1

Bo co nhm 1
B GIO DC V O TO
TRNG I HC NNG LM
THNH PH H CH MINH
B MN CNG NGH HA HC






CN BNG HA HC TRONG SINH HC

Gio vin hng dn: NGUYN BO VIT
O NGC DUY
Sinh vin thc hin: TRNG TH PHNG LINH MSSV: 09139091
XUN NH MSSV: 09139034
L TH NHUNG MSSV: 09139116
NGUYN THANH PH MSSV: 09139122
NGUYN TH TRANG MSSV: 09129193
BI BO HIU MSSV: 09139055

2
Bo co nhm 1


MC LC

1.GII THIU
2.CN BNG HA HC
2.1.Cn bng ha hc l g?
2.2.S chuyn dch cn bng ha hc
2.3.Hng s cn bng ha hc
2.4.CC YU T NH HNG N CN BNG HA HC
2.4.1.nh hng ca nng
2.4.2.nh hng ca p sut
2.4.3.nh hng ca nhit
2.4.4.nh hng ca cht xc tc
3. MT S VN LIN QUAN N CN BNG HA HC
3.1.SINH HC H M
3.1.1.Dung dch m l g?
3.1.2. H thng m dihydrogen phosphate
3.1.3.H thng axit carbonic
3.1.4.H m protein
3.2. CHT XC TC SINH HC
3.2.1. Enzym
3.2.1.1. Enzym l g?
3.2.1.2.Tnh xc tc ca enzyme
3.2.1.3. iu kin mt phn ng ha hc xy ra
3.2.1.4. C ch xc tc chung ca enzyme
4. MT S NG DNG CN BNG HA HC TRONG SINH HC
3
Bo co nhm 1
4.1.THN IU HA CN BNG ACID-BASE TRONG MU
4.1.1. Bi tit H
+
4.1.2.Ti hp thu HCO
3
-
4.1.3.Tng hp v bi tit NH
3

4.2.THN IU HA HUYT P
4.3.X DNG ENZYM TRONG X L PH THI
4.3.1. i vi mt s ion kim loi
4.3.2. i vi ph phm l polysaccharide thc vt
4.3.3. Kh c kim loi nng
4.3.4. X l cc cht c hot tnh b mt
4.3.5. X l cht thi xyanua
TI LIU THAM KHO

















4
Bo co nhm 1




1.GII THIU

Trong tt c cc phn ng ha hc iu c s cn bng gia cc cht ha hc vi
nhau,trong lnh vc sinh hc cng vy.
Trong thc t, mt trong nhng bin php tng nng ca cht phn ng v cc sn
phm sau khi phn ng s t n trng thi cn bng
Ni chung, trong cc phn ng lin quan n nhiu hn mt cht phn ng hoc sn
phm, nhng thay i trong nng ca bt k cht phn ng hoc sn phm s nh
hng n nng trng thi cn bng ca tt c cc cht phn ng v cc sn
phm
V vy trng thi cn bng c bit l cn bng ha hc trong lnh vc sinh hc l rt
quan trng v cn thit






2.CN BNG HA HC
2.1.CN BNG HA HC L G ?
Theo ng ha hc: th phn ng chia lm 2 loi :
- Phn ng mt chiu khng thun nghch:
A B
VD: 2KClO
3
3O
2
+ 2KCl
5
Bo co nhm 1
- Phn ng 2 chiu thun nghch :
A B
VD: CO
2
+ H
2
O H
2
CO
3

Xt phn ng tng qut:
k
1
thun
A + B C + D
k
2
nghch
k
1
, k
2
: hng s tc ca phn ng thun nghch.
Ta c: tc phn ng :
v
1
= k
1
[A] [B]
v
2
= k
2
[ C][D]
Mi u ch c A v B , nng A v B ln nht nn v
1
cc i, mt khc nng
C v D bng 0 nn v
2
cng bng 0.
Khi A v B phn ng vi nhau to thnh C v D th nng A v B gim dn, nng
C v D tng dn, do v
1
gim dn, v v
2
tng dn. n mt lc no th v
1
=
v
2
, l trng thi cn bng ng, phn ng vn tip tc xy ra theo hai chiu nhng
tc phn ng theo chiu thun bng tc phn ng theo chiu nghch.
Ta c:
V
1
=V
2

<=> k
1
[C] [D]
k1 [A] [B] = k2 [C] [D] <=> ---- = ----------- = K
CB

k
2
[A] [B]
Vy:
Cn bng ha hc l s cn bng v s lng nguyn t ca cc cht trong hai v ca
mt phn ng ha hc, l trng thi ca phn ng thun nghch khi tc phn ng
thun bng tc phn ng nghch. trng thi cn bng nng cc cht khng
i.
6
Bo co nhm 1
Cn bng ha hc c c trng bi h s cn bng (Keq),Cn bng ha hc l cn
bng ng.
2.2.S CHUYN DCH CN BNG HA HC
S chuyn dch cn bng ha hc l s di chuyn t trang thi cn bng ny sang
trng thi cn bng khc do tc ng ca cc yu t t bn ngoi ln cn bng.
2.3.HNG S CN BNG
khi phn ng thun nghch trng thi cn bng, nng cc cht trong phn ng
khng bin i na (nu iu kin phn ng khng bin i), nn ta c th a ra
mt i lng c trng cho cn bng, l hng s cn bng.
Hng s cn bng (K
eq
) ph thuc vo bn cht ca cc cht phn ng, nhit , v
p lc (c bit l trong cc phn ng lin quan n kh). Trong iu kin vt l tiu
chun (25 C v p sut 1 atm), Keq l lun lun ging nhau cho mt phn ng nht
nh, c hay khng c s hin din mt cht xc tc.
i vi phn ng n gin :
A + B X + Y
hng s cn bng c xc nh bng:


K
eq
=
[X][Y]

[A][B]

Trng hp tng qut :
a A + b B + c C x X + y Y + z Z
Hng s cn bng c xc nh bi:





K
eq
=
[X]
x
[Y]
y
[Z]
z


[A]
a
[B]
b
[C]
c
(1)
(2)


(3) (1)
7
Bo co nhm 1

Trong cc phn ng tng qut (2) trn, tc ca phn ng thun (t tri sang
phi) c xc nh:
Rate
forward
= k
f
[A]
a
[B]
b
[C]
c
Trong k
f
l hng s tc phn ng cho phn ng thun.
Tng t nh vy, tc ca phn ng nghch (phi sang tri) c xc nh:
Rate
reverse
= k
r
[X]
x
[Y]
y
[Z]
z
k
r
l hng s tc phn ng cho phn ng nghch. Khi t trng thi cn bng th
tc phn ng gia phn ng thun v ngch l bng nhau.
Chng ta c:
k
f
[A]
a
[B]
b
[C]
c
= k
r
[X]
x
[Y]
y
[Z]
z

So snh biu thc vi phng trnh ( 3), chng ta thy mi quan h quan trng


K
eq
=
k
f


k
r

Ni cch khc, hng s cn bng bng t l ca cc hng s tc phn ng v
ngc li. Bi v cht xc tc lm tng tc ca cc phn ng thun ng thi lm
tng tc phn ng nghch v cng mt yu t, n khng lm thay i gi tr ca
k
f
/k
r
. V vy, nh ni trn, cc cht xc tc khng lm thay i hng s cn
bng, m ch ph thuc vo tnh cht ha hc ca cc phn t c lin quan, v vo
nhit v p sut.
VD: cho 0.6703mol/l kh N
2
O
4
vo mt bnh knh 25
0
C xy ra phn ng sau:
N
2
O
4
2NO
2

(4)
(1)
8
Bo co nhm 1
Khi phn ng trang thi cn bng thu c 0.0546mol/l kh NO
2
v cn li 0.643
mol/l kh N
2
O
4
, khi t s sau l mt hng s:



[NO
2
]
2
(0.0546)
2

----------- = -------------- = 4.64x10
-3

[ N
2
O
4
] 0.6430


2.4. CC YU T NH HNG N CN BNG HA HC
2.4.1. nh hng ca nng
Xt h cn bng sau trong mt bnh kn nhit cao v khng i:
CO
2
(k) + C (r) 2CO (k)
trng thi cn bng, V
t
= V
n
: nng cc cht khng bin i na. Nu ta cho
thm vo h mt lng kh CO
2
, nng CO
2
tng ln lm cho V
t
> V
n
.
Vy khi thm CO
2
vo h cn bng, cn bng s chuyn dch theo chiu t tri sang
phi.
Kt lun: Khi tng hoc gim nng mt cht trong cn bng, th cn bng chuyn
dch theo chiu lm gim tc ng ca vic tng hoc gim cht .
2.4.2.nh hng ca p sut
Xt h cn bng sau trong mt bnh kn nhit cao v khng i:
2NO
2
(k) N
2
O
4
(k)
Nu ta cho vo h 1 mol NO
2
, p sut kh trong h tng ln lm cho V
t
> V
n
.
Vy khi thm 1mol NO
2
vo h cn bng, cn bng s chuyn dch theo chiu t tri
sang phi.
Kt lun: khi tng hoc gim p sut chung ca h cn bng, th bao gi cng chuyn
dch theo chiu lm gim tc ng ca vic tng hoc gim p sut .
9
Bo co nhm 1
2.4.3.nh hng ca nhit
Xt h cn bng sau trong mt bnh kn :
N
2
O
4
(k) 2NO
2
(k)
Khi hn hp kh trn ang trng thi cn bng, nu un nng hn hp kh bng
cch ngm bnh vo nc si, mu nu ca ca hn hp kh m ln, ngha l cn
bng chuyn dch theo chiu thun, chiu ca phn ng thu nhit, v ngc li nu ta
lm lnh i th hn hp chuyn dch theo chiu nghch, chiu ca phn ng ta nhit.
Kt lun: Khi tng nhit , cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu phn ng thu nhit v
ngc li, cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu phn ng ta nhit.
2.4.4.nh hng ca cht xc tc
Cht xc tc lm tng tc phn ng thun v tc phn ng nghch vi s ln
bng nhau, nn cht xc tc khng nh hng n cn bng ha hc.
Kt lun: Mt phn ng thun nghch ang trang thi cn bng khi chu mt tc
ng t bn ngoi nh bin i nng , p sut, nhit , th cn bng s chuyn
dch theo chiu lm gim tc ng bn ngoi .
3. MT S VN LIN QUAN N CN BNG HA HC
3.1.Sinh hc h m
3.1.1.Dung dch m l g?
Dung dch m l mt dng dung dch lng cha ng trong mt hn hp axit yu
v baz lin hp ca n hoc baz yu v axit lin hp.
Tnh cht c bit ca dung dch ny l khi ta cho thm vo mt lng cht c tnh
baz hay axit th pH ca dung dch mi thay i rt t so vi dung dch khi cha c
tc ng.
Trong tt c cc sinh vt a bo, cc cht lng trong cc t bo v cc cht lng xung
quanh cc t bo c pH c trng v gn nh khng i . pH ny c duy tr
bng mt s cch khc nhau, v mt trong nhng cch quan trng nht l thng qua
h thng m. Hai h thng quan trng trong m sinh hc l h thng dihydrogen
phosphate v cc h thng axit cacbonic.
10
Bo co nhm 1

3.1.2.H thng m dihydrogen phosphate
H thng m phosphate hot ng trong dch ni bo ca tt c cc t bo. H thng
m bao gm cc ion phosphate dihydrogen (H
2
PO
4
-
) l ngun cung cp ion H
+

(acid) v cc ion hydrogen phosphate (HPO
4
2-
) l cht nhn-ion H
+
(bazo) . Hai ion
trong trng thi cn bng vi nhau v c xc nh bi cc phng trnh ha hc
di y.
H
2
PO
4

-
(aq) H
+
(aq) + HPO
4

2 -
(aq)


Nu cc ion H
+
thm vo dch t bo, n c s dng trong phn ng vi HPO
4
2 -

to ra HPO
4
-
v cn bng chuyn sang bn tri.
Nu cc ion H
+
c ly bt khi dch t bo, th phn ng s to ra H
+
v cn bng
dch chuyn sang bn phi.
Ta c h s cn bng ca phn ng:


K
eq
=

[H
+
][HPO
4
2-
]

[H
2
PO
4
-
]

Gi tr ca K
a
cho trng thi cn bng ny l 6,23 10
-8
25 C.
Khi nng ca H
2
PO
4
-
v HPO
4
2
bng nhau, gi tr ca nng mol ca cc ion
H
+
bng vi gi tr ca cc hng s cn bng, khi pH bng pKa, c th l 7,21 .
B m hiu qu nht khi duy tr pH gn vi gi tr ca pKa.
3.1.3.H thng axit carbonic
B m axit carbonic ng mt vai tr quan trng trong vic duy tr pH trong
mu(huyt tng).
Trong h thng ny axit carbonic (H
2
CO
3
) l ngun cung cp ion H
+
(axit) v ion
hydrogen carbonate (HCO
3

-
) l cht nhn H
+
(baz).
(1)
(1)
11
Bo co nhm 1

H
2
CO
3
(aq) H
+
(aq) + HCO
3

-
(aq)

B m ny chc nng tng t nh b m phosphate . Cc H
+
c s dng bi
HCO
3
-
v OH
-
c s dng bi H
2
CO
3
. Gi tr ca K a cho trng thi cn bng ny
l 7,9 10
-7
, v Kp l 6,1 nhit c th.
Nng ca cc ion hydro cacbonat v axit cacbonic c iu khin bi hai h
thng sinh l c lp. Nng axit cacbonic c iu khin bi h hp, l thng
qua phi. Carbonic acid trng thi cn bng vi kh carbon dioxide ha tan.

H
2
CO
3
(aq) CO
2
(aq) + H
2
O (l)

Mt enzyme c gi l carbonic anhydrase xc tc chuyn i ca axit cacbonic v
carbon dioxide ha tan. Trong phi, carbon dioxide ha tan d c th ra nh kh
carbon dioxide.

CO
2
(aq) CO
2
(g)

Nng ca ion cacbonat hydro c kim sot thng qua thn. Lng d cc ion
hydro cacbonat c bi tit trong nc tiu.
Nng cao hn nhiu ca ion cacbonat hydro so vi axit cacbonic trong huyt
tng cho php b m cn bng tt hn khi cc cht c a vo mu. Qu trnh
trao i cht bnh thng xy ra ch yu cc cht c tnh axit cacboxylic nh axit
lactic (HLac). Nhng axit ny phn ng vi ion hydro cacbonat v axit cacbonic hnh
thc .
HLac (aq) + HCO
3

-
(aq) Lc
-
(aq) + H
2
CO
3
(aq)

Cc axit cacbonic c chuyn i thng qua hot ng ca enzyme anhydrase
carbonic trong dung dch nc v carbon dioxide.


12
Bo co nhm 1

H
2
CO
3
(aq) CO
2
(aq) + H
2
O (l)
S gia tng CO
2
(aq) nng kch thch tng th, v lng kh carbon dioxide d
tha c thi vo khng kh trong phi .
Ngoi hai h m ni trn, ta cn mt h m na cng khng km phn quan trng,
l h m protein.
3.1.4.H m prtin :
Prtin trong huyt tng tn ti di ba dng ch yu l abumin, glbulin v
fibringen; trong thuc h m c anbumin, chim ti 60% tng s prtin huyt
tng. Vai tr m ca anbumin l va iu chnh tnh kim nh gc -COOH (gc
cacboxyl) va iu chnh tnh axit nh gc -NH
2
(gc amin). Ngoi nhim v m,
anbumin cn gi vai tr quan trng trong vic duy tr thm p mu. Nh m
anbumin gip iu chnh lng nc gia mu v m. Nh vy anbumin gip cho
vic kim sot khi lng mu
3.2. CHT XC TC SINH HC :
Phn ln cc phn ng trong c th u c cht xc tc .
Cht xc tc sinh hc l sn phm sinh vt, lng nh nhng c kh nng lm tng
nhanh phn ng, cui cng gi nguyn sau phn ng.
C 3 loi cht xc tc sinh hc l Vitamin, Enzym, Hormon (ng tiu ha). Trong 3
cht ny, enzym quan trng nht, n l trung tm trc tip tham gia cc phn ng ho
sinh.
V d : xt phn ng :
A (c cht) B (sn phm)
- Gi phn ng ny l phn ng enzym v c enzym xc tc.
- Trong qu trnh phn ng, enzym c th thay i nhng cui cng vn l enzym.
Ch :
13
Bo co nhm 1
+ Kh nng xc tc ca enzym rt ln, c th lm tng nhanh phn ng hng triu
ln.
V d : CO
2
+ H
2
O H
2
CO
3
Enzym l carbonic anhydrataz (mt nc ca CO
2
)
Mt phn t enzym ny c th hydrat ha 10
5
phn t CO
2
trong 1 giy lm phn
ng nhanh hn 10 triu ln so vi phn ng khng c xc tc.
Enzym khng lm thay i h s cn bng m ch lm cho phn ng mau t n
trng thi cn bng.
Enzym c tnh c hiu (chuyn bit) rt cao, ngha l xc tc nhng phn ng nht
nh vi nhng c cht nht nh.
H
2
O
Tinh bt ------------- > Maltoz, Glucoz
Amylaz Maltaz
Glucoz, Glucoz
3.2.1.ENZYM
3.2.1.1.Enzym l g?
Enzym l cht xc tc sinh hc, nh c enzym m cc phn ng sinh ho hc xy ra
vi mt tc rt nhanh, chnh xc, nhp nhng, hiu qu cao v tit kim nng
lng, l protein c kh nng xc tc c hiu cho cc phn ng ha hc. Chng thc
y mt phn ng xy ra m khng c mt trong sn phm cui cng. Enzyme c
trong nhiu i tng sinh hc nh thc vt, ng vt v mi trng nui cy vi sinh
vt

14
Bo co nhm 1
Hnh nh biotin

Hnh nh coenzyme A
3.2.1.2 Tnh xc tc ca enzym
Tnh xc tc sinh hc ca enzym th hin chnh ch enzym vi nng (s lng)
rt nh cng c kh nng tng tc phn ng sinh ho hc ln hng ngn,vn ln so
vi iu kin bnh thng. Nhng cng nh cc cht xc tc khc, bn thn enzym
khng tham gia vo sn phm cui cng ca phn ng.
3.2.1.3. iu kin mt phn ng ho hc xy ra
Ta ly v d: C
6
H
12
O
6
+ O
2
-> CO
2
+ H
2
O + 688Kcal
(y khng phi l s chy trong iu kin bnh thng)
hiu c ch xc tc ca enzym, ta cn nh li mt s iu kin nhit ng hc
phn ng tin hnh c. Tc phn ng ho hc ca 2 cht A + B AB ph
thuc vo cc yu t sau:
- Nng cc cht tham gia phn ng A v B
- Nng va chm hu hiu gia cc phn t
Ngoi ra, phn ng xy ra c nhng phn t cht tham gia phi trng thi
kch ng (tc l trng thi hot ho). Mun t c iu kin ny cn np cho
phn t c cht mt ngun nng lng t bn ngoi (di dng nhit nng, in nng
hoc quang nng).
Cht xc tc c 2 nhim v:
- Tng nng cc cht tham gia phn ng
15
Bo co nhm 1
- Lm cho phn ng chng t ti im thng bng ng
V c ch xc tc sinh hc ca enzym ngi ta ra nhiu gi thuyt gii thch,
nhng u thng nht ch qu trnh xc tc bt u bng s kt hp gia enzym v
c cht thnh hp cht trung gian.
E (enzym) + S (c cht) ES (hp cht trung gian)
C cht lin kt vi enzym cc trung tm hot ng. S lin kt ny c tnh cht
chn lc c bit.
V d: Ly hnh mu esterase - enzym xc tc s thu phn (hoc tng hp) cc este.

Nu ly benzoilcarbonyl thay enzym (C
6
H
5
- CO - CH
2
OH) th cht ny s to hp
cht trung gian, gii phng ru:

sau hp cht trung gian d phn tn vi s c mt ca H
2
O thnh acid v
benzoilcarbonyl nguyn nh c.

Nh c benzoicarbonyl m trng thi cn bng ng ca phn ng trn xy ra vi tc
gp nhiu ln.
Theo iu kin hot ng ngi ta chia enzym ra lm 2 loi:
- Enzym khng cn cng t ( cofactor) l cc enzym c bn cht l protein thun,
chng gm cc enzym thy phn. V d : pepsin, trypsin, cathepsin.
- Enzym cn cng t: l cc enzym protein tp gm 2 phn : protein thun +
cng t (cofactor).
3.2.1.4 C ch xc tc chung ca enzym:
A). Phc hp enzym c cht v nng lng hot ha:
16
Bo co nhm 1
Phc hp ES: hp cht trung gian : trong phn ng enzym c s to thnh phc hp
tm thi ES ; sau S ( Substance) -----> sn phm P ( product) v enzym gii phng
t do.
E + ES -------> p + E
+ Nng lng hot ha: l nng lng cn thit a vo nng phn t ln trng
thi kt hp hay hot ha.
A + B C + D
( GAB) ( GCD)
GAB > GCD ----> G = GCD - GAB < 0 => trn nguyn tc phn ng
c th t xy ra c nhng thc t phn ng ch xy ra khi c cht phn ng
trng thi hot ha ( kch thch)



Hnh 3. th nng lng hot ha
B).Tnh c hiu ca enzym
17
Bo co nhm 1
* c hiu c cht : enzym tc ng c hiu ln 1 c cht (c hiu tuyt i) hay
mt s cht c cu to phn t gn ging nhau.
VD:
- Uraz : Ur + H2O CO2 + NH3
- Sacaraz : Saccaraz + H2O Fructoz + Glucoz
- Amylaz : Tinh bt, glycogen + H2O Maltoz +Glucoz
* c hiu lp th : enzym ch tc dng ln mt trong hai dng ng phn hot
quang. Th d hu ht enzym chuyn ha acid amin ch tc dng ln L-acid amin m
khng tc dng ln D-acid amin
* c hiu phn ng : mt c cht bin ha theo nhiu phn ng khc nhau, mi
phn ng c enzym c hiu.
Th d 3 phn ng ca acid amin :
Oxy ha nh oxydaze :
CH
3
NH
2
CHCOOH + O
2
CH
3
COCOOH + NH
3

Kh carboxyl nh decarboxylaze :
CH
3
NH
2
CHCOOH CH
3
CH
2
NH
2
+ CO
2

Chuyn amin nh transaminaz :
NH
2
CH
2
COOH+ C
2
H
5
COCOOH HCOCOOH + C
2
H
5
NH
2
CHCOOH
C). Cc yu t nh hng n tc ca phn ng enzyme
C rt nhiu yu t nh hng n tc phn ng ca enzyme, nh l nng
enzyme, nng c cht, cht km hm, nhit , PH, nh sng
* xt nh hng ca nhit v pH.
C1). nh hng cu nhit
Ta c th tng vn tc ca mt phn ng ha hc bng cch tng nhit mi
trng, hin tng ny tun theo quy lut Vant-Hoff. iu ny c ngha khi tng
nhit ln 10
0
C th tc phn ng tng ln khang 2 ln.
18
Bo co nhm 1
i vi phn ng do enzyme xc tc cng c th p dng c quy lut ny nhng
ch trong mt phm vi nht nh,v bn cht enzyme l protein.Khi ta tng nhit
ln trn 40-50
0
C xy ra qu trnh ph hu cht xc tc. Sau nhit ti u tc
phn ng do enzyme xc tc s gim. Nh tn ti nhit ti u ngi ta phn bit
phn ng ho sinh vi cc phn ng v c thng thng.
Mi enzyme c mt nhit ti u khc nhau, phn ln ph thuc ngun cung cp
enzyme, thng thng trong khong t 40-60
0
C , cng c enzyme c nhit ti
u rt cao nh cc enzyme ca nhng chng a nhit. Cc chng vi sinh vt a nhit,
c bit cc vi khun chu nhit c cha enzyme chu nhit cao.

Hnh 6.10. nh hng ca nhit ln hat enzyme
C2). nh hng ca pH
S phn li khc nhau ca mt phn t protein cc gi tr pH khc nhau lm thay i
tnh cht ca trung tm lin kt vi c cht v tnh cht hot ng ca phn t
enzyme.iu ny dn n gi tr xc tc khc nhau ph thuc vo gi tr pH. Nh
bit mi enzyme c mt pH ti u,mi enzyme c ng biu din nh hng pH ln
vn tc phn ng do chng xc tc. ng biu din c dng nh hnh sau:
19
Bo co nhm 1

Hnh 6.10. nh hng ca pH ln hat enzyme


nh hng ca gi tr pH n tc dng enzyme c th do cc c s sau:
1).Enzyme c s thay i khng thun nghch phm vi pH cc hp.
2). hai sn ca pH ti u c th xy ra s phn ly nhm prosthetic hay coenzyme.
3).Lm thay i mc ion ho hay phn ly c cht.
4). Lm thay i mc ion ho nhm chc nht nh trn phn t enzyme dn n lm
thay i i lc lin kt ca enzyme vi c cht v thay i hot tnh cc i.
4. MT S NG DNG CN BNG HA HC TRONG SINH HC
4.1.THN IU HO CN BNG ACID - BASE CA MU.
Trong qu trnh sng c th lun to ra cc sn phm lm bin i tnh hng nh ca
ni mi. Trong c cn bng acid-base. Ngi ta nhn thy rng phn ng iu
chnh pH mu ca thn c mun hn nhng li rt c hiu qa. S iu ho c
thc hin mt cch hon ho vai tr ca thn trong s bi tit H
+
, ti hp thu
HCO
3
-
,tng hp v bi tit NH
3
.
4.1.1. Bi tit H
+
Trong iu kin sinh l, thn o thi khi c th phn tha cc acid do chnh c th
to ra trong qu trnh chuyn ho m phi khng th m nhim c.Thng thng
nc tiu thi ra ngoi c phn ng acid, pH ca n bng 4,5 v nng H
+
t do ti
800 ln cao hn huyt tng. Nng H
+
trong nc tiu vo khong 0,03m Eq/l.
Bnh thng hai thn thi 0,03-0,06 mEq H
+
/24h.
20
Bo co nhm 1
H
+
c to ra do qu trnh :

CO
2
+ H
2
O H
2
CO
3
(c enzym carboanhydrase xc tc).
Sau :
H
2
CO
3
H
+
v HCO
3
-
.
H
+
c vn chuyn qua mng t bo, c mt phn nh H
+
khuch tn qua mng t
bo vo lng ng ln, c s trao i vi Na
+
cho Na
+
ti hp thu cng HCO
3
-
vo
dch gian bo.
S bi tit H
+
c lin quan cht ch vi cc h m ca ng thn: h m phosphat,
h m cc acid hu c yu (creatin, acid citric, acid lactic, cc b oxy acid bo).
Trong h m phosphat l quan trng nht. Vi h m phosphat khi pH mu
bng 7,36 trong mu c 80% phosphat tn ti dng HPO
4
--
v 20% dng HPO
4
-
.
Trong nc tiu, khi pH nc tiu =6,8 th nng cc ion ny ngang nhau, cn khi
pH nc tiu=4,5 th trn 99% phosphat tn ti dng H
2
PO
4
-
.
Nh vy trong qu trnh to thnh nc tiu acid xy ra hin tng:

HPO
4
--
+ H
+
----> H
2
PO
4
--
(H
2
PO
4
--
b siu lc cu thn)

Mt phn t gam phosphat b o thi s ko theo l 0,8mEq H
+
ra nc tiu .
Nh vy trong qu trnh to thnh acid c s kt hp ca H
+
vi cc h m ca ng
thn, hoc lm gim ho tr ca cc anion, hoc chuyn anion thnh phn t trung
tnh. Phn tha cation tng i b ti hp thu vo mu (thng l Na
+
). S to thnh
H
+
trong t bo ng ln lm xut hin HCO
3
-
v n s hp thu vo mu cng vi
Na
+
.
4.1.2. Ti hp thu HCO
3
-
.
HCO
3
-
l cht kim ch yu ca huyt tng. N cn c ti hp thu khi o thi
acid v b o thi khi pH mu kim. Bnh thng khi pH nc tiu=4,5 th HCO
3
-
c
hm lng qu thp (ch c vt). Trong 24h c khong 400mEq HCO
3
-
b siu lc,
21
Bo co nhm 1
m ch c 1-2mEq HCO
3
-
b thi ra ngoi. Ngha l 99,9% HCO
3
-
c ti hp
thu.
S ti hp thu HCO
3
-
c lin quan rt cht ch vi enzym carboanhydrase
(carboanhydrase nm pha mng nh t bo ng ln gn). C mt phn HCO
3
-

c khuch tn vo dch gian bo, cn i b phn HCO
3
-
khng phi c vn
chuyn trc tip qua mng t bo m thng qua s khuch tn d dng ca CO
2
vo
t bo ng ln.
CO
2
l lng ng ln do to ra t phn ng:
H
2
CO
3
H
2
O + CO
2

H
2
CO
3
c to thnh trong lng ng ln t phn ng:
HCO
3
-
+ H
+
H
2
CO
3
(HCO
3
-
b lc tiu cu)
C mt phn CO
2
t dch gian bo khuch tn vo t bo.
trong t bo c qu trnh c bn sau:
CO
2
+ H
2
O H
2
CO
3
(c enzym carboanhydrase xc tc).
H
2
CO
3
H
+
v HCO
3
-
.
Chnh HCO
3
-
c to ra trong t bo ng ln mi c hp thu vo dch gian bo
ri vo mu. Nu tim vo c th cc cht c ch enzym carboanhydase (v d nh
acetasolamid) th nc tiu c rt nhiu HCO
3
-
. Trong trng hp ny ta li thy
HCO
3
-
c ti hp thu cn H
+
li c o thi. Trong iu kin ngh ngi bnh
thng nc tiu gn nh khng c kim HCO
3
-
.
4.1.3.Tng hp v bi tit NH
3
.
Thn c mt chc nng rt quan trng l to ra NH
3
. Trn c s o thi NH
3
thn
mt ln na li o thi acid. Nng NH
3
mu ng mch thn rt thp, v d l 1
th trong mu tnh mch nng ca n kh cao, l 2-3 cn c bit nng cht ny
trong nc tiu ln n 100 ln cao hn.
NH
3
c to ra t bo ng ln l do qu trnh kh amin rt mnh ca cc tin
cht l: glutamin, alanin, histidin, glycin, leucin, methionin, lysin ... Trong
glutamin l quan trng nht, 60% NH
3
c to ra t glutamin. NH
3
sau khi c to
22
Bo co nhm 1
thnh d dng khuch tn qua mng t bo (NH
3
d ho tan trong lipid) vo lng ng
ln do chnh lch phn p.
Trong lng ng ln xy ra phn ng:
NH
3
+
+ H
+
NH
4
+

Dng NH
3

o thi ra theo nc tiu l dng kt hp NH
4
Cl (Cl
-
c phn ly ra
t NaCl trong lng ng ln) y cng l mt c ch na c lin quan ti bi tit
H
+
ca thn. Trong 24 gi c 40-60mEq NH
4
+
c o thi ra ngoi theo nc
tiu.
Ngi ta phi tha nhn rng mt trong nhng chc nng quan trng nht ca thn
l iu chnh cn bng acid-base ca mu.
Nu pH mu tng (nhim kim), thn s gim bi tit H
+
, gim ti hp thu HCO
3
-
,
gim tng hp v bi tit NH
3
lm cho nc tiu kim.
Nu pH mu gim (nhim acid), thn s tng bi tit H
+
, tng ti hp thu HCO
3
-
,
tng tng hp v bi tit NH
3
; nc tiu rt acid. V vy, thn m bo cho pH
mu hng nh.
4.2. THN IU HO HUYT P
Thn iu ho huyt p thng qua b my cn tiu cu. Khi huyt p gim, khi lu
lng tun hon qua thn gim, t bo ht ca b my cn tiu cu tng tit Renin.
Renin c bn cht cu trc l mt glucoprotein, bn cht chc nng l mt enzym,
tc ng ln mt c cht c trong mu v bch huyt do gan sn xut l
angiotensinogen (bn cht l a
2
- globulin, c 14 acid amin), chuyn
angiotensinogen thnh angiotensin I (10 acid amin).
Angiotensinogen Angiotensin I (10 acid amin)
Di tc dng ca convertin enzym (CE), mt enzym ca phi, angitensin I
chuyn thnh angiotensin II (8 acid amin).
Angitensin I Angiotensin II (8 acid amin).
Angiotensin II l mt cht c hot tnh sinh hc cao, c kh nng gy co mch
v kch thch qu trnh tng tng hp v bi tit aldosteron. Aldosteron lm tng
23
Bo co nhm 1
ti hp thu Na
+
ng ln xa lm tng Na
+
mu v gi nc. Chnh v hai tc
dng ny m angiotensin II lm cho huyt p tng ln
Trong lm sng ta c th gp bnh tng huyt p do vim thn mn tnh, do cht
hp ng mch thn. Da theo c ch tng huyt p do angiotensin, ngi ta s
dng cc thuc c ch enzym chuyn, ngn cn qu trnh to angiotensin II.
4.3.X DNG ENZYM TRONG X L PH THI
4.3.1.i vi mt s ion kim loi
Trong cc enzyme peroxidase th enzyme atalase, peroxidase v manganese
peroxidase c nghin cu nhiu phc v cho vic pht hin mt s ion kim loi
c cho mi trng nh: Hg
+2
, Pb
+2
, Cd
+2
, Cr
+6
, Mn
+2
.
Peroxidase c ci nga (Horseradish peroxidase-HRP) c k hiu EC 1.11.1.7, tc
ng nh catalase, xc tc phn ng c hiu. HRP l mt trong nhng enzyme c
nghin cu nhiu nht c lin quan ti phng php x l rc thi bng enzyme.
HRP c th xc tc phn ng oxy ho mt ph rng cc hp cht thm c bao gm
phenol, biphenol, aniline, benzidine v cc hp cht thm d vng nh
hydroxyquinoline v arylamine carcinogen nh benzidine vnaphthylamine. Sn
phm phn ng c polyme ho thng qua qu trnh khng c enzyme xc tc dn
ti hnh thnh cc cht kt ta c th d dng loi b khi nc hoc nc thi nh
qu trnh lng ng hoc lc.
HRP c bit ph hp vi x l nc thi bi n gi nguyn hot tnh phm vi
rng pH v nhit . HRP c kh nng lm kt ta nhiu cht thi kh loi b, cng
vi nhiu hp cht d loi b hn bng cch hnh thnh cc polimer phc tp c tnh
cht tng t nh cc sn phm polimer ca cc hp cht d loi b. Mt h qu ca
c tnh ny i vi cc loi nc thi nguy him c chng t khi ngi ta thy
rng cc cht biphenyl c polichloride ho c th b loi b khi dung dch khi kt
ta vi phenol.
4.3.2.i vi ph thi l polysaccharide thc vt.
vic thy phn cellulose, hay ni mt cch ng n hn l thy phn cc
24
Bo co nhm 1
polysaccharide ca thc vt, khng phi ch mt hoc hai enzyme l , m cn ti
mt h enzyme. Chnh v vy, c nhiu nghin cu cp n vic sn xut cc
ch phm bao gm mt s enzyme x l ph thi l cc polysaccharide thc vt.
V d:
ch phm enzyme t nm Econase c s dng nghin cu hiu qu ca cc
enzyme thu phn cellulose i vi vic x l MSW. Ch phm Econase c thnh
phn chnh l endo-1,4- -Dglucosidase (EC 3.2.1.4), cellobiohydrolase v exo-1,4-
-D-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.74) v mt s cc enzyme khc.Vi cc tnh cht nh nu
trn, cc enzyme cellulase c nhng ng dng trong lnh vc x l nc thi nh
my giy Nguyn liu lm giy l g, sinh khi ca thc vt bc cao. Sinh khi ny
cha rtnhiu loi polysaccharide, trong cc polysaccharide quan trng quyt nh
n cht lng s lng giy nh cellulose. Ngoi ra, cn c cc polysaccharide khc
cng gp phn quan trng nh aminopectin, pectin, xylans, galactomannan, V
vy, nc thi ca cc nh my giy, cc c s ch bin g cc xng mc, cc
xng sn xut my tre an u cha cc loi polysaccharide nu trn. Do , ngoi
cc enzyme nu trn, vi mc ch x l trit nc thi loi ny, cn c th s
dng b sung mt s enzyme khc phn hu cc polysaccharide khc ngoi
cellulose.
V d:
S dng mannobiohydrolase (EC 3.2.1.10) gi l exo- -mannanase hoc mannan
1,2-(1,3)- - mannosidase (EC 3.2.1.77) v endo- - mannanase (EC 3.2.1.78) ph
hu mannan, galactanase (EC 3.2.1.89) cn gi l arabinogalactanase ph hu
arabinogalactan. Cellulases v Hemicellulases ph hu hemicellulose. Hai enzyme
cui ny c th sn xut t nhiu chng vi sinh vt, trong c Cellulomonas
biazotea.
4.3.3. Enzyme tham gia vo qu trnh kh c cc kim loi nng. Kh nhim arsen.
Cc kim loi nng nh arsenic, ng, cadmi, ch, crom v mt s kim loi khc, u
l nhng cht nhim nguy him tm thy trong mt s dng nc thi cng nghip
25
Bo co nhm 1
v m khai thc cng nh cc cht thi rn, bn thi. Hin nay, vn nhim arsen
ang l vn thi s, cn cp bch gii quyt. V vy vic s dng enzyme vi sinh
gp phn vo gii quyt vn ny. Trong cuc sng, con ngi tip xc vi arsen
qua khng kh, nc ung v thc n.
Lng arsen i vo c th hng ngy c 20 - 300g vi khong 25% l arsen v c,
phn cn li l arsen hu c. Cc dng arsen hu c trong thc n nh l
asenobetain, asenocholin tng i khng c, ngc li cc dng arsen v c li rt
c, vi liu lng gy cht ngi l 100-200 mg oxyt arsen. Trn th gii, ngun
nc ngm c cha arsen trn 50g/L c pht hin nhiu nc nh Achentina,
Mehic, Myanma, Vit Nam, v.v...
Vit Nam, theo kt qu nghin cu ca nhiu tc gi cho thy, hm lng arsen
trong cc ging khoan c nng ti 50g/L, thm ch c ni cao hn 150g/L. Nh
vy vn nhim arsen trong nc ging khoan dng cho sinh hot ti nng thn
v ngay c mt s ni trong thnh ph ca Vit Nam l mt thc trng ng lo ngi
nh hng ti sc kho con ngi.Vic x l nhim c arsen bng phng php
ho hc rt kh khn,v vy vic s dng phng php enzyme c th khc phc
c nhng kh khn m phng php ha hc cha gii quyt c.
Nguyn tc chung ca phng php enzyme l chuyn ho Arsenite (ho tr III) rt
c thnh Arsenat (ho tr V) t c hn,hoc chuyn ho Arsen dng v c sang
dng hu c. Arsen trong dng hu c t c hn trong dng v c.

As
+3
As
+4


V d:
Enzyme Arsenate reductase (cn gi l arseniteoxidase) (EC 1.20.98.1) t chng
Alcaligenesfaecalis, xc tc cho phn ng chuyn ho Arsenite (ho tr III) rt c
thnh Arsenate(ho tr V) t c hn, hoc arsenatereductase (EC 1.20.99.1) (cn gi
26
Bo co nhm 1
l glutaredoxin), t chng Chrysiogenesarsenatis xc tc phn ng chuyn ho
Arsenite.
Arseniteoxidase
As
+3
As
+4

Cht cho electron phn ng ny c th l benzylviologen hoc mt s cht khc
hoc cng c th chuyn ho arsenite dng v c sang dng hu c (methylarsonate)
nh Arsenite methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.137) xc tc phn ng chuyn ho cc
arsenite thnh methylarsonate t c hn nh S-adenosyl-L-methionine.

S-adenosyl-L-methionine
Arsenite Methylarsonate

4.3.4 Enzyme tham gia vo x l cc cht c hot tnh b mt
Cc tc nhn c hot tnh b mt hay hot ng b mt l cc cht hu c, l cc
phn t c tnh phn cc mnh v l thnh phn c bn ca cht ty. Cc cht c hot
tnh b mt c th gy ra s nhim nghim trng khi nng cao v d nh t
cc nh my x phng, h thng thot nc thnh ph v c th pht sinh cc hin
tng khng mong mun nh vic to bt. Alkylsulfatase t Pseudomonas C12B
Pseudomonas putida hoc t Pseudomonasaeruginosa c th lm gim hiu sut cc
cht c hot tnh b mt xung ti nng 750 mg dm
-3
. Enzyme ny c hiu vi
cc gc alkyl sulfate, v c th ph hu hon ton gc alkyl sulfate, alkyl ethoxy
sulfate hoc aryl sulfonate trong cc cht c hot tnh b mt. Tuy nhin, trn thc t,
enzyme nykhng th tn cng cc alkane sulfonate. Ni chung, alkylsulfatase ha
hn mt ng dng trong tng lai v vic x l mt phm vi rng cc cht c hot
tnh b mt c trongnc thi.
4.3.5. Enzyme x l cht thi xyanua, Cyanide hydratase
27
Bo co nhm 1
Ngi ta c tnh rng mi nm c khong 3 triu tn xyanua c s dng trn ton
th gii vo cc mc ch cng nghip khc nhau nh cc sn phm ho hc trung
gian, tng hp t si, cao su v dc liu cng nh cc m qung v m kim. Ngoi
ra, nhiu loi thc vt, vi sinh vt v cn trng cng c kh nng thi ra HCN cng
vi cc enzyme thy phn. Cui cng, thc phm hu ht u cha mt hm lng
ng k xyanua bt ngun t cyanogenic glycoside c ngun gc t mt vi loi thc
phm. Khi c mt xyanua s c ch qu trnh trao i cht, c th gy cht ngi v
cc sinh vt khc, cn phi loi b chng trc khi thi ra mi trng.
Cyanide hydratase (EC 4.2.1.66), hoc formamide hydro-lyase l mt enzyme c kh
nng chuyn ho cyanide trong nc thi cng nghip thnh amoniac v formate
thng qua mt bc phn ng. Cyanide hydratase c phn lp t mt vi loi nm
v c to ra t nm khi nng xyanua thp. Khi c c nh, tnh bn ca
Cyanide hydratase tng ln nhiu v enzyme t Gloeocercospora sprrghi bn vng
hn t Stemphylium loti. Cyanide hydratase t nm thch hp x l cc cht thi
cng nghip cha xyanua.

Cyanide hydratase
Cyanide ( nc thi cng nghip) NH
3
+ HCOOH

Hot tnh ca cyanidase khng b nh hng bi cc ion thng thng c mt trong
nc thi (v d nh Fe2+, Zn2+ v Ni2+), hay bi cc cht hu c nh acatat,
formamide,acetamide v acetonitrile. pH ti u trong khong 7.8-8.3 v mt hot tnh
hon ton, khng phc hi khi pH cao hn 8.3.Tm li, vic s dng enzyme trong
x l ph thi c mt tng lai y ha hn. yl mt trong nhng hng nghin
cu ngdng s dng c hiu qu enzyme trongcng ngh x l ph thi sinh hot
nc ta hin nay.

28
Bo co nhm 1





TI LIU THAM KHO
Ti liu ting Vit

1. Qu Hai. 2004. Gio trnh Ha sinh i cng, Ti liu lu hnh ni b
Trng HKH Hu.
2.L Ngc T (ch bin), L Vn Ch, ng Th Thu, Phm Quc Thng Nguyn
Th Thnh, Bi c Hi, Lu Dun, L Don Din, 2000. Ha sinh Cng nghip,
Nxb KH&KT, H Ni.
Ti liu ting Anh
1. Bergmeyer H. U. 1968. Methods of enzymatic analysis, translated from the third
German edition, Acanamic, New York.
2. Copeland R. A. 2000. Enzymes, copyright by Wiley-VCH, Inc.
3. Lehninger A. L. 2004. Principles of Biochemistry, 4
th
Edition. W.H Freeman.
4. Mikkelsen S. R. 2004. Bioanalytical chemistry, copyright by John Wiley & Sons,
Inc.
5. Atkinson B and Mavituna F. 1991. Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology
Handbook. 2
nd
ed. Stockton Press, New York, USA.
6. Flickinger MC and Drew SW. 1999. Encyclopedia of Bioprocess Technology:
Fermentation, Biocatalysis and Bioseparation. John Wiley & Sons, New York, USA.