:

, -

&

( )

-



(lift force)
Magnus (Magnus effect)

12 :
: -
: . .
.

( , ).
.

.

( , ,
, , ,
).
, ,
,
.

,
-.

,

(laminar flow).


,

(turbulent flow).

,
.

.
,

.

.
( ).

( ).

( = 1 gr/cm3,
15 C = 1.225 Kg/m3).
,

.
, ,
,
.
(viscosity).
.
.

(
) Bernoulli,


.
Bernoulli (
)
( ) .

, (,
) (, ),
- .

.

().

.

( ).

: (drag
force) (lift force).

(drag force) .

.
.
.
:
FA = C S U2
S ,
, U
C (
).

.
, 15 m/s
-4 m/s, ( ) :
U= U U = (15 (-4)) m/s = 19 m/s. (4 m/s):
U= U U = (15 4) m/s = 11 m/s.

,
.

,
(.. - ,
,
0.04, 0.24).
,
(
) .

.



,
(

).


,

.

.


.

, .

.


(boundary layer).


( ).

(surface drag or viscous drag)

.

,
,
.


.
,

(
, , , , .).

(form drag or pressure drag)

( ).


.

,



.

.

( )



(
).

(form drag or pressure drag)

,
( )
.

, (),

,
( Bernoulli).
,
( )
( ).
.

(
).

,

,
(
, ). ,
,

,


.

.
(..
) :

, (V1)
.
.
(V2) .

,
.

 (lift force)

( ).
(drag force) ,
:
)
) (spin)

( ).
,
.

Magnus (Magnus effect)

(,
, , ).



,
.
,
,
. ,
, .
,

( ), .
Gustav Magnus 1852,
( Magnus).

( )

,
.
.


( ).
F

.
.
F
.

.
.

(lift force)

( ,
, ).
, ,

.

.

( Bernoulli).
, , , 1 2
1 2 , .
1 2
,
(
Bernoulli).

Magnus (Magnus effect)

Magnus ,

.
Magnus
,
.
Magnus
.

( ,
25-30 / sec
, 4-5 m).

Magnus
,
.

( Magnus),
.

Magnus

, , (backspin),
Magnus ,
( ).

Magnus
(Magnus effect)
.

(
).

12 km/hr
28 km/hr ( ).
;
5 m/sec 5,7 m/sec
( ).
;
.
, , .

. (1997). . .
. (1983) , .
. (). . , .
Baumann W. (1996).
. , .
Abernethy B., Kippers V., Mackinnon L.T., Neal R.J., Hanrahan S.
(1997). The Biophysical Foundations of Human Movement. Human
Kinetics, Champaign, IL.
Adrian M.J., Cooper J.M. (1995). Biomechanics of Human Movement.
Brown & Benchmark Publishers, IA, USA.
Hall S.J. (1995). Basic Biomechanics. McGraw-Hill Companies, USA.
Hamill J., Knutzen K.M. (1995). Biomechanical Basis of Human
Movement. Williams & Wilkins, PA, USA.

.

.

( ).

:
(drag force)
, (lift
force) .

Magnus.