B GIO DC V O TO

TRNG I HC S PHM K THUT TP. H CH MINH

KHOA IN-IN T

SVTH:
on Hunh Khnh Hun - MSSV: 06101060
Trn Ch Tm - MSSV:06101134
Hong Nh Ti MSSV:06101129
L Hu Bnh MSSV:06101

Cc yu t ca chuyn i s - tng t:
C hai yu t quan trng trong chuyn i s - tng t : tc bit/baud v
tn hiu sng mang.
Tc bit v tc baud:
Tc bit l s bit truyn trong mi giy. Tc baud l cho bit s n v
tn hiu trong mt giy cn c biu din s bit va nu.
Tc baud thng b hn hay bng tc bit.
Tn hiu sng mang: trong truyn dn analog th thit b pht to ra tn s
sng cao tn lm nn cho tn hiu thng tin. Tn hiu nn ny c gi l sng
mang hay tn s sng mang.

Cc phng php iu ch:

iu bin: amplitude-shift keying (ASK)

iu tn: frequency-shift keying (FSK)
iu pha: phase-shift keying (PSK)
QAM: quadrature amplitude modulation

1. Phng php iu bin ASK:

Dng hai bin khc nhau ca sng mang biu din 0 v 1(thng
thng mt bin bng 0). Trong tc truyn tn hiu ASK b gii
hn bi cc c tnh vt l ca mi trng truyn.

- Dng 2 bin khc nhau ca sng mang biu din 0 v 1

- Bit 1c truyn i bi mt sng mang c bin E1 v bit 0 c truyn
i bi sng mang bin E2( thng th E2= 0).
Hnh dng:

Phng php iu ch:

iu ch kha dch bin ASK lm thay i bin ca sng mang Vc(t) theo tn
hiu s Vd(t).
v ASK ( t ) = vc ( t ) vd ( t )

Nu:
vc ( t ) = cos( wc t )
0
vd ( t ) =
1

Th:
0
vd ( t ) =
vc ( t )

V ta c dng tn hiu ASK vi tn hiu nh phn 1011001 nh sau:

Theo bin i chui Fourier ta c:

vd ( t ) =

1
+
2 2

1
1

cos w0t 3 cos 3w0t + 5 cos 5w0t ...

v ASK ( t ) = vc ( t ) vd ( t )
v ASK ( t ) =

cos wc t +
2
2

cos w0 t cos wc t 3 cos 3w0 t cos wc t + ...

Mt khc ta c :
2 cos A cos B = cos( A B ) + cos( A + B )

Do :

v ASK ( t ) =

cos wc t + {cos( wc w0 )t + cos( wc + w0 )t

2
2

1
[cos( wc 3w0 )t + cos( wc + 3w0 )t ] + ...
3

iu khng may l truyn ASK thng rt nhy vi nhiu. nhiu ny thng l cc

tn hiu in p xut hin trn ng dy t cc ngun tn hiu khc nh hng
c ln bin ca tn hiu ASK.
Ph ca iu ch ASK:
Nh vy ph ca tn hiu ASK gm thnh phn sng mang w c, thnh
phn mang tin tc wc w0 v cc thnh phn hi bc 3 , 5 , 7 ...

Hnh 1-6 Ph ca tn hiu ASK

ASK c th c iu ch 2 hay M mc, gi l M-ASK vi M = 2k . Khi
mi trng thi ca tn hiu c gi l 1 baud.

ASK c th gii iu ch kt hp (tch sng ng b) hay gii iu

ch khng kt hp (tch sng ng bao). Kiu iu ch ny ch thch
hp vi tc nh.

Bng thng dng cho ASK:

BW = (1 + d ) . Nbaud
Trong :
BW : bng thong
Nbaud : tc baud
d : l tha s lin quan n iu kin ng dy ( c gi tr b nht l 0 )
-u im:
Ch dng mt sng mang duy nht.
Ph hp trong truyn s liu vi tc thp (khong 1200bps trn knh
truyn).

Nhc im:
D b nh hng bi nhiu.
Kh ng b.
t dng trong thc t.
Thng dng trong cp quang.
2. Phng php iu tn FSK :
Trong phng php ny , tn s ca tn hiu sng mang thay i biu
din cc bit 1 v 0 , trong khi bin v gc pha c gi khng thay i nh hnh
v

FSK trnh c hu ht cc dng nhiu ca ASK . Do ch quan tm n yu t

thay i tn s trong mt chu k , nn b qua c cc nhiu in p . Yu t gii
hn ln FSK l kh nng vt l ca sng mang.
phng php iu ch:
iu ch kha dch tn s FSK c thc hin bng cch dch tn s
sng mang i mt lng nht nh tng ng vi tn hiu s a v iu
ch. Trong FSK hai trng thi ta c hai sng mang vi tn s khc nhau:
v1 ( t ) = cos w1t

v2 ( t ) = cos w2t

Tn hiu iu ch c dng

1
vd ( t ) =
0

Do tn hiu FSK tng ng c dng sau:

cos w1t
vFSK ( t ) =
cos w2t

Nh

vy:

v FSK ( t ) = cos w1t vd t + cos w2t (1 vd t )

trn ta c:
vd ( t ) =

1
+
2 2

1
1

cos w0t 3 cos 3w0t + 5 cos 5w0t ...

Do
1
1
1

vFSK ( t ) = cos w1t + cos w0t cos 3w0t + cos 5w0t ... +
3
5

2 2
1
1
1

+ cos w2t cos w0t cos 3w0t + cos 5w0t ...

3
5

2 2

Tng t trn, cui cng ta c:

 v FSK ( t ) =

1
1
cos w1t + {cos( w1 w0 )t + cos( w1 + w0 )t
2

1
[ cos( w1 3w0 )t + cos( w1 + 3w0 )t ] + ... } +
3
1
1
+ cos w2t + {cos( w2 w0 )t + cos( w2 + w0 )t
2

1
[ cos( w2 3w0 )t + cos( w2 + 3w0 )t ] + ... }
3

- ph ca phng php iu ch FSK:

Nh vy dng ph ca tn hiu FSK ging nh dng ph ca tn hiu ASK
nhng vi hai thnh phn sng mang c tn s f1 v f2, v khong cch gia
chng l fs.

Hnh 1-8 Ph ca tn hiu FSK

FSK c th c iu ch 2 hay M mc. Phng php kha dch tn s
FSK c dng kh rng ri trong cc modem truyn s liu tc thp theo
cc chun V21, V22, V24.

u im:
D ng b
t nh hng bi nhiu
t li hn ASK
Nhc im:

Tn s tn hiu cao gy nhiu ngoi v hn ch tc truyn

ng dng:
Dng rng ri trong truyn s liu
Dng truyn d liu tc 1200bps hay thp hn trn mng in thoi
C th dng tn s cao ( 3-30MHz) truyn sng radio hoc cp ng trc.

- iu ch FSK c th dng nhiu hn 2 tn s biu din hiu qu trong vic s

dng bng thng, nhng li nhiu.
3. Phng php iu pha PSK :
Trong phng php ny th pha ca sng mang thay i biu din cc bit
1 v 0 . Cc gi tr bin nh v tn s u khng i . Th d , nu ta bt u
vi gc pha 0 biu din bit 0 v gi tr 180 gi gi tr bit 1 . Gc pha ca
tn hiu khng i trong mt thi khong bit ( 0 hay 1 ) nh hnh v :

Phng php va trnh by c gi l 2-PSK hay BSK , do ta ch dng 2 gc pha

khc nhau ( 0 v 180 ) .
Mt dng s khc , c gi l gin trng thi- pha, lm r hn quan h gia
gc pha v cc bit.

PSK khng b trong b nh hng ca cc dng nhiu tc ng ln dng ASK,

ng thi cng khng b nh hng ca yu t bng thng rng nh FSK. iu

ny c ngha l mt thay i nh ca tn hiu cng c th c pht hin, nh th

thay v ch dng hai thay i ca tn hiu t 1 bit, ta c th dng vi bn s thay
i thng qua ca hai bit.
Gin pha trng thi nh hnh v c gi l 4 PSK hay Q PSK. Mt gc
0 c biu din bi 00 ; 90 c biu din bi 10 v 270 c biu din bi
11. Cp bit dng biu din gc pha c gi l dibit. Ta c th truyn d liu
hai ln nhanh hn khi dng 4 - PSK thay v dng 2 PSK.

T , c th pht trin ln 8 PSK . Thay v dng gc 90 , ta thay i tn hiu t

cc gc pha 45. Vi 8 gc pha khc nhau , dng 3 bit ( 1 tribit ), theo quan h
gia s bit to thay i vi gc pha l ly tha ca hai. ng thi 8 PSK cng
cho php truyn nhanh gp 3 ln so vi 2 PSK , nh hnh minh ha :

4. Phng php QAM:

QAM l phng thc kt hp gia ASK v PSK sao cho ta khai thc c ti a
s khc bit gia dibit, tribit, quabit v tip tc.

C nhiu kh nng bin th ca QAM, nh 4 QAM , 8 QAM , trong 2 trng

hp th s ln thay i bin thng t hn thay i ca gc pha. Do nhiu nh
hng ln bin ca tn hiu nn nht thit phi to ra c phn cch tt gia
cc mc tn hiu. Nh hnh v:

01

00

10

11

4 QAM

8 QAM

QAM cho thy t b nh hng ca nhiu hn so vi ASK ( do c yu t pha ).