tim cn xin : y = x 2

lim f ( x) =
x 1

Tim cn ng x = 1
Ta c : y =

x 2 + 3x + 3 ( x) 2 3(x ) + 3
=
= f (x)
x 1
(x) 1

Do : th hm s y =

x 2 + 3x + 3
x 2 3x + 3
i xng vi ths y = f ( x ) =
qua Oy
x 1
x 1

(Lu : ng mu xanh lc l y=f(x), ng mu l y=f(-x))

II th hm s cha du gi tr tuyt i
1. th y = f ( x )
Bi ton: T th hm s y = f (x) suy ra th hm s y =F ( x) = f ( x)
Phng Php:
Ta c : y = f ( x)
Nu f ( x ) 0 th y = f (x )
Nu f ( x) < 0 th y = f (x )
Do , th hm s y = f ( x) gm:
- Phn t trc honh tr ln ca th hm s y = f (x )
- i xng phn di trc honh ca th hm s y = f (x) qua trc honh
V d:
Kho st v v th hm s y = x 4 2 x 2 1 . T hy bin lun theo a s nghim phng
trnh : x 4 2 x 2 1 =a
Gii:
y ' = 4 x 3 4 x, y ' = 0 x = 0, x = 1

C (0,1)
CT1(-1,-2)
CT2(1, -2)
Giao Ox : y = 0 x =

1+ 2

lim f ( x) = +
x

S nghim ca x 4 2 x 2 1 =a l s giao im ca th hm s y = f ( x ) vi ng thng

y=a
th hm s y = f ( x ) gm :
i xng vi phn di trc honh ca th y = f (x ) qua trc honh

Da vo th ta c:
a < 0 , (*) v nghim; a = 0 hoc a > 2 , (*) c 2 nghim
a = 2 (*) c 4 nghim; 0 < a < 1 (*) c 4 nghim.
a = 1 (*) c 5 nghim ; 1 < a < 2 (*) c 6 nghim
2. th hm s y = f ( x )
Bi ton : T th y = f (x) suy ra th y = f ( x )
Phong php gii:

f (x), x 0
Ta c : y = f ( x ) =
f ( x), x < 0

Do th hm s y = f ( x ) gm:
Phn bn phi Oy ca th y = f (x)
i xng phn th trn trc Oy
3. th hm s y = f ( x ), f ( x ) 0
Bi ton: T th y = f (x) suy ra th

y = f ( x)

Nhn xt : im ( x 0 , y 0 ) thuc th suy ra im ( x 0 ,y 0 ) cng thuc th nn th

nhn Ox lm trc i xng
Vi y 0 th y = f ( x) y = f (x )
Do vy , th hm s y = f ( x) gm:
Phn th y = f (x ) nm pha trn Ox
i xng phn trn qua Ox
V d : Tm

(I)

a h sau c nhiu nghim nht :

x + y = 1 (1)
2 2 (2)
x + y = a

(2) c nghim khi a 0 , a = 0 , x = y = 0 khng tho (1)

Vy a > 0 , khi (2) l phng trnh ng trn tm O, bn knh a , ta k hiu (O,
S nghim ca h trn l s giao im ca ng trn (0, a ) vi th ca (1)
(1) y =1 x ; x [ 1,1]
* Ta v th y =1 x ; x [0,1]
th y =1 x , x [ 1,1] gm:
Phn th y =1 x, x [0,1]
i xng phn trn qua Oy
th y =1 x , x [ 1,1] gm:
Phn th y =1 x , x [1,1]
i xng phn trn qua Ox

Da vo th , ta c:
H (I) c nhiu nht l 8 nghim khi (0,
iu ny tng ng vi :
d (O, AB ) < a < OA

2
1
< a <1 < a <1
2
2

a ) ct

hnh vung ABCD ti 8 im phn bit.

a)