You are on page 1of 16

m

-1 .
-2 .

.co

)
.

Acclimatization

.

Active Layer

Adaptability

ott
ob


.
Adaptive capacity

Adaptation



.
Adaptation benefits


50 /
. .



( .)2000

Adaptation costs



.
Adaptive capacity

Aggregate impacts

. ( )
.
.

Albedo


.
. .

.

Algae

ww

www.alkottob.com

Afforestation

w.
alk



.
:


.
.



.
.


.
Adaptation assessment

Aerosols


0.01 10 .



:

.


.
Algal bloom

Alpine


.
Anthropogenic

.

.
.

Basin


.climate model

Benthic community

Biodiversity

.co

AOGCM

Aquaculture


( ).

ott
ob

Aquifer

Biofuel

()
( )
( )
( ) (
) .




. Calcite
.Ocean acidification

Biomass

Aragonite


( )
.
Arid region


250
.
Atmosphere

Attribution

.Detection and attribution


/ ( )

106

www.alkottob.com

Biome


(
)
. .
Biosphere

/
(
) ( )
.
Biota


.
Bog

ww

.



.

Baseline/reference

.

.

w.
alk

Arbovirus

.
.

.
Boreal forest



(
.

)
6

( 50 100 ) .

.
. .

Breakwater

.co


.
.

C3 plants

C3


.

Carbon dioxide fertilization


/
. C
.C4
3

Carbon sequestration

/
.
Catchment

ott
ob

C4 plants


.1

)CDM (Clean Development Mechanism

C4


.

Calcareous

Chagas disease

.
.Ocean acidification
Calcite Aragonite

()Trypanosoma cruzi
:
( ) (
).

Calcite

Capacity building

w.
alk

( )

.
.
.Ocean acidification
Aragonite





...

Carbon cycle

.

.

www.alkottob.com

Climate



.
.

. 30
.
Climate change


.





.
.Climate variability

ww

(
)
.
)Carbon dioxide (CO2

Cholera

( )
.

107

Climate system

Climate change commitment



.
.



.

.co

Climate model

Climate prediction

Climate variability



(
)
.
( )

Climate
( ) .
.change

Climate projections




.
.
/ /

CO2 fertilization

CO2 Carbon dioxide

.fertilization

Coastal squeeze

)


( .)6

w.
alk



. ()Climate projection
() ()Climate (change) scenario

Climate (change) scenario

Climate threshold

ott
ob



.



.

.
.

.


:
.


/ .

Coccolithophores


( ) .
.Ocean acidification
Calcite
Committed to extinction


.
.Extinction

).
(

Climate sensitivity

Confidence



. .Uncertainty

108

www.alkottob.com

Communicable disease

ww


( )




.
.

Control run



.
Coral

.co


Limestone

.
Coral bleaching


.
(
) (

(
)
) .
Cryosphere


( ) .
Cryptograms


.
()DHF
( )DSS .
Desert


.

( )UNCCD

www.alkottob.com

.
Discount rate

Disturbance regime


.
Downscaling

(10
100) .

Drought



.
Dyke

ww


100 .

Desertification

Diadromous

w.
alk

. .

Dengue fever

( )

.




Hornworts, Liverworts .
Deforestation

Detection and attribution

ott
ob

Coral reefs





)1( :
/ ( )2
( )3 .

)Dynamic Global Vegetation Model (DGVM

109

)El Nio-Southern Oscillation (ENSO

Ecological Community


. .Ecosystem
Ecological corridor

.co

Ecophysiological process

Ecosystem


.

.

Ecosystem approach

Ecotone


(
).

www.alkottob.com

Ensemble


.
.


.
Epidemic



.
Erosion

ww


. ( )1
( )2



( )3

( )4
(.)aesthetic

110

Endemic

.

.

w.
alk



.

.

.

.



.

Ecosystem services

Emissions scenario


( )

( )
.
1992
.
.IS92

( )Nakienovi et al., 2000
.SRES

ott
ob

.

.

.



.

.
( .)ENSO


.
.
.
.

Eustatic sea-level rise


.Sea-level rise

Food web

Eutrophication

.co

( )
( )
.

.
Evapotranspiration

ott
ob


.
.

. .
Feedback


.

.

www.alkottob.com

.Climate model
Generalist

.
Glacier

(
) (
) .
.
Globalization




.
Greenhouse effect

ww

Food chain


. Food web Trophic
.level
Food security

Functional extinction

.
.Committed to extinction

w.
alk

Extreme weather event

)General Circulation Model (GCM

/
.
.

Freshwater lens


.
.
.

Extirpation

Forecast

prediction

Climate

Climate

Forest limit/line

Extinction

.projections

Evaporation

Externalities


.
.

(
)
.
111


.

. ( )CO
( )N O ( )CH
( )SF ()HFCs
(.)PFCs

Greenhouse gas

Herbaceous

.co

Human system

.
(
)
.AR4

)Gross Domestic Product (GDP


.


.
Gross primary production

Groundwater recharge

.
Habitat


.
Hantavirus


.
112

www.alkottob.com




.
Hypoxic events

Ice cap


.
Ice sheet



.
.


.
: ( )

.
.
Ice shelf

(
)
.
.

ww


.


.

Heat island

Hypolimnetic

w.
alk

Groyne

Hydrological systems

ott
ob

)Gross National Product (GNP

Hydrographic events

)Impact assessment (climate change


( )

)Impacts (climate change

( ) .


:

:
.
:
Aggregate impacts
.

Market impacts Non-market


.impacts

.co

Indigenous people

Industrial revolution

Irrigation water-use efficiency





100 .

Infectious disease


.

.
Infrastructure

Joint attribution

.

.



.
)Integrated water resources management (IWRM

Keystone species



.
Kyoto Protocol





.1997

.
(

)
(

)
1990
2008 .2012 16 /
.2005

ww

Integrated assessment

Isohyet

w.
alk



.

.
.1950

www.alkottob.com

)Invasive species and invasive alien species (IAS

ott
ob



:
.


.
.

)1( :1992

( )2
( )3
( )4

.

113

300 .

La Nia

- Oscillation

El Nio-Southern

()ENSO

Landslide

.co

Large-scale singularities

Last Glacial Maximum





21000 .

Leaching


.
)Leaf area index (LAI


(
).
Likelihood


.
Uncertainty . Confidence
Limnology

)Meridional overturning circulation (MOC


Thermohaline circulation (THC)i

Microclimate

.
.Climate
)Millennium Development Goals (MDGs


191 2000

.2015
.
. / .Bog

Mitigation



()
.




.
Mixed layer


.
Monsoon


.
Montane

Morbidity

ww

Littoral zone

www.alkottob.com

( )
.

w.
alk

Legume

114

Meningitis

Mires

Malaria


/ .
.Non-market impacts

ott
ob


.


( ) .
.

Market impacts

.
/
(
) .

Morphology

.co

Mortality

)North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO



.
.
Ocean acidification


( )pH

.

Ombrotrophic bog

Opportunity costs

)Net biome production (NBP

ott
ob

/
.

)Net ecosystem production (NEP

) (
.)Net biome production (NBP)i
)Net primary production (NPP

Ozone


.

(
) .
.

.

( .)O


- .

Paludification

/
.

Particulates

No regrets policy

Non-linearity

Non-market impacts

)Normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI

10 .PM
10

Peat



.
Peatland

ww




.
.Market impacts

www.alkottob.com

w.
alk

)Nitrogen oxides (NOx


( ) .

.
Pelagic community



115

(
).

Pemafrost

.co

Phenology

(

) .
Photochemical smog



.

.
Carbon dioxide fertilization
C plants C .C plants C
3

Physiographic

Potential production


.
Pre-industrial


.revolution

Industrial

Primary production



. ,GPP, NPP, NEP.NBP

Projection


.

.
.
Climate projections . Climate predictions

ott
ob

Photosynthesis

Pteropods

.
.

. .Zooplankton
Plankton

w.
alk

Phytoplankton

Pure rate of time preference

.
Phytoplankton .Zooplankton
)Plant functional type (PFT

Radiative forcing


( (/ )2 )

.

Rangeland


.

.

Recalcitrant

Polynya

116

www.alkottob.com

Reference scenario

ww

Population system

( )


/ .Baseline/reference
Reforestation



(.)IPCC, 2000
Reids paradox

.co


( )

.
Reinsurance


.
( )

Relative sea-level rise

.level rise
Reservoir


( )
. .


.

Resilience


( ).
Scenario




.
.
() climate (change) scenario

Emissions scenario
.SRES

Respiration


.
Riparian

( )
.
River discharge

/
.
.

Sea-level rise

/
.
.

Sea wall

Semi-arid regions

100 250 .
.Arid region
Sensitivity

ww

Runoff

Sea-ice biome



(
) .

w.
alk

Salinisation

Savanna

ott
ob

Sea-

Salt-water intrusion/encroachment


.

(
)
( ).


. (

www.alkottob.com

117


:
(
).

Sequestration


.Carbon sequestration


10 ( 9
17 ) 50 .
Streamflow

/
.
.

Silviculture

.co

.
Sink

Stratosphere


.
Snow water equivalent

Sub-alpine

Succulent

Snowpack

Surface runoff

ott
ob

/
.


.

.

.
Social cost of carbon

Sustainable development



.

( SRES : .)6
SRES

w.
alk

Socio-economic scenarios

Taiga



( )SRES) (Nakienovi et al., 2000
.

( 1 2 1)2
:


.

Stock

.Reservoir

118

www.alkottob.com

Thermocline

)Thermohaline circulation (THC

. .
Thermokarst

ww

Stakeholder

Thermal expansion


( ) .
.


()

.
.

m
Threshold

.co

.


.
Transpiration

.

Tree line


.
.

.
Trophic relationship

Ungulate

(
).
)United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC


9/ 1992
150
.



. .


1990 .2000
/ .1994
.Protocol Kyoto

ott
ob

Trophic level

/

/ .

Upwelling


10 (
9 () 16
) .
.

Urbanization

Troposphere


.
Tundra



.
Uncertainty

www.alkottob.com

/ .
Vascular plants

.
Vector


.
.diseases

Vector-borne

Vector-borne diseases


( )
.
Vernalisation

ww

(
) .
.

.
( )
( ) .
Confidence .Likelihood
Undernutrition

Vagile

w.
alk

Tsunami

( )

.


/
.

119

Zoonoses

Vulnerability

.

.

Zooplankton


.
.

.co

Water consumption


) .
(
.
Water productivity

Water stress

ott
ob

.
.Irrigation water-use efficiency

100 /
.

.
20
.
-

-.

Water-use efficiency

Welfare

w.
alk


/.



.

.

.
Wetland

Yedoma


.
120

www.alkottob.com

ww


.
.
.

You might also like