Chng 2: NGUYN L LM VIC CA NG C T TRONG

C !"T#$nh %&' ng'(n )* )&+ ,-./ /01 23ng / 45ng 6 78 7h9ng :5ng ;< =7>: h?< 2@ :hA /9ng BCV ,& g-Dn
2@ <h1 <hE- 7hF 2G g-D- :hF/hH
a,V hnh nguyn l lm vic ca ng c, c ch thch.
* V hnh
*Ch thch hnh v
. !"#c $hu%u, &. !hanh t"uy'n, (. )i*t+n, ,.-u .a. th/i, 0. 1u2gi 34ng c 56ng7 8. -u .a. n9., :. -ilanh, ;.
4<=ng n9., >. 4<=ng 5/, 4C!.4i?m ch@t t"n, 4CA. 4i?m ch@t B<Ci, D.Enh t"nh .i*t+n, A. 4<=ng $nh 5y
lanh
F,Gu nguyn l lm vic 3cHc IuH t"nh n9., nJn, chHy2gin nK, th/i7.
-Hnh trnh th nht: hnh trnh np
)i*t+n i tL 4C! 5uMng 4CA t9+ nn *N chnh H., B+ O mPi chQt <Rc ht v+ 5ilanh. Sh n9. K ng c 56ng
l hTn hR. ca 56ng v $hPng $h.
4? t6ng l<Rng $h n9. v+ t"+ng 5ilanh t"+ng th<c t@ ta cO th?U
V!6ng ti@t Bin l<u thPng ca 5u.H. n9. v gi/m *Wc c/n $h ng ca BXng $h n9. th 5u.H. n9. mK *Cm
mt gOc l

t9i i?m B

.
V-u.H. n9. Ong mun mt gOc
&
t9i i?m B
&
t"<Cc 4C! nhYm tZn B#ng IuHn tnh ca BXng $h n9. ? n9.
thm.
-Hnh trnh th hai: hnh trnh nn
)i*t+n cO h<Cng i tL 4CA ln 4C!, $hi 5u.H. n9. Ong. ETn hR. cPng tHc F[ nJn $hi hai 5u.H. c\ng Ong B]n
tCi t6ng H. *uQt v nhit t"+ng 5ylanh. !9i i?m /Ig^n 4C! t<ng Wng vCi gOc
*
, Fu_i FZt tia l`a in. aOc
*
<Rc gbi l gOc Hnh l`a *Cm Dau mt th=i gian chucn F[ "Qt ngdn, IuH t"nh chHy thNc *N Bien "a lm ch+ H.
*uQt v nhit t"+ng 5ilanh t6ng ln "Qt nhanh.
-Hnh trnh th ba: hnh trnh chy- gin n, hnh trnh cng tc
)i*t+n i tL 4C! 5uMng 4CA. Dau 4C!, IuH t"nh chHy ti@. t#c Bien "a nn H. *uQt v nhit ti@. t#c t6ng, *au
O gi/m B+ th? tch 5ilanh t6ng nhanh. Sh chHy gin nK *inh cPng. a^n cuMi hnh t"nh, 5u.H. th/i mK *Cm mt
gOc
(
t9i i?m %I ? th/i tN B+ mt l<Rng Hng $? */n vZt chHy "a $hfi 5ilanh v+ <=ng th/i.
-Hnh trnh th t: hnh trnh thi
)i*t+n i tL 4CA ln 4C!, */n vZt chHy F[ th/i c<gng FWc B+ .i*t+n cy "a $hfi 5ilanh. 4? tZn B#ng IuHn tnh
ca BXng $h nhYm th/i *9ch thm, 5u.H. th/i Ong mun *au 4C! mt gOc
,
K hnh t"nh n9. ca chu t"nh
ti@. thh+.
Dau $hi $h/+ *Ht, ta "t "a mt *M nhZn 5Jt nh< *auU
V!"+ng FMn hnh t"nh chi cO mt hnh t"nh *inh cPng. CHc hnh t"nh cXn l9i 'u tiu ha+ cPng tL ng
n6ng ca cHc chi ti@t chuy?n ng Iuay nh< FHnh , t"#c $hu%u...
VCHc 5u.H. 'u cO cHc gOc mK *Cm v Ong mun nhYm th/i *9ch v n9. ^y. !Z. hR. cHc gOc mK *Cm Ong
mun ca 5u .H. <Rc gbi l .ha .hMi $h. aiH t"[ tMi <u ca .ha .hMi $h c\ng cHc gOc Hnh l`a *Cm
*
"Qt $hO
5Hc [nh FYng tnh t+Hn nn th<=ng <Rc lNa chbn FYng thNc nghim.
V!"+ng $h+/ng gOc

V
,
3cuMi IuH t"nh th/i, ^u IuH t"nh n9.7, hai 5u.H. 'u mK. A+ O

V
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<Rc gbi
l gOc t"\ng i. ca 5u.H..
c,4j th[ cPng )2V c gi/i thch.
2 )U k t"#c H. *uQt 3t"#c tung7.
2 VU k t"#c th? tch3t"#c h+nh7.
2 Eai <=ng thlng *+ng *+ng vCi t"#c tung l 34i?m ch@t t"nm 4i?m ch@t B<Ci7.
2 4<=ng thlng nYm ngang *+ng *+ng t"Pc h+nh $h Iuy?n )
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2 B

U 4i?m mK *Cm 5u.a. n9.

2 B

B
&
U aOc mK *Cm 5u.a. n9.
2 Fn U 4i?m mK *Cm 5u.a. 5/
2 Fn FoU aOc mK *Cm 5u.a. 5/
2 B
&
U 4i?m Ong mun ca 5u.a. n9.
2 aB
&
U aOc Ong mun ca 5u.a. n9.
2 "U 4i?m Ong mun ca 5u.a. 5/
2 ""nU aOc Ong mun ca 5u.a. n9.
2 4+9n B"aB&U puH t"nh n9. thNc t@
2 c, _, FnU puH t"nh chHy, gn nK, *inh cPng.
2 Fn Fnn" "n U pa t"nh 5/
B, ai/n j .ha .hMi $h cO gi/i thch
q gOc mK *Cm 5u.a. n9.
q& gOc Ong mun 5u.a. n9.
q( gOc mK *Cm 5u.a. 5/
q, gOc Ong mun 5u.a. 5/
q* gOc Hnh l`a *Cm
q V q, <Rc gbi l gOc t"\ng i. ca 5u.a.
C 2"T#$nh %&' ng'(n )* )&+ ,-./ /01 23ng / J-KLK) 6 78 7h9ng :5ng ;< =7>: h?< 2@ :hA /9ng BCV ,&
g-Dn 2@ <h1 <hE- 7hF 2G g-D- :hF/hH
a, V hnh nguyn l lm vic ca ng c, cO ch thch..
*Ch thch hnh v
. !"#c $hu%u, &. !hanh t"uy'n, (. )i*t+n, ,.-u .a. th/i, 0. VXi .hun 34rc Bih*hl7 8. -u .a. n9., :. -ilanh, ;.
4<=ng n9., >. 4<=ng 5/, 4C!.4i?m ch@t t"n, 4CA. 4i?m ch@t B<Ci, D.Enh t"nh .i*t+n, A. 4<=ng $nh 5y
lanh
F, Gu nguyn l lm vic 3cHc IuH t"nh n9., nJn, chHy2gin nK, th/i7.
-Hnh trnh th nht: hnh trnh np
)i*t+n i tL 4C! 5uMng 4CA t9+ nn *N chnh H., B+ O mPi chQt <Rc ht v+ 5ilanh. Sh n9. K ng c 56ng
l hTn hR. ca 56ng v $hPng $h.
4? t6ng l<Rng $h n9. v+ t"+ng 5ilanh t"+ng th<c t@ ta cO th?U
V!6ng ti@t Bin l<u thPng ca 5u.H. n9. v gi/m *Wc c/n $h ng ca BXng $h n9. th 5u.H. n9. mK *Cm
mt gOc l

t9i i?m B

.
V-u.H. n9. Ong mun mt gOc
&
t9i i?m B
&
t"<Cc 4C! nhYm tZn B#ng IuHn tnh ca BXng $h n9. ? n9.
thm.
-Hnh trnh th hai: hnh trnh nn
)i*t+n cO h<Cng i tL 4CA ln 4C!, $hi 5u.H. n9. Ong. ETn hR. cPng tHc F[ nJn $hi hai 5u.H. c\ng Ong B]n
tCi t6ng H. *uQt v nhit t"+ng 5ylanh. !9i i?m /Ig^n 4C! t<ng Wng vCi gOc
*
, vXi .hun .hun nhin liu .
aOc
*
<Rc gbi l gOc .hun *Cm Dau mt th=i gian chucn F[ "Qt ngdn, IuH t"nh chHy thNc *N Bien "a lm ch+ H.
*uQt v nhit t"+ng 5ilanh t6ng ln "Qt nhanh.
-Hnh trnh th ba: hnh trnh chy- gin n, hnh trnh cng tc
)i*t+n i tL 4C! 5uMng 4CA. Dau 4C!, IuH t"nh chHy ti@. t#c Bien "a nn H. *uQt v nhit ti@. t#c t6ng, *au
O gi/m B+ th? tch 5ilanh t6ng nhanh. Sh chHy gin nK *inh cPng. a^n cuMi hnh t"nh, 5u.H. th/i mK *Cm mt
gOc
(
t9i i?m %I ? th/i tN B+ mt l<Rng Hng $? */n vZt chHy "a $hfi 5ilanh v+ <=ng th/i.
-Hnh trnh th t: hnh trnh thi
)i*t+n i tL 4CA ln 4C!, */n vZt chHy F[ th/i c<gng FWc B+ .i*t+n cy "a $hfi 5ilanh. 4? tZn B#ng IuHn tnh
ca BXng $h nhYm th/i *9ch thm, 5u.H. th/i Ong mun *au 4C! mt gOc
,
K hnh t"nh n9. ca chu t"nh
ti@. thh+.
Dau $hi $h/+ *Ht, ta "t "a mt *M nhZn 5Jt nh< *auU
V!"+ng FMn hnh t"nh chi cO mt hnh t"nh *inh cPng. CHc hnh t"nh cXn l9i 'u tiu ha+ cPng tL ng
n6ng ca cHc chi ti@t chuy?n ng Iuay nh< FHnh , t"#c $hu%u...
VCHc 5u.H. 'u cO cHc gOc mK *Cm v Ong mun nhYm th/i *9ch v n9. ^y. !Z. hR. cHc gOc mK *Cm Ong
mun ca 5u .H. <Rc gbi l .ha .hMi $h. aiH t"[ tMi <u ca .ha .hMi $h c\ng cHc gOc .hun *Cm
*
"Qt $hO 5Hc
[nh FYng tnh t+Hn nn th<=ng <Rc lNa chbn FYng thNc nghim.
V!"+ng $h+/ng gOc

V
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3cuMi IuH t"nh th/i, ^u IuH t"nh n9.7, hai 5u.H. 'u mK. A+ O

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<Rc gbi
l gOc t"\ng i. ca 5u.H..
c,4j th[ cPng )2V c gi/i thch.
2 )U k t"#c H. *uQt 3t"#c tung7.
2 VU k t"#c th? tch3t"#c h+nh7.
2 Eai <=ng thlng *+ng *+ng vCi t"#c tung l 34i?m ch@t t"nm 4i?m ch@t B<Ci7.
2 4<=ng thlng nYm ngang *+ng *+ng t"Pc h+nh $h Iuy?n )
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.
Phn tch ! th"
2 B

U 4i?m mK *Cm 5u.a. n9.

2 B

B
&
U aOc mK *Cm 5u.a. n9.
2 Fn U 4i?m mK *Cm 5u.a. 5/
2 Fn FoU aOc mK *Cm 5u.a. 5/
2 B
&
U 4i?m Ong mun ca 5u.a. n9.
2 aB
&
U aOc Ong mun ca 5u.a. n9.
2 "U 4i?m Ong mun ca 5u.a. 5/
2 ""nU aOc Ong mun ca 5u.a. n9.
2 4+9n B"aB&U puH t"nh n9. thNc t@
2 c, _, FnU puH t"nh chHy, gn nK, *inh cPng.
2 Fn Fnn" "n U pa t"nh 5/
B, ai/n j .ha .hMi $h cO gi/i thch
q gOc mK *Cm 5u.a. n9.
q& gOc Ong mun 5u.a. n9.
q( gOc mK *Cm 5u.a. 5/
q, gOc Ong mun 5u.a. 5/
q* gOc Hnh l`a *Cm
q V q, <Rc gbi l gOc t"\ng i. ca 5u.a.
C M T#$nh %&' ng'(n )* )&+ ,-./ /01 23ng / 45ng 2 78 =7>: h?< 2@ :hA /9ng BCV ,& g-Dn 2@ <h1 <hE-
7hF 2G g-D- :hF/hH
a,V hnh nguyn l lm vic ca ng c, cO ch thch.
s. C`a n9.3IuJt7, 1. C`a 5/, . -ilanh, &. .i*t+n, ( .!hanh t"uy'n, ,. 1u_i
F, Gu nguyn l lm vic 3cHc IuH t"nh n9., nJn, chHy2gin nK, th/i7.
2 Enh t"nh thW nhQt
)i*t+n Bi chuy?n tL 4C! @n 4CA, hTn hg. nhin liu ang chHy t"+ng 5y lanh gin nK *inh cPng. Shi .i*t+n i
5uMng ch+ tCi $hi mK c`a 5/ 1, $h chHy cO H. *uQt ca+ <Rc th/i tN B+ "a <=ng th/i.)i*t+n ti@. t#c i 5uMng mK
c`a IuJt s ch+ @n $hi @n i?m ch@t B<Ci, $h n9. c\ng nhin liu cO H. *uQt ca+ n9. v+ 5y lanh jng th=i IuJt
$h chHy "a c`a 1
Gh< vZy t"+ng hnh t"nh thW nhQt gjm cHc IuH t"nhU chy gin n, thii t# $%, &'t (h ) np (h *+i,
2Enh t"nh thW hai
)i*t+n Bi chuy?n tL 4CA @ 4C!, IuH t"nh &'t np )-n ti.p t/c ch+ @n $hi .i*t+n Ong c`a IuJt s. !L O ch+
@n $hi .i*t+n Ong c`a 5/ 1, mPi chQt t"+ng 5y lanh F[ cy Iua c`a 5/ "a ng+i, v vZy giai +9n ny gbi l giai
+9n 01t (h. !i@. thh+ l IuH t"nh nJn Fdt ^u tL $hi .i*t+n Ong c`a 5/ 1 hTn hR. nhin liu F[ nJn vCi H. *uQt
v nhit cHch nhanh chOng, $hi .i*t+n i tCi g^n 4C! th Fugi FZt tia l`a in 4? Mt chHy hTn hR.. Dau mt
th=i gian chHy t"e "Qt ngdn IuH t"nh chy * 5/y "a.
Gh< vZy t"+ng hnh t"nh thW hai gjm cHc IuH t"nhU &'t ) np (h, 01t (h, nn ) chy.
4tc i?m ca ng c & $ l $h n9. mCi .h/i cO H. *uQt .
$
lCn ? IuJt $h chHy "a <=ng th/i cO H. *uQt
.
th
thPng th<=ng ng<=i ta thi@t $@ mHy nJn $h "ing t"n ng c h+tc tZn B#ng $hPng gian Fn B<Ci .i*t+n2 h.
t"#c $hu%u ? nJn $h n9. nh< K vi ng c cg nhf
c4j th[ cPng )2V cO gi/i thch
V )U u. *uQt t"+ng 5y lanh
V VU !h? tch ca 5y lanh
V BU 1dt ^u Ong c`a IuJt
V aU 4Ong t+n F
V cnU 1ugi Fdt ^u FZt tia l`a
in
V vU u. *uQt chHy cNc 9i
V .
S
U u. *uQt $h n9.
V .
th
U u. *uQt $h th/i
2 CHc giai +9n t"n j th[
)$w)th
scnU nhn
Cn_Uchay
vFU gian n+
1BUthai tu B+
AaUl+t $hi
B,ai/n j .ha .hMi $h cO gi/i thch.
nJn chHy gin nK
n9.. IuJt
th/i
q. lbt $h, q&. n9. IuJt, q(. th/i tN B+
C 6 T#$nh %&' ng'(n )* )&+ ,-./ /01 23ng / J-KLK) 2 78 =7>: h?< 2@ :hA /9ng BCV ,& g-Dn 2@ <h1 <hE-
7hF 2G g-D- :hF/hH
a, V hnh nguyn l lm vic ca ng c, cO ch thch
s. C`a n9., 1. C`a 5/, . -ilanh, &. .i*t+n, ( .!hanh t"uy'n, ,. vXi .hun
F,Gu nguyn l lm vic 3cHc IuH t"nh n9., nJn, chHy2gin nK, th/i
2 Enh t"nh thW nhQt
)i*t+n Bi chuy?n tL 4C! @n 4CA, hTn hg. nhin liu ang chHy t"+ng 5y lanh gin nK *inh cPng. Shi .i*t+n i
5uMng ch+ tCi $hi mK c`a 5/ 1, $h chHy cO H. *uQt ca+ <Rc th/i tN B+ "a <=ng th/i.)i*t+n ti@. t#c i 5uMng mK
c`a IuJt s ch+ @n $hi @n i?m ch@t B<Ci, $h n9. c\ng nhin liu cO H. *uQt ca+ n9. v+ 5y lanh jng th=i IuJt
$h chHy "a c`a 1
Gh< vZy t"+ng hnh t"nh thW nhQt gjm cHc IuH t"nhU chy gin n, thii t# $%, &'t (h ) np (h *+i,
2Enh t"nh thW hai
)i*t+n Bi chuy?n tL 4CA @ 4C!, IuH t"nh &'t np )-n ti.p t/c ch+ @n $hi .i*t+n Ong c`a IuJt s. !L O ch+
@n $hi .i*t+n Ong c`a 5/ 1, mPi chQt t"+ng 5y lanh F[ cy Iua c`a 5/ "a ng+i, v vZy giai +9n ny gbi l giai
+9n 01t (h. !i@. thh+ l IuH t"nh nJn Fdt ^u tL $hi .i*t+n Ong c`a 5/ 1 ch+ tCi $hi vXi .hun .hun nhin liu
v+ 5i lanh. Dau mt th=i gian chHy t"e "Qtt ngdn IuH t"nh chy * 5/y "a.
Gh< vZy t"+ng hnh t"nh thW hai gjm cHc IuH t"nhU &'t ) np (h, 01t (h, nn ) chy.
4tc i?m ca ng c & $ l $h n9. mCi .h/i cO H. *uQt .
$
lCn ? IuJt $h chHy "a <=ng th/i cO H. *uQt
.
th
thPng th<=ng ng<=i ta thi@t $@ mHy nJn $h "ing t"n ng c h+tc tZn B#ng $hPng gian Fn B<Ci .i*t+n2 h.
t"#c $hu%u ? nJn $h n9. nh< K vi ng c cg nhf
c4j th[ cPng )2V cO gi/i thch
V )U u. *uQt t"+ng 5y lanh
V VU !h? tch ca 5y lanh
V BU 1dt ^u Ong c`a IuJt
V aU 4Ong t+n F
V cnU 1ugi Fdt ^u FZt tia l`a
in
V vU u. *uQt chHy cNc 9i
V .
S
U u. *uQt $h n9.
V .
th
U u. *uQt $h th/i
2 CHc giai +9n t"n j th[
)$w)th
scnU nhn
Cn_Uchay
vFU gian n+
1BUthai tu B+
AaUl+t $hi
B,ai/n j .ha .hMi $h cO gi/i thch.
nJn chHy gin nK
n9.. IuJt
th/i
q. lbt $h, q&. n9. IuJt, q(. th/i tN B+
C N T#$nh %&' nh?/ 2-G+ /01 23ng / J-KLK) LO ,P- 23ng / 45ng" 3ng / h1- 78 ,& 23ng / 6 78"
a, 4ng c , $x v ng c & $x.
F Q D+ *Hnh v' tnh hiu Iu/.
V R 2-G+ :
2 Eiu *uQt ng c Aih*hl lCn hn ,0 l^n *+ vCi ng c 56ng.
2 Ghin liu Aih*hl "y ti'n hn 56ng.
2 DuQt tiu ha+ nhin liu "ing ca ng c Aih*hl thQ. hn ng c 56ng.
2 Ghin liu Aih*hl $hPng FMc chHy K nhit Fnh th<=ng, v vZy t gzy nguy hi?m.
2 4ng c Aih*hl t h< hfng ltt vtt v $hPng cO F Hnh l`a v F ch@ h+ $h.
V Nh?/ 2-G+:
2 C\ng mt cPng *uQt th ng c Aih*hl cO $hMi l<Rng ntng hn ng c 56ng.
2 Gh{ng chi ti@t ca h thMng nhin liu nh< Fm ca+ H., $im .hun <Rc ch@ t9+ "Qt tinh vi, Xi hfi chnh 5Hc
ca+ vCi Bung *ai r||mm.
2 !i *M nJn ca+ Xi hfi vZt liu ch@ t9+ cHc chi ti@t ng c nh< nd. 5ylanh} .h/i tMt. CHc y@u tM t"n lm ch+
ng c Aih*hl dt ti'n hn ng c 56ng.
2 D`a ch{a h thMng nhin liu c^n .h/i cO mHy chuyn B\ng, B#ng c# dt ti'n v thR chuyn mPn ca+.
2 !Mc ng c Aih*hl thQ. hn tMc ng c 56ng.
c, D+ *Hnh ng c hai $x v ng c FMn $x
2 G@u c\ng <=ng $nh 5y lanh A, hnh t"nh .i*t+n D v tMc vXng Iuay n th v' l thuy@t cPng *uQt ca ng
c hai $x gQ. hai l^n cPng *uQt ca ng c FMn $x. !"+ng thNc t@ B+ cO t~n thQt hnh t"nh ch+ cHc IuH t"nh n9.
th/i v tMn cPng nJn v IuJt th/i $h nn cPng *uQt chi gQ. ,8 @n ,; l^n.
2 C cQu .hMi $h ca ng c hai $x n gi/n hn.
2 4ng c FMn $x Be lNa chbn .ha .hMi $h tMi <u hn.
2 puH t"nh IuJt th/i K ng c FMn $x h+n h/+ hn v thNc hin t"+ng hai hnh t"nh ca .i*t+n, tWc l lzu hn
nhi'u *+ vCi ng c hai $x.
2 !6ng H. ng c FMn $x Be Bng hn v Wng *uQt nhit thQ. v Be FM t" h thMng t6ng H.. VQn ' t6ng H. ng
c * <Rc $h/+ *Ht *au ny t"+ng mPn hbc !6ng H. ng c Mt t"+ng...
2 +mhnt 5+dn ca ng c hai $x 'u tn hn *+ vCi ng c FMn $x v t+n F chu t"nh nO chi Bien "a vCi mt
vXng Iuay ca t"#c $hu%u .
2 aOc Iuay Wng vCi IuH t"nh chHy v gin nK ca ng FMn $x lCn hn ng c hai $x 3$h+/ng ,|, cXn ng c
hai $x $h+/ng || &|7.
2 Eiu *uQt ng c FMn $x lCn hn ng c hai $x v ng c hai $x cO t~n thQt mPi chQt t"+ng IuH t"nh IuJt $h.
Chng M: CSC T BUVN CUWNU TRONG NG C T
C ! Bhn :F/h 2X/ 2-G+ /01 /;/ YZng %@ng 2E: :#(n 23ng / 45ng
a, 1ujng Mt $i?u hnh FHn c^u 3hnh v7.
k+9i ny cO tc i?m l Bin tch F' mtt Fujng Mt nhf gbn. !"+ng Fujng Mt FM t" mt *u.a. n9. v mt *u.a.
th/i, hai *u.a. ny FM t" v' & .ha $hHc nhau. !"#c cam FM t" K gi{a nd. mHy v B\ng cX m~ ? i'u $hi?n *N
Ong mK ca *u.a.. DN FM t" ny "Qt thuZn lRi ch+ vic n9. hTn hR. $h v th/i $h chHy "a ng+i.
F,1ujng Mt $i?u hnh nm 3hnh v7.
k+9i ny cng cO tc i?m l Bin tch F' mtt ti@. 5c nhit nhf. 1ujng Mt mTi 5ylanh <Rc FM t" mt *u.a.
n9. v mt *u.a. th/i, & *u.a. ny <Rc FM t" c\ng mt .ha. 4Mi vCi l+9i ny t"#c cam <Rc FM t" K thzn mHy
h+tc nd. mHy. 4i'u $hi?n *N Ong mK cHc *u.a. Iua t"ung gian ca cX m~.
C 2 Bhn :F/h 2X/ 2-G+ /01 /;/ YZng %@ng 2E: :#(n 23ng / J-KLK)
a,1ujng Mt thMng nhQt 3hay t"Nc ti@.7m 3hnh v7
!+n F th? tch Fujng chHy nYm t"+ng mPt $h+/ng $hPng gian thMng nhQtU nd. 5y lanh ,inh .i*t+n. VXi .hun cO
th? tt thlng hay 5in ,l+9i ny "Qt thPng B#ng .Ghin liu <Rc .hun t"Nc ti@. v+ Fujng Mt v .hzn FM 'u .VXi
.hun cO nhi'u lT v H. *uQt .hun tL :0 &|| $g rcm& . aOc tia .hun v inh .i*t+n cO B9ng .h\ hR. ch+ tia
.hun "a h+ t"n 'u vCi $hPng $h ? chHy <Rc h+n t+n.
u i?mU CQu t9+ n gi/n, t~n thQt nhit t, ti@t $im nhin liu, $hKi ng Be.
Gh<Rc i?mU !% *M nJn ca+, H. *uQt .hun lCn, .h/i B\ng $im .hun cO nhi'u lT nn Be F[ nght.
2 1ujng Mt ng6n cHchU
k l+9i Fujng Mt chia thnh & hay ( .h^n v <Rc nMi l9i vCi nhau FYng cHc hbng .GO <Rc .hzn "a lm ( l+9i
F,1ujng Mt t"<Cc 3hnh v7
k+9i ny cO Fujng Mt .h# tt t"n nd. mHy chi@m $h+/ng &0 0| $grcm& v FMt chHy ngay r( l<Rng nhin
liu .hun H. *uQt t6ng ca+ t ngt cy .h^n nhin liu cXn l9i v+ Fujng Mt chnh v Mt chHy h+n t+n. A+
nhin liu <Rc chHy K Fujng Mt .h# m K Fujng Mt chnh *M nhin liu <Rc *Qy nOng ,v tHn nhuyen nn chHy
tMt. 1Ki vZy $im .hun $hPng c^n cO lT tia nhf ? t9+ *<ng .k+9i ny <Rc Wng B#ng t"n ng c cath".ilat,
t+y+ta,...
u i?mU u. *uQt .hun thQ. nn B\ng $im .hun cO lT t F[ nght. u. *uQt chHy $hPng lCn
Shuy@t i?mU Ea+ nhin liu, $hO $hKi ng
c,1ujng Mt 5+Hy lMc 3hnh v7.
1ujng Mt ny th<=ng chi@m tL 0| ;| th? tch Fujng Mt ,cO B9ng hnh t"# hay hnh c^u tt t"n nd.
5ylanh .GO thPng vCi Fujng Mt chnh t"+ng 5y lanh FYng hay vi <=ng thPng cO ti@t Bin lCn tt ti@. tuy@n
vCi .hXng Mt 5+Hy lMc.
u i?mU u. *uQt .hun t"n $im .hun mt lT $hO F[ nght, 5+Hy lMc m9nh t9+ i'u $in chHy t"bn vn.
Shuy@t i?mU !~n thQt nhi'u nhin liu, $hO $hKi ng
2 1ujng Mt .h# t"iU
1ujng Mt .h# t"i chi@m $h+/ng &| th? tch chung, <Rc ld. t"n nd. 5y lanh thPng vCi Fujng Mt chnh nYm
t"+ng 5y lanh. 1ujng P .h# t"i cO B9ng hnh c^u hay Pvan
C M T#$nh %&' 2X/ 2-G+ ,[ 7>: /\ /01 <-L:On 23ng / 45ng ] <-L:On 23ng / J-KLK)
a,V hnh $@t cQu ca .i*t+n 3cO ch thch7
)i*t+n chia .i*t+n thnh nh{ng .h^n nh<U 2: 34nh pi5t%n, 6: 37' pi5t%n 8 9hn pi5t%n. Ti .h^n 'u cO cPng B#ng
"ing v nh{ng tc i?m $@t cQu "ing

F, 4inh .i*t+n 3cPng B#ng, $@t cQu ca rc 56ng v rc Aih*hl7
2 CPng B#ngU 4inh .i*t+n l .h^n t"n c\ng ca .i*t+n c\ng vCi nd. 5ylanh v 5ylanh t9+ thnh Fujng Mt
2 S@t cQuU 4inh .i*t+n cO "Qt nhi'u B9ngU
V 4inh FYngU cO Bin tch ch[u nhit FJ, $@t cQu n gi/n Be ch@ t9+. !h<=ng <Rc *` B#ng t"+ng ng c Bih_hl
Fujng chHy BN F[ v Fujng chHy 5+Hy lMc 3hnh .a7
V 4inh lji U CO *Wc F'n lCn, inh mfng nh nh<ng Bin tch ch[u nhit lCn. !h<=ng <Rc *` B#ng t"+ng ng c
56ng & $x v , $x 5u.H. t"h+, Fujng chHy chfm c^u 3hnh.F v c7.
V 4inh lmU CO th? t9+ 5+Hy lMc nh, t9+ thuZn lRi ch+ IuH t"nh hnh thnh hXa $h v chHy. !uy nhin *Wc F'n
$Jm v Bin tch ch[u nhit lCn. k+9i inh ny th<=ng <Rc *` B#ng K c/ ng c 56ng v ng c Bih*hl
3hnh.B7.
V 4inh chWa Fujng chHy: !h<=ng gt. t"n ng c Bih*hl. S@t cQu Fujng chHy .h/i thfa mn cHc yu c^u *au t\y
tLng t"<=ng hR. c# th?U
V )h/i .h\ hR. vCi hnh B9ng Fujng chHy v h<Cng ca ch\m tia .hun nhin liu ? t9+ thnh hTn hR. tMt nhQt.
3hnh h7
V )h/i tZn B#ng <Rc 5+Hy lMc ca $hPng $h t"+ng IuH t"nh nJn3 hnh 7m Fujng chHy Ahnta, 3 hnh g7m Fu+ng
chHy +mhga, 3 hnh h7U Fujng chHy an.
c, 4^u .i*t+n 3cPng B#ng, $@t cQu7.
4<=ng $nh ^u .i*t+n th<=ng nhf hn <=ng $nh thzn v thzn l .h^n B]n h<Cng ca .i*t+n. S@t cQu ^u .i*t+n
.h/i /m F/+ nh{ng yu c^u *auU
: 1a+ $n tMt ch+ Fujng chHyU GhYm ng6n $h chHy lbt 5uMng cacth B^u v B^u FPi t"n tL cHcth lbt ln t"n
Fujng chHy.
V !/n nhit tMt ch+ .i*t+nU 4? t/n nhit tMt th<=ng B\ng cHc $@t cQu ^u .i*t+n *auU
)h^n chuy?n ti@. gi{a inh v ^u cO FHn $nh chuy?n ti@. lCn 3 hnh a7.
A\ng gzn t/n nhit B<Ci ^u .i*t+n3 hnh F7.
!9+ "nh ng6n nhit K ^u .i*t+n ? gi/m nhit l<Rng chuy'n ch+ *Jc m6ng thW nhQt3 hnh c7.
km mHt ch+ inh .i*t+n FYng B^u l<u thPng3 hnh B7.
V DWc F'n ca+: 4? t6ng *Wc F'n v cWng v{ng ch+ F chMt .i*t+n ng<=i ta ng<=i ta thi@t $@ cHc gzn t"R
lNc3 hnh h7.
B, !hzn .i*t+n 3cPng Bung, $@t cQu7
2!hzn .i*t+nU gjm inh .i*t+n v cHc 5Jc m6ng cO nhim v# l Fa+ $n.
2S@t cQu U
VvQn ' t/n nhitUinh .i*t+n mfng nh<ng cO gzn t/n nhit ? t6ng Bin tch ti@. 5c. A\ng hR. $im nhPm cO h
*M B]n nhit lCn h+tc FM t" cHc <=ng B^u Fji t"n tL .ha B<Ci inh ? lm mHt .i*t+n.
V VQn ' Fa+ $n U .h/i chbn *M 5Jc m6ng cng nhi'u n@u H. *uQt $h th? cng ca+ v ng<Rc l9i, ? Fa+ $n tMt.
V VQn ' *Wc F'nU Mi vCi .i*t+n FYng hR. $im nh,? /m F/+ cWng v{ng v *Wc F'n ca inh v ^u .i*t+n,
ng+i vic lm gzn ch[u lNc .ha B<Ci inh ta cXn lm cHc gzn Bbc nMi vCi F chMt .i*t+n.
C N Bhn :F/h /9ng Y^ngQ 2-[ 7-.n )&+ ,-./ ,& 7>: /\ /01 4_/C+5ng 7hF =)&+ 7FnH ] 4_/C+5ng Y`"
1i lm
a, CPng B#ng ca 5Jc2m6ng $h v 5Jc2m6ng B^u.
2 -Jc m6ng $h ? Fa+ $n t"Hnh lbt $h, cXn 5Jc m6ng B^u ng6n B^u tL h. t"#c $hu%u *#c ln Fujng chHy.
2 !"uy'n .h^n lCn nhit tL ^u .i*t+n *ang thnh 5ylanh.
2 4<a B^u i FPi t"n ch+ .i*t+n 5ylanh 5Jcm6ng.
F,4i'u $in lm vic ca 5Jc2m6ng
2 Ch[u nhit ca+U t"+ng IuH t"nh lm vic, *Jc m6ng t"Nc ti@. ti@. 5c vCi $h chHy, B+ .i*t+n t"uy'n nhit ch+
5i lanh Iua *Jc m6ng v B+ ma *Ht vCi vHch 5i lanh nn *Jc m6ng cO nhit ca+, nhQt l *Jc m6ng thW nhQt. Shi
*Jc m6ng $h F[ hK, $hPng $ht vCi 5i lanh, $h chHy th~i Iua chT F[ hK lm ch+ nhit c#c F v\ng ny t6ng ln
"Qt ca+, cO th? lm chHy *Jc m6ng v .i*t+n. Ghit ca *Jc m6ng $h thW nhQt 8&(8:(S, cHc *Jc m6ng $h
$hHc ,:(0&(S, *Jc m6ng B^u (:(,&(S. A+ nhit ca+, *Wc F'n c hbc F[ gi/m *t, *Jc m6ng Be F[ mQt n
hji, B^u nh=n Be F[ chHy thnh $h+ FHm t"n *Jc m6ng v 5ilanh, lm 5Qu thm i'u $in lm vic, thZm ch lm
FO *Jc m6ng.
2 Ch[u lNc va Z. lCnU $hi lm vic, lNc $h th? v lNc IuHn tnh tHc B#ng ln *Jc m6ng, cHc lNc ny cO giH t"[ "Qt
lCn, luPn thay ~i v' t"[ *M v chi'u tHc B#ng nn gzy "a va Z. m9nh gi{a *Jc m6ng v "nh *Jc m6ng nhQt l
t"+ng ng c FMn $ ca+ tMc.
2 Ch[u mi mXnU $hi lm vic, *Jc m6ng ma *Ht vCi vHch 5i lanh "Qt lCn. CPng ma *Ht ca *Jc m6ng chi@m @n
0|8| t+n F cPng t~n thQt c giCi ca ng c Mt t"+ng. DJc m6ng *K B ma *Ht lCn v mi mXn nhi'u 3nhQt
l *Jc m6ng $h thW nhQt7 l B+ H. *uQt ti@. 5c ca *Jc m6ng tHc B#ng ln vHch 5i lanh lCn, tMc t"<Rt lCn m
FPi t"n l9i "Qt $Jm, F[ 6n mXn h+H hbc v mi mXn FKi cHc t9. chQt *inh "a t"+ng IuH t"nh chHy h+tc cO l]n t"+ng
$h n9. v t"+ng B^u nh=n.
c,S@t cQu ca 5Jc2m6ng $h 3hnh v7
-Jc m6ng cO $@t cQu "Qt n gi/n l mt vXng hK ming hnh (.0.a. S@t cQu ca 5Jc m6ng $h <Rc tc t"<ng
FKi $@t cQu ca ti@t Bin v ming ca 5Jc m6ng.
2 V mt tit din xcmng kh:
Hnh, ;.t
c' <c
*=ng (h,
V k+9i ti@t
Bin ch{ nhZt
3hnh.F7 cO $@t
cQu n gi/n
nhQt, Be ch@
t9+ nh<ng cO
H. *uQt "ing
$hPng lCn,
th=i gian "
$ht vCi
5ylanh *au $hi
ld. "d. lzu.
V k+9i cO mtt cPn 3hnh.c7 cO H. *uQt ti@. 5c lCn v cO th? " $ht nhanh chOng vCi 5ylanh, tuy nhin ch@ t9+
.hi'n .hWc v Hnh BQu $hi ld. *a+ ch+ 5Jc m6ng i 5uMng * cO tHc B#ng nh< mt l<gi c9+ ? g9t B^u.
V 4? cO <Rng <u i?m t"n v t"Hnh <Rc nh{ng i'u .hi'n .hWc nu, ng<=i ta <a "a $@t cQu ti@t Bin $hPng
Mi 5Wng FYng cHch tin vHt ti@t Bin 5Jc m6ng 3hnh.B v h7. Shi ld. cHc .i*t+n v 5ylanh, B+ cO *Wc c6ng nn 5Jc
m6ng Fi vnh i nn cO tHc B#ng nh< mt mtt cPn. Shi ld. "H. .h/i ch U G@u vHt .ha ng+i 3hnh.B7 th .h/i
ld. h<Cng 5uMng .ha B<Ci cXn vHt .ha t"+ng 3hnh.h7 th .h/i ld. h<Cng ln Fujng chHy, nhYm t"Hnh hin t<Rng
gi/m lNc c6ng ca 5Jc m6ng B+ H. *uQt ca+ ca $h lbt tL Fujng chHy.
V k+9i hnh thang vHt 3hnh.7 cO tHc B#ng gi{ mui than $hi 5Jc m6ng c+ FO. B+ <=ng $nh 5ylanh $hPng
h+n t+n jng 'u thh+ .h<ng Bbc t"#c, B+ O t"Hnh <Rc hin t<Rng FO $t 5Jc m6ng t"+ng "nh ca nO.
2 V kt cu ming:
V k+9i thlng 3hnh.g7 Be ch@ t9+ nh<ng Be lbt $h v *#c B^u Iua ming.
V k+9i hnh 3hnh.h7 cO th? $hdc .h#c .h^n n+ nh{ng nh<Rc i?m t"n.
V k+9i FZc 3 hnh.i7 Fa+ $n "Qt tMt nh<ng $hO ch@ t9+.
B,S@t cQu ca 5Jc2m6ng B^u 3hnh v7
2 "nh 5Jcm6ng B^u ca .it+n cO "nh th+Ht B^u 3hnh 7. t *M 5hc m6ng B^u cO $@t cQu ti@t Bin B9ng l<gi c9+
g9t B^u th<=ng gt. t"+ng thNc t@.
2 S@t cQu ca 5Jcm6ng B^u t~ hR. gjm ( chi ti@t "ing ". A+ cO lX 5+ hnh *Ong J. hai vXng thJ. mfng ln mtt
^u ca "nh nn 5hc m6ng $hi lm vic $hPng cO $hh hK mtt B^u. A+ O 5hc m6ng B^u t~ hR. cO tHc B#ng ng6n
B^u v gi/m va Z. "Qt tMt
Hnh, >c *=ng $7' t? h@p.
C a N( 2-[ 7-.n )&+ ,-./ ,& 2X/ 2-G+ ,[ 7>: /\ /01 :h1nh :#'[n"
1Q 4i'u $in lm vic
2!hanh t"uy'n ch[u lNc $h th?, lNc IuHn tnh.
2 Ch[u cHc lNc $J+, nJn, uMn Bbc v $hi ~i chi'u chuy?n ng th cO lNc IuHn tnh lm nO F[ uMn ngang.
F, S@t cQu 3hnh v7
U 19c ^u nhf, &U 4^u nhf thanh t"uy'n, (U kT B^u, ,U !hzn thanh t"uy'n, 0U 1ulPng Fdt nd. ^u t+
8U G`a t"n thanh t"uy'n, :U 19c ^u t+ thanh t"uy'n, ;U G`a B<Ci thanh t"uy'n, >U nh th+Ht B^u
24^u nhf 3cHc l+9i B9ng nhf7
Enh.a. 4^u nhf cO F9c lOt
Enh.F. 4^u nhf lm vQu lji
Enh.c, B. 4^u nhf cO "nh hWng B^u
Enh.h. 4^u nhf B\ng Fi $im l+9i ch+ F9c lOt
S@t cQu ^u nhf thanh t"uy'n .h# thuc v+ $ch th<Cc chMt .i*t+n v .h<ng .hH. ld. ghJ. ^u nhf thanh
t"uy'n vCi chMt .i*t+n.
2!hzn 3cHc B9ng thzn7
!i@t Bin thzn thanh t"uy'n th<=ng thay fi tL nhf @n lCn $? tL ^u nhf @n ^u t+.
V!i@t Bin t"Xn 3hnh a7 cO B9ng n gi/n, th<=ng <Rc B\ng ch+ ng c tu thy.
Vk+9i ti@t Bin ch{ 3hnh F v c7 cO *Wc F'n 'u thh+ & .h<ng, <Rc B\ng "Qt .h~ Fi@n, tL ng c cg nhf @n
ng c cg lCn.
V k+9i ti@t Bin hnh ch{ nhZt, P van 3hnh B v h7 cO <u i?m l Be ch@ t9+, th<=ng <Rc B\ng K ng c PtP,
5ujng mHy cg nhf.
24^u t+ 3cHc B9ng ^u t+7

Enh a. S@t cQu ^u t+ thanh t"uy'n Enh FU S@t cQu F9c lOt ^u t+ thanh t"uy'n
2, ABp 7' t% 2, C' 0Di g .
6, E'0ng 7' t% thanh tr'yFn 6, Ec 0Gt
8, 9hn thanh tr'yFn
H, Ec 0Gt

4^u t+ thanh t"uy'n th<=ng <Rc cdt lm & n`a v ld. ghJ. vCi nhau FYng FulPng hay vt cQy. A+ O F9c lOt cng
.h/i chia lm hai n`a v .h/i <Rc cM [nh t"+ng lT ^u t+ thanh t"uy'n. Enh .F th? hin mt B9ng $@t cQu ny
gbi l $i?u vQu l<gi g.
VCi ng c cg lCn3 hnh a7. !hanh t"uy'n <Rc chia thnh & n`a mtt .hlng chJ+
4? gi/m $ch th<Cc ^u t+ cO l+9i $@t cQu F/n l' v hm chMt cPn3 hnh c7
4ng c cg nhf chia thnh & n`a .h/i B\ng ~ Fi a3 hnh B7 <Rc ld. B^n tLng vin
4ng c ch{ V h+tc hnh *a+, thanh t"uy'n .h# ld. vCi chMt .h# t"n thanh t"uy'n chnh3 hnh h7 h+tc ljng vCi
nhau t"n t"#c $hu%u nn ^u thanh t"uy'n cO ^u t+ B9ng hnh n9ng 3 hnh 7
4ng c cO t"#c $hu%u t"Mn c~ , chi'u By ^u t+ $hPng Mi 5Wng Iua mtt .hlng Bbc ca thzn thanh t"uy'n3 hnh
g7
C b Bhn :F/h /9ng Y^ngQ 2-[ 7-.n )&+ ,-./ ,& 7>: /\ /01 :#^/ 7hc"
a, CPng B#ng v i'u $in lm vic ca t"#c $hu%u
2 Ihc n=ng
V!"#c $hu%u nhZn lNc tHc B#ng tL .i*t+n t9+ mPmhn Iuay.
V GhZn n6ng l<Rng ca FHnh *au O t"uy'n ch+ thanh t"uy'n v .i*t+n.
2 3iF' (iJn 0* )iJc
!"#c $hu%u ch[u lNc !, v B+ lNc $h th? v lNc IuHn tnh ca nhOm .i*t+n thanh t"uy'n gzy "a, ng+i "a t"#c $hu%u
cXn ch[u lNc IuHn tnh li tzm ca cHc Mi t<Rng Iuay lch tzm ca F/n thzn t"#c $hu%u v cHc thanh t"uy'n.
Gh{ng lNc ny gzy uMn, 5+dn, Ba+ ng 5+dn v Ba+ ng ngang ca t"#c $hu%u t"n cHc ~ g.
F,S@t cQu ca t"#c $hu%u 3hnh v7
S@t cQu t"#c $hu%u .h# thuc t"<Cc h@t v+ nh{ng l+9i t"#c $hu%u. Gg<=i ta .hzn chia
t"#c $hu%u thanh mt *M l+9i *auU
2 !"#c $hu%u ghJ. v t"#c $hu%u nguyn
!"#c $hu%u ghJ. l t"#c $hu%u gjm nhi'u chi ti@t <Rc ld. vCi. k+9i t"#c $hu%u ny
<Rc B\ng nhi'u t"+ng ng c cg lCn, ng c jng gam v Pi $hi K ng c cg nhf
nh< ng c 5h mHy.
!"#c $hu%u nguyn l t"#c chi gjm mt chi ti@t . !"#c $hu%u nguyn <Rc
B\ng t"+ng ng c cg nhf v t"ung Fnh, v B# K ng c P tP mHy $J+.
Enh : !"#c $hu%u nguyn3 c~7 ng c , $x, , 5ylanh.
2, 37' tr/cK 6, IhLt (h'M'K 8,I? (h'M'K
H, N (h'M'K O,3Li tr1ngK P,3'i tr/c (h'M'
2 !"#c $hu%u c~ v t"#c $hu%u t"Mn c~U

Hnh Q, 9r/c (h'M' Rng cS H (, H <i0anh, trLn c?
abi *M 5ylanh ca ng c l _ v *M ~ g l i.
!"#c $hu%u c~ 3 hnh (.&07U i _ V ,
!"#c $hu%u t"Mn c~U i _ V . !hPng th<=ng i _r& V 3hnh ;7
Gg<=i ta chia t"#c $hu%u "a thanh cHc .h^nU
-u trc khuu:
2: I? biTn 6: E'0y
4^u t"#c ld. vQu ? Iuay t"#c $hi c^n thi@t h+tc ? $hKi ng FYng tay Iuay.
!"n ^u t"#c $hu%u th<=ng cO thhn ? ld. .uli B]n ng Iu9t giO, Fm n<Cc ch+ h thMng lm mHt, gi/m Ba+
ng 5+dn 3n@u cO7 v ld. FHnh "6ng t"#c $hu%u. 1 t"uy'n FHnh "6ng tL t"#c $hu%u y B]n ng t"#c cam .hMi
$h v Fm ca+ H. 3ca ng c ih_hn7 h+tc F chia in BHnh l`a 3ca ng c 56ng7 v Fm B^u ca h thMng
FPi t"n .
Gg+i "a ^u t"#c $hu%u l+9i ny cXn cO $@t cQu h9n ch@ Bi chuy?n Bbc t"#c. CHc F' mtt ^u ca c~ t"#c ^u tin
$hi Bi chuy?n Bbc t"#c * tx v+ cHc tQm chdn cO t"Hng hR. $im ch[u mXn.
-C trcU Enh. S@t cQu c~ t"#c
4<Rc gia cPng v 5` l F' mtt 9t cWng v FOng ca+. !h<=ng cHc c~ t"#c c\ng mt <=ng $nh. 4tc Fit cO
ng c cg lCn <=ng $nh c~ t"#c lCn B^n tL ^u @n uPi t"#c $hu%u ? cO *Wc F'n 'u. C~ $hu%u th<=ng "Tng
? lm "nh B]n B^u FPi t"n @n cHc c~ v chMt $hHc ca t"#c $hu%u.
-Cht khuuU Enh. S@t cQu B]n B^u FPi t"n chMt $hu%u
ChMt $hu%u cO cWng v FOng ca+. 4<=ng $nh chMt th<=ng nhf hn <=ng $nh c~, nh<ng cng cO nh{ng
t"<=ng hR. ng c ca+ tMc B+ lNc IuHn tnh lCn <=ng $nh chMt $hu%u cO th? FYng <=ng $nh c~ $hu%u. !"+ng
t"<=ng hR. ^u t+ thanh t"uy'n lm li'n $hMi ld. ~ Fi $im K mt *M ng c & $x. A+ .h/i ld. ljng thanh t"uy'n
tL ^u t"#c $hu%u nn <=ng $nh chMt .h/i lCn hn <=ng $nh c~. ChMt $hu%u cO th? lm "Tng ? gi/m t"bng
l<Rng v chWa ^u FPi t"n ln F' mtt chMt $hu%u. CHc .h<ng .hH. $@t cQu nh< t"n hnh
-! khuuU
Hnh, Ic $ng * (h'M'
H $hu%u n gi/n v Be "a cPng nhQt l cO B9ng ch{ nhZt v B9ng t"Xn 3hnh a v F7. 4Mi vCi ng c cO c~
$hu%u ld. ~ Fi, mH $hu%u t"Xn jng th=i Ong vai t"X c~ $hu%u. 4? gi/m t"bng l<Rng ng<=i ta thi@t $@ mH $hu%u
ch{ nhZt <Rc vHt gOc 3hnh c7. H $hu%u Pvan 3hnh .B7 cO *Wc F'n 'u. 4? t"#c $hu%u cO cWng v{ng v *Wc
F'n ca+ t"#c $hu%u th<=ng <Rc thi@t $@ cO t"\ng i.. 4 t"\ng i. $ hiu l 3hnh .a7 cO th? 5Hc [nh thh+
cPng thWc *auU
4 t"\ng i. cng lCn, cWng v{ng v F'n ca t+n F t"#c $hu%u cng ca+.
4? t"Hnh tZ. t"ung Wng *uQt, gi{a mH v c~ $hu%u chMt $hu%u th<=ng cO cHc FHn $nh chuy?n ti@.
Enh .CHc Fin .hH. $@t cQu t6ng F'n mH $hu%u
- i tr"ngU Enh. Vai t"X ca Mi t"bng
U
$ $
c ch

+
=
&

4Mi t"bng l cHc $hMi l<Rng gdn t"n t"#c $hu%u ? t9+ "a lNc IuHn tnh ly tzm. nhYm nh{ng m#c ch *auU
VCzn FYng lNc IuHn tnh ly tzm )$ ca t"#c $hu%u 3hnh.a7.
V Czn FYng mt .h^n lNc IuHn tnh chuy?n ng t[nh ti@n cQ. mt 3hnh.F7 thPng th<=ng ng<=i ta czn FYng mt
n`a lNc IuHn tnh chuy?n ng t[nh ti@n cQ. nhOm .i*t+n thanh t"uy'n. 4Mi t"bng ld. ng<Rc vCi h<Cng ca chMt
$hu%u t9+ "a lNc IuHn tnh ly tzm cO giH t"[U
Gh< vZy t"n .h<ng ngang * 5uQt hin lNc mQt czn FYng
&
*U , 5in VW6
V4Mi t"bng l ni ? $h+an FCt cHc $hMi l<Rng $hi czn FYng ng h t"#c $hu%u.
Vai/m t/i t"bng tHc B#ng ch+ mt c~ $hu%u, v B# ch+ c~ gi{a t"#c $hu%u ng c , $x, , 5ylanh 3hnh (.(&.B7.
4Mi vCi t"#c $hu%u ny, cHc lNc IuHn tnh ly tzm )$ tN czn FYng nh<ng t9+ "a ct. mPmhn .$ luPn gzy uMn c~
gi{a. Shi cO Mi t"bng ct. mPmhn .Bt ca Mi t"bng * czn FYng lNc mPmhn .$ nn gi/m <Rc t/i ch+ c~
gi{a
& &
&
*U
P
X0
=
Enh. S@t cQu Mi t"bng
CO cHc l+9i Mi t"bng *auU
4Mi t"bng li'n vCi mH $hu%u 3Enh a7.
4Mi t"bng <Rc lQy FYng FulPng vCi t"#c $hu%u 3Enh F7.
4Mi t"bng <Rc ld. vCi mH $hu%u FYng "nh mang cH v <Rc $. chtt FYng FulPng 3Enh c7.
-u#i trc khuu: Enh. t l+9i $@t cQu uPi t"#c $hu%u PtP
Enh uPi t"#c $hu%u cO mtt Fch ? ld. FHnh v <Rc lm "Tng ? ld. vXng Fi g t"#c * cQ. h. *M. !"n F'
mtt ngng t"#c cO mtt .hCt chtn B^u ti@. O l "hn hji B^u cO chi'u 5+dn ng<Rc vCi chi'u Iuay ca t"#c $hu%u ?
g9t B^u t"K l9i. DHt vCi c~ t"#c cuMi c\ng l a chdn B^u. A^u <Rc cHc $@t cQu chdn l9i * "i 5uMng v thh+ lT
th+Ht B^u t"K l9i cac*th B^u
Gg+i "a, K mt *M ng c uPi t"#c $hu%u cXn lm l ni ld. chdn Bi chuy?n Bbc t"#c, ld. FHnh "6ng B]n ng
cHc c cQu .h# nh< Fm ca+ H., Fm B^u.
C d N( /9ng Y^ngQ '( /` ,& <hn )OZ- / /\ <hn <hE- 7hF
a,CPng B#ng
!hNc hin IuH t"nh thay ~i mPi chQtU th/i *9ch */n vZt chHy "a $hfi 5ylanh v n9. ^y mPi chQt mCi 3$hPng $h
h+tc hXa $h 7 v+ 5ylanh gi. ng c lm vic lin t#c.
F, u c^u
4Ong mK ng th=i gian Iuy [nh v /m F $n $ht. 4 mK lCn ? BXng $h l<u thPng. km vic m B[u,
tu~i thb v tin cZy ca+. !huZn tin t"+ng vic F/+ B<gng, *`a ch{a ng c v giH thnh ch@ t9+ hR. l.
c,)hzn l+9i
C cQu .hzn .hMi $h $i?u 5u.a.U B\ng 5u.a. Ong mK lT n9. lT th/i. C cQu .hzn .hMi $h $i?u van t"<RtU a
*M *` B#ng t"n ng c & $x, .i*t+n Ong vai t"X nh< van t"<Rt i'u $hi?n Ong mK lT n9. v lT th/i. C cQu
.hzn .hMi $h $i?u .hMi hR.U $@t hR. & $i?u t"n, vLa cO 5u.a. vLa cO van t"<Rt, <Rc *` B#ng t"n cHc ng c &
$x IuJt thlng.
C e T#$nh %&' /;/ <hng ;n %E :#F L<1< ,& Yfn 23ng L<1<" Bhn :F/h Q nh?/ 2-G+ /01 +g- )OZ-.
a, CHc .h<ng Hn FM t" *u.a.U
21M t" *u.a. tt 3hnh v7
. !"#c cam
&. C+n i
(. kX 5+ 5u.a.
,. -u.a.
0. Gd. mHy
8. !hzn mHy
!h<=ng B\ng ch+ ng c 56ng cO t% *M nJn thQ. v *M vXng Iuay $hPng lCn ldm.
u i?m U gi/m <Rc chi'u ca+ ng c. S@t cQu ca nd. 5ylanh n gi/n v B]n ng *u.a. cng Be Bng
Gh<Rc i?m U Fujng chHy $hPng gbn. Ain tch t"uy'n nhit lCn nn tnh $inh t@ ca ng c $Jm 3 tiu ha+
nhin liu K tMc ca+,gi/m h *M n9. lm gi/m mWc c<=ng hOa ca ng c }7.
VZy chi B\ng ch+ mt *M ng c 56ng cO ti *M nJn thQ., *M vXng Iuay nhf
21M t" *u.a. t"h+ 3hnh v7
. !"#c cam
&. C+n i
(. kX 5+ 5u.a.
,. -u.a.
0. Gd. mHy
8. !hzn mHy
:. 4a cy
;. 4Xn gHnh
>. CX m~
4<Rc B\ng .h~ Fi@n K ng c Bih*hl v 56ng, B+ nO lm ch+ Fujng chHy nhf gbn, gi. ng c t6ng <Rc t% *M
nJn.
u i?m U Fujng chHy "Qt gbn. Ain tch F' mtt t"uy'n nhit nhf nn lm gi/m t~n thQt nhit. 4Mi vCi ng c
56ng, $hi B\ng c cQu l+9i ny cO th? t6ng t% *M nJn thm tL |,0 @n & *+ vCi FM t" 5u.a. tt. 4<=ng n9. v
<=ng th/i thPng th+Hng, lm ch+ *Wc c/n $h ng nhf v t6ng <Rc h *M n9. 0 @n : .
Gh<Rc i?mU B]n ng 5u.a. .hWc t9. v lm t6ng chi'u ca+ ng c. km ch+ $@t cQu ca nd. 5ylanh t"K nn
.hWc t9. gzy $hO $h6n ch+ gia cPng ch@ t9+.
F, A]n ng 5u.a.
!"#c cam cO th? FM t" t"n nd. 5ylanh h+tc h. t"#c $hu%u ? B]n ng t"Nc ti@. hay giHn ti@. Iua Xn Fcy. DM
t"#c cam t"n nd. 5ylanh cO th? h+tc & t"#c cam. Gg+i "a t"#c cam cXn FM t" K thzn mHy, *u.a. <Rc B]n ng
giHn ti@. Iua c+n i, a cy.
C !h T#$nh %&' /;/ <hng ;n Yfn 23ng :#^/ /1+" Bhn :F/h Q nh?/ 2-G+ /01 +g- )OZ-"
a,A]n ng FYng FHnh "6ng 3hnh v7
Shi t"#c $hu%u v t"#c cam g^n nhau th<=ng <Rc B]n ng FYng FHnh "6ng. G@u $h+/ng cHch & t"#c nhf th
th<=ng B\ng ct. FHnh "6ng, $hi $h+/ng cHch ny lCn .h/i B\ng thm h+tc nhi'u FHnh "6ng t"ung gian. 4?
gi/m ti@ng jn t"+ng IuH t"nh chuy?n ng ng<=i ta th<=ng B\ng FHnh "6ng nghing
u i?mU $@t cQu n gi/n. Ct. FHnh "6ng .hzn .hMi $h th<=ng B\ng FHnh "6ng nghing nn t"uy'n ng m v
F'n.
Gh<Rc i?mU $hi $h+/ng cHch t"#c cam v t"#c $hu%u lCn th .h/i c^n thm cHc FHnh "6ng t"ung gian ,i'u ny
lam ch+ c cQu .hWc t9. v cjng $'nh.
F,A]n ng FYng 5ch 3hnh v7
Shi t"#c $hu%u v t"#c cam tt 5a nhau ta B\ng 5ch ? t"uy'n ng.
u i?mU gbn nh v B\ng ch+ cHc t"#c cO $h+/ng cHch lCn.
Gh<Rc i?mU 5ch cO giH thnh lCn, gzy ti@ng jn v Be F[ "ung ng lm *ai lch .ha .hzn .hMi $h. 4? 5ch luPn
c6ng ta .h/i cO c cQu c6ng 5ich.
c, A]n ng FYng ai "6ng 3hnh v7
u i?mU t"uy'n ng m B[u, ai cO tu~i thb $hH lCn nn $hPng c^n F/+ B<gng, giH thnh thQ..
Gh<Rc i?mU 4? ai luPn c6ng ta .h/i cO c cQu c6ng ai nhYm t"Hnh t"<Rt ai lm *ai Iuy luZt .hzn .hMi $h.
Chng 6: U TUNG TiI TRN
C !" T#$nh %&' /9ng Y^ng /01 h. :hEng %9- :#n ,& /;/ 2X/ :Fnh / %Dn /01 Y` %9- :#n
1Q CPng B#ng ca h thMng
E thMng FPi t"n cO nhim v# <a B^u FPi t"n @n cHc F' mtt ma *Ht ? gi/m t~n thQt cPng *uQt B+ ma *Ht gzy
"a v lm *9ch cHc F' mtt. Gg+i "a h thMng FPi t"n cXn cO cHc nhim v# lm mHt, Fa+ $n Fujng chHy v chMng
P5y hOa.
2 1Pi t"n F' mtt ma *Ht lm gi/m t~n thQt ma *Ht.
2 km mHt F' mtt lm vic ca cHc chi ti@t cO chuy?n ng t<ng Mi.
2 !cy "`a F' mtt ma *Ht.
2 1a+ $n $hh hK cHc ct. ma *Ht.
2 ChMng P5y hOa.
2 t ngdn IuH t"nh ch9y " ca ng c.
F, 4i'u $in FPi t"n.
2 1Pi t"n ma *Ht $hPU 1' mtt ld. ghJ. ca hai chi ti@t cO chuy?n ng t<ng Mi vCi nhau m $hPng cO chQt FPi
t"n. a *Ht $hP *inh "a nhit lm nOng cHc F' mtt ma *Ht $hi@n chng nhanh mXn hfng, cO th? gzy "a mi mXn
Bnh"
2 1Pi t"n ma *Ht <CtU k B9ng FPi t"n m gi{a hai F' mtt ca ct. ld. ghJ. luPn luPn <Rc Buy t" FYng mt lC.
B^u FPi t"n ng6n cHch.
2 1Pi t"n ma *Ht n`a <CtU k B9ng FPi t"n m gi{a hai F' mtt ca ct. ld. ghJ. <Rc Buy t" FYng mt lC. B^u
FPi t"n ng6n cHch $hPng lin t#c, m ch y@u l nh= nhCt ca B^u ? FPi t"n.
c, CHc tc tnh c F/n ca B^u FPi t"n
A^u FPi t"n 2 cXn gbi l Y` nhP:, Y` nhjn 2 B\ng ? FPi t"n cHc chi ti@t m chuy?n ng t"<Rt ln nhau .h/i
cO nh{ng tc tnh c F/n *auU
A^u FPi t"n .h/i FHm chdc t"n cHc F' mtt chi ti@t, chMng han gi, ht nhit, $hPng thay ~i .hcm chQt t"+ng IuH
t"nh lm vic v tc Fit l $hPng .hzn hy B+ tHc B#ng ca nhit . A^u FPi t"n .h/i cO nh{ng yu c^u nhQt
[nh v' hm l<Rng l<u huxnh 3D7, n<Cc v t9. chQt c hbc.
Gg+i "a B^u .h/i cO nhCt .h\ hR., nhit Png tc giCi h9n nhQt [nh.
-3R nh+t cYa $7' : k *Wc c/n Bi chuy?n Iua l9i ca cHc .hzn t` B^u 3hay cXn gbi l ni ma *Ht cHc .hzn t` B^u7
IhZ [ U Shi *` B#ng .h/i chbn nhCt thh+ ng Iuy [nh ca nh thi@t $@, jng th=i .h\ hR. vCi v\ng *` B#ng.
G@u nhCt ca B^u $hPng /m F/+ th B^u Be F[ J. "a $hfi $hh hK cHc chi ti@t $hi lm vic.
4 nhCt ca B^u <Rc $ hiu FYng cHc ch{ *M v Wng *au ch{ cHi chi $ hiu B^u t"+ng mHc B^u. Ch{ *M $
hiu cng lCn th t nhCt cng ca+.
-AhiJt R ?n "nh cYa $7': 4 ~n [nh v' nhit ca B^u, B^u .h/i /m F/+ *a+ ch+ $hi nhit thay ~i th
nhCt $hPng thzy ~i Hng $?. C6n cW v+ i'u $in lm vic c# th? ca ng c m ng<=i ta chbn B^u cO nhCt
ch+ .h\ hR..
-AhiJt R ng \c cYa $7': Ghit ny tc t"<ng ch+ *N mQt c tnh ca B^u. A+ vZy ng<=i ta Fi@t *` B#ng
v+ m\a Png hay m\a h h+tc vung thQ. hay v\ng ca+.
C 2" Vk L 2@ 7hE- ,& :#$nh %&' ng'(n )* )&+ ,-./ /01 h. :hEng %9- :#n /lng %m/ :#(n 23ng / 9:9
a, j $hMi Bien t/ nguyn l lm vic
2 HJ thLng bi trSn cct] +t
Enh. E thMng FPi t"n cHcth <Ct.
2: Ic t] $7' ^: 3_ng $7' .n ? tr/c (h'M'
6: Pha% 01c $7' 2`: 3_ng $7' .n ? tr/c ca*
8: ES* $7' 22: E7' 01c tinh
H: Can iF' p 26: ;t 0* *t $7'
O: E7' 01c $7' 28: Can nhiJt
P: Can an t%n 2H: 3!ng h! b% *c $7'
a: 3!ng h! % p 5't 2O: bc ? $7'
Q: 3_ng $7' chnh 2P: d'] th=* $7',
-HJ thLng bi trSn cct] (h
Enh. E thMng FPi t"n cHcth $hP.
2: Ic t] $7' Q: 3_ng $7' chnh
6,O: ES* $7' ^: 3_ng $7' .n ? tr/c (h'M'
8: 9heng $7' 2`: 3_ng $7' .n ? tr/c ca*
H: Pha% hZt $7' 22: E7' 01c tinh
P: E7' 01c th 26: 3!ng h! b% nhiJt R $7'
a: 3!ng h! b% p 5't 28: ;t 0* *t $7'
F, Gu nguyn l lm vicm <u v nh<Rc i?m
2E thMng FPi t"n cHcth <Ct
Shi ng c lm vic Fm B^u <Rc B]n ng lc ny B^u t"+ng cHcth Iua .ha+ lbc B^u & i v+ Fm. Dau $hi
Iua Fm B^u cO H. *uQt ca+ $h+/ng &28 Sgrcm&.
Shi nhit ca B^u ca+ IuH mWc Iuy [nh th B^u FPi t"n <Rc cy @n $Jt &, t9i zy B^u <Rc lm mHt "ji t"K
v' cHcth
Shi nhit ca B^u 9t mWc Iuy [nh th B^u i Iua F^u lbc thP 0 @n <=ng B^u chnh ;. !L <=ng B^u chnh,
B^u thh+ <=ng nhHnh > i FPi t"n t"#c $hu%u, *au O FPi t"n ^u t+ thanh t"uy'n Iua lT $h+an chJ+ 5uyn Iua
mH $hu%u 3$hi lT ^u t+ thanh t"uy'n t"\ng vCi lT $h+an t"+ng c~ Fin B^u * <Rc .hun thnh tia v+ Mng lOt
5ylanh7, A^u tL ^u t+ thanh t"uy'n thh+ <=ng Bbc thzn thanh t"uy'n ln FPi t"n chMt .i*t+n.
CXn B^u K m9ch chnh thh+ nhHnh | i FPi t"n t"#c cam}cng tL <=ng B^u chnh mt <=ng B^u $h+/ng 0 2
&| l<u l<Rng ca nhHnh B^u chnh B]n @n F^u lbc tinh . !9i zy nh{ng .h^n t` t9. chQt "Qt nhf <Rc gi{ l9i
nn B^u <Rc lbc "Qt *9ch. Dau $hi "a $hfi F^u lbc tinh vCi H. *uQt cXn l9i "Qt nhf B^u t"K v' cHcth .
Van ~n H. , ca Fm B^u cO tHc B#ng gi{ ch+ H. *uQt B^u K <=ng "a $hfi Fm $hPng ~i t"+ng .h9m vi tMc
vXng Iuay lm vic ca ng c. Shi F^u lbc thP 0 F[ tdc van an t+n 8 * mK, .h^n lCn B^u * $hPng i Iua F^u
lbc m ln thlng <=ng B^u chnh FYng <=ng B^u Iua van ? i FPi t"n, t"Hnh hin t<Rng thi@u B^u cung cQ.
@n cHc F' mtt ma *Ht c^n FPi t"n.
Van nhit ( chi h+9t ng 3Ong7 $hi nhit B^u ln IuH ca+ $h+/ng ;||C. A^u * Iua $Jt lm mHt & t"<Cc
$hi v' cHcth.
2E thMng FPi t"n cHcth $hP
E!1! cHcth $hP $hHc c F/n vCi E!1! cHcth <Ct K chT cO thm tL mt @n hai Fm B^u *M &, lm nhim v#
chuy?n B^u *au $hi FPi t"n "i 5uMng cHcth. !L cHcth B^u Iua $Jt lm mHt ( "ji v' th\ng chWa ( Fn ng+i ng
c. !L zy B^u <Rc Fm lQy i FPi t"n giMng nh< K E!1! cHcth <Ct.
Chng N: U TUNG LM MST
C !"T#$nh %&' /9ng Y^ng /01 h. :hEng )&+ +;: ,& g-D- :hF/h * nghn1 nh-.: 23 )&+ ,-./ :E- /01 23ng /
a, CPng B#ng ca h thMng
2Auy t" ch@ lm vic ch+ ng c $hi nhit ~n [nh.
2 ai{ ch+ ng c K nhit thch hR. v K tQt c/ cHc tMc , i'u $in vZn hnh.
2 km ch+ ng c 9t @n nhit vZn hnh Fnh th<=ng mt cHch nhanh chOng.
2E thMng lm mHt gi{ ch+ ng c lm vic hiu Iu/ t"+ng mbi i'u $in h+9t ng cng nh< K mbi tMc . GO
cng ch+ ng c 9t <Rc nhit lm vic Fnh th<=ng mt cHch nhanh nhQt $hi Fdt ^u $hKi ng t"+ng m\a
Png giH "Jt. V nO cng cung cQ. ngujn nhit *<Ki Qm v+ t"+ng $h+ang hnh $hHch
F, Ghit lm vic tMi <u 3:| ;0
+
C7
2 Auy t" nhit lm vic ca ng c K t"+ng mt $h+/ng nhQt [nh 3cHc .ac ngh ti@. nha 7. si chlng Fi@t "Yng
ng c *` B#ng t"n P tP l ng c nhit 3ng c Mt t"+ng7. Shi nO lm vic th <ng nhin l .h/i *inh "a
nhit "ji. V hiu *uQt ca ng c Mt t"+ng l $hPng ca+ 3 ca+ nhQt hin nay l 0& 7 nn t~n thQt nhit t"+ng
ng c l "Qt lCn. )h^n nhit ny th+Ht Iua vHch 5i lanh * lm ch+ cHc c cQu $hHc ca ng c v c/ B^u FPi
t"n nOng ln. Shi nhit t6ng * lm B^u FPi t"n l+ng "a 3 h *M nhCt thay ~i7 v ma *Ht gi{a cHc chi ti@t cO
chuy? ng t<ng Mi vCi nhau t"+ng ng c * t6ng ln 3i?n hnh l ma *Ht gi{a 5Jc m6ng v 5ilanh7 v cuMi
c\ng l cO th? gzy FO mHy.
2 Vic lNa chbn $h+/ng giCi h9n nhit lm mHt cXn czn Mi gi{a mP mhn $J+ ca ng c 3h7, cPng *uQt $J+ ca
ng c 3Gh7 v tc Fit l l<Rng tiu ha+ nhin liu ca ng c 3 cHi ny lin Iuan tCi tnh $inh t@7 .h/i nYm
t"+ng $h+/ng thQ. nhQt
4? czn Mi & chi tiu t"n, ng<=i ta ti@n hnh th` ng c t"n F th` 3cXn gbi l F6ng t/i7. 4? thu <Rc <=ng
tc tnh ng+i ca ng c ng<=i ta * ch+ ng c ch9y K ch@ nhin liu <Rc cung cQ. l lCn nhQt 3 vCi ng
c 56ng th F<Cm ga <Rc mK h+n t+n v vCi ng c Aih_hl th thanh "6ng Fm ca+ H. <Rc tt K ch@ cNc
9i7. !L <=ng tc tnh ng+i ca ng c cng vCi cHc th nghim $hac v' mi mXn gi{a cHc chi ti@t v B^u FPi
t"n, ng<Ki ta tm "a <Rc $h+/ng nhit tMi <u 3czn Mi gi{a chi tiu $inh t@ v $ thuZt 7 l 5Q. 5i :& C
3 $hPng .h/i l >| C nh< K t"n 7.!uy nhin B+ n6ng lNc ca h thMng lm mHt v tc i?m ca P tP l t/i t"bng
luPn luPn thay ~i 3nhQt l Mi vCi 5h t/i7 nn ng<=i ta 5Hc [nh $h+/ng lm vic tMi <u Mi vCi ng c P tP l
nYm t"+ng $h+/ng :| 2 ;| C.
C 2" T#$nh %&' ng'(n )* )&+ ,-./ ,& Q nh?/ 2-G+ /01 h. :hEng )&+ +;: %ong /h\: )png =:`n hO&nQ
/lng %m/ +3: ,qng 7FnH :#(n 23ng / 9 :9"
a,D j h thMng Bien t/ nguyn l lm vic, ch thch
U thzn mHym &U 5i lanhm (U nd. 5i lanhm ,U B<gng n<Cc "a $Jtm 0U nd. ~ "Ot n<Cc, 8U $Jt n<Ccm :U $hPng $h lm
mHtm ;U Iu9t giOm >U <=ng n<Cc lm mHt v+ ng c.
F, Gu nguyn l lm vic
G<Cc lm mHt cO nhit thQ. <Rc Fm & ht tL ng6n chWa .ha B<Ci ca $Jt n<Cc : Iua <=ng Mng "ji Iua
$Jt ( ? lm mHt B^u *au BO lm mHt ng c. 4? .hzn .hMi n<Cc lm mHt jng 'u ch+ cHc 5ylanh, n<Cc *au
$hi Fm v+ thzn mHy ch/y Iua Mng .hzn .hMi , c *ln t"+ng thzn mHy. Dau $hi lm mHt 5ylanh, n<Cc ln
lm mHt nd. mHy "ji thh+ <=ng Mng ( "a $hfi ng c vCi nhit ca+ @n van hYng nhit 0. G@u nhit n<Cc
lm mHt ch<a nOng th van hYng nhit Ong * <a n<Cc Iuay l9i lm mHt ng c Iua <=ng Mng |. Shi
van hYng nhit mK, n<Cc Iua van v+ ng6n t"n ca $Jt n<Cc. !i@. thh+, n<Cc tL $Jt t"n i Iua cHc Mng mfng cO
gdn cHc cHnh t/n nhit, t9i zy n<Cc <Rc lm mHt FKi BXng $hPng $h Iua $Jt B+ Iu9t ; t9+ "a nh= B]n ng FYng
.uly tL t"#c $hu%u ca Bng c. !9i ng6n B<Ci ca $Jt lm mHt, n<Cc cO nhit thQ. l9i <Rc Fm v+ ng c
thNc hin chu t"nh lm mHt tu^n h+n.
/Q u v nh<Rc i?m
2u i?mU vZn tMc l<u ng ca BXng n<Cc <Rc t6ng FKi Fm n<Cc. h thMng ny th<=ng B\ng ch+ ng c
P tP, mHy $J+ B\ng hng 5i lanh
2Gh<Rc i?mU
)hWc t9., $hO ch@ t9+
C M" Bhn :F/h Q nh?/ 2-G+ /01 h. :hEng )&+ +;: %ong /h\: )png ,& h. :hEng )&+ +;: %ong 7h9ng
7hF
a,u, nh<Rc i?m ca h thMng lm mHt FYng chQt lfng
$u %i&m :Eiu Iu/ lm mHt ca+, cHc chi ti@t lm mHt jng 'u hn B+ n<Cc cO nhit Bung "ing v nhCt lCn
hn nhi'u *+ vCi $hPng $h. !~n thQt ch+ h thMng lm mHt t hn. A+ lm mHt Bjng 'u nn ti *M nJn v' $ch n~
cO th? ca+ hn v cHc chi ti@t mXn 'u hn. Chi'u Bi ng c ngdn hn B+ $hPng .h/i FM t" cHc gzn t/n nhit
gi{a cHc 5i lanh B+ O ng c cWng v{ng hn
'h()c %i&mUE thMng lm mHt .hWc t9. hn v cO cHc F .hZn nh< $Jt n<Cc, Fm... Mi vCi ng c lm vic K
5W l9nh .h/i cO Fin .hH. chMng Png n<Cc. Gg+i "a n<Cc cO th? "X "i 5uMng cHc ta B^u gzy mXn t"Oc cHc chi ti@t
ma *Ht nh< .i*t+n, 5ilanh, t"#c v ~ t"#c
F,u, nh<Rc i?m ca h thMng lm mHt FYng $hPng $h
$u %i&m: t chi ti@t, Be ch6m *Oc F/+ B<gng, nhanh 9t hiu Iu/ nhit lm vic [nh mWc. ShPng F[ /nh
h<Kng ca n<Cc tCi B^u FPi t"n. )h\ hR. vCi nh{ng ni $han hi@m n<Cc nh<U *a m9c, "Lng *zu}A\ng t"n 5h
mP tP v Iuzn *N
'h()c %i&m: Eiu Iu/ "Qt $Jm, ng c th<=ng F[ nOng, nhQt l $hi cHnh t/n nhit F[ Fcn, Iu9t giO cO cPng *uQt
nhf hn nn $hi lm vic jn hn
Chng a: U TUNG NUIN LIU NG C rsNG
C !"N( /;/ <hng <h;< h$nh :h&nh hgn h?< :#(n 23ng / 45ng
a,D` B#ng ch@ h+ $h, hnh v v gi/i thch
- *+ %, h thng
2, 9heng <=ng a, Pha% 28, Cfi ph'n
6, Lng $-n <=ng Q, E7' pha% 2H, E+* ga
8, E7' 01c ^, Lng thng hSi 2O, Lng hZt
H, ES* <=ng 2`, E7' 01c (h 2P, Lng <
O, gc0S chnh 22, E+* giG 2a, Lng tiT' *
P, Can (i* ba cnh 26, H1ng (h'y.ch tn
-'gu-.n /0 /1m 2ic
Shi ng c lm vic, Fm 56ng ht 56ng tL th\ng chWa thh+ Mng B]n ln F^u lbc. 1^u lbc, lbc cHc ctn Fcn v
n<Cc "ji thh+ Mng B]n ln Fujng .ha+ ca F ch@ h+ $h. C cQu van $im 2 )ha+ gi{ ch+ mWc 56ng t"+ng Fujng
.ha+ <Rc ~n [nh t"+ng IuH t"nh ng c lm vic. K hnh t"nh ht, .i*t+n i 5uMng lm ch+ H. *uQt t"+ng
5ylanh gi/m gzy chnh lch vCi H. *uQt Fn ng+i, ht $hPng $h tL ng+i F^u lbc, $hPng $h <Rc ht v+ ng
c .h/i l<u ng Iua hbng $hu@ch tHn cO ti@t Bin F[ thu h.. !9i zy B+ tHc B#ng ca chzn $hPng 56ng <Rc
ht "a tL Fujng .ha+ Iua gicl chnh. !hNc chQt gicl l mt chi ti@t <Rc ch@ t9+ chnh 5Hc, ? cO th? ti@t l<u
[nh l<Rng l<u l<Rng 56ng ht "a ng nh< thi@t $@. Dau $hi "a hbng $hu@ch tHn, 56ng <Rc BXng $hPng $h 5J
nhf B<Ci B9ng *<ng m\, t9+ thnh hTn hR. n9. v+ ng c. k<Rng hTn hR. i v+ ng c .h# thuc v+
mK ca F<Cm ga. K cuMi $x nJn Fugi FZt tia l`a in Mt chHy hTn hR. $hPng $h t"+ng Fujng Mt ca 5i lanh
ng c. Dau O IuH t"nh chHy gin nK, *inh cPng, $h chHy t"+ng ng c <Rc th/i "a ng+i.
F, Si?u .hun 56ng t"n <=ng Mng n9. v .hun t"Nc ti@.
2 Si?u .hun 56ng t"n <=ng Mng n9. h thMng .hun giHn ti@. 3cXn gbi l h thMng tch .hun7 U
Ghin liu tL 1Cs $hPng <Rc <a t"Nc ti@. @n vXi .hun m <Rc Fm @n Mng ca+ H. chung. !hPng
th<=ng, Mng ca+ H. chung cO Bung tch lCn hn nhi'u l^n *+ vCi th? tch nhin liu <Rc
.hun v+ Fujng Mt t"+ng mt chu t"nh, nn H. *uQt .hun h^u nh< $hPng thay ~i t"+ng
*uMt IuH t"nh .hun . 4i'u O /m F/+ chQt l<Rng .hun tMt t"+ng mt .h9m vi "ng ca
tMc Iuay v t/i . 4? /m F/+ yu c^u [nh l<Rng v [nh th=i, h thMng tch .hun cO
$@t cQu $hH .hWc t9.. V vZy nO th<=ng chi <Rc *` B#ng ch+ nh{ng ng c Bih*hl cO
yu c^u ca+ v' chQt l<Rng .hun nhin liu K nh{ng ch@ t/i nhf.
2Si?u .hun t"Nc ti@.
E!)Gk t"Nc ti@. l mt l+9i E!)Gk FYng thu% lNc, K O nhin liu *au $hi "a
$hfi 1Cs <Rc B]n t"Nc ti@. @n vXi .hun FYng Mng B]n ca+ H. cO Bung tch nhf. u
i?m ca E!)Gk $i?u ny l U $@t cQu t<ng Mi n gi/n, cO $h/ n6ng nhanh chOng thay
~i cHc thPng *M cPng tHc .h\ hR. vCi ch@ lm vic ca ng c. Gh<Rc i?m c F/n
ca E!)Gk t"Nc ti@. l U H. *uQt .hun gi/m $hi gi/m ca tMc Iuay ca ng c , i'u O h9n ch@ $h/ n6ng lm
vic ~n [nh ca ng c K tMc Iuay thQ.. tc B\ ch<a H.
Wng h+n t+n cHc yu c^u tt "a, nh<ng E!)Gk t"Nc ti@. v]n <Rc *` B#ng .h~ Fi@n
nhQt hin nay ch+ tQt c/ cHc $i?u ng c Bih*hl.
E. .(2&(. )hzn l+9i h thMng .hun nhin liu thh+
cHch thWc t~ hR. cHc thnh tM c F/n
2 1m ca+ H. , &2 Mng ca+ H. , (2 vXi .hun , ,2 F .hzn .hMi
a7 E!)Gk c~ i?n vCi 1Cs n
F7 E!)Gk c~ i?n vCi 1Cs c#m
c7 E!)Gk vCi Fm ca+ H. .hzn .hMi
B7 E!)Gk vCi 1Cs2V) lin hR.
C 2" N( /9ng Y^ng ,& ng'(n )* )&+ ,-./ /01 h. :hEng /hFnh )&+ g-D+ 23 /hn 7h9ng L1 g-/C) /hFnh
a, Enh v cO ch thch
-hng c'ng cp (hng (h ti gija Lng ph'n chnh,
. aicl chnh ,&. Ebng $huy@ch tHn ,(. 1<Cm ga ,,. aicl $hPng $h ,0. Mng .hun
- hng c'ng cp (hng (h ti bTn tr%ng Lng t% b1t:
. aicl chnh ,&. aicl $hPng $h ,(. 1^u .ha+ ,,. Mng t9+ Fbt ,0. 1<Cm ga ,8. vXi .hun chnh
234ng cung c5 kh#ng kh t6 7.n ng81i ng t48 7"t9
2, gic0S chnh 6, gic0S (hng (h 8, E7' pha% H, Lng t% b1t O, E+* ga P, Cfi ph'n chnh
2: thng kt h)59
2, E'!ng pha% 6, gic0S chnh 8, gi.ng t% b1t H, Lng ph'n )+i cc 0c O, 3_ng $-n (hng (h P, ;i* ga
a, 9r/ ga Q, H1ng (h'y.ch tn ^, Lng $-n h+ng 2`, hy ga
F, ai/i thch cPng B#ng v nguyn l lm vic
-34ng cung c5 kh#ng kh t6 gi;< ng 5hun chnh9
Shi ng c, mWc 56ng t"+ng Mng .hun chnh, t"+ng Mng $hPng $h, v t"+ng Fujng .ha+ ' FYng nhau, mWc 56ng
ny 'u thQ. hn ming Mng .hun chnh mt l<Rng. Shi ng c lm vic K ch@ t/i nhf, F<Cm ga <Rc mK
nhf nn 56ng <Rc "a $hfi Mng .hun chnh thh+ Iuy luZt t<ng tN nh< t"+ng ch@ h+ $h n gi/n . Shi mWc 56ng
t"+ng Mng $hPng $h gi/m, $hPng $h Fn ng+i lZ. tWc i Iua gicl $hPng $h ? thay th@ chT t"Mng. !"+ng giai
+9n ny l<u l<Rng $hPng $h Iua gicl $hPng $h cXn nhf, nn H. *uQt t"n F' mtt 56ng t"+ng Mng $hPng $h
luPn czn FYng vCi H. *uQt $h t"=i. V vZy l<u l<Rng 56ng i Iua gicl chnh chi .h# thuc chnh lch gi{a
mWc 56ng t"+ng Fujng .ha+ v Mng $hPng $h. Shi chzn $hPng t"+ng hbng $huy@ch tHn t6ng ln @n mt giH
t"[ n+ O, 56ng t"+ng Mng $hPng $h <Rc h9 @n mWc thQ. nhQt, $hPng $h tL Fn ng+i v+ Iua gicl $hPng
$h v chng * t"n l]n vCi 56ng t9+ thnh Fbt 56ng .hun v+ t"+ng Mng $huy@ch tHn. DN hnh thnh Fbt 56ng
t"+ng Mng .hun K $hu vNc *au gicl chnh * lm gi/m chzn $hPng K zy B]n @n l<u l<Rng 56ng Iua gicl
chnh gi/m v hTn hR. nhin liu cung cQ. ngh+ i.
-34ng cung c5 kh#ng kh t6 7.n tr8ng ng t48 7"t:
!<ng tN nh< l+9i cung cQ. $hPng $h tL gi{a Mng .hun chnh. Shi ng c ch<a lm vic mWc 56ng t"+ng Fujng
.ha+, t"+ng Mng t9+ Fbt v t"+ng vXi .hun chnh FYng nhau.
Shi ng c lm vic K ch@ t/i nhf, F<Cm ga mK nhf, chzn $hPng K hbng ht thQ., 56ng <Rc ht "a tL vXi
.hun chnh /m F/+ K giai +9n ^u hPn hR. nhin liu cO t% l Zm.
Shi ng c ch9y K tMc lCn hn, chzn $hPng K hbng $huy@ch tHn t6ng, l<Rng 56ng <Rc ht "a nhi'u. A+
vZy 56ng t"+ng Mng t9+ Fbt * <Rc ht "a v gi/m B^n. Shi mWc 56ng K t"+ng Mng t9+ Fbt gi/m lm ch+ cHc lT K
t"n Mng t9+ Fbt hK "a, $hPng $h tL ng+i v+ Iua gicl, $hPng $h t"n v+ Iua Mng t9+ Fbt thPng Iua lT t"n Mng
t9+ Fbt t"n vCi 56ng t9+ thnh Fbt 56ng .hun v+ hbng $huy@ch tHn, jng th=i lm gi/m chzn $hPng K $hu
vNc Mng t9+ Fbt nh= vZy l<Rng 56ng i Iua vXi .hun chnh gi/m hTn hR. F[ ngh+ i nhi'u hn.
234ng cung c5 kh#ng kh t6 7.n ng81i ng t48 7"t9
3t<ng tN nh< B9ng cung cQ. $hPng $h tL t"+ng Mng t9+ Fbt7.
2: thng kt h)5
Shi ng c lm vic K ch@ t/i nhf t"# ga hJ mK, k<Rng Fbt hnh thnh t"+ng Mng t9+ Fbt ( t B+ l<Rng $hPng
$h i Iua O t nn chzn $hPng *au Iua gicl & F[ /nh h<Kng $hPng Hng $?, lc ny l<u l<Rng 56ng i Iua
Mng .hun lCn ? t9+ nn hTn hR. nhin liu cO thnh .h^n Zm.
Shi ng c chuy?n *ang lm vic K ch@ t/i t"bng t"ung Fnh, t"# ga <Rc nzng ln c\ng vCi $im ga 8 nn ti@t
Bin l<u thPng t"+ng Mng .hun chnh t6ng. Gh< vZy l<u l<Rng i Iua Mng .hun cO 5u h<Cng t6ng "Qt nhanh B]n
@n vic hnh thnh hTn hR. nhin liu Zm. tt $hHc tMc l<u thPng ca BXng $h t"+ng Mng t6ng, mWc 56ng
t"+ng gi@ng ( h9 5uMng thQ. hn lm hK cHc lT thPng hi, lm ch+ $hPng $h tL ng+i v+ Mng t9+ Fbt Iua cHc lT
F[ hK h+ t"Pn vCi 56ng t9+ thnh Fbt 56ng .hun v+ hbng $huy@ch tHn. S@t Iu/ l l<Rng Fbt 56ng hnh thnh
t"+ng Mng nhi'u hn B]n @n chzn $hPng *au gicl chnh & gi/m, l<Rng 56ng ht Iua gicl chnh & gi/m t hn
*+ vCi Fnh th<=ng lm ch+ hTn hR. ngh+ i
C 6" C9ng Y^ngQ ng'(n )* )&+ ,-./ /01 h. :hEng 7h9ng :D-
a, Enh v cO ch thch
2, gic0S (hng (h
6, Nch <=ng (hng ti,
8, bc ph'n (hng ti
H, Ct iF' ch4nh,
O, gc0S (hng ti
F, ai/i thch cPng B#ng v nguyn l lm vic
2CPng B#ngU k h thMng $hPng $h cO nhim v# cung cQ. hTn hR. nhin liu ch+ ng c lm vic ~n [nh K ch@
ch9y c^m chLng
2 Gguyn l lm vic
E thMng ch9y $hPng t/i Fa+ gjm cO gicl ch9y $hPng t/i ld. *au gicl chnh, gicl $hPng $h "nh $hPng t/i, lT
.hun $hPng t/i v vt i'u chinh $hPng t/i.
Shi ng c lm vic K ch@ ch9y c^m chLng, $hPng cO .h# t/i, lc ny F<Cm ga Ong g^n $n, l<Rng $hPng
$h i v+ ng c t. !9i hbng $huy@ch tHn ca F ch@ h+ $h chzn $hPng nhf, vXi .hun chnh $hPng lm
vic. K .ha B<Ci F<Cm ga chzn $hPng "Qt lCn B+ *Wc ht ca ng c. -6ng * <Rc ht t< F^u .ha+ Iua gicl
chnh, Iua gicl $hPng t/i i v+ "nh $hPng t/i. !9i zy 56ng * <Rc h+ t"n vCi $hPng $h i tL ng+i v+ Iua
gicl $hPng $h t9+ thnh hTn hR. nh t<ng v <Rc .hun "a K lT .hun $hPng t/i .ha B<Ci F<Cm ga cung cQ.
hTn hR. ch+ ng c ch9y K ch@ $hPng t/i. K ch@ $hPng t/i $hi *M vXng Iuay thQ. chi cO ming .hun .ha
B<Ci thNc hin .hun nhin liu cXn lT .ha t"n cO tHc B#ng cung cQ. thm $hPng $h v+ h+ t"n vCi 56ng t"Hnh
hn hR. IuH Zm.
Shi ng c chuy?n tL ch@ lm vic $hPng t/i *ang cO t/i, F<Cm ga hJ mK v<Rt Iua lT .hun chuy?n ti@.. 4
chzn $hPng K .ha B<Ci F<Cm ga v]n lCn nn c/ hai lT .hun 'u .hun hPn hR. lm ch+ nhin liu cung cQ. ch+
ng c t6ng ln, ng c tL tL t6ng tMc v $hPng F[ ch@t mHy.
!9i lT .hun .ha B<Ci ca h thMng $hPng t/i cO mt vt ? i'u chinh lT .hun. Shi vtn "a * lm t6ng l<Rng hTn
hR. $hPng t/i.
C N"C9ng Y^ngQ ng'(n )* )&+ ,-./ /01 h. :hEng )&+ 2t+ =Yfn 23ng %ong / 7hF hOX/ /hn 7h9ngH
a, Enh v cO ch thch
Shi ng c ch9y t+n t/i, F ti@t $im cO nhim v# F~ 5ung thm l<Rng 56ng ? lm Zm thm hTn hR., /m
F/+ ch+ ng c .hHt "a cPng *uQt cNc ai.
Vic B]n ng h thMng lm Zm <Rc thNc hin FYng hai cHchU A]n ng FYng chzn $hPng v B]n ng FYng c
$h.
2 HJ thLng 0* k* blng cS (h:
2, 9* nLi, 6, gic0S chnh, 8, gic0S ti.t (iJ*, H, bf <%,
O, I7n nLi, P, Can, a, I7n (%, Q, I7n myK ^, Cfi ph'n,
CQu t9+ h thMng B]n ng FYng c $h Fa+ gjm h thMng c^n i'u $hi?n, c^n nMi, c^n $J+, c^n cy <Rc ld. lin
ng vCi t"#c F<Cm ga K .ha Hy Fujng .ha+ cO FM t" van ti@t $im, lX 5+ van v gicl F ti@t $im. aicl F
ti@t $im cO th? <Rc ld. *+ng *+ng h+tc nMi ti@. vCi gicl chnh.
VE thMng lm Zm B]n ng FYng chzn $hPngU
2, Cfi ph'n chnh P, 3_ng Lng chn
(hng
22, Pi5t%n
6, H1ng (h'y.ch
tn
a, ;i* )an 0* k* 26, E'!ng pha%
8, E+* ga Q, gc0S chnh 28, Lng chn (hng
H, gc0S 0* k* ^, bf <% c7n 0* k*
O, Can an t%n 2`, >y0anh
1a+ gjmU )i*t+n, 5ylanh, c^n cy, .i*t+n v c^n cy <Rc nMi vCi nhau. .i*t+n chuy?n ng ln 5uMng t"+ng
5ylanh. !"n 5ylanh cO hai lT K inh 5ylanh thPng vCi B<Ci F<Cm ga, lT B<Ci F<Cm ga thPng vCi F^u lbc $h.
F, ai/i thch cPng B#ng v nguyn l lm vic
2 CPng B#ng
E thMng lm Zm cO nhim v# cung cQ. thm nhin liu $hi ng c ch9y K ch@ t+n t/i, /m F/+ ch+ ng
c .hHt "a cPng *uQt cNc 9i 3Shi mK h+n t+n F<Cm ga7.
2Gguyn l lm vic
VE thMng lm Zm FYng c $hU
Shi ng c lm vic K ch@ t/i t"ung Fnh F<Cm ga mK n`a chLng, lc ny van F ti@t $im Ong, 56ng <Rc
cung cQ. v+ ch@ h+ $h Iua gicl chnh Iua <=ng 56ng chnh /m F/+ ch+ ng c lm vic K ch@ t/i t"ung
Fnh.
Shi ng c lm vic K ch@ t+n t/i, F<Cm ga mK t"n ;| Iua h thMng c^n lin ng /y ch+ van F lm
Zm F~ 5ung thm hTn hR. nhin liu .hun v+ ng c /m F/+ ch+ ng c lm vic K ch@ t+n t/i, .hHt
huy <Rc cPng *uQt cNc 9i.
VE thMng lm Zm B]n ng FYng chzn $hPng
Shi F<Cm ga mK ch<a h@t, chzn $hPng B<Ci F<Cm ga lCn thPng Iua <=ng Mng chzn $hPng nMi vCi 5ylanh F
lm Zm lm ch+ Fujng t"n chzn $hPng lCn. .i*t+n i ln thdng *Wc c6ng ca lX 5+ lm ch+ lX 5+ F[ J. l9i,
c^n cy i ln $hPng tHc ng v+ van lm Zm, lX 5+ van cy ch+ van Ong l9i. A+ vZy $hPng cO l<Rng 56ng F~
5ung v+ <=ng 56ng chnh. Shi F<Cm ga mK h@t chzn $hPng K B<Ci F<Cm ga nhf lm ch+ chzn $hPng K
Fujng t"n .i*t+n nhf $hPng thdng <Rc *Wc c6ng ca lX 5+ $hPng cy c^n .i*t+n. kc O lX 5+ c^n .i*t+n cy
ch+ .i*t+n i 5uMng tHc ng v+ B<Ci van lm Zm Iua gicl lm Zm i v+ vXi .hun chnh cung cQ. thm mt
l<Rng 56ng ? ng c .hHt huy cPng *uQt.
C a" C9ng Y^ngQ ng'(n )* )&+ ,-./ /01 h. :hEng :5ng :E/ ,& h. :hEng 7hu- 23ng
a,Enh v cO ch thch
C U. :hEng :5ng :E/
2, Cfi ph'n
6, Can tr1ng 0@ng
8, Pi5t%n,
H, I7n nLi
O, I7n (%
P, Can <=ng )%,
a, bf <%,
Q, 9* (%,
^, I7n my,
2`, >y0anh bS* t=ng tLc,
CQu t9+ h thMng t6ng tMc Fa+ gjm .i*t+n 5ylanh. Van 56ng v+ cO tHc B#ng cung cQ. 56ng ch+ ct. .i*t+n
5ylanh. !"n 5ylanh cO mt lT 6n thPng vCi Fujng .ha+ ? th+Ht n6ng l<Rng. 1 .hZn B]n ng Fa+ gjm c^n nMi,
c^n $J+ thanh ngang, van t"bng l<Rng B\ng ? t9+ H. *uQt v Ong mK <=ng 56ng "a.
C U. :hEng 7hu- 23ng
Shi $hKi ng ng c, tMc thQ. ,*M vXng Iuay ca t"#c $hu%u nhf ,*Wc ht ca ng c y@u, nhit ca
ng c thQ., *N Fay ca 56ng $Jm. A+ O nhim v# ca h thMng $hKi ng l cung cQ. mt hTn hR. nhin liu
.h\ hR. ? ng c $hKi ng Be Bng.
CO hai hnh thWc $hKi ng O l B\ng F<Cm giO v B\ng F $hKi ng "ing K zy ta chi tm hi?u v' F $hKi
ng B\ng F<Cm giO .
nS ! hJ thLng (hi Rng $eng b+* giG,
!"+ng h $hKi ng B\ng F<Cm giO 56ng <Rc .hun "a tL lT .hun $hPng t/i v lT .hun chnh . K t"n F<Cm giO
<Rc ld. thm van $h .h#
, E+* giG,
6, Can (h ph/
F,ai/i thch cPng B#ng v nguyn l lm vic
C U. :hEng :5ng :E/
Shi ng c t6ng tMc F<Cm ga mK t ngt Iua h thMng c^n lin ng $J+ c^n J. i 5uMng tHc B#ng mt lNc v+
lX 5+ cy .i*t+n i 5uMng nhanh t9+ "a H. *uQt lCn t"+ng 5ylanh lm Ong van 56ng v+, cy van t"bng l<Rng mK
"a, J. 56ng thh+ <=ng 56ng t6ng tMc .hun v+ hbng ht t9+ hTn hR. Zm tc ? ng c t6ng tMc thuZn lRi
$hPng F[ ch@t mHy, $hi ng c t6ng tMc F<Cm ga mK tL tL, .i*t+n Fm t6ng tMc i 5uMng tL tL B+ O $hPng t9+ "a
H. *uQt t ngt t"+ng 5ylanh nn van 56ng v+ Ong $hPng $n, 56ng t"+ng 5ylanh Iua van 56ng v+ Iuay t"K l9i
F^u .ha+.
CU. :hEng 7hu- 23ng
Shi $hKi ng ng c, ng<=i lHi $hJ+ tay F<Cm giO thPng Iua c^n linh ng, F<Cm giO Ong l9i, F<Cm ga hJ
mK. A+ *Wc ht ca ng c K B<Ci F<Cm giO cO chzn $hPng lCn , 56ng <Rc ht "a K c/ vXi .hun chnh v lT
.hun $hPng t/i t9+ "a hTn hR. Zm tc ? ng c Be $hKi ng.
Shi ng c Fdt ^u lm vic, *M vXng Iuay t6ng, *Wc ht ca ng c lCn. G@u F<Cm giO mK th lc ny van
$h .h# * lm vic cung cQ. thm $hPng $h v+ ng c ? t"Hnh tnh t"9ng ng c F[ ch@t mHy B+ thi@u $hPng
$h. Shi $hKi ng 5+ng F<Cm giO l9i mK h+n t+n.
C b" T#$nh %&' ng'(n )* )&+ ,-./ /01 h. :hEng <hn 45ng 7-G LCvK:#On-/ =/hO h$nhH
=+ %, h thng
2: 0 )an 0kt, 6: bR iF' (hion iJn tp, 8: 0 cn gi* chn, H: )fi ph'n iJn tp,
O: theng <=ng, P: bS*, a: 01c,Q: bR iF' ch4nh p 5't, ^: cng tc, 2`: rS 0- nhiJt th_i gian, 22: )fi ph'n (hi
Rng, 26: c* bi.n nhiJt R Rng cS, 28: b+* hcn h@p,
2H: rS 0] nhiJt, 2O: _ng b? 5'ng (hng (h
a, ai/i thch cHc tn hiu v+ 3cHc c/m Fi@n7
2C9ng :w/ nh-.: ] :hj- g-1n
CPng tdc nhit 2 th=i gian B\ng ? giCi h9n IuH t"nh .hun nhin liu ca $im .hun $hKi ng
F, Ch@ $hKi ng
1Zt $hOa in, " lh t~ng cQ. in ch+ h thMng 5+ay $h+H in @n v[ t" $hKi ng, mHy $hKi ng Iuay ng
c. 1m 56ng in ht 56ng tL th\ng 56ng ln Fm 56ng, F^u lbc, Mng .hzn .hMi "ji tCi cHc vXi .hun, H. *uQt
nhin liu t"+ng h thMng i'u $hi?n FKi F i'u chinh H. *uQt t\y thuc chzn $hPng K c~ ht.. kc ny, cPng
tdc nhit th=i gian Ong, van $h .h# mK. C * nhZn tn hiu tL cHc c/m Fi@n nh<U c/m Fi@n v[ t" F<Cm ga,
c/m Fi@n + giO 3l<u l<Rng v nhit $hPng $h7, tn hiu K F chia in $hOa in ? i'u $hi?n Bi ca vXi
.hun chnh v $ch thch vXi .hun $hKi ng l9nh h+9t ng. 4jng th=i $hPng $h Iua F^u lbc giO <ng $h
$hPng t/i v <=ng $h F~ *ung v+ c~ ht hXa t"n vCi nhin liu <Rc .hun "a K cHc vXi .hun t9+ hXa $h t<ng
Mi Zm gi. ng c $hKi ng Be Bng. Shi ng c 9t nhit lm vic, cPng tdc nhit cdt m9ch in vXi
.hun $hKi ng l9nh lm nO ngLng h+9t ng, jng th=i van F~ *ung $h cdt BXng $hPng $h F~ *ung
c, Ch@ c^m chLng
1<Cm ga Ong $n, ti@. i?m $hPng t/i t"+ng cma" Fi@n v[ t" F<Cm ga Ong, cHc in t"K t"+ng c/m Fi@n <Rc
gi/i .hOng $hfi m9ch i'u $hi?n. C * i'u $hi?n vXi .hun .hun nhin liu vCi th=i gian tMi thi?u ? cung cQ.
nhin liu .h\ hR. vCi ch@ c^m chLng, cXn $hPng $h <Rc i Iua <=ng $h .h#. k<Rng $hPng $h $hPng t/i
<Rc i'u chinh FYng vt K h. F<Cm ga. Van F~ *ung $h 3 Van $hPng t/i7 cO B9ng van t"<Rt thay ~il<ng$
$hPng $h i *+ng *+ng vCi F<Cm ga, <Rc tt t"+ng thzn mHy g^n v\ng H+ n<Cc ca 5i lanh. Vic Ong mK van
.h# thuc v+ nhit ca ng c. Shi nhit t6ng, van tL tL Ong l9i
B, Ch@ t6ng tMc
!"+ng ch@ ny, F<Cm ga mK t ngt. V[ t" F<Cm ga thay ~i v[ t" gOc Iuay F<Cm ga <Rc <a ngay v+
C B<Ci B9ng tn hiu. !n hiu ny $@t hR. vCi tn hiu <Rc a v' tL F + l<u l<Rng $h n9., C * i'u
$hi?n vXi .hun <a v+ ng c nhin liu tMi <u nhQt. S@t Iu/ l 5ung i'u $hi?n <Rc mK "ng nhihhn liu
<Rc .hun thm v+ ng c gi. ng c t6ng tMc Be Bng
h, Ch@ t+n t/i
kc ny h thMng nhn liu .h/i cung cQ. thm 56ng /m F/+ ch+ ng c .hHt "a cPng *uQt cNc 9i.!h=i i?m
Fdt ^u lm Zm $hi ^y t/i .h# thuc v+ th=i i?m Ong ti@. i?m lm Zm t"+ng cma" Fi@n v[ t" F<Cm ga.
!h=i i?m nayB <Rc 5Hc [nh t"<Cc FKi B9ng cam gdn t"n t"#c F<Cm ga t"+ng F + v[ t" F<Cm ga. Wc lm
Zm <Rc lZ. t"nh t"+ng C v i'u $hi?n vXi .hun thm nhin liu
Cdt nhin liu $hi gi/m t/i t ngtU
k<Rng nhin liu cO th? F[ cdt gi/m $hi F<Cm ga Ong h+n t+n m tMc ng c v<Rt IuH tMc $hPng t/i
ch+ .hJ. 3$hi 5uMng BMc h+tc $hi .hanh 5h7 th C * gi/m FCtt th=i gian .hun nhin liu.
g,aiCi h9n tMc ng cU
Shi tMc ng c v<Rt IuH giCi h9n ch+ .hJ.. 1 giCi h9n tMc ng c C h+9t ng ngdt tn hiu cung
cQ. nhin liu tCi v=i .hun.
Chng b: U TUNG NUIN LIU TRN NG C JIxyxL
C !"N( /9ng Y^ng ,& '( /` /01 h. :hEng /ng /\< nh-(n )-. :#(n 23ng / J-KLK)
1Q CPng B#ng
E thMng nhin liu Bih*hl cO nhim v# cung cQ. nhin liu Bih*hl v+ Fujng Mt ? t9+ thnh hTn hR. ch+ ng
c B<Ci B9ng *<ng m\ vCi H. *uQt ca+, cung cQ. $[. th=i, ng lc .h\ hR. vCi cHc ch@ ca ng c v jng
'u t"+ng tQt c/ cHc 5ylanh.
%Q u c^u
E thMng nhin liu lm vic tMt hay 5Qu cO /nh h<Kng tCi chQt l<Rng .hun nhin liu, /nh h<Kng ca IuH t"nh
chHy, tnh ti@t $im v F'n ca ng c v vZy ? ng c lm vic tMt, $inh t@ v an t+n t"+ng IuH t"nh lm
vic th h thMng cung cQ. nhin liu ng c Bih*hl .h/i /m F/+ cHc yu c^u *auU
2 )h/i cung cQ. nhin liu v+ Fujng chHy ca ng c vCi H. *uQt ca+ v l<Rng nhin liu cung cQ. v+ .h/i
.h\ hR. vCi .h# t/i 3ch@ cPng tHc7 ca ng c
2 )h/i .hun ng thW tN lm vic ca cHc 5ylanh v l<Rng nhin liu .hun v+ .h/i jng 'u nhau ? ng c
cO tnh $inh t@ ca+.
2 !h=i gian .hun nhin liu .h/i chnh 5Hc, $[. th=i Fdt ^u v $@t thc .h/i BWt $h+Ht nhanh chOng.
2 Ghin liu .h/i <Rc h+ *<ng tMt v .hzn tHn jng 'u t"+ng Fujng chHy ca ng c ? hnh thnh hTn
hR. chHy tMt.
C 2" Ng'(n )* )&+ ,-./ ,& 7>: /\ /01 %+ /1O ;< Bx =/hO h$nhH
1Q ai/i thch cQu t9+
UzNU b: T+ /1O ;< Bx"
2, ER iF' tLcK ,6: ES* ch'yon nhiTn 0iJ'K 8: IS c' ph'n $7' 5+* t# RngK H: 9r/c ca* bS* ca% pK
O: Ct < (hng (hK P, Ipa ch\nK a: Ic phn bS*K Q: Cq bS*,
UzNU : C\ :ZO +3: :{ %+ /1O ;< Bx"
2, 37' nLiK 6, E'!ng ca% pK 8, Can triJt h!iK H, Pi5t%n bS* ca% pK O, 9hanh r=ngK P, C' chj thkpK
a, Cfng r=ngK Q, Lng (rp 'i pi5t%nK ^, bf <% bS*K 2`, E'0ng iF' ch4nhK 22, I%n Ri c%n 0=nK
26, 9r/c ca*K 28, <y0anh bS* ca% pK 2H, Cq bS*K 2O, 3. )an ca% p
F, Gu nguyn l lm vic ca mt .hzn Fm
|; :#$nh n&' %1O g@+ /;/ g-1- 2OZn L1 :
- >u! tr?nh n45 @h?nh <A9
Shi cam thPi tHc ng ln c+n i, .i*t+n B[ch chuy?n i 5uMng B<Ci tHc B#ng ca lX 5+ hji v[ van ca+ H. Ong
nn chzn $hPng t"+ng $hPng gian t"n .i*t+n t6ng ln $hi .i*t+n mK lT n9. nhin liu tL t"+ng Fujng nhin liu
* i'n ^y v+ t"+ng 5ylanh Fm IuH t"nh n9. nhin liu v+ 5ylanh $J+ Bi ch+ @n $hi .i*t+n i 5uMng v[ t"
thQ. nhQt.
- >u! tr?nh nn - 5hun nhi.n /iu @:?nh 7A9
Shi cam lch tzm Fdt ^u tHc B#ng v+ c+n i .i*t+n * B[ch chuy?n ln t"n v jng th=i lX 5+ F[ nJn l9i. t"+ng
giai +9n ny t"<Cc $hi .i*t+n Ong $n lT n9. mt .h^n nhin liu t"+ng 5ylanh F[ cy t"K l9i Iua lT n9. IuH t"nh
nJn * Fdt ^u $hi inh .i*t+n Ong $n lT n9. $hi H. *uQt nhin liu t"+ng 5ylanh lCn thdng <Rc *Wc c6ng ca
lX 5+ van ca+ H. v H. *uQt B< ca nhin liu t"+ng <=ng Mng ca+ H. nzng van ln .ha t"n mK ch+ nhin liu
t"+ng 5ylanh i v+ <=ng Mng ca+ H. tCi vXi .hun v chnh H. *uQt ca nhin liu thdng <Rc *Wc c6ng ca lX 5+
$im .hun nzng $im .hun ? mK .hun nhin liu v+ Fujng chHy ca ng c.
- Bt thCc 5hun @:?nh cA9
)i*t+n ti@. t#c i ln $hi "nh vHt 3g= 5/ ca "nh chJ+7 mK lT 5/ B+ chnh lch v' H. *uQt nn nhin liu tL
$hPng gian .ha t"n inh .i*t+n * th+Ht "a c`a 5/ B+ "nh $h+an Wng lm ch+ H. *uQt K <=ng nhin liu gi/m
5uMng t ngt, lX 5+ * Ong van ca+ H. jng th=i $im .hun * Ong l9i "Qt nhanh ngLng cung cQ. nhin liu ch+
Fujng chHy. B<Ci tHc B#ng ca lX 5+ van ca+ H. v H. *uQt B< t"+ng <=ng Mng ca+ H. lm van ca+ H. * <Rc
Ong $n v vXi .hun ngLng lm vic $@t thc IuH t"nh .hun nhin liu .i*t+n B[ch chuy?n 5uMng B<Ci v IuH
t"nh lm vic l9i <Rc lt. l9i nh< c nh< IuH t"nh n9..
C M" Ng'(n )* )&+ ,-./ ,& 7>: /\ /01 %+ /1O ;< Vx =/hO h$nhH
1Q ai/i thch cQu t9+
2, 9r/c tr'yFn RngK 6, ES* ch'yon nhiTn 0iJ'K 8, Enh r=ng tr'yFn RngKH, Cfng c%n 0=nK O, I%n 0=nK
P, 3sa ca*K a, ER iF' (hion ph'n 5+*K Q, bf <% h!i )" pi5t%nK ^, Ec iF' ch4nh nhiTn 0iJ'K 2`, >y0anh chiaK
22, Pi5t%n chiaK 26, 37' chiaK 28, IhLt N6K 2H, I7n (hi RngK 2O, I7n iF' (hionK 2P, Ct iF' ch4nh t%n tiK
2a, I7n hiJ' ch4nhK 2Q, 3_ng $7' h!iK 2^, Ct cj (hng tiK 6`, bf <% iF' tLcK 62, Ct cj t%n tiK 66, I7n gaK
68, Lng tr@t bR iF' tLcK 6H, d' )=ngK 6O, 9hn bR iF' tLc
1m gjmU Gd. Fm, thzn Fm v ^u chia.
!"+ng O cO cHc F .hZn chnhU
2 1 .hZn t"uy'n chuy?n ngU !"#c t"uy'n ng 37, FHnh "6ng t"uy'n ng 3(7, a cam 387, $hC. nMi t"ung gian.
Ghim v# ca F .hZn ny l nhZn chuy?n ng Iuay tL t"#c $hu%u ng c ? t"uy'n ch+ .i*t+n 37. tt $hHc
c\ng vCi c+n l6n 307, lX 5+ hji v[ .i*t+n 3;7, $hi a cam Iuay t9+ nn chuy?n ng t[nh ti@n ch+ .i*t+n.
2 1 .hZn t9+ H. *uQt ca+ v .hzn .hMiU )i*t+n 37, 5ylanh chia 3|7, cHc ^u .hzn .hMi 3&7. )i*t+n chia vLa
Iuay, vLa chuy?n ng t[nh ti@n ? n9., nJn v chia nhin liu tCi cHc lT chia t"n 5ylanh, Iua cHc ^u .hzn .hMi
v Mng B]n tCi vXi .hun.
2 1 i'u tMcU 4<Rc i'u $hi?n FYng c^n ga 3&&7, mtt $hHc chuy?n ~i tMc ng c thnh lNc ly tzm ca cHc
Iu/ v6ng ? tHc ng v+ c^n i'u $hi?n. ER. lNc tHc B#ng ca hai thnh .h^n lNc ny * i'u $hi?n l<Rng nhin
liu thPng Iua F9c i'u chinh, tL O [nh l<Rng nhin liu cung cQ. ch+ 5ylanh ng c .h\ hR. vCi tLng ch@
lm vic.
2 1 i'u $hi?n .hun *Cm h+9t ng BNa v+ H. *uQt B^u t"+ng Fujng Fm, tL O lm 5+ay vXng c+n l6n c\ng
h+tc ng<Rc chi'u Iuay ca t"#c t"uy'n ng, tWc gi/m l hay t6ng gOc .hun *Cm nhin liu *a+ ch+ .h\ hR. vCi
tMc v t"9ng thHi lm vic ca Bng c.
2 Gg+i "a t"n Fm chia cXn t"ang F[ cHc F .hZn $hHc nh<U Van cdt nhin liu, c/m Fi@n tMc ng c, F t6ng
$h/ n6ng $hKi ng l9nh, van i'u chinh H. *uQt, <=ng B^u hji,}
F, Gu nguyn l lm vic
2, 9r/c tr'yFn RngK 6, ES* ch'yon nhiTn 0iJ'K 8, I%n 0=n ) )fng c%n 0=nK H, ER iF' (hion ph'n 5+*K
O, 3sa ca*K P, bf <% h!i )" pi5t%nK a, Ec iF' ch4nh nhiTn 0iJ'K Q, Unh chiaK ^, bc chiaK 2`, 3_ng $-n nhiTn
0iJ'K 22, Can ca% pK 26, Pi5t%nK 28, ;h%ang ca% pK 2H, Ipa npK 2O, Can iJn tiK 2P, I7n (hi RngK 2a, I7n
iF' (hionK 2Q, Ct iF' ch4nh t%n tiK 2^, I7n hiJ' ch4nhK 6`, 3_ng $7' h!iK 62, bf <% (hng tiK 66, 3fn tBt
cBt nhiTn 0iJ' blng cS (hK 68, Lng tr@t bR iF' tLcK 6H, bf <% iF' tLcK 6O, I7n gaK 6P, d' )=ngK 6a, Enh
r=ng bR iF' tLcK 6Q, E7' 01c nhiTn 0iJ'K 6^, 9r/c bR iF' tLcK 8`, Can iF' ch4nh p 5'tK 82, 9heng nhiTn 0iJ'K
86, Cfi ph'n
2 y } NGUYN L LM VIC:
NGUYN L UO~T NG:
Shi FZt $hOa in v ng c lm vic, thPng Iua F t"uy'n ai, t"#c c B]n ng t"#c Fm Iuay. 1m chuy?n
nhin liu lm vic v ht hin liu tL th\ng chWa 3(7 Iua F^u lbc 3&;7 <Rc cy v+ Fujng Fm. t van i'u
chinh H. *uQt 3(|7 <Rc ld. t"n c`a "a ca Fm chuy?n nhin liu, $hi H. *uQt nhin liu t"+ng Fujng Fm v<Rt
IuH giH t"[ ch+ .hJ. * cy mK van, nhin liu B< <Rc cy t"K l9i <=ng n9.. 4<=ng B^u hji 3&|7 <Rc ld. t"n
nd. Fm, thPng Fujng Fm vCi th\ng nhin liu 3(7 ? ~n [nh nhit v H. *uQt Fujng Fm, jng th=i
th<=ng 5uyn tN 5/ h ch+ Fm chia. )i*t+n chia 3&7 vLa chuy?n ng Iuay, vLa chuy?n ng t[nh ti@n B+ a
cam 307 t"uy'n tCi. 4a cam Iuay nh= t"#c t"uy'n 37 Iua $hC. nMi t"ung gian, jng th=i cHc vQu cam t"n a cam
* t"<Rt t"n cHc c+n l6n, c\ng vCi *N tHc ng ca lX 5+ hji v[ .i*t+n t9+ nn chuy?n ng t[nh ti@n ch+ a cam.
Chuy?n ng Iuay ca .i*t+n 3&7 ? Ong, mK <=ng B^u v+ $h+ang ca+ H. 3(7, cXn chuy?n ng t[nh ti@n ?
n9. v nJn nhin liu. !"<=ng hR. n9. nhin liu, $hi .i*t+n i 5uMng v "nh vHt t"n ^u .i*t+n mK c`a n9.,
nhin liu t"+ng $h+ang Fm Iua <=ng n9., Iua "nh vHt ca .i*t+n chia v+ $h+ang ca+ H. 3(7.
!"<=ng hR. .i*t+n i ln, *N nJn nhin liu Fdt ^u $hi ^u .i*t+n Ong c`a n9. 3,7, tCi $hi lT chia t"n .i*t+n
3>7 t"\ng vCi mt lT chia t"n 5ylanh 3;7, th nhin liu cO H. *uQt ca+ cy mK van t"it hji 37 v+ <=ng Mng
ca+ H. v tCi vXi .hun 3(&7.
puH t"nh $@t thc cung cQ. nhin liu $hi F9c i'u chinh 3:7 mK c`a 5/ 37 t"n .i*t+n, $hi O nhin liu tL $h+ang
ca+ H. 3(7 <Rc 5/ tN B+ t"K l9i $h+ang Fm.
k<Rng nhin liu cung cQ. ch+ ng c <Rc i'u $hi?n FKi F9c i'u chinh 3:7 thPng Iua F i'u tMc ly tzm v
c^n ga 3&07 *a+ ch+ .h\ hR. vCi cHc ch@ $hHc nhau. Shi tMc ng c t6ng, gOc .hun *Cm nhin liu <Rc
i'u chinh FYng F i'u .hun *Cm 3,7.
Shi muMn tdt mHy ta ngdt $hOa in, van in tL 307 Ong <=ng n9. nhin liu v+ $h+ang ca+ H. 3(7. .
C N" C\ :ZO ,& ng'(n )* )&+ ,-./ /01 %3 <hn Y` LP+ : 23ng :#(n %+ /1O ;< Bx
a, Enh v cO ch thch D j cQu t9+ c cQu i'u chinh .hun *Cm
2, CqK 6, d' )=ngK 8, 3sa iF' ch4nh K H, I%n 0=nK O, gi%=ngK P, Cfng ch\n iF' ch4nhK a, Nay S
Q, ABpK ^, IhLt <%ay Li tr1ngK 2`, bf <% ) cj ch\n 0f <%
F, ai/i thch cHc ch@ lm vic
2, Cq K6, d' )=ngK 8, 3sa iF' ch4nhK H, IhLt <%ay Li tr1ngK O, Ij ch\n 0f <%K P, Cfng ch\n iF' ch4nh
a, Nay SK Q, IhLt <%ay Li tr1ngK ^, bf <%
Shi ng c lm vic n@u t6ng vZn tMc t"#c $hu%u, lNc li tzm lm cHc Iu/ v6ng v6ng "a cy c+n l6n v+ cHc vXng
cung ca a i'u chinh m a cO vQu l9i ld. chtt vCi vXng chtn i'u chinh Iuay <Rc t"n ~ t"#c t"+ng thzn ng
c. kNc nJn ca c+n l6n ln vXng cung ca a i'u chinh t"uy'n tCi FMn lX 5+ vt, lm FMn lX 5+ ny F[ nJn l9i. V
vZy a i'u chinh vCi may v vXng chtn i'u chinh * Iuay i mt gOc 3gOc i'u chinh .hun *Cm7 <a t"#c
cam Iuay ti@n tCi .hun B^u *Cm hn.
C a"X/ 2-G+ 7>: /\ /01 /;/ )OZ- ,q- <hn :#(n 23ng / J-KLK)
a, VXi .hun hK, 3v hnh v nu tc i?m7
2 CQu t9+ n gi/n nhQtU CO mt h+tc & lT .hun, *M lT .hun , <=ng $nh v h<Cng lT t\y thuc v+ h.nh B9ng ca
Fujng chHy v *N vZn ng ca mPi chQt t"+ng Fujng chHy ca ng c 3 <=ng $nh lT .hun B th<=ng l |,(2
,& mm7 CQu t9+ vXi .hun hK gMm thzn vXi .hun ^u vXi .hun ( cu t"Xng &, .h^n ^u ca thzn cO "hn ? Fdt
vCi <=ng Mng ca+ H.
2 Gh<Rc i?mU
V !"+ng $h+/ng th=i gian gi{a & l^n .hun , mt t nhin liu t"+ng vXi .hun F[ chn J. nhf gibt v+ 5ylanh ng
c, jng th=i $h tL 5ylanh ca ng c i v+ $hPng gian ca vXi .hun gzy $hO $h6n ch+ vic .hun nhin liu
$hi t/i nhf tMc nhf
V 4^u v cuMi IuH t"nh .hun nhin liu, chQt l<Rng .hun $Jm v H. *uQt .hun thQ.
V Dau mTi l^n .hun nhin liu nhf Bbt Iua lT .hun gzy "a $@t cMc K ^u vXi .hun
!Qt c/ nh{ng nh<Rc i?m t"n gzy h9n ch@ ch+ v.i .hun hK nn hin nay t <Rc B\ng
F, VXi .hun $n cO $im3 vXi .hun $n tiu chucn 7, 3v hnh v nu tc i?m7
2CQu t9+ U
2: . (i* ph'n, 6: ;i* ph'n, 8: ai Lc, H: thanh my, O: thn )fi ph'n, P: 0f <%, a Lng 0!ng, Q: chLt D 0f <%, ^:
)t iF' ch4nh, 2`: nBp ch],22: J*, 26: Lng h!i $7' 01t, 28: 7' 0Bp )+i Lng ca% p, 2H: (h%ang nhiTn 0iJ', 2O:
0c ph'n
Ghin liu cO H. *uQt ca+ tL Fm ca+ H. Iua <=ng Mng ca+ H. v+ ^u ld. vCi Mng ca+ H. ( v+ $h+ang nhin
liu ,. Shi lNc cy H. *uQt nhin liu t9+ "a lCn hn lNc J. ca lX 5+ 8 th $im .hun mK thPng ch+ nhin liu Iua
lT .hun v+ Fujng chHy ng c . u. *uQt Fdt ^u nzng $im .hun ) 02&0 Grm& t"+ng IuHt"nh .hun cO th?
ln tCi 0|2;| , cO vi t"<=ng hR. cXn ca+ hn .k+9i vXi .hun $n $hdc .h#c <Rc nh{ng nh<Rc i?m ca vXi.hun
hK , chQt l<Rng .hun tMt hn K mbi ch@ t/i v tMc .
c, VXi .hun $n cO chMt 3v hnh v nu tc i?m7
2: . (i* ph'n, 6: ;i* ph'n,2P: chLt (i* ph'n,
Gguyn tdc lm vic t<ng tN nh< vXi .hun cO $im, tc i?m l .h^n B<Ci cO chMt hnh t"# , ti@. O l & hnh cPn
3 nOn c#t 7 chung mt Hy nhf .!"n thzn $im .hun cO lT .hun ng tzm ,02& mm mdt tNa ca $im .hun chh
$n ti@t Bin ca lT .hun , Shi ld. $im .hun v thzn thzn $im .hun th. $im .hun nhP "a |,,2|,0 mm . Shi lm vic
th gOc .hun ca tia nhin liu .h# thuc v+ hnh B9ng ca chMt t"n $im .hun 3 |28||7
4<Rc *` B#ng "ng "i t"n ng c Bih*hl cO Fujng chHy ng6n cHch
C d"Ng'(n )* )&+ ,-./ /01 %3 2-[ :E/ / 7hF nh-[ /h> 23
1Q V hnh, cO ch thch
2, I7n iF' (hion 6, 9hanh iF' (hion 8, 3sa 0f <% H, bf <% cn blng O, 9hanh r=ng P, Lc hiJ' ch4nh
a, bf <% iF' ch4nh ^, Q, I7n b, d' )=ng 2`, 9* $-n h+ng 22, IhLt $-n h+ng 26, Lng tr@t
(. C^n i'u $hi?n c+n t"<Rt ,. C+n t"<Rt 0,8. a= [nh v[, Vt i'u chinh
:?nh , I' t% bR iF' tLc
F, Gu nguyn l lm vic
t Ih. R (hi Rng :
2 aiai +9n Fdt ^u $hKi ngU
!"+ng ch@ $hKi ng c^n .h/i t6ng l<Rng nhin liu c^n cung cQ., B+ O $hi $hKi ng c c^n ga tL v[ t"
$hPng t/i * F[ tHc ng @n v[ t" t+n t/i lm ch+ c+n t"<Rt Bi chuy?n 5uMng v[ t" cuMi c\ng B]n ng Iua thanh
$J+ B[ch chuy?n thanh *ang .h/i J. lX 5+ t"n thanh "6ng l9i lm t6ng nhin liu cung cQ. ch+ ng c.
2!"+ng giai +9n ng c $hKi ng 5+ng. C^n ga lc ny v]n gi{ K v[ t"
t+n t/i $hi O tMc ca t"#c $hu%u
t6ng lNc ly tzm lCn thdng <Rc *Wc c6ng ca lX 5+ lm cHc Iu/ v6ng v6ng "a tHc B#ng v+ c^n 3k7 $J+ Mng
t"<Rt B[ch chuy?n *ang .h/i thPng Iua tay Xn v c^n cy lm ch+ thanh "6ng B[ch chuy?n *ang t"Hi v lm gi/m
FCt mt .h^n
tIh. R (hng ti :
Shi ng c lm vic K ch@ $hPng t/i. t"+ng t"<=ng hR. vZn tMc t"#c $hu%u t6ng
nn lNc ly tzm lCn cHc Iu/ v6ng v6ng "a J. lX 5+ lm ch+ c^n 3k7 > $J+ Mng t"<Rt ngang & c+n t"<Rt ngang ,
B[ch chuy?n *ang .h/i thPng Iua tay Xn i'u $hi?n B]n ng thanh "6ng B[ch chuy?n *ang t"Hi lm nhin liu
cung cQ.. Shi vZn tMc t"#c $hu%u gi/m lNc ly tzm gi/m $hPng thdng <Rc *Wc c6ng ca lX 5+ $hi O cHc lX 5+ *
J. Iu/ v6ng, Iu/ v6ng i v+ c^n 3k7 lm B[ch chuy?n Mng t"<Rt *ang t"Hi lm ch+ c+n t"<Rt ngang , B[ch chuy?n
*ang t"Hi thPng Iua h thMng tay Xn i'u $hi?n B]n ng thanh "6ng B[ch chuy?n *ang .h/i lm t6ng l<Rng nhin
liu c^n cung cQ., $hi O ng c lm vic K ch@ ~n [nh.
t Ih. R ti tr'ng bnh:
Shi ng c lm vic K ch@ t/i t"ung Fnh 3tay ga tt K v[ t" cO t/i7 vZn tMc t"#c $hu%u t6ng nn lNc ly tzm lCn
lm cHc Iu/ v6ng F[ v6ng "a J. lX 5+ $hPng t/i l9i cHc Iu/ v6ng F[ lX 5+ i'u chinh cuMi c\ng ? lX 5+ gi{ nguyn
v[ t" ny. $hi O c+i nh< mt $hMi cWng B+ O $hPng i'u chinh <Rc vZn tMc t"#c $hu%u m vZn tMc t"#c $hu%u
.h# thuc h+n t+n v+ v[ t" c^n ga3tay ga7 B+ ng<=i vZn hnh i'u chinh.
tIh. R t%n ti:
Shi ng c chuy?n ng tL ch@ t"ung Fnh *ang ch@ t+n t/i th tay ga <Rc cy *ang ch@ t+n t/i thPng
Iua h thMng tay Xn i'u $hi?n * lm B[ch chuy?n thanh "6ng v l<Rng nhin liu cung cQ. t6ng 3B+ thanh "6ng
B[ch chuy?n *ang t"Hi 7 lm ch+ vZn tMc t"#c $hu%u t6ng lNc li tzm lCn cHc Iu/ v6ng F[ v6ng "a J. lX 5+ l9i ng
c ch9y K ch@ t+n t/i.
t Ih. R iF' ch4nh c'Li ceng :
G@u v<Rt IuH tMc ch+ .hJ. 3vZn tMc Iuay [nh mWc7 $hi O lNc li tzm lCn *Wc thdng <Rc *Wc c6ng ca lX
5+ i'u chinh K ch@ $@t thc lm & Iu/ v6ng ,v6ng "a J. lX 5+ l9i lm ch+ c^n 3k7 > $J+ tQm t"<Rt ngang *ang
.h/i thPng
Iua c cQu i'u $hi?n lm ch+ thanh "6ng B[ch chuy?n *ang t"Hi lm ch+ l<Rng nhin liu
cung cQ. ch+ ng c gi/m i.