0

B GIO DC V O TO
TRNG I HC NNG LM THNH PH H CH MINH
B MN CNG NGH HA HC






GVHD: o Ngc Duy
Nguyn Bo Vit
NHM THC HIN:
1/LuTh Phng 09139136
2/V Lng Nghi 09139108
3/o Trn M Phng 09139133
4/L Khnh Linh 09139089
5/Nguyn Vn Giu 10139048
6/Nguyn Minh Tun 10139267
7/Cao Tng Phi 10139166
Tp.HCM,ngy 30 thng 9 nm 2011
1

MC LC
I/TNH HNH N MN V BO V KIM LOI 1
II/I CNG V N MN...2
1/nh Ngha...3
2/Phn Loi.3
2.1 Theo c cu ca qu trnh n n..3
2.2 Theo iu in ca qu trnh n n.3
2.3 Theo c trng ca n n.3
3/Cn Bng in Ha...5
3.1/Gii thiu..5
3.2/Phn ng in ha...6
3.3/C ch n n..7
III/ng Dng Cn Bng in Ha Trong n Mn V Bo v Ki loi..8
1/Bo V Ant8
2/Bo V Catt...9
2.1/Bo v catt bng protector..9
2.2/Bo v catt bng dng in ngoi10
3/M in.12
4/H thng chng n n tu bng phng php bo v
Cathode............................................................................................16

2

I.Tnh hnh n n v bo v i loi cu th gii v Vit Na
n mn nghim trng v kinh t, sc khe, an ton, hu qu, cng ngh v vn ha
cho x hi ca chng ti.
Kinh t:
m 1976 tng chi ph n mn kim oi ca M 70 t, chim 4,2 ca tng sn
phm quc gia.
Y t:
hng nm gn y nhn thy vic s dng ngy cng tng ca cc b phn gi
bng kim oi trong c thVD: chn, a, khp hng, my iu ha nhp tim. Hp kim
mi v k thut cy ghp tt hn c pht trin, nhng n mn tip tc to ra vn .
VD: tht bi thng qua kt ni b hng my iu ha nhp tim, vim gy ra bi cc sn
phm n mn trong cc m xung quanh cy ghp, v gy xng chu trng ng thit b
k thut vin chnh hnh. .
An ton:
Mt vn thm ch cn quan trng hn n mn cc cu trc, c th dn n chn
thng nghim trng hoc thm ch mt c ca cuc sng. n mn gp phn vo tht bi
ca cc cu, my bay, t, ng ng dn kh
Cng ngh :
Mt s ng n ca s pht trin ca cng ngh mi c t chc tr i vn n
mn v nhng vt iu cn thit chu c, trong nhiu trng hp cng mt c, nhit
cao hn, p sut cao hn, v mi trng cao n mn hn. Vd: khoan du bin v
trn t in, in quan n vic khc phc cc vn nh vy n mn nh sufide cng
thng n mn, n mn vi sinh, v mt mng n cc kh khn in quan n vic m vic
trong mi trng bin n mn.
Vn ha:
Mi quan tm quc t c nh thc bi vic tit s suy thoi nghim trng ca
ngh thut v vn ha ng k bc tng bng ng m vng ti Venice, Itay. Qu trnh
n mn s y nhanh s suy thoi hin vt qu . Bn trong bo tng bo tn ca th gii
v ao ng phc ch bo v kho tng vn ha chng i s tn ph ca n mn hoc xa
b du vt ca n t cc to tc ngh thut, vn ho quan trng.

3

II.i cng n n:
nh ngha:
n mn kim oi s t ph hu kim oi do tc dng ho hc v in ho gia
chng vi mi trng bn ngoi
i mt cch khc n mn qu trnh chuyn bin kim oi t dng nguyn t thnh hp
cht. n mn thng bt u xy ra trn b mt kim oi, ri qu trnh pht trin vo
su km theo s bin i thnh phn v tnh cht ho ca kim oi v hp kim.im oi
c th ho tan mt phn hay ton b to ra cc sn phm n mn di dng kt ta trn
b mt kim oip g,oxy,hydrat.
hn oi:
2.1.Theo c cu ca qu trnh n mn
-n mn ho hc
-n mn in ho
2.2.Theo iu kin ca qu trnh n mn
- n mn kh
- n mn kh quyn
- n mn cht in gii
- n mn trong t
- n mn do dng in ngoi
- n mn do tip xc
- n mn do Vi sinh vt
2.3 theo c trng ca n mnhnh 1.1
-n mn iu thp cacbon trong dung dch acid sunphuaric
4


n mn khng uthp cacbon trong nc bin

-n mn chn a,tc ch 1 pha b ph hugang trong acid)

-n mn vt, to thnh nhng vt di trn b mtng thau trong nc bin

-n mn h n mn trong t

5

n mn im,ng knh t 0.1-2mm thp khng g trong nc bin


-n mn di b mt

-n mn gia cc tinh ththp Crom 500- 800
0
C)

3n mn in ha:
3.1.ii thiu:
6

hi nghin cu s m vic ca pin Cu-n trong dung dch in gii no ta thy
pha n mn dn do hin tng ho tan.nh vy zn ng vai tr anod trong pin Cu-
zn.Cc phn ng in cc xy ra nh sau:Cu
2+
(l) +Zn(r) = Cu(r) +Zn
2+
(l)

Trong thc t qu trnh n mn xy ra trn cng 1 kim oi,ngha trn ng thi xy
ra qu trnh anod v catod,a n s ph hu kim oi



3.2.hn ng in ho:
hn ng in ho c s dng rng ri trong k thut v i sng.Tuy nhin trong
n mn v trong nghnh m in vn cn quan tm chnh c tnh ca b mt
phn pha gia kim oi v dung dch:VD:tc phn ng ti b mt,tnh cht ca p
mng trn b mt hoc hnh dng ca b mt.Cng c kho st v nghin cu cc tnh
cht trn th v dng.T hai thng s ny chng ta c th suy un mi th c th xy
ra trn b mt phn pha.hi chng ta nhng 1 thanh kim oi vo dung dch in i,th
kim oi c khuynh hng phn ng vi dung dch in i :kim oi c th ho tan to
thnh cation hoc cc cation trong dung dch c th kt ta thnh kim oi:VD:
t qu ca nhng phn ng ny kim oi c khuynh hng tch t in tch m hoc
dng. tch t nhng in tch ny s m thay i in th ca kim oi v in th s
7

t n gi tr khi tc ca 2 phn ng t cn bng.in th ny gi in th cn
bng.
Trong n mn kim oi c 2 phn ng quan trng khc phn ng kh oxy ho tan
to thnh ion hydroxy v phn ng kh ion hydro hoc phn t nc to thnh kh
hidro:
cn bng gia 1 hoc nhiu phn ng catod vi phn ng anod ho tan kim oi th ta
xc nh c mt chng n mn.Mt trong nhng ng dng ca phng php in
ho nghin cu n mn xc nh n ca mt dng n mn v c ch ca qu
trnh n mn.
3.3.C ch n mn in ho

ho tan in ho hc kim oi mt qu trnh phc tp bao gm 3 qu trnh:
Qu trnh anod:
Qu trnh anod qu trnh xy ra khu vc m kim oi b ion ho v chuyn vo dung
dch,do trn b mt kim oi d 1 oi in t tng ng.Qu trnh xy ra theo phng
trnh:
ne Me + mH
2
O Me
+n
. mH
2
O

Qu trnh ny kim oi b mt in t,n b oxi ho.
8

Qu trnh catod:
Qu trnh catod qu trnh xy ra khu vc m cc ion,nguyn t hoc phn t ca
cht in i nhn in t trn b mt kim oi.Ta gi cc ion ,nguyn t,phn t cht
kh cc.Cht kh cc nhn in t d trn b mt kim oi theo phng
trnh:D+ne[D.ne]
Qu trnh chuyn in t:
hi hai qu trnh in cc xy ra ng thi c s chuyn in t t vng anod sang vung
catod.Trong dung dch in i cng c s chuyn cation v anion tng ng.
h vy qu trnh n mn kim oi xy ra ng thi vi s xut hin dng in gia 2
cc khc nhau ca kim oi.Vng kim oi b ho tan ng vai r cc dnganod,vng
kia ng vai tr cc manod
III.NG DNG CN BNG IN HA TRONG N MN V
BO V KIM LOI:

1.Bo v anod:
Ta thy rng nhiu trng hp kim oi b th ng c th nng cao bn ca n bng
cch chuyn in th in cc v pha dng hn .Mun thc hin c iu ny ta ni
kim oi cn bo v vi cc dng ca ngun mt chiu hay ni kim oi cn bo v vi
kim oi c in th cc dng hn , nhng hin nay vic ng dng bo v anod vo thc
t cn nhiu hn ch.hng php bo v anod ch yu nng cao bn ca thp
cacbon ,thp khng g,hay titan trong 1 s mi trng nh xt c,acid sunphuaric c
nng cao.
Dng in bo v phi duy tr thng xuyn khi dng in chnh b ngt th phi c dng
ph.
Anot bo v c xut bo v thp khng g st v mt s mi trng mt s
trong c hin th di y.
Trao i nhit bng thp khng g c s dng x axt sufuric m c
Gang trong axit sulfuric si
Mt s oi thp khng g trong axit axetic
Thp trong mt s oi ca phn bn c cha phosphate
Mt s thp v thp khng g trong axit photphoric trong cc nh my v tu ch
du
9

. Mt c trng ca mi trng ny h thng khng gy ra cc oi r hoc n mn
a phng khc. . im sot tim nng trn kh nng n mn c th gy n mn cc b
nu mi trng c cha cc cht v d nh corua c bit bt u n mn cc b
ca cc hp kim c bo v
Mun tin hnh bo v anod th phi tun theo cc iu kin sau:
-Trong mi trng c kim oi phi c kh nng th ng khi phn cc anod
--dng in b duy tr trng thi th ng m bo bn n mn cao.tiu hao nng
ng t.Tuy nhin ,c u phi cn mt dng n vt qua dng gii hn n
vng th ng c kim oi.
-m bo c dng in thng xuyn khi bo v anod
-Vng in th hiu qu phi n
Tuy nhin bo v anod thng gp mt s kh khn nh sau:
-Bi v anod khng thc hin c phn kim oi khng tip xc vi dung dch
-Dng in ban u cho s th ng anod n nn cn phi c dng c khng ch in
th v duy tr dng in
-t kh khn bo v cho cc ng ng dn di
-Trong dung dch c cha cc ion hot ng nh C
-
, th phi dng n p khng ch
in th in cc ca kim oi vng th ng nhng phi di in th n mn
2.Bo v catod:
guyn ca phng php ny cp cho cc kt cu thp mt dng in
khng xy ra cc phn ng ant trn b mt thp. Vng ca tt vn xy ra cc phn ng ca
tt bnh thng nhng vi mc n hn. Dng in t bn ngoi c th tnh ton n
gi tr dng ant b trit tiu hoc xoay ngc chiu. hi , ti cc vng ant, s
xy ra cc phn ng ca tt v khng cn s n mn. C hai phng php bo v ca tt:
s dng ant hy sinh v dng in ngoi.
2.1 bo v catod bng Protector:
10


im oi cn bo v cng trnh hoc thit b bng thp c ni vi mt kim oi khc
c in th in cc m hn Hnh 1. Trong qu trnh m vic, kim oi hot ng
nh mt ant, b ha tan vo mi trng bo v cho cng trnh khi b n mn-t
c tn gi "ant hy sinh", hay protector.

2.2 Bo v catod bng dng in ngoi:
Bo v catod bng dng in ngoi c p t nh sau:
11



Anod ph c ch to t ph iu,r tin.Tuy nhin thng s dng anod ph in
cc khng tan
Mt s vt iu c s dng m anod ph nh sau:

12


Hai im khc so vi s bo v bng ant hy sinh :
- Dng dng in bn ngoi phn cc, khc vi dng in t hy sinh trong s
bo v bng ant hy sinh.
- Vt iu ant khng nht thit phi vt iu hy sinh.
Dng in ngoi y t in i, qua h th v chnh u tr thnh ngun mt
chiu. gun in bn ngoi c nhim v cung cp dng nh mc bo v khng i
trong sut thi gian vn hnh n tt c cc in tch cn bo v.

Tm i chn cch bo v bng protector hay bng dng in ngoi ph thuc ch
yu vo cng trnh cn c bo v.i vi cng trnh nh phng php dng protector
kinh t hn.hng php ny c u im in th bo v phn b u
Bo v catod bng dng ngoi c dng bo v nhng in tch n,nhng
phng pho ny c th xy ra nguy c qu bo v.gha in th in cc cc b
ca cng trnh tr nn qu m n ni tc ca phn ng:2H
2
O+2e=h+2OH
-
tr nn
ng k.
Cc phng php bo v trn thng c dng kt hp vi cc p ph cch in,nn
vng tc dng bo v ca protector tng n rt nhiu.
3. Phng php in
Khi ni :
13

K thut m in hay k thut Gavano y theo tn nh khoa hc 1Luigi
Galvani, tn gi ca qu trnh in ha ph p kim oi n mt vt.
Trong qu trnh m in, vt cn m c gn vi cc m catt, kim oi m gn
vi cc dng ant ca ngun in trong dung dch in mi. Cc dng ca ngun in
s ht cc eectron e
-
trong qu trnh xi ha v gii phng cc ion kim oi dng, di
tc dng c tnh in cc ion dng ny s di chuyn v cc m, ti y chng nhn i
e
-
trong qu trnh xi ha kh hnh thnh p kim oi bm trn b mt ca vt c m.
dy ca p m t thun vi cng dng in ca ngun v thi gian m.
V d: m ng trong dung dch in mi O
4
2-
, ti cc dng:
Cu Cu
2+
+ 2e
-

Cu
2
+ SO
4
2-
CuO
4

CuSO
4
d tan trong dung dch, ti cc m
CuSO
4
Cu
2+
+ SO
4
2-

Cu
2+
+ 2e
-
Cu
S hnh thnh lp in
M in mt cng ngh in phn. Qu trnh tng qut : Trn anot xy ra qu trnh
ha tan kim oi anot
M ne M
n+

-Trn 1catot xy ra qu trnh cation phng in tr thnh kim oi m:
M
n+
+ ne M
Thc ra qu trnh trn xy ra theo nhiu bc in tip nhau, bao nhiu giai on
ni tip nhau nh: qu trnh cation hidrat ha di chuyn t dung dch vo b mt catot
qu trnh khuch tn ; cation mt p v hidrat, vo tip xc trc tip vi b mt catot
(qu trnh hp ph) in t chuyn t catot in vo vnh ha tr ca cation, bin n
thnh nguyn t kim oi trung ha (qu trnh phng in)
in kt ta kim oi trn catot s ch din ra khi no in th catot dch chuyn
khi v tr cn bng v pha m mt ng khc phc cc tr c.
iu in xut hin tinh th
Trong iu kin in kt ta kim oi trong dung dch, yu t quyt nh tc to
mm tinh th t s gia mt dng in catot Dc v mt dng trao i i
0
:
14

= D
c
/ i
0

Mt khc, theo phng trnh Tafel :
= a + b.og D
c

Suy rng ra, mi yu t m tng phn cc catot u cho p m c tinh th nh mn, v
ngc i. Cc mm tinh th ban u mi xut hin c u tin tham gia vo mng i
tinh th ca kim oi nn v tr c i nht v mt nng ng. nhng ch tp
trung nhiu nguyn t gn nht, v nng ng d b mt n nht, cc mi in kt
cha c s dng nhiu nht. u kim oi nn v kim oi kt ta c cu trc mng
kh ging nhau v hnh thi, kch thc th cu trc ca kim oi nn c bo tn v
kim oi kt ta s pht trin theo cu trc cu trc ai ghp epitaxy, xy ra
nhng p nguyn t u tin. au s dn chuyn v cu trc vn c ca n nhng
p kt ta tip theo. Trng hp ny cho p kim oi m c gn bm rt tt, xp x
vi bn in kt ca kim oi nn. u cu trc mng ca chng khc kh xa nhau,
hoc b mt chng c tp cht hay cht hp ph, th s ai ghp s khng xy ra. y
mt trong nhng nguyn nhn gy nn ng sut ni v m p m d bong.
Thnh phn cht in gii
Cht in gii dng trong m in thng dung dch nc ca mui n hay mui
phc. Dung dch mui n cn gi dung dch axit. Cu t chnh ca dung dch ny
mui ca cc axit v c ha tan nhiu trong nc v phn y hon ton trong dung dch
thnh cc ion t do. dung dch ny, phn cc nng v phn cc ha hc khng n
m nn p m thu c th, to, dy mng khng u, rt d b i. Mt khc dung dch
mui n cho hiu sut dng in cao , v cng cao khi mt dng n. Thng c
dng m nhng chi tit c hnh th n gin nh dng tm, dng hp Dung dch
mui phc c to thnh khi pha ch dung dch t cc cu t ban u. Ion kim oi m
s to phc vi cc ligan thnh ion phc. hot ca ion kim oi t do gim i rt nhiu.
do in th tiu chun dch v pha m rt nhiu. iu ny gip cho p m mn, ph
kn, dy u c dng m cc chi tit c hnh th phc tp tng dn in
cho dung dch, thng pha thm cc cht in gii tr. Cc cht ny khng tham gia vo
qu trnh catot v anot m ch ng vai tr chuyn in trong dung dch, m gim in
th b m. Cc cht dn in thng dng a
2
SO
4
, H
2
SO
4
, Na
2
CO
3
n nh pH
cho dung dch m, cn phi thm vo dung dch cht h m pH thch hp to mi
trng thch hp nht cho phn ng in kt ta xy ra. Cc cht hot ng b mt bao
gm cc cht bng oi I, oi II, cc cht thm t,cht chng th ng anot thng
nhng hp cht hu c, c tc dng hp ph n b mt phn chia pha, tham gia vo mt
s qu trnh mong mun, m cho p m thu c c cht ng tt hn.
Gia cng b t i loi trc hi
Gia cng c hc:
15

ia cng c hc qu trnh gip cho b mt vt m c ng u v nhn cao,
gip cho p m bm chc v p.
C th thc hin gia cng c hc bng nhiu cch : mi, nh bng qu trnh mi
tinh, quay xc i vi cc vt nh, chi, phun tia ct hoc tia nc di p sut cao
Qu trnh gia cng c hc m p kim oi b mt sn phm b bin dng, m gim
gn bm ca p m sau ny. V vy trc khi m cn phi hot ha b mt trong
axit ong ri em m ngay.
Ty du :
B mt kim oi sau nhiu cng on sn xut c kh, thng dnh du m, d rt
mng cng m cho b mt tr nn k nc, khng tip xc c vi dung dch
ty, dung dch m
C th tin hnh ty du m bng cc cch sau: Ty trong dung mi hu c nh
tricloetylen C
2
HCl
2
, tetracloetylen C
2
Cl
4
, cacbontetraclorua CCl
4
chng c c
im ha tan tt nhiu oi cht bo, khng n mn kim oi, khng bt 1a. Tuy
nhin, sau khi dung mi bay hi, trn b mt kim oi vn cn dnh i p mng du
m rt mng => khng sch, cn phi ty tip trong dung dch kim . Ty trong dung
dch kim nng NaOH c b sung thm mt s cht nh tng ha nh a
2
SiO
3
,
Na
3
PO
4

Vi cc cht hu c c ngun gc ng thc vt s tham gia phn ng x phng ha
vi aOH v b tch ra khi b mt. Vi nhng oi du m khong vt th s b tch
ra di tc dng nh tng ha ca a
2
SiO
3
. Ty trong dung dch kim bng phng
php in ha, di tc dng cadng in, oxy v hidro thot ra c tc dng cun
theo cc ht m bm vo b mt. ty bng phng php ny dung dch kim ch cn
pha ong hn so vi ty ha hc t hiu qu. Ty du m siu m l dng sng
siu m vi tn s dao ng n tc dng n b mt kim oi, nhng rung ng mnh
s gip p du m tch ra d dng hn.
Ty g:
B mt kim oi nn thng ph mt p oxit dy, gi g.
Ty g ha hc cho kim oi en thng dng axit ong H
2
SO
4
hay HC hoc hn
hp ca chng. hi ty thng din ra ng thi 2 qu trnh: ha tan oxit v kim
oi nn. Ty g in ha ty g ha hc ng thi c s tham gia ca dng in.
C th tin hnh ty g catot hoc ty g anot.
Ty g anot p b mt s rt sch v hi nhm nn p m s gn bm rt tt.
Ty g catot s sinh ra H mi sinh, c tc dng kh mt phn oxit. Hidro sinh
ra cn gp phn m ti c hc mng oxit v n s b bong ra. Ty g bng
catot ch p dng cho vt m bng thp cacbon, cn vi vt m i, Cr th
khng hiu qu m.
Ty bng in ha v ha hc:
Ty bng in ha cho bng cao hn gia cng c hc. p m trn n gn bm
tt, tinh th nh, t thng v to ra tnh cht quang hc c bit. hi ty bng
in ha thng mc vt ty vi anot t trong mt dung dch c bit. Do tc
ha tan ca phn i n hn ca phn m nn b mt c san bng v tr nn
nhn bng.
16

C ch ty bng ha hc cng ging ty bng in ha. hi ty bng ha hc
cng xut hin p mng mng cn tr hoc km hm tc dng xm thc ca dung
dch vi kim oi ti ch m.
Ty nh:
Ty nh hay cn gi hot ha b mt, nhm y i p oxit rt mng, khng nhn thy
c, c hnh thnh trong qu trnh gia cng ngay trc khi m. hi ty nh xong, cu
trc tinh th ca nn b ra, gn bm s tng n.
4.H thng chng n n tu bng phng php bo v Cathode
I.C.C.P (Impressed Current Cathodic Protection) System
Mc d thn tu thu hin i c bao bc bi p sn bo v chng n mn
nhng n khng th a ra gii php trit . V do ny hu ht ngi s dng chn
gii php bo v con tu bng phng thc c thit k trong h thng I.C.C.
dng s b tr nhng in cc dng Anode trn tm Titan v nhng tm pin in
quan, kt ni n h thng iu khin t ng tinh vi ca C s sinh ra dng in ngoi
c
nng ng n kh in t ho hc di chuyn t nhin trong dng cht ng bao quanh
thn tu. Dng in ny oi tr s to thnh cc im n mn trn b mt tm v ngn
nga hin tng n mn ca hai kim oi khng ng nht in kt bi mi hn hay gia
thn tu v chn vt. Cng dng ch yu ca h thng ICC ca C in tc iu khin
cc in cc trong nc bin, b mt thn tu v iu khin hiu qu dng in bo v
anode trong mi quan h vi nhau. V vy, h thng c trang b bi C. td rt c
hiu qu v ng tin cy. I.C.C. cung cp cho 1776 tu T nm 1985, .C. td t
c gng ht sc pht trin h thng chng n mn bng dng in cng bc v n
hin ti c b dy kinh nghim v nh vc ny, iu ny hon ton nhn c t s
nh hng thit k t pha khch hng, sn phm, qun cht ng v dch v sau bn
hng.
H thng chng h b bng in cc
xut hin h bm tng n khi h, trai v nhng sinh vt bin khc thm nhp vo h
thng ng tu v nh c trong b mt ni m chng pht trin v sinh si ny n rt
nhanh.
17

Trong hu ht cc trng hp nghim trng, ton b h thng cung cp nc bin tr nn
tc nghn hon ton, nh hng ti tnh an ton v kh nng vn hnh ca tu. Trong
trng hp khc, m suy yu dng chy ca nc bin qua h thng m mt v c th
lm gim hiu qu ca my, dn ti tng s tiu hao nhin iu.
H thng C ch yu da trn hin tng in phn, in cc c cu thnh t ng,
nhm v st c nui bng dng in cng bc t h thng iu khin. in cc
thng c p thnh i trong van thng bin hay bu c nc bin ni m trc tip
tip xc vi dng nc bin chy vo. in cc cng c th c p trong cc kt c
p trc khi a vo h thng ng v thit b sau n. Mc d s hm ng ng trng
thi ho tan rt nh v d nh hn 2 phn t, chng chng sinh vt bin c tr v
un chuyn trong h thng v to nn mt p bo v ngn nga n mn trong b mt
ca ng.
Theo cch ny, H thng chng h C mang ti s bo v hon ton v in tc cho h
thng ng, van v bu ngng cng nh cc thit b sng cn nh h thng cu ho, h
thng m nh v h thng iu ho.