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CHNG 1: L THUYT V MU SC
1.1. S lc v phm mu
Phm nhum (thng gi : thuc nhum), nhng hp cht hu c c mu, c
kh nng nhum mu cc vt liu nh vi, giy, nha, da. Ngoi nhng nhm
mang mu (quinon, azo, nitro), phm nhum cn cha cc nhm tr mu nh OH,
NH
2
... c tc dng lm tng mu v tng tnh bm ca phm vo si.
Phn loi :
Cn c vo tnh nng k thut, phn ra cc loi phm nhum chnh :
a) Trc tip: c nhm SO
3
Na tan trong nc, km bn i vi nh sng v git
gi nn phi km thm cht cm mu.
b) Axit: c nhm SO
3
H hoc COOH dng nhum trc tip cc t si c tnh
baz.
c) Baz: c gn vo si do phm to mui vi nhm chc axit trong si.
d) Hon nguyn.
) Hot tnh.
e) Phn tn : dng huyn ph trong nc, c th phn tn trn si axetat,
polieste.
Ngoi phm nhum tng hp cn c phm nhum t nhin tch ra t mt s loi
thc vt nh c nu, chm, v.v
Mt s loi phm nhum tiu biu:
- Phm nhum Acriin:
Dn xut ca acriin hoc 9 - phenylacriin, c nhng nhm th khc nhau
(OH, NH
2
, SH, vv.) v tr 3 v 6. phm nhum Acriin thuc loi phm nhum
arylmetan c mu vng v da cam. Dng nhum da, giy, g, vv.
- Phm nhum Azo:
Phm nhum tng hp m trong phn t c cha mt hoc vi nhm mang
mu azo, vd. -N = N - lin kt vi cc gc thm. Phm nhum Azo l nhng cht
rn, ch ho tan trong nc khi trong phn t c cha cc nhm SO
3
H, COOH
-2-
hoc R
4
N
+
. Nhiu phm nhum Azo (c bit khi khng c nhm SO
3
H v c
nhm NO
2
) l cht chy v di dng hn hp vi bi khng kh d n nguy him.
Nh nguyn liu u phong ph, phng php tng hp n gin, hiu sut cao,
phm nhum Azo thuc loi cc phm nhum quan trng nht (chim trn 50%
tng sn lng cc loi phm nhum). Dng nhum vi, si, giy, da, cao su,
cht do, vv. u im ca phm nhum Azo l s dng n gin v gi r. Tuy
nhin, hin nay phm nhum Azo b cm s dng hu ht cc nc trn th
gii v c kh nng gy ung th mnh.

Vng mt tri
- Phm nhum hon nguyn:
Gm cc phm mu inigo, mt s dn xut ca antraquinon v ng
ng, mt vi phm nhum lu hunh. Loi phm ny khng tan trong nc nn
khi s dng phi kh vi natri hirosunfit trong mi trng kim mnh nhm
chuyn thnh dng ho tan gi l dn xut lco bm rt chc vo si xenluloz.
Khi nhum, si c tm t dung dch lco, sau phm mu c ti sinh do
lco b oxi ha. Thng lco d b oxi ho khi phi ngoi khng kh hoc dng
cc cht oxi ho nh H
2
O
2
, kali icromat, vv. Phm c nhiu mu khc nhau, rt
bn i vi nh sng, thi tit v git gi.
- Phm nhum Nitro:
Phm nhum hu c thuc dy benzen v naphatalen c cha t nht
mt nhm nitro cng vi nhm hiroxi - OH, imino = NH, sunfo - SO
3
H hoc cc
nhm khc. V d, vng naphtol :
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Phm nhum Nitro ch yu c mu vng; dng nhum len, da, si
axetat, poliamit, v cc cht do.
- Phm nhum sunfua:
Hn hp phc tp gm nhiu cht m phn t c cha cc phn d
vng, vng thm v vng quinoit; cc phn ny c lin kt vi nhau bng cc
nhm isunfua, sunfoxit hoc cc nhm cu ni khc. Phm nhum Sunfua khng
tan trong nc, nhng nu kh bng dung dch Na
2
S trong nc th phm nhum
chuyn thnh dng lco tan c (ch yu l do kh cc nhm cu ni SS thnh
nhm SNa) v bm chc vo vi bng. Sau khi b oxi ho bi khng kh trn th
si, phm nhum li chuyn thnh dng khng tan. Mu phm nhum Sunfua
khng ti nhng bn vi nh sng (tr mu vng, mu da cam) v m, khng
bn vi v xt v tc dng ca clo. Phm nhum Sunfua khng bn khi bo qun,
phng php nhum phc tp; thang mu thiu mu . iu ch bng cch cho
hp cht hu c (vd. aminophenol, nitrophenol, cc amin v iamin thm, cc
inophenol, cc azin, cc dn xut ca iphenylamin) tc dng vi lu hunh (S)
hoc dung dch nc Na
2
Sx (x 2).
V d: Phm nhum Sunfua vng hoc da cam c cha vng thiazol
c iu ch bng cch un nng chy toluin, nitrotoluin, hoc nitrotoluen vi
S 200 - 250
o
C; phm nhum Sunfua mu xanh nc bin, xanh lc v mu en
c cha vng thiazin v thiantren c iu ch bng cch un nitro-,
aminophenol inoanilin v cc hp cht d vng khc nhau (v d : phenoxazon)
vi cc dung dch natri polisunfua 100 n 150
o
C; phm nhum Sunfua tm
cha cc phn phenazin v thiazin, c iu ch bng phn ng ca cc phm
nhum azin vi natri polisunfua trong s c mt ca ng sunfat (CuSO
4
). Phm
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nhum Sunfua quan trng nht l en sunfua. Phm nhum Sunfua thuc loi r
tin, c dng nhum cc loi vi bng thng thng v nhum si.
- Phm en anilin:
Phm en c to ra do s oxi ho anilin v cc ng ng ca n.
Dng lm phm nhum cho vi, da, g...; lm mc vit, xi nh giy, vv.
1.2. Lch s pht trin ca cc thuyt mu
1.2.1. L thuyt mu sc c in
T lu cc nh khoa hc nghin cu v tm cch gii thch cu hi: ti
sao th gii quanh ta c mu v mu ca chng li khc nhau? y l vn rt
hay nhng cng rt kh, tri qua nhiu th k cho n khi cc nh khoa hc v vt
l v ho hc pht trin n mc cao th mi tm c cc li gii p tng i
tho ng v xy dng c l thuyt mu hin nay. Gii p vn mu sc ca
mi vt theo quan im ca ho hu c c ngha l xc nh s ph thuc chung
gia s hp th cc tia sng trong min thy c ca quang ph nh sng mt tri
v cu to ho hc ca hp cht hu c.
1.2.1.1. Thuyt mang mu
Da trn cc quan im ca Butlerov v Alektsev nm 1876 O.Witt lp
nn thuyt mang mu ca hp cht hu c, c coi l thuyt u tin. Theo
thuyt ny th hp cht hu c c mu do chng cha cc nhm mang mu trong
phn t, l nhng nhm nguyn t cha bo ho ho tr. Nhng nhm mang
mu quan trng hn c l:
-CH=CH- nhm etylen
- N=N- nhm azo
-CH=N- nhm azo metyl
- N=O nhm nitrozo
- NO
2
nhm nitro
=C=O nhm cacbonyl
Theo O.Witt th cc hp cht hu c cha nhm mang mu gi l cht
mang. Ngoi cc nhm mang mu cn thit, khi a thm vo phn t cc cht
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mang nhm nguyn t gi l nhm tr mu th mu ca hp cht s su hn.
Trong s cc nhm tr mu th quan trng hn c l: -OH, -NH
2
, -N(CH
3
)
2
, -
(C
2
H
5
)
2
. Da vo thuyt mang mu ngi ta rt ra mt s kt lun sau:
- Khi lin kt ni i cch trong phn t hp cht hu c c ko di hn th
mu s su hn.
- Tng s nhn thm trong hp cht t cu trc n gin thnh cu trc a nhn
phc tp th mu s su hn.
- Tng s nhm cacbonyl lin kt trc tip vi nhau trong hp cht cng dn n
su mu.
- Vic to thnh mi lin kt mi gia cc nguyn t cacbon trong tng phn t v
khng ph v h thng ni i lin hp cng lm cho mu su hn.
- Vic chuyn nhm tr mu thnh dng mui v ankyl ho nhm amin s dn n
su mu.
- Khi ankyl ho nhm hiroxyl tronh nhn thm hoc chuyn nhm tr mu vo
lin kt vng th mu ca hp cht nht i.
Tuy cha c nhng gii thch tho ng v bn cht mu ca hp cht hu
c, nhng kt lun rt ra ch da vo hin tng v kinh nghim, song thuyt
mang mu lm c s cho cc thuyt mu sau ny tip tc nghin cu su hn,
n gp phn khng nh vo lch s pht trin cc cht mu, mt s khi nim
ngy nay vn cn c s dng.
1.2.1.2. Thuyt mang mu quinoit
Thuyt mu ny c R.Nesaki xut nm 1888, theo ng th cc hp
cht hu c c mu l do trong phn t ca chng c cha nhn thm dng
quinoit. minh ho cho thuyt ny ngi ta dn ra v d sau y:
parabenzoquinon (1) c mu vng do cu to quinoit; khi b kh n 1,4-
xyclohexandion (2) th b mt mu d vn cha 02 nhm mang mu; khi b kh
n hirquinon (3) cng mt mu. Hin tng ny dc gii thch l do cc hp
cht (2) v (3) khng cn cu to quinoit nn khng c mu.

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Thuyt mang mu c s dng gii thch hin tng mu ca thuc
nhum da vo cu to phn t ca chng, tuy nhin thuyt ny cha tm ra c
qui lut chung, mt s trng hp ngoi l dng thuyt ny khng gii thch c
mu sc (hp cht c mu nhng khng c nhm quinoit).
1.2.1.3. Thuyt nguyn t cha bo ho v thuyt to mu khi chuyn hp
cht hu c v dng mui
Nm 1902 Bayer tm ra hin tng gi l Galacromy, th hin cc hp
cht cha nhm cacbonyl (=C=O), mu ca chng s su hn di tc dng ca
axit hay mui kim loi. lm r hin tng ny nm 1910 Pfeifer tm thy
rng cc axit hay mui kim loi c kh nng kt hp vi oxy ca nhm cacbonyl
l do nguyn t oxy cha trong cc hp cht ny c cp in t cha chia nn
chng c kh nng kt hp vi axit hay mui ca kim loi lm cho mu su hn
v cu to mui c th vit tng qut nh sau:



Khng mu c mu
y R-:cc gc hu c, HX-: l axit khong.
Nm 1928 inte-Vixingge cn nhn thy rng cc nhm mang mu l
nhng nhm nguyn t cha bo ho ho tr, khi chuyn sang dng ion th mu s
su hn.
1.2.1.4. Thuyt dao ng mu
gii thch bn cht ca hin tng mu, nm 1910 Porai-Cosix ln u
tin nghin cu su v thc cht ca hin tng mu, gn kh nng hp th cc
O

(1)
O
H
2

H
2

H
2

H
2

O

(2)
O
OH

(3)
OH
+
C
_____
OH X
R
R
C ===OHX
R
R
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tia sng vi qu trnh thay i cc mi lin kt gia cc nguyn t trong hp cht
mu. Theo ng th trong phn t ca hp cht hu c cha bo ho lin tc xy ra
bin i hoc giao ng cc lin kt, v gi thit rng s hp th chn lc cc tia
sng l kt qu ca s giao thoa giao ng ca cc tia sng ng b vi dao ng
ca cc lin kt ni phn t trong cc hp cht cha bo ho. Nu nh tc giao
ng ca cc lin kt ca cc hp cht hu c mc ng b ca cc tia sng
trong min quang ph nhn thy th im hp th cc i ca cc hp cht s
chuyn n min ny lm cho hp cht mu. Thuyt dao ng mu tin thm
mt bc na trong vic gii thch bn cht ca mu sc.
1.2.1.5. Thuyt nhim sc
Khi nghin cu v bn cht ca mu sc, nm 1915 nh khoa hc ngi
Nga l V.A.Izamanski ra thuyt nhim sc. Theo ng th kh nng hp th
chn lc nh sng ca cht mu hu c khng ch do chng cha cc nhm mang
mu m con do chng c nhng thay i cu to trong phn t nh s lin hp ca
cc nhm mang mu ring bit v s tng tc in t trong h thng lin hp.
ng gi trng thi ca phn t lc ny gi l trng thi nhim sc.
Trng thi nhim sc ca mt hp cht xut hin khi mt u ca h
thng ni i lin hp cha nhm nhng in t nh: -NH
2
, -NR
2
, -OH, -OR, -
CH
3
, -Cl; v u kia cha mt trong cc nhm thu in t nh: -NO
2
, -SO
3
H, -
COOH, -CN. Do kt qu tng tc ca cc nhm ny qua h thng ni i lin
hp lm pht sinh trng thi c bit ca phn t l s cnh tranh in tch ca
cc nhm hai u h thng ni i lin hp, chuyn hp cht sang trng thi c
mu. Thuyt nhim sc gp phn gii thch bn cht mu ca mt s hp cht
hu c.
1.2.1.6. Thuyt in t v hp cht hu c c mu
Nh nhng thnh tu ca cc ngnh vt l v ho hc ngi ta xc nh
rng ch c cc electron ho tr ca cht mu mi tham gia vo qu trnh hp th
nh sng km theo s chuyn ng ca chng. Khi hp th nh sng th hp cht
mu s tip nhn nng lng ca cc photon, lm cho cc electron vng ngoi
-8-
chuyn sang trng thi kch thch, sau nng lng ny c th chuyn sang cc
dng: quang nng, ho nng, nhit nng, v hp cht mu li chuyn v trng
thi ban u. Nh vy l s hp th nh sng l kt qu ca s tng tc ca cc
electron vng ngoi ca cc nguyn t v phn t cc hp cht hu c vi phton
nh sng.
Nhng hp cht hu c no c lin kt cc electron vng ngoi vi nhn
yu th ch cn nng lng ca cc tia c bc sng di trong min nhn thy c
ca quang ph cng lm chuyn dch v hp th mt phn cc tia ny lm cho
n c mu. Hp cht no c electron lin kt vi nhn cn yu th cn t nng
lng kch thch chng, cng d hp th cc tia c bc song di hn v cho
mu su hn. Nguyn nhn lm cho cc electron vng ngoi lin kt vi nhn yu
l: trong phn t cha h thng ni i lin hp di, trong h thng ny ngoi
nguyn t cacbon ra cn c cc nguyn t khc nh oxi, nit, lu hunh, ; do
nh hng ca cc nhm th, do hin tng ion ho phn t v cu to phng ca
phn t.
1.2.2. L thuyt mu hin i
1.2.2.1. Bn cht ca mu sc trong t nhin
* c s cm nhn mu sc ca vt, cn phi c 3 yu t: ngun sng, vt
v ngi quan st.
* Mu sc ca vt cht trong t nhin c to thnh do s tng tc gia nh
sng chiu vo vi b mt ca vt. S tng tc ny chnh l s hp thu c chn
lc cc tia sng c bc sng khc nhau trong nh sng chiu vo v s phn x
li nhng phn cn li ca nh sng.
* Mu sc nhn to
Mu sc ca cc vt dng sn xut
ra c con ngi to ra bng cch
a 1 cht mu (thuc nhum hoc
pigment) ln b mt, v d: vi, giy,
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mi rng sn
Mu sc cn c th c to ra bng nhng tng
tc nh sng khc : s giao thoa, s nhiu x.
Mu hu sc: c s hp th chn lc v phn x
mt s tia sng c bc sng nht nh. C th l
mu n sc hoc mu a sc.
Mu n sc: ch phn x 1 tia ca quang ph nh
sng mt tri.
Mu a sc: mu ca tp hp cc tia phn x
nhng cng v t l cc tia ny khng nh
nhau. Mu ca vt th l mu ca tia phn x
chim t l ln nht ha vi cc tia cn li theo
quy lut phi mu.
Mu v sc (mu tin sc, mu trung ha): c
trng bng cng nh nhau ca cc tia phn
x tt c cc bc sng: khng c tia tri,
chng trung ha ln nhau nn mt ngi khng
cm gic c sc thi ring ca mu.
nh sng trng : phn x 100% tia ti
Mu en : hp th 100% tia ti, phn x 0%
Mu xm : phn x x% tia ti.
* Cc thuc tnh ca mu sc
Mu hu sc l mt i lng 3 chiu ca 3 thng s :
tng mu, thun sc, sng.
Tng mu : l tn gi 1 mu, m t sc iu ca mu,
c quy nh bi bc sng tri ca mu.
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thun sc: ( bo ha): mc tinh khit
ca mu, c nh gi bng t l ca nh
thnh phn n sc so vi nh chung. Mu
n sc c thun sc 100%. Mu v sc c thun sc 0%.
sng: mc sng ti ca 1 mu, c nh gi bng phn trm ca tia phn
chiu so vi tng chm tia ti.
* Mu nng, mu mt: * Mu b tr: da cam - xanh da tri; -
xanh lc; vng - xanh lam







* Hiu ng cao mu, hiu ng su mu

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* Hiu ng cng mu, hiu ng tr mu





1.2.2.2. Cu to ca vt th c mu
Do cu to ho hc khc nhau nn di tc dng ca nh sng, mi vt s
hp th v phn x li cc phn tia ti vi t l v cng khc nhau. Nhng
tia phn x ny s tc ng vo h thng cm th th gic v truyn thng tin
v h thng thn kinh trung ng hp thnh cm gic mu, mu ca mi vt
chnh l mu hp thnh ca cc tia phn x.
1.2.2.3. Thnh phn ca nh sng chiu vo vt th v gc quan st
Mu quang ph l nhng mu nhn c khi phn tch nh sng trng ra
thnh nhng tia mu hp thnh nh cc dng c quang hc, mi mu c c
trng bng mt bc sng nht nh t 380nm n 760nm v c gi l mu
n sc (mu ny ti v thun sc)
Mu v sc l nhng mu c c trng bng cng mu nh nhau ca
tt c cc bc sng. Mu v sc nh l mu trng, mu ghi, mu en.
Mu a sc l mu ca tp hp cc tia phn x ca mt vt no c bc
sng khc nhau nhng cng v t l ca cc tia ny khng nh nhau, mu
ch o l mu ca tia phn x no chim t l ln nht.
1.2.2.4. Tnh trng ca mt ngi quan st
Khng c s tham gia ca mt ngi th khng c nim v mu sc.
Trn c s ca thuyt 3 mu, ngi ta gii thch rng mt cm th c mu,
phn bit c cc sc thi khc nhau trong thin nhin l do s phi hp ca 3
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mu c bn: , xanh lc v xanh lam.
Khi mt nhn c thng tin
mu di dng nng lng sng
ca nh sng th h thng dy
thn kinh th gic s
truyn hnh nh v
no, y no s tp hp thng tin v dng ln cc yu t
v mu sc ca vt.
Vng mc ca mt c cu to t 2 t bo hnh que v
hnh nn:
Cc t bo hnh que lm nhim v phn bit s khc nhau v cng ca hnh
nh sng to trn vng mc, khng tham gia vo vic cm nhn mu th gic.
Cc t bo hnh nn c ba min nhy cm cc i tng ng vi cc bc sng
ca cc mu : , xanh lc (ng l vng lc) v xanh lam
* Cc yu t nh hng n s cm th mu sc
- Ngun sng khc nhau: Cc ngun sng khc nhau: nh sng mt tri, n
hunh quang, n Vonfram,.. s lm cho cng mt qu to c mu sc trng khc
nhau.
- Ngi quan st khc nhau: Mu sc c th s c cm nhn khc nhau do ngi
quan st khc nhau
- Hng quan st (gc quan st) khc nhau: Gc m vt c quan st v gc m
n c chiu sng phi khngi s truyn t mu c chnh xc.
- Nn khc nhau:





- Kch c khc nhau
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1.3. Tnh cht ca nh sng v s hp th nh sng ca vt th
1.3.1. Bn cht cu nh sng
a. Bn cht sng ht ca nh sng
nh sng nhn thy, tia cc tm, tia X, sng radio, sng truyn hnhtt c u
l nhng dng nng lng in t c truyn trong khng gian di dng sng,
cng ging nh cc bc x in t khc c c trng bi
bc sng , tn s v, hoc chu k T, vi v =1/T hoc c = v. .

Vi s ra i ca thuyt lng t, nh sng cn mang bn cht ht.
E = hv = hc / , vi h: hng s Plank = 6,626176 * 10-34 Js
Mt photon b
bin mt khi n va
vo v y mt in
t vng ngoi ln
trng thi kch thch
cc qu o xa
nhn hn s hp thu
nng lng nh
sng ca vt cht.
Mt photon c sinh ra khi in t t trng thi kch thch chuyn sang mt
qu o khc gn nhn hn v ti i mt nng lng m nguyn t b mt di
dng tia sng m bc sng t l nghch vi nng lng c truyn i s
pht ra nng lng nh sng ca vt cht.
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b. nh sng mt tri
nh sng nhn thy khc vi
cc dng bc x in t khc
kh nng lm kch hot vng
mc ca mt ngi.
Vng nh sng nhn thy,
bc sng dao ng t khong
400 nm - 700nm.
Di 400 nm l nh sng cc
tm.
Trn 700 nm l nh sng
hng ngoi






Nh vy di ph ca nh sng mt tri l di quang ph lin tc c bc
sng thay i t 400 - 700 nm.
c. nh sng nhn to
Khc vi quang ph lin tc ca nh sng mt tri, nh sng nhn to c quang
ph t qung.
Vi nhng k thut hin nay, con ngi to nn c nhng ngun
sng nhn to c kh nng pht ra cc bc x c quang ph lin tc gn vi nh
sng trng (v d n xenon).
1.3.2. Thuyt in t v hp cht hu c c mu
Khi 1 phn t hp thu nng lng bc x in t, phn t c th tri qua nhiu
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dng kch thch: kch thch chuyn dch in t, kch thch quay, kch thch lm
bin dng dy ni lin kt, kch thch lm thay i spin ht nhn.
Nng lng trong vng nh sng nhn thy ch yu gy ra s chuyn dch ca e
lp bn ngoi (e ha tr). Khi hp th nh sng th hp cht mu s tip nhn
nng lng ca photon lm cc in t vng ngoi b chuyn sang trng thi kch
thch, sau phn nng lng ny c th chuyn sang cc dng: quang nng, ha
nng, nhit nngv hp cht mu s chuyn sang trng thi ban u.

S hp th nng lng vng bc sng di ch yu gy ra s chuyn
dch in t n t*, t t*. Do vy cc hp cht hu c mang mu thng l
nhng hp cht c h thng ni i cch di trong phn t.
Nh nhng thnh tu ca cc ngnh vt l v ho hc ngi ta xc nh
rng ch c nhng in t vng ngoi ca cht mu mi tham gia vo qu trnh
hp th nh sng km theo s chuyn ng ca chng. Khi hp th nh sng th
hp cht mu s tip nhn nng lng ca cc ht photon, lm cho cc in t
vng ngoi b chuyn sang trng thi kch ng, sau phn nng lng ny
chuyn sang cc dng : quang nng , ho nng, nhit nng ...v hp cht mu s v
trng thi ban u. Nh vy s hp th nh sng l kt qu ca s tng tc ca
cc in t vng ngoi ca cc nguyn t v phn t cc hp cht hu c vi
photon nh sng.
Nhng hp cht hu c no c lin kt cc in t vng ngoi vi nhn yu
th ch cn nng lng ca cc tia c bc sng ln trong min thy c ca
quang ph cng lm chuyn dch v hp th mt phn cc tia ny lm cho n
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c mu.Hp cht no c in t vng ngoi cng yu th cng cn t nng lng
kch ng chng, cc d hp th cc tia c bc sng di hn v c mu su
hn. Nguyn nhn lm cho cc in t vng ngoi lin kt vi nhn yu l: trong
phn t cha h thng mi lin kt ni i cch di; trong h thng ny ngoi
nguyn t cacbon cn c cc nguyn t khc nh oxi, nit , lu hunh... do nh
hng ca cc nhm th , do hin tng ion ho phn t v cu to phng ca
phn t.
a) nh hng ca h thng lin kt ni i
Trong cc hp cht hu c thng gp hai loi lin kt c bn: lin kt n v
lin kt i. kch ng cc in t trong mi lin kt n cn c mt nng
lng ln, tng ng vi cc tia sng ngn, nn nhng hp cht ch cha mt loi
lin kt ni n thng khng c mu. Ngc li cc in t vng ngoi ca mi
lin kt ni i do lin kt vi nhn yu, chng linh ng, nn ch cn mt nng
lng nh cng kch ng, nn chng c kh nng hp th cc tia sng c bc
sng ln hn trong min thy c ca quang ph v chng c mu
Nu nh cc mi lin kt ni i v ni n trong mt hp cht hu c xp lin
tc thnh mt h thng mt cch mt hay cn gi ni i cch, ni i lien
hp th cc in t vng ngoi s linh ng hn. linh ng ca cc in t
vng ngoi trong h thng ny ph thuc vo cc yu t:
+ di h thng
+Bn cht cc nguyn t cha trong h thng
+ Cu to ca hp cht ( mch thng hay mch vng)
Nu nh tng s mi lin kt ni i kh ln nhng khng liien hp th hp cht
cng khng c mu hoc mu khng su.
b) nh hng ca cc nguyn t khc ngoi cacbon
Khi trong h thng mi lin kt ni i cch ca mt hp cht hu c no
ngoi cacbon cn chu cc nguyn t khc nh: O,N,S...do cc nguyn t ny c
in tch ht nhn v khong cch t nhn n cc in t vng ngoi khc nhau,
khi nm chung trong h thng lin hp th cc in t vng ngoi ny d dng
-17-
C
OH
SO
3
H
O
C
OH
SO
3
H
OH
+
H
+
PH=1,5
O
O
OH
OH
O
--
O
--
O
O
NaOH
chuyn dch t nguyn t ny sang nguyn t khc tc l chng linh ng hn,
nn cc hp cht ny s hp th c cc tia sng c bc sng ln hn v c mu
su hn.
c) nh hng ca cc nhm th
Cc phn t ca hp cht hu c khi trng thi kch ng lun khc vi trng
thi bnh thng ca chng. Khi hp th nng lng ca cc tia sng th s phn
b mt in t vng ngoi s b thay i , mt in t s tng ln hoc gim
xung nhng v tr nht inh ca phn t . Nhng hp cht hu c cha trong
phn t h thng mi lin kt ni i cch s c kh nng phn cc d hn cc
hp cht khc ; kh nng ny s tng ln mnh m khi u mch v cui mch c
cha cc nhm th c kh nng thu hay nhng in t . iu nu lm cho in t
vng ngoi linh ng hn v kt qu l hp cht s c th hp th c cc tia
sng c bc sng ln hn v mu s su hn.
d) nh hng ca s ion ho phn t
Khi phn t hp cht hu c b ion ho th mu ca chng cng thay i
Th d : benzaurin sunfoaxit c mu vng trong mi trng axit c mu do b
ion ho nh sau:





Mu vng mu
Hay alizarin c mu vng trong mi trng kim c mu tm :




Mu vng mu tm
-18-
e) nh hng ca cu to phn t
Theo thuyt in t cho phn t hp cht hu c c mu su th yu cu
quang trng l phn t ca n phi c cu to phng nh m s tng tc ca
cc in t khong b cn tr. Bt k yu t no ph v yu cu ny cng nh
hng n mu ca hp cht.
1.4. Nguyn l phi ghp mu
1.4.1. Kh nng cm th mu ca mt
Mu l mt hin tng phc tp mang c bn cht vt l v tm l, hay ni
cch khc mu mang c im ca nng lng sng nh sng c cm th bng
mt, khng c s tham gia ca mt th khng c nim v mu sc. Nhng ngi
b m hay lon th t nh s khng c khi nim v mu sc, nhng ngi c tt
v mt cng khng c kh nng nhn bit v nh gi ng v mu sc.
Mt c th xem nh c cu to bng mt h thng quang hc rt tinh vi
gm c: mt thu knh chnh l thu tinh th c che bi gic mc v thu dch
ngn cn nhng tia cc tm c hi cho mt; mt mng ngn l trng en gip
cho con ngi h m rng hay hp. Khi nhn c thng tin mu di dng nng
lng sng ca nh sng th h thng dy thn kinh th gic s truyn hnh nh v
no, y no s tp hp v dng li cc yu t ca hnh nh.
Trn c s ca thuyt ba mu, ngi ta gii thch rng: mt cm th c
mu, phn bit c cc sc thi khc nhau trong thin nhin l do s phi hp
ca ba mu c bn. Vng mc ca mt c cu to t hai loi t bo hnh que v
hnh nn, chng c kh nng cm th cc tia c bc sng nht nh ca nh sng
trng. Nhng t bo hnh que lm nhim v phn bit s khc nhau v cng
ca hnh nh sng to ra trn vng mc, khng tham gia vo vic cm nhn mu
ca th gic. Cn t bo hnh nn c 3 min nhy cm cc i tng ng vi bc
sng ca cc mu: ; xanh lc v xanh lam, chng c chc nng chnh tong vic
to nn cm gic mu. Mi khi nhn c tn hiu mu t mi trng xung quanh,
thng qua cc nn nhn cm ng vi 3 mu trn, chng hi t li v truyn v
-19-
thn kinh th gic, sau v v no. v no mu s c ti to v cho ta nhn
bit y v sc thi ca n.


1.4.2. S tng phn mu v s hi ha mu
Trong in hoa cng nh trong may, an v ghp cc mu khc nhau to
ra cc sn phm a dng v mu sc, cn phi c bit lu n nh hng qua li
gia cc mu khi chng c xp gn nhau. S nh hng biu hin s thay
i sc thi, cng v nh sng ca cc mu. S thay i ny ph thuc vo s
xp t v khng gian v din tch cc mu.
S thay i sc thi mu phn nh nh hng qua li gia mu ny vi
mu khc khi chng gn nhau m nhng mu li c sc thi khc nhau.
Trong trng hp xp cc mu cch xa nhau th sc thi ca cc mu mnh s lm
thay i sc thi ca cc mu bn cnh theo hng b tr ca mu mnh. V d,
mu xm trn nn s c sc thi ca mu xanh lc, mu xm trn nn xanh l
cy s c sc , mu xm trn nn xanh lam s c sc vng. Khi xp hai mu
thuc cp mu b tr tc l hai mu c sc thi hon ton khc nhau th s nh
hng qua li ca chng dng nh khng tn ti hay c th ni l s tng phn
gia chng tr ln bo ho. V d, mu vng trn nn xanh lam hoc mu trn
nn xanh lc. S thay i v ti sng ca cc mu xp gn nhau s xy ra khi
chng c ti sng ca cc mu xp gn nhau s xy ra khi chng c ti
sng khc xa nhau. Mt hnh vung mu xm trn nn trng s cho cm gic nh
hnh b ti i. Cn khi n trn nn en th li sng ra.
S tng phn v sc thi v ti sng ca cc mu thng xy ra r
nt ranh gii gia chng. gim bt s tng phn ranh gii ngi ta
thng tch bit cc hnh c mu sc khc nhau bng cc ng vch en, trng,
xm hoc to nn c mu cng vi nh mu ca mu tng phn. V d, mu vng
lc trn nn xanh lc s cho cm gic nh mu vng thun sc.
-20-
Din tch ca cc hnh mu cng c quan h qua li vi s nh hng ca
mu sc: Nu din tch ca mu cng ln th nh hng ca n cng mnh. ng
thi sng v cng mu cng c nh hng n din tch ca cc hnh. V
d, din tch hnh mu s cho cm gic nh i khi n nm trn nn sng hoc din
tch hnh mu ti trn nn sng s cho cm gic nh hn hnh cng din tch c
mu sng tren nn ti. iu ny c gii thch nh sau: nhng ng vin ca
cc hnh sng qua vng mc mt ngi s b chy di ra hn l cc ng vin
quanh hnh ti.
T nhng c im v tch cht mu sc nu th s phi mu hi ho s
lm cho mu sc c ngha quan trng trong cng nghip v cuc sng.
1.4.3. Phng php phi mu phm mu
Phi hp thuc nhum da trn nguyn l ghp cng v ghp tr cc tia
mu quang ph v nguyn l ghp t ba mu c bn. iu khc ch yu vi ghp
mu quang hc l ch thuc nhum khng phi l cc sn phm tinh khit c
mu n sc, li cha cc ph gia nn mu to thnh c sai lch so vi ghp quang
hc. Phi mu t thuc nhum k thut cn gi l ghp mu quang hc c th
thc hin bng bin php th cng hoc thit b x l bng my tnh in t. D
dng phng php no cng phi da vo cc nguyn tc sau:
- Phi dng thuc nhum cng lp theo phn lp k thut v c cc tnh
cht k thut tng t nhau: cng iu kin nhum (nhit , tr s pH, xc tc,
ph gia); cng c tc bt mu; cng c bn mu vi cc ch tiu khc nhau;
v.v
- Khi phi thuc nhum thuc cc lp khc nhau nhum vi th cn
chn nhng loi khng tch in tri du, khng cha cc ph gia c tnh cht k
nhau lm cho dung dch nhum b kt ta, sa lng hoc bin mu, kh ghp ng
mu;
- C th phi t hai thuc nhum k thut to nn mu mi cn thit
nhng s mu mi to thnh s b hn ch. to nn nhiu gam mu khc nhau
ngi ta dng thut phi ghp t ba mu c bn: , vng v xanh lam hoc ,
-21-
vng v xanh lc. th ghp mu c thit lp theo hnh tam gic u, mi mu
c bn c t mt nh ca tam gic, t l phi ghp c chia u theo cc
cnh, mu to thnh s theo quy lut sau:
- Theo mi cnh ca tam gic s nhn c mt dy cc mu trung gian do
kt qu ghp t hai mu;
- Theo cc ng cao ca tam gic s l dy mu do kt qu b tr nhau
ca nhiu cp mu tng ng;
- Tm ca tam gic v vng ph cn s l min c mu v sc (ghi, xm)
do hiu qu trung ho ln nhau ca ba mu c bn c cng mu tng ng;
- Cc im khc nm bn trong tam gic s l v s cc mu c phi
ghp t ba mu c bn vi t l khc nhau, mu v nh mu ca chng tu thuc
vo to trn tam gic.
Tam gic mu c biu din nh sau:







Vic chn ba thuc nhum dng lm ba mu c bn ng vi yu cu ca
l thuyt rt kh tho mn, trong thc t yu cu ny ch l tng i nn mu v
nh mu thu c do hiu qu phi ghp ph thuc nhiu vo ba mu ban u.
Qui lut b tr mu theo ng trn:




da cam
vng
xanh lc
xanh lam
tm
ghi
Hnh 1.3. Tam gic phi ghp mu

tm
tm
da cam

vng
xanh
lc
xanh
lc lam
xanh
da tri
xanh
lam
vng
lc
Hnh 1.1. ng trn b tr mu
-22-
- Theo chu vi ca ng trn, mi mu c th xem l kt qu phi cng ca 2
mu bn cnh to mu trung gian.
- Khi phi 2 tia mu nm i din vi nhau trong vng trn mu th s nhn
c mu trung ho (mu trng). Nhng cp mu nh vy gi l mu b tr,
tp hp tt c cc mu ny cng to thnh mu trng tm vng trn. Theo
vng trn mu, c 5 cp mu b tr chnh l: xanh lam vng, tm vng lc,
tm xanh lc, - xanh lc lam, da cam xanh da tri.
* Ch : Khi phi mu hn hp 2 thuc nhum vi nhau s khng cho mu
nh khi phi 2 tia n sc. Nguyn nhn l do thuc nhum khng c kh nng
phn x cc tia n sc m phn x tp hp cc tia ln cn, nn hiu qu b tr
mu khng hon ton theo qui lut ca phi mu quang hc.



























-23-
CHNG 2: CHIT TCH PHM MU THIN NHIN
2.1. Quy trnh chit tch
2.1.1. La chn, thu hi v x l nguyn liu
- Thc vt hc v ngun nguyn liu:
+ nh danh nguyn liu
+ M t thc vt: Tr lng, tnh hnh pht trin, c im sinh thi,
- Thu hi nguyn liu: Thi gian, b phn,
- X l nguyn liu:
+ Lm sch
+ Sy: Nguyn liu c th dng lt, bt hoc nguyn mu, c sy di nng
lng l in, than, hng ngoi, vi sng, siu m,)
- Bo qun: m thch hp v c ch bo qun san ton nh bao bb, chai
l,
2.1.2. La chn phng php chit tch
- Phng php vt l: Phng php p
- Phng php ho hc: Chit trong dung mi:
+ La chn dung mi
+ Chn phng php chit: Chng ninh, Soxhlet
2.1.3. Phn tch, kim nh, nh gi sn phm chit tch
- Tinh ch:
+ Sn phm th: xc nh bng phng php hp th phn t, GC-MS
+ Sn phm tinh khit: Sc k bn mng, sc k ct.
- nh gi sn phm:
+ Ngoi quan: Trng thi, mu sc, mi vi, ho tan.
+ Tnh cht :
* Vt l: Nhit si, nhit nng chy,
* Ho hc: Cc phn ng c trng.
- Xc nh cu trc: Cc phng php vt l hin i nh IR, UV-VIS, NMR,
MS,
-24-
2.1.4. Phn ng chuyn ha phm mu thin nhin
Sau y l mt s v d v phn ng chuyn ha ca phm mu thin nhin:
- Chuyn ha ca hp cht anthocyanin theo pH:
O
+
O H
O H
O-glucose
O H
O H
O
O
O H
O H
O-glucose
O H
O O H
O H
O-glucose
O
O
-
- H
+
+ H
+
- H
+
+ H
+
r e d a t P H < 3
v i o l e t a t P H = 7 - 8
b l u e a t P H > 1 1

- Chuyn ha ca hp cht indigo:
Khi tin hnh Halogen ha trc tip indigo s thu dc sn phm cui cng
l 6,6-dibrom indigo c mu tm nh .

+Br
2
C
N
H
C
O
C
H
N
C
O
Br
Br

6,6-dibrom indigo mu tm nh

-25-
Khi sufo ha bng monohidrat hoc axit sunfuric m c c un nng s
to ra 5,5 isunfunic inogo mu xanh


Trong mt thng nc nng mt s loi vi khun to ra hydro chuyn i
mu chm khng ha tan thnh chm trng ha tan.




2H
+



Indigo chm trng
- Chuyn ha ca hp cht hematin:


Hematein Hematoxyin
- Flavonoid (Catechins, Theaflavins..)
Qa trnh oxi ha catechin trong tr xanh thnh theaflavins trong tr en vi tc
dng ca enzim:

+ [O]
H
2
SO
4

-26-



- S chuyn ha tng hp melanin:



- Qu trnh sinh tng hp, v mt s chuyn ho ca carotenoid
-caroten l mt tin vitamin A. Khi vo c th n s c chuyn ha thnh 2
phn t vitamin A.

Carotene oxydase Alcohol dehydrogenase
-caroten +protid Retinaldehyde vitaminA
(mi trng nc) (Ester vitaminA)


VitaminA t do(ru)

[o]
enzim
-27-




Hnh 2.1. Chuyn ho -caroten thnh Vitamin A

Tt c cc carotenoit u l hp cht c mch 40cacbon, gm 8 nv
ging nhau, mi n v gm 5 cacbon phn nhnh (izopren). Trc ht axetat to
nn axit mvalonic,
- T axit mvalonic hnh thnh izoprentenylpirophosphat (IPP) (XVII) c s
tham gia ca ATP.
- Cc IPP ln lt kt hp cho ra geranylpyrophosphat c 10C, v
facnesylpyrophosphat c 15C v sau cho ra geranylgeranylpyrophosphat c
20C (XVIII).
- Hai n v 20 C s kt hp sinh ra Phytoen c 40 C (7,8,11,12,7 ', 8', 11
', 12'-octahydro-gamma, gamma-caroten) (XIX) , l c s ca carotenoit.
- S ehdrogenaza ho cc Phytoen to phytofluene (15Z, 7, 8,11,12,7 ', 8'-
hexahydro-gamma, gamma-caroten (XX), zeta-caroten (7,8,7', 8'-tetrahydro-
gamma, gamma-caroten) (XXI), v neurosporene (7,8-dihydro-gamma, gamma-
caroten) (XXII)
-28-
- Cui cng to ra Lycopen (I)

















Hnh 2.2. Sinh tng hp Lycopen










-29-
Phn ng ngoi dip
lc
Cc phn ng chnh Phn ng lc lp
Cc cht d tr








Skvalen

Steroit
Cc tritecpenoit khc



Ubikinon
Axetat (2C)

Axit Mvalonic (6C)

izoprentenylpirophosphat
(IPP) 5C

geranylpyrophosphat (10C)

facnesylpyrophosphat (15C)

geranylgeranylpyrophosphat
(20C)

Solanezin-pyrophosphat
(45C

Solanezin-pyrophosphat
(50C

CO
2






Tocoferol vitamin K
1

Phyton
Chlorofyl

Phytoen

Phytofluene

zeta-caroten

-sporene -caroten

-caroten lycopen

Plastoquinon
Hnh 2.3. Qu trnh sinh tng hp Carotenoid
2.2. Cc ng dng ca phm mu thin nhin
T thi thng c, ngi ta bit dng phm mu nhum, trang tr cho
trang phc nh: indigo (mu xanh chm), alizarin t r cy marena (mu ngi
), campee t g si (mu en) nhum cho vi v la, t tm. Ngoi ra cn
chit sut c cc mu vng, tm v t mt s loi cy khc nhau.
n nay ngi ta xc nh c cng thc cu to ca mt s phm mu thin
nhin theo tng loi mu, t nh gi c tnh cht s dng ca chng.
- Thuc nhum thin nhin mu vng: Cc thuc nhum thin nhin mu
vng u c ngun gc thc vt. Quan trng nht l REZEA, khi phi mu vng
REZEA vi mu xanh chm s nhn c mu xanh lc rt p v gi l mu
LINCON.
-30-
- Thuc nhum thin nhin mu : Cecmec, cosenil, lac c ngun gc ng
vt, thuc nhum mu quan trng nht l marena (alizazin) c ngun gc t
thc vt.Thuc nhum thin nhin mu c bn mu vi cc ch tiu cao
hn nhiu so vi cc mu vng.
- Thuc nhum thin nhin mu ta: Cu to ca thuc nhum ny c
Fridlender tm ra vo nm 1909 l 6,6- i brominigo. Hin nay, ngi ta
xc nh c qu trnh to mu ta t thn l ca cy Dacathais orbita.
- Thuc nhum thin nhin mu xanh chm: L inigo c tch ra t cy h
chm c tn khoa hc l indigofera tinctoria, c cng thc ho hc :
N
N
H O
H O

Hin nay inigo l mt trong 2 thuc nhum thin nhin vn cn c ngha
thc t tuy n c tng hp v ch to phm vi cng nghip.
- Thuc nhum thin nhin mu en: C ngha thc t duy nht l mu en
campec v n c kh nng to phc khng tan vi mui kim loi c mu en.
Khi mi tch t g campec ra th hp cht ban u c mu gi l hematin,
khi kt hp vi mui crom th n chuyn thnh mu en v th m g campec
tr nn c gi tr. Hematin c cng thc ho hc:
O
OH
OH
OH
OH
O

-31-
a s thuc nhum tng hp mu en dng trong ngnh dt v mt s ngnh
khc u l hn hp ca hai hay nhiu hn na cc thuc nhum thnh phn v
thuc nhum tng hp mu en c mu khng ti khi dng ring. Mu en
campec c dng nh l mt thuc nhum n, ring bit, nhum t tm,
da v mt vi vt liu khc.
* c im ca phm mu thin nhin: C bn thp, cng mu nh,
hiu sut khai thc thp nhng c kh nng ph mu tt nn gi thnh cao.
* Phm mu thin nhin Vit Nam: H qun th thc vt nc ta a dng v
phong ph, ng bo ta khp mi min t nc bit s dng nhng thc
vt thin nhin to mu dng trong thc phm, dt la v lm thuc.....rt c
gi tr v b ch. ng bo thiu s cc tnh min ni pha bc dng l chm
nhum mu xanh lam. bc b, ngi dn dng nc chit t c nu
nhum mu nu ti, khi nhng vo bn ao th mu nu ny chuyn thnh mu
en bn v p, dng l bng, v s, v vt .... nhum mu nu v en,
Nam B dng nc chit t qu mc na nhum lt sau nhng vo bn
sng Hu s to thnh mu en bn v p. Mt s loi l v qu dng
nhum thc phm nh: qu ginh ginh, bt ngh nhum mu vng, l cm
si nhum xi mu ,....Tuy ngi dn bit s dng nhng phm mu
thin nhin nhng ch mc l th s v da vo kinh nghim dn gian
ca tng min nn cha pht huy c ht gi tr ca n.












-32-

CHNG 3: CC PHM MU TNG HP
3.1. Phm mu Azo
C cha nhm mang mu azo: - N=N- trong phn t. Da vo s nhm azo c
trong h mang mu ca nhuc nhum m ngi ta chia ra cc thuc nhum:
Monoazo: Ar-N=N-Ar
'

iazo: Ar-N=N-Ar
'
-Ar-N=N-Ar
''

Polyazo: Ar-N=N-Ar
'
-Ar-N=N-Ar
''
- .......
Trong Ar, Ar
'
, Ar
''
.... l nhng gc hu c c nhn thm c cu to a vng, d
vng rt khc nhau.
Thuc nhum azo l lp thuc nhum quan trng nht v c sn xut nhiu
nht. N bao gm hu ht cc loi thuc nhum theo phn lp k thut: thuc
nhum hot tnh, thuc nhum trc tip, thuc nhum bazic, thuc nhum cation,
thuc nhum axit, thuc nhum phn tn, thuc nhum cm mu, thuc nhum
azo khng tan v pigment.
3.2. Phm mu antraquinon
Trong phn t c mt hoc nhiu nhn antraquinon hoc cc dn xut ca n.
Nhng dn xut khc nhau cc v tr 1,4,5,8 s cho cc loi thuc nhum tng
ng:

O
O

Thuc nhum amino - antraquinon
Thuc nhum hydroxyl - antraquinon
1
2
3
4
9
10
8
7
6
5
-33-
Thuc nhum axylamino - antraquinon
Thuc nhum antrimit
Thuc nhum antraquinon a vng
Thuc nhum antraquinon chim v tr th hai sau thuc nhum azo. N bao gm
cc loi thuc nhum cm mu, thuc nhum phn tn, thuc nhum cation, thuc
nhum axit, thuc nhum hot tnh, thuc nhum trc tip v thuc nhum hon
nguyn a vng.
3.3. Phm mu indigoit
L loi thuc nhum trc y c ngun gc thc vt l mu xanh sm trch t
l cy chm. Khi ha hc thuc nhum pht trin, da trn gc thuc nhum
inigo c trong l chm, ngi ta tng hp c thuc nhum inigoit vi
nhiu mu sc phong ph bng cch a thm cc nhm th vo phn t inigo.
Gc mang mu ca loi thuc nhum ny c cng thc:

X
C
C
O
C
C
Y
O

Trong : X,Y c th l O, S, Se, NH,....
3.4. Phm mu arylmetan
L dn xut ca metan m trong nguyn t cacbon trung tm s tham gia vo
mch lin hp ca h mang mu:
Ar-C=Ar
'


Nu R l nguyn t hydro hoc gc hydrocacbon mch thng th s c thuc
nhum iarymetan, nu R l Ar
''
th s c thuc nhum triarylmetan.

R
-34-
Theo cu to phn t, thuc nhum arylmetan c chia thnh cc phn nhm
sau: Thuc nhum xanten, thuc nhum acryin, ....Phm vi cu to ca h thuc
nhum ny rt rng, ngoi nhng gc chnh, chng cn tn ti cc dng dn xut
nh: iamino, triamino, hydroxyl. N bao gm cc loi thuc nhum bazic, thuc
nhum axit v mt s cht tng nhy quang hc.
3.5. Phm mu nitro
C cu to n gin nht v cng c ngha khng ln. Phn t thuc nhum c
t hai hoc nhiu nhn thm (benzen, naphtalen), c t nht l mt nhm nitro
(NO
2
) v mt nhm cho in t (NH
2
, OH).
V d:

NH NO
2
NO
2

3.6. Phm mu nitrozo
Trong phn t c nhm nitrozo (NO).Thuc nhum beta-naphtolnitrozo c kh
nng to phc ni phn t vi st c mu xanh lc thng c s dng lm
pigment, nu tin hnh to phc vi Cr
+3
s cho mu gch, vi Ni
2+
v Zn
2+
cho
mu vng. Lp thuc nhum ny t c ngha thc t.
3.7. Phm mu polymetyn
C cng thc tng qut l Ar-(CH=CH)-CH=Ar
'
, trong Ar, Ar
'
tng ng phi
c nhm cho v nhm nhn in t, chng c th l cc vng thm nh benzen,
naphtalen hoc cc gc d vng nh quinolin, piridin, indol, mu ca thuc nhum
ph thuc ch yu vo hai nhm cho v nhm nhn in t trong h mang mu
nhng nhn chung chng u c mu ti, thun sc. Trong lp thuc nhum ny
phn ln l cc thuc nhum bazic, thuc nhum cation, c mt s l thuc nhum
phn tn.

-35-
3.8. Phm mu lu hunh
L nhng thuc nhum m trong phn t c nhiu nguyn t lu hunh. Gc
mang mu ca thuc nhum thng l cc nhm c cu to nh sau:
S
H
N

HC N
CH
S
CH

S


Nhng gc trn quyt nh mu sc ca thuc nhum v trong lp thuc nhum
ny khng c mu v mu tm.
3.9. Phm mu arylamin
Trong phn t thuc nhum c h mang mu l mch ni cc gc thm vi nhau
qua nguyn t nit trung tm: Ar-N=Ar
'
.
Trong Ar, Ar
'
l gc thm cha cc nhm in t.
Theo cu to lp thuc nhum ny c th chia thnh cc phn nhm: iarylamin,
oxazin, tiazin, azin. Lp thuc nhum ny bao gm cc loi thuc nhum trc
tip, thuc nhum bazic, thuc nhum lu hunh, thuc nhum axit, thuc nhum
hon nguyn, pigment, thuc nhum lng th, thuc nhum in nh mu.
3.10. Phm mu azometyn
Trong phn t c cha h mang mu l Ar-CH=N-Ar'. Lp thuc nhum ny t
c sn xut v ch c s dng nhum t axetat, t si tng hp v in nh
mu.

3.11. Phm mu hon nguyn a vng
H mang mu trong phn t l cc hp cht a t gia antraquinon (hoc
dn xut) vi cc vng d th khc, to nn mch a vng. Hp cht a t ca lp
thuc nhum ny gm cc nhm sau:
tiazin tiazol ibenzotiophen
-36-
N
H
N N
N
N
H
N
N
N
N
H
N N
N
N
H
N
N
N
O
O
O
N
1,2-antraquinonoxazol
O
O
N
O
2,3-antraquinonaxazol

O
O
N
N
antraquinonpirazin

3.12. Phm mu phtaloxiamin
H thng mang mu trong phn t l mt h lin hp khp kn nh tetrazaporphin,
phtaloxianin... c im chung ca lp thuc nhum ny l nhng nguyn t
hydro trong nhm imin d dng b thay th bi cc ion kim loi, cn cc nguyn t
nit khc th li tham gia to phc vi kim loi lm cho mu sc ca thuc nhum
thay i. S thay i ny ph thuc vo bn cht ca ion kim loi. Nhng thuc
nhum c gc phtaloxianin c bn mu vi nh sng rt cao.
Lp thuc nhum ny gm cc loi thuc nhum pigment, thuc nhum hon
nguyn, thuc nhum axit, thuc nhum hot tnh v mt s azotol.




Tetrazaporphin phtaloxianin
-37-
CHNG 4: CC PHN NG TNG HP PHM MU
4.1 . Phn ng th vo nhn thm
4.1.1. Phn ng th electrophin
a. C ch: Phn ng xy ra qua mt giai on v c hnh thnh mt s hp cht
trung gian.
X
X
H
X
X
H
+


b. Nhn xt
b1. Phn ng th electrophin hp cht thm xy ra qua 1 giai on v hnh thnh
mt s hp cht trung gian l phc v phc .
Gin nng lng ca S
E










- Phc : Khi tc nhn electrophin tc dng vi nhn benzen trc ht to c
phc nh l mt tiu phn trung gian khng bn. Trong phc ny, h electron
ca nhn thm vn bo ton. Tc to thnh v phn hu phc ny xy ra rt
nhanh. S to thnh phc ny thc t khng nh hng ti tc phn ng cng
nh bn cht ca sn phm to thnh.
Phc Phc


Cht u
Sn phm
To phn ng
E
-38-
- Phc hay ion benzoni l hp cht trung gian mang in tch dng tp trung
trong nhn thm v gii to gia vi nguyn t. S hnh thnh phc ny c s thay
i trng thi lai ho t C
sp3
sang C
sp2
nn ph hu tnh thm ca nhn benzen.
Do giai on ny l thu nhit. Qua nghin cu thy c tnh tng quan gia tc
th v tnh n nh ca phc hay ni cch khc tnh bn ca phc ny quyt
nh tc ca phn ng S
E.

b2. nh hng ca cu trc cht ban u n kh nng phn ng
V kh nng phn ng, mt electron ni chung trong nhn benzen cng
ln th tc dng ca X
+
cng d. Do , cc nhm th c hiu ng +I, +C lm tng
kh nng phn ng, cc nhm th -I, -C lm gim kh nng phn ng.
b3. S nh hng ca nhm th
* Th mt ln:
O N S
H
N

( Mi tn ch th mt ln vo cc v tr )
* Th ln 2: Nhm th trong nhn benzen gy ra s phn b mt electron cc
v tr cn li ca nhn: ortho, meta v para nn kh nng th ca tc nhn
electrophin tip theo vo cc v tr cng khc nhau nn gi l s nh hng
ca nhm th. Hm lng tng i ca sn phm th ortho, meta, para hay kh
nng nh hng ca nhm th c xc nh bng trng thi n nh ca phc
cc v tr khc nhau. Phc cng n nh, tc th cng ln v sn phm
chim u tin.
- Cc nhm th c hiu ng +I nh cc gc ankyl R - nh hng th vo v tr
ortho v para.
- Cc nhm th ch c hiu ng I u lm th ng ho nhn v nh hng vo
v tr meta.
- Nhm th c hiu ng I v C lm b ng ho nhn v nh hng vo meta.
-39-
- Nhm th c hiu ng +C mnh nhng I yu nh OH, OR, NH
2
, NHR, NR
2
,
hot ho nhn v nh hng vo ortho v para.
- Nhm th c hiu ng I mnh v +C nh F, Cl, Br, l b ng ho nhn
nhng nh hng vo ortho v para. Trong trng hp ny, cc halogen c hiu
ng I mnh hn +C nhiu trng thi tnh.
* Khi vng benzen c hai nhm th, s nh hng ca nhm th th ba ph thuc
vo c hai nhm th. C cc trng hp sau:
- Nu hai nhm th u hot ho nhn, nhm th hot ho mnh nht khng ch s
nh hng:
CH
3
NH
2
Cl
2
CH
3
NH
2
Cl
>>>
CH
3
NH
2
Cl

- Nu mt nhm th hot ho cn mt b ng ho th nhm th hot ho quyt
nh hng th ca tc nhn th ba:
OH
NO
2
Br
2
OH
NO
2
Br

- Nu c hai nhm th v tr meta vi nhau, hng th th ba khng tn cng
vo v tr gia hai nhm th v hiu ng lp th khng ph thuc vo nh hng
nh hng ca hai nhm th.
Nh vy trong S
E
c sn phm th 1 ln, 2 ln, nhiu ln.
b4. T l ng phn ortho para: T l ny ph thuc vo hiu ng lp th v c
hiu ng electron.
- Khi tng th tch nhm th, t l ng phn ortho cng gim.
- Khi a nhm th cho electron vo tc nhn cng gim xc sut ortho.
- Trong trng hp nhm th c hiu ng C nh NO
2
, CN, ng phn ortho to
thnh khng ln. Nhng khi nitro ho th lng ng phn ortho li ln hn ng
phn para.
-40-
b5. Tc nhn eletrophin
- Tc nhn X
+
l axit Lewis, ngha l thiu e, c nh hng ti tc phn ng
cng nh t l ng phn.
- Nu X
+
l axit yu, ngha l s thiu ht electron nguyn t tc nhn cng nh,
s khc nhau v tc ca tc nhn vi benzen v dn xut th cng ln.
- Nu X
+
l axit mnh th bn thn n c nng lng cao cn thit cho phn
ng, khng hay t i hi s chuyn e t nhm th ti trung tm phn ng.
- Tc nhn c s la chn cht ban u.
- Tc nhn cng nh hng ti sn phm th cc v tr khc nhau trong phn t
cht ban u.
- Tc nhn giu nng lng s to thnh lng ortho v para ln hn khi c nhm
th u tin nh hng meta v lng ln meta khi c nhm th u tin ortho
para.
- Tc nhn ngho nng lng hn th t l sn phm ph thuc vo bn cht ca
nhm th theo quy tc chung.
- Electrophin c tnh chn la cao vi cht ban u thng cho t l sn phm
ortho/para khng cao v lng meta nh. Electrophin khng chn la, c kh nng
phn ng cao, c khuynh hng xut hin tnh chn la thp vi cht ban u
cng nh la v tr.
b6. nh hng ca dung mi v xc tc
- Dung mi nh hng n tc phn ng cng nh hm lng ng phn.
- Khi dng xc tc th dung mi c nh hng ti tc tuy khng nhiu nhng
khng c nh hng ti hm lng cc ng phn. Phn ng S
E
vo nhn thng
dng xc tc Friedel Crafts c kh nng to phc cho nhn


R - XAl Cl
3
hay R - X AlCl
3
.Al Cl
3
c. Quy lut th vo nhn Naphtalen
+ +
-41-
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

- Quy c: v tr 1, 4, 5, 8 l v tr , cn 2, 3, 6, 7 l v tr . Nhn chung kh nng
phn ng ca naphtalen mnh hn nhiu so vi benzen, phn ng vo cc v tr
mnh hn vo cc v tr v lin kt - hot ng hn nhiu so vi cc lin kt
- .
- Khi trong nhn naphtalen cha c nhm th th phn ng th nguyn t H s xy
ra cc v tr nhiu hn. Tuy nhin, s ng phn ca cc dn xut th
naphtalen thng tn ti nhiu hn v ng phn c bn nhit ng cao hn
ng phn .
V d:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
H
2
SO
4
40
0
C - 60
0
C
H
2
SO
4
160
0
C
SO
3
H
SO
3
H
160
0
C

- Trong trng hp th ln 2 th nhm th tip theo c th vo nhn thm th
cng nh nhn thm cha b th. S nh hng s tun theo 1 s quy tc sau:
+ Nu trong nhn c nhm th loi I th tc nhn electrophin s nh hng vo
v tr octo hay para chnh nhn c nhm th.
OH
H
2
SO
4
OH
SO
3
H

+ Nu trong nhn c nhm th loi II th tc nhn electrophin s nh hng
vo nhn cha b th.
-42-
SO
3
H
+HNO
3
SO
3
H
NO
2
+
SO
3
H NO
2

+ Khi trong nhn naphtalen c hai nhm th th v tr th tip theo c xc
nh bi kh nng nh hng ca cc nhm th v cc v tr cn t do.
d. Quy lut th vo nhn antraquinon
Antraquinon c s dng nhiu trong sn xut cc loi phm mu. Cu
to ca phn t antraquinon c coi l hp cht a nhn ngng t. Phn t cu
to t hai vng benzen ni vi nhau bi 2 nhm xeton:
O
O
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Cc v tr 1, 4, 5, 8 c coi l cc v tr
Cc v tr 2, 3, 6, 7 l v tr
Khi tc nhn electrophin tn cng vo nhn antraquinon th phn ng xy ra
cc v tr mnh hn v ti cc v tr nguyn t H linh ng hn. Tuy nhin,
trong thc t phn ng electrophin vo nhn antraquinon li theo mt quy lut
khc bit: trong mt s phn ng (phn ng sunfo ha khng c xc tc) ch thu
c sn phm ng phn do ng phn ny c bn nhit ng cao hn ng
phn . Cc phn ng nitro ha v halogen ha cho sn phm l ng phn .
Khi trong nhn antraquinon c 1 nhm th loi I th phn ng
electrophin s xy ra cc v tr octo hoc para so vi nhm th c ca chnh vng
. Cn khi trong nhn antraquinon c mt nhm th loi II th vng benzen
th hai vn gi nguyn kh nng tham gia phn ng v tc nhn electrophin s vo
cc v tr ca vng benzen , v vy sn phm thng c 2 ng phn.
4.1.2. Phn ng th nucleophin
Khi trn vng benzen c sn nhm th loi II th c phn ng S
N
:
-43-
NO
2
+ KOH
NO
2
OH

Cc tc nhn nucleophin gm: -NH
2
, ArS, RO
-
, R
2
NH, ArO
-
, -OH, ArNH
2
,
cc anion halogen, H
2
O, ROH.
4.2. Phn ng bin i nhm th: Trong cng nghip sn xut phm vt trung
gian, c mt s hp cht khng th iu ch bng cch thay th trc tip nguyn t
H trong nhn thm m phi bng phng php bin i nhm th - tc l thay
nhng nhm th c sn trong nhn thm bng nhng nhm th khc. Phn ng
bin i nhm th c th thc hin bng mt s phn ng c trng sau:
4.2.1. Phn ng th nucleophin
Chng gm c cc phn ng: to nhm hydroxyl bng cch thay th nhm
sunfonic, nhm amin hoc nguyn t halogen,
X
+ Nu
-
X Nu
-
-X
-
Nu

Trong X SO
3
H, NH
2
, Cl, Br, Nu=OH, NH
3


4.2.2. Cc phn ng bin i khc
+ Phn ng kh nhm nitro:
Ar-NO
2
H
Ar-NH
2

+ Phn ng alkyl ha nhm amin:
Ar-NH
2
+ R-X Ar NH R trong X-OH, halogen.
+ Phn ng axyl ha:
Ar-NH
2 +
C
O
R
C
O
R
HN Ar

-44-
Ar-OH
+
C
O
R
C
O
R
O Ar

+ Phn ng amin ha:
Ar-NH
2 + R-NH
2
Ar-NH-R

+ Phn ng iazo ha:
Ar-NH
2
NaNO
2
HCl
Ar-N
N Cl

+ Phn ng th nhm iazo:
Ar-N
N Cl
+ Z
-
Ar-Z + N
2

Z= OH, Cl, CN, NO
2
, OR.
4.3. Phn ng bin i vng thm
y l loi phn ng ngng t c km theo s ng vng hp cht ban u hoc
to nn cc d vng th. Trong cng nghip sn xut phm mu, ngi ta s dng
rt nhiu cc hp cht trung gian c vng d th hoc cc hp cht a vng thm.
- Phn ng iu ch cc dn xut ca antraquinon:
CO
CO
O +
OH
OH
OH
AlCl
3
O
O
OH
OH
OH

- Phn ng to vng d th:
CH
3
CO
CH
2
COOC
2
H
5
+ H
2
N-NH-C
6
H
5
CH
3
C
CH
2
COOC
2
H
5
N-NH-C
6
H
5
2HC C
C N
N
C
6
H
5
O
CH
3
1-phenyl-3-metylparazolon-5

- Phn ng to gc triazin tng hp phm mu hot tnh:
-45-
CH
3
CO
CH
2
COOC
2
H
5
+
NH
2
CO
CH
2
NH
R
N O OH
CH
3
R

- Phn ng a tr to cc hp cht vng:
O
O
NH
2
KOH+NaOH
CH
3
COONa
KNO
2
+ KOH
250
0
C
O
O
NH
HN
O
O
NH
2
indantron

Thuc nhum hon nguyn mu xanh lam
4.4. Mt s quy trnh cng ngh tng hp phm vt trung gian
4.4.1. Sunfo ha (thun nghch)
a. Mc ch:
- Sunfo ha cc hp cht thm to nn cc axit arensunfonic lm tng tnh axit ca
hp cht v c dng trong tng hp phm mu axit.
- Lm tng tnh tan ca hp cht khi chuyn nhm sunfonic thnh natri sunfonat
gip cho cc sn phm ha tan c trong nc thun tin cho vic s dng.
- Thng qua nhm sunfonic a mt s nhm th khc vo nhn thm m bng
phng php trc tip kh hoc khng th a chng vo c.
b. Tc nhn sunfo ha: tin hnh sunfo ha ngi ta thng dng cc tc nhn:
- Axit sunfuric vi cc nng khc nhau:
H
2
SO
4
92-93% gi l du sunfat
H
2
SO
4
98-100% gi l monohydrat
- Oleum: H
2
SO
4
bc khi cha SO
3
t do vi nng 25% hoc 65% SO
3

- Axit closunfonic: ClSO
3
H
-46-
c. C ch phn ng: S
E
. Tc nhn electrophin s c th hin qua cc tc nhn
sunfo ha nh sau:
- Axit sunfuric nhit thng s phn ly theo phn ng:
H
2
SO
4
H
3
O
+
+ H
2
S
2
O
7
+ HSO
4
-

H
2
S
2
O
7
H
2
SO
4
+ SO
3

Khi nhit nng cao:
2 H
2
SO
4
H
3
SO
4
+
+ HSO
4
-
H
3
SO
4
+
HSO
4
+
+ H
2
O
Nh vy tc nhn electrophin trong phn ng sunfo ha s l SO
3
, HSO
3
+
,
+
SO
2
Cl.
d. Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh sunfo ha:
Cc iu kin phn ng ph thuc vo bn cht ca hp cht thm, ca tc
nhn phn ng v vo s nhm sunfonic cn a vo.
Khi nng H
2
SO
4
tng th tc phn ng, s bin i ny ch th hin
mt gii hn nht nh ca nng . Nu tng qu nng H
2
SO
4
s c phn ng
ph xy ra, nu gim thp hn gii hn th phn ng s b ngng. Nng gii
hn c xc nh da vo tnh cht ca hp cht thm, vo s nhm sunfonic cn
a vo nhn thm v vo nhit ca phn ng.
Nhit v thi gian ca phn ng sunfo ha c gii hn ti u i vi
tng phn ng cc hp cht c th. Nu tng nhit v ko di thi gian so vi
gii hn ti u s xy ra phn ng ph ngoi mc ch. Tng nhit cao qu gii
hn s lm cho phn ng xy ra phc tp v c cc phn ng ph km theo nh
phn ng oxi ha, phn ng ngng t, phn ng to hp cht sunfo.
Tc dng ca xc tc: Khi thc hin phn ng sunfo ha benzen v
naphtalen th khng cn n xc tc. Ch c phn ng sunfo ha antraquinon th
cn xc tc nh hng vo v tr . C ch tc dng ca xc tc chnh l s to
thnh sn phm trung gian bn ca phc .
-47-
O
O
H2
S
O4
+
SO3
H
2 S
O
4 +
S
O
3
K
h
o
n
g
x
u
c
ta
c
H
g
S
O
4
O
O
SO
3
H
O
O
SO
3
H

e. Tnh cht ca cc axit arensunfonic:
- Tch sn phm: C 1 s axit arensunfonic t ha tan trong dung dch H
2
SO
4

long nn c th tch chng ra dng axit bng cch pha long dung dch phn
ng (dng nc thng hoc nc ). Cn li phn ln cc axit arensunfonic
phi tch ra dng mui natri. Nh vy, c th dng mui n tch sn phm
va r tin d kim nhng li to ra axit trong khi phn ng. Trong sn xut tt
nht nn dng hn hp mui Na
2
SO
4
v Na
2
SO
3
. Ring i vi axit -antraquinon
sunfonic, ngi ta dng clorua kt ta sn phm.
- Tnh cht l hc: Nhng axit arensunfonic thng tn ti dng bt trng kh
ha tan trong nc lnh, d ha tan trong nc nng v mt vi dung mi hu c.
Nhng axit arensunfonic thng c chuyn v dng mui axit v mui ny s
kh ha tan hn mui trung tnh.
- Tnh cht ha hc:
+ Cc axit arensunfonic thng l nhng axit mnh.
+ Nhm sunfonic trong nhn thm d b thay th bi cc nhm th hoc nguyn t
khc.
g. S sunfo ha mt s hp cht thm:
- Dy benzen:
H
2
SO
4
SO3H
oleum
80
0
c
SO
3
H
SO
3
H


-48-
NH
2
H
2
SO
4
NH.H
2
SO
4
NH
2
SO
3
H

NO
2
oleum
NO2
SO
3
H


CH
3 CH
3
SO
3
H
SO
3
H
oleum

OH
H
2
SO
4
OH
SO
3
H
+
SO
3
H
OH

- Dy naphtalen:
H
2
SO
4 H
2
SO
4
35-60
0
C
160
0
C
SO3H
SO
3
H
SO
3
H
SO
3
H
SO
3
H
SO
3
H
SO
3
H
H
2
SO
4
+ SO
3
H
2
SO
4
+ SO
3
35-60
0
C 50-90
0
C
H
2
SO
4
H
2
SO
4
+ SO
3
160-170
0
C
160-170
0
C
SO3H
SO
3
H
SO
3
H
SO
3
H

Naphtylamin:
-49-
NH
2
H
2
SO
4
NH.H
2
SO
4
nung
NH
2
SO
3
H


NH
2
Thuy phan
SO3H
H
2
SO
4
+ SO
3
35-90
0
C
SO3H
NH
2
SO
3
H
SO
3
H
NH
2
SO3H

-Naphtol:
OH
H
2
SO
4 -10
0
C
H
2
SO
4
H
2
SO
4
oleum 70-80
0
C
90
0
C
120
0
C
OH
SO
3
H
OH
SO
3
H
OH
OH
SO3H HO3S
SO
3
H
HO3S


- Dy antraquinon:
-50-
O
O
HgSO
4
NaCl
oleum
oleum
O
O
O
O
HO
3
S
HO
3
S
O
O
HO
3
S
O
O
SO
3
H
O
O
SO
3
H
HO
3
S
O
O
O
O
SO
3
H
SO
3
H
SO
3
H SO
3
H
O
O
SO
3
H
SO
3
H
HO
3
S
HO
3
S

4.4.2. Nitro ha ( khng thun nghch)
Nitro ha l mt trong nhng phn ng quan trng tng hp nhng phm
vt trung gian v phm mu. Chnh nhm nitro l mt nhm mang mu trong
phm mu, n cng c s dng chuyn ha thnh nhm amin l nhm tr
mu quan trng trong phm mu.
a. Tc nhn nitro ha v c ch phn ng:
- C ch: Nhn chung, phn ng nitro ha c xp vo loi phn ng S
E
, nhng
c nhng trng hp ngoi l ph thuc vo bn cht tc nhn nitro ha. Phn ng
nitro ha l phn ng khng thun nghch.
- Tc nhn: Dng hn hp axit nitric m c v H
2
SO
4
90-100%, cn c gi l
hn hp axit nitro ha lm tc nhn nitro ha. S hnh thnh tc nhn phn ng
l do HNO
3
b proton ha v tch i mt phn t nc to ra cation nitroni:
H-O-NO
2
+ H
+
H
2
+
O-NO
2
NO
2
+
+ H
2
O
Ngoi H
2
SO
4
cn c th dng cc axit mnh nh HClO
4
, HF, BF
3
. Nh vy tc
nhn l NO
2

b. Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh nitro ha:
- S nh hng ca nhm th trn nhn thm.
-51-
+ Nu trong nhn thm cha c nhm th loi I th qu trnh nitro ha xy ra d
dng. Th t ca cc nhm th nh hng n phn ng c th xp nh sau:
NO
2
>SO
3
H>COOH>Cl<CH
3
<OCH
3
<OC
2
H
5
<OH

Tc gim Tc tng
- Nng HNO
3
v H
2
SO
4
phi lun m bo gii hn ti u cho mi hp cht,
lng HNO
3
phi ly d 1-10% so vi tnh ton l thuyt, d qu s to sn phm
ph do b oxy ha. Lng H
2
SO
4
cng phi ly d v lun m bo nng 90-
100%, nu nh hn 90%, phn ng phn ly to NO
2
+
s xy ra kh khn, cn nu
ln hn 100% th phn ng phn ly HSO
4
-
s kh khn.
- Nhit lun phi m bo lm lnh thit b phn ng v nitro ha l 1 phn ng
ta nhit.
c. Tnh cht ca hp cht nitro:
- Cc hp cht nitro-aren u l nhng cht c, mt s cht d gy chy da, cay
mt, ngt th, nhiu hp cht khi va chm mnh hoc t nng s gy n, nguy
him.
- Nhiu hp cht nitro c kh nng tan trong kim to thnh dung dch c mu
vng da cam hoc mu .
- Hp cht nitro khng bn nhit cao cho nn khng cho php tin hnh phn
ng nung chy kim.
d. S nitro ha mt s hp cht:
- Dy benzen:
NO
2
NO
2
NO
2
HNO
3
HNO
3
40-50
o
C
90
o
C

- Dy antraquinon:
-52-
O
O
O
O
O
O
SO
3
H
NO
2
SO
3
H
NO
2
SO
3
H
+

O
O
O
O
O
O
OH OH
NO
2
OH
NO
2
NO
2

O
O
O
O
CH
3
NO
2
CH
3

4.4.3. Halogen ha: ch c Cl
2
v Br
2
(gin tip)
Halogen ha l phn ng th mt hay nhiu nguyn t H hoc ca nhn thm hoc
ca mch nhnh bng mt hay nhiu nguyn t halogen. Mc ch ca phn ng
ny l tng hp ra mt s loi dung mi hu c nh clobenzen, ..., nhng quan
trng nht l tng hp cc phm vt trung gian (anilin, phenol, axit hu c) v
phm mu. Nhng phm mu c cha halogen thng c bn mu cao vi nh
sng, mu ti v thun sc hn.
a. Tc nhn halogen ha:
C th s dng Cl
2
, Br
2
, I
2
. a nguyn t F vo nhn thm ngi ta
phi dng phng php gin tip nh thay th nguyn t clo hoc phn ng vi
hp cht diazo thm. Phn ng halogen ha ch yu l tin hnh bng tc nhn
clo v brom, chng va r, d kim li c sn xut vi quy m ln. Trong mt
vi trng hp c th dng mt vi tc nhn khc nh NaClO, NaClO
3
, SO
2
Cl
2
,
HCl vi khng kh.
b. C ch phn ng:
- Phn ng halogen ha nhn thm: S
E

- Phn ng halogen ha mch nhnh: S
R

c. S clo ha mt s hp cht thm:
-53-
Cl
Cl
Cl Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl

CH
3 CH
2
Cl CHCl
2 CCl
3
CH
3
Cl
CH
3
Cl
CCl
3
Cl
CH
3
Cl
CH
3
Cl
Cl
Cl
+
+
CH
3
Cl
CHCl
2
Cl
Cl

d. Tnh cht ca hp cht halogenaren:
Nhng sn phm halogen ha mch nhnh c tnh cht tng t cc dn
xut halogen mch thng, ngha l nguyn t halogen d dng b thay th bi cc
nhm amin v nhm hydroxyl.
Nhng sn phm c nguyn t halogen nhn thm thng km hot ng
ha hc hn. Mun th chng bng cc nhm amin v hydroxyl phi tin hnh
phn ng nhit cao, p sut cao v i khi phi dng c xc tc.
4.4.4. To nhm hydroxyl trong nhn thm:
Vic a nhm OH vo nhn thm c 1 ngha quan trng trong tng hp phm
vt trung gian v phm mu. Cc nhm OH lm hot ha cc hp cht thm trong
cc phn ng ha hc tip theo v to cho phm mu c nhng tnh cht cn thit.
-54-
Vic a trc tip nhm OH vo nhn thm t gp, m ch yu l thng qua cc
nhm khc (-SO
3
Na, -Cl, -Br, -NH
2
,...) bng phn ng th nucleophin.
a. Phn ng nung chy kim:
Ar-SO
3
Na + NaOH
160-320
0
C
Ar-ONa + Na
2
SO
3
+ H
2
O

C ch phn ng: S
N
.
Tc nhn ca phn ng nung chy kim c th l NaOH, hn hp KOH +
NaOH, Ca(OH)
2
,trong NaOH c s dng nhiu hn c v r tin, d kim;
hn hp KOH + NaOH l tng kh nng phn ng, gim nhit ; Ca(OH)
2
ch s
dng cho phn ng th mt nhm OH.
iu kin ca phn ng ph thuc vo bn cht ca hp cht cha nhm
sunfonic, vo loi tc nhn kim v thun khit ca chng.
Mt s hp cht c iu ch theo phng php ny:
-55-
NO
2
SO
3
N
2
NO
2
OH
O
O
SO
3
N
2 NO
2 OH
SO
3
H
O
O
OH
OH
2NaOH
+SO
2
alizarin
+
Na
2
SO
3
H
2
O Na
2
SO
3 + +
+SO
2
+ H
2
O
2NaOH
NH
2
NH
2
NH
2
+SO
2
2NaOH
SO
3
N
2
SONa
NO
2
O
3
SNa
OH
NaO
3
S
SO
3
N
2
SO
3
Na NH
2
OH
SO
3
Na NH
2

b. Phn ng th nguyn t halogen:
Ar-X + NaOH Ar-ONa + NaX
- Thy phn bng kim: iu ch phenol v alizazin:
Cl
+ 2NaOH
300
0
C
100-200 at
ONa
+ NaCl + H
2
O
O
O
Cl
+3NaOH
O
O
ONa
ONa
+ NaCl + H
2
O


-56-
- Thy phn bng nc trong pha hi: iu ch phenol
Cl
+ H
2
O
500-600
0
C
silicagel
OH
+ HCl

- Phng php thy phn Rasi
Cl
+ H
2
O
+ HCl + 1/2 O
2
Cl
+ H
2
O
OH
+ HCl

Khi trong nhn thm c nhm th nhn in t cc v tr octo v para
so vi nguyn t clo th phn ng thy phn xy ra d dng hn. Phn ng thy
phn halogen i vi dy naphtalen xy ra kh khn nn t c ngha thc t.
c. Thy phn nhm amin bc nht:
Ar-NH
2
+ H
2
O Ar-OH + NH
3

Phng php ny c s dng cho dy naphtalen, s thy phn c th tin
hnh trong mi trng kim hoc mi trng axit.
NH
2
+ NaOH (dd 3-10%)
150-180
0
C
OH
NH
2
SO
3
H HO
3
S
+ H
2
O + H
2
SO
4
OH
SO
3
H HO
3
S


4.4.5. To nhm amin trong nhn thm
Vic to nhm amin trong nhn thm c ngha rt ln trong cng nghip sn
xut phm mu. Nhm amin khng nhng c vai tr chuyn ha hp cht trung
gian m cn l mt nhm tr mu quan trng.
-57-
Nhng hp cht amin thm cn c s dng rng ri trong cc lnh vc
cng nghip khc nh dc phm, hng liu,...
to nhm amin trong nhn thm, khng th s dng phng php th
trc tip nguyn t hydro trong nhn thm m phi bin i cc nhm th khc c
sn trong nhn. Sau y l mt s phng php c s dng trong cng nghip
sn xut phm vt trung gian v phm mu.
a. Kh nhm nitro v cc nhm cha nit:
Phn ng tng qut:
-NO
2
[H]
-NH
2

y l mt phn ng oxy ha kh, qu trnh kh xy ra qua mt s giai
on trung gian, kt qu cui cng s ph thuc vo bn cht ca tc nhn kh v
vo mi trng phn ng. Tc nhn kh l Fe, Zn, Sn.
Dng phoi st trong mi trng axit:
2 Ar-NO
2
+ 5Fe + 4 H
2
O 2Ar-NH
2
+ Fe
3
O
4
+ 2 Fe(OH)
2

Phng php ny c th iu ch hng lot cc amin thm bc nht:
NO2 NH2 NO2
CH
3
NH
2
CH
3
NO
2
NO2
NH
2
NH
2
NO2 NH2
OH OH
NO
2
NH
2




-58-
Dng phoi km trong cc mi trng khc nhau:
NO
2 NO
2
NO
2
+ 2Zn 3H
2
O + 2 Zn(OH)
2
+

Trong mi trng kim s to ra sn phm khc nhau:
Ar-NO
2
+ Zn Ar-N=O

Ar-NO
2
+ Zn Ar-NH-OH

Ar-N=O
Ar-NH-OH + Ar-N=N
+
-Ar
O
-
Ar-N=N
+
-Ar
O
-
2[H]
Ar-N=N-Ar
2[H]
Ar-NH-NH-Ar

Dng cc mui sunfua kim:
Khi dng NaOHSO
3
trong mi trng axit th va kh c nhm nitro
va a c nhm sunfonic vo trong nhn thm:
NO
2
+ NaHSO
3
t
0
C, p
NH
2
SO
3
Na
SO
3
Na
NO
2
OH
+ NaHSO
3
NH
2
OH
SO
3
Na


NaOH
NaOH
-59-


Dng sunfua kim: Na
2
S v NaHS kh chn lc nhm nitro m khng nh
hng n cc nhm khc. Tc nhn loi ny c s dng kh cc hp cht
sau:

Ngoi ra ngi ta cn s dng Na
2
S
2
O
4
kh nhm nitro v nhm azo ca phm
mu thnh nhm amin nhng phn ng ny khng s dng trong cng nghip m
ch tin hnh trong phng th nghim nhm xc nh cu to v thnh phn ca
mt s loi phm mu.
b. Phn ng thay th cc nhm khc:
Thng thng nhm amin c to trong nhn thm bng phn ng th
nucleophin cc nhm sunfonic, nhm hydroxyl hoc nguyn t halogen c sn.
- Khi trong nhn thm c nguyn t halogen m khng c mt nhm hot ha
khc th phn ng c th xy ra iu kin khc nghit:
NO
2
NO
2
+ NaHS
74-99
0
C
NO
2
NH
2
+ Na
2
S
2
O
3
NO
2
OCH
3
NO
2
+ NaHS
NH
2
OCH
3
NO
2
O
O
O
O
NH
2
NO
2
NO
2
+ Na
2
S
90-120
0
C
NH
2
-60-











- Khi trong nhn thm c cc nhm th loi II cc v tr octo v para so vi
nhm halogen th kh nng phn ng ca nguyn t halogen tng ln v iu kin
ca phn ng nucleophin s m du hn:
Cl
NO
2
+ 2NH
3
30-45atm
170-200
0
C
NH
2
NO
2
+ NH
4
Cl
Cl
SO
3
H
+ NH
3
170
0
C
SO
3
H
NH
2

Phng php thay th haogen c s dng iu ch cc amin bc hai:
Cl + H
2
N
CuO, 250
0
C
H
N
+ HCl

- To nhm amin bng phng php th nhm OH. Hp cht thm c cha nhm
amin v hp cht cha nhm OH lun lun c th chuyn ha cho nhau theo s
:
O
O
O
O
200-210atm
+ 2NH
3
CuCl
2
, 200
0
C
60-100Aatm
NH
2
+
NH
4
Cl
Cl
+ 2NH
3
Cu(NH
3
)
2
2
SO
4
NH
2
Cl
NH
2
-61-
Ar-NO
2
ArNH
2
Ar-OH ArSO
3
H
Phng php to nhm amin bng cch thay th nhm OH thc s c ngha i
vi nhng amin khng th iu ch bng phng php khc nh cc dn xut ca
dy naphtalen (khng th tin hnh nitro ha chng ri kh v amin).
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
150
0
C, 15at
NH
2
SO
3
H
+ (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
NH
2
SO
3
H
SO
3
H
+ (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
NH
2
SO
3
H
COOH
+ NH
3
200
0
C
NH
2
COOH
SO
3
H
NH
2
SO
3
H
SO
3
H
SO
3
H
NH
2
SO
3
H
SO
3
H



-62-
Vi dy benzen, phn ng th nucleophin nhm OH bng nhm amin xy ra rt
kh khn v hiu sut phn ng thp.
Ch khi trong nhn thm c cha nhm nhn in t v tr octo hoc para so vi
nhm OH th phn ng mi xy ra d dng hn:
OH
N=O
+ NH
3
NH
2
N=O
t
0
s
HON NH

Vi dy antraquinon th phn ng c s dng iu ch 1,4-
diaminoantraquinon t xinizarin:

O
O
O
O
NH
2
OH
OH
+ NH
3
NH
2
90
0
C, 2-3at

Ngoi cc phng php a ra cc nhm chc quan trng vo nhn thm trnh
by trn, cn c mt s phn ng khc na (nitrozo ha, ankyl ha, aryl ha,
phn ng ngng t v chuyn nhm) m trong phm vi gio trnh khng cp
n. Cc iu kin v phng php c th ca nhng phn ng c th tham
kho trong cc ti liu khc.









-63-
c. Mt s phn ng in hnh:
NH
2
NHSO
3
Na
NH(CH
3
)SO
3
Na NHCH
3
OH NH
2
HO
3
S SO
3
H
+
COCl OH NH
HO
3
S SO
3
H
O
C
O
O
NH
2
NH
2
+
COCl
O
O
NH
NH
2
O
C
V
2
O
5
O
O
N(CH
3
)
2
2 +
CHO
(H
3
C)
2
N
CH
N(CH
3
)
2

4.4.6. Tng hp cc cht vng d th
Trc y trong cng nghip sn xut phm mu, phn ln s dng cc
hp cht trung gian l cc dn xut ca benzen v naphtalen. Nhng xu th pht
trin sn xut phm mu ngy cng tng i hi nhng loi phm mu mi c cc
tnh cht s dng cao hn. S c mt trong vng thm cc nguyn t d th nh
nit, oxy, lu hunh, cho php to nn cc phm mu c nhng tnh cht tt
hn nh: ti mu, su mu, bn mu v thun sc,



-64-
a. Tng hp hp cht pizolon:
CH
3
C=O
CH
2
COOC
2
H
5
+ H
2
N NH C
6
H
5
CH
3
C=
CH
2
COOC
2
H
5
N NH C
6
H
5
CH
2
CH
N
CH
O
N
C
6
H
5
t
0
C
-C
2
H
5
OH
CH C
N
CH HO
N
C
6
H
5
OH
-
CH
3
1-phenyl,3-metyl pirazolon-5


Ngoi nhm phenyl c th s dng cc gc aryl c cha cc nhm th halogen
hoc sunfonic to ra cc dn xut ca pirazollon.
b. Cc hp cht indol:
C nhiu phng php tng hp indol, v d:
C
6
H
5
NH
2
C
6
H
5
+
N
2
NaHSO
3
C
6
H
5
NHNH
2
CH
3
COCH
3
C
6
H
5
- NH - N=C (CH
3
)
2
H
2
O
NH -NH2 - C
+
(CH3)2
CH
2
NH
C
CH
3
NH
3
+
CH
2
N
C CH
3
CH
NH
C CH
3






-65-
c. Aminotiazol:
Phng php tng hp aminotiazol n gin nht l phn ng a t:
HC
O
CH
2
Cl + (NH
2
)
2
S HC N
CH C
S

Ngoi ra cn c th to ra cc dn xut ca aminotiazol bng cch a cc nhm
th vo vng tiazol.
Nhng hp cht ny thng c s dng lm iazo-thnh phn tng hp cc
loi phm mu azo c mu m.
d. Aminobenzotiazol:
Chng c iu ch t hp cht amin nh sau:
H
3
CO
NH
2
+ Br
2
/KSCN
H
3
CO
N
S
C NH
2


Cc loi phm mu i t cc hp cht trn s rt a dng, chng c s dng cho
nhiu loi vt liu dt: phm mu cho si polyamit, phm mu azo cation cho
polyacrylonitrin, phm mu phn tn cho polyeste.
e. Dn xut tiophen:
Trong thi gian gn y, ngi ta bt u s dng cc dn xut tiophen tng
hp mt s phm mu hu c. Nhng loi thuc ny mu su m, bn cao v
mt s tnh cht c bit khc khi nhum vi pha. Nm 1977 hng ICI (Anh)
sn xut loi phm mu phn tn c cha gc tiophen theo s sau:
-66-
ClCH
2
CHO + NaHS HSCH
2
CHO
S
S OH
HO
+ NCCH
2
CO
2
H
(axyl)
2
O
S
CO
2
H
NHaxyl
t
0
C
S
NHaxyl
nitro hoa O
0
C
S
NHaxyl
NO
2
O
2
N
S
NH
2
NO
2
O
2
N
nitro hoa O
0
C
S
NHaxyl
NO
2
O
2
N
t
0
C
S
NH
2
O
2
N


f. Cc dn xut ca piridin:
Piridin rt t c s dng tng hp phm mu, nhng cc dn xut ca n nh:
2,6-dihydroxyl piridin, 2,6-diamino piridin gn y li c s dng nhiu tng
hp cc loi phm mu azo mu vng v mu .
Cc dn xut piridin c iu ch theo mt s s sau:
- Dn xut 2,6-dihydroxyl piridin:
CH
3
-
CO
-
CH
2
-
COOC
2
H
5
+ HC
COOC
2
H
5
CN + R-NH
2
N
O
R
CH
3
CN
OH
N
HO
CH
3
CN
OH
R=H




-67-
Hoc:
CH
3
-
CO
-
CH
2
-
COOC
2
H
5
+ X-CO-CH
2
-NHR
N
O
R
CH
3
CN
OH

- Dn xut 2,6-diamino piridin:
N
O
OH
X
R
+ POCl
3
N
O
O
X
R
R
'
POCl
2
N
O
Cl
X
R
R
'
N
Cl
Cl
X
R
R
3
NHR
4
N
R
4
R
3
N
NR
3
R
4
X
R


g. Tng hp gc triazin:
Gc triazin c s dng rt rng ri trong lnh vc tng hp hng lot phm mu
hot tnh, gc triazin khng ng vai tr cht mang mu m n c gi tr to kh
nng lin kt bn vng vi x si, n c coi l nhm hot tnh ca phm mu.
Phng php n gin nht iu ch gc ny l iu ch 2,4,6-triclotriazin:
6HCN + 3Cl
2
6 Cl-CN
2
N
N
N
Cl
Cl Cl





-68-
CHNG 5: TNG HP PHM MU
5.1. Tng hp phm mu azo
Cht mu azo l loi mu chim t l nhiu nht trong cc mu hu c. Trong
phn t ca n c th c mt nhm azo (monoazoic - N = N), hai nhm azo
(biazoic hoc diazoic), hoc 3 nhm azo...
Phm mu azo v pigment azo c to thnh t 2 phn ng: phn ng diazo ha
v phn ng ghp i.
Phn ng diazo ha: l phn ng gia acid nitr v mui ca amin thm bc 1
to thnh hp cht diazonium.
ArNH
3
X + HNO
2
ArN
2
X + 2H
2
O
Ar l gc aryl, X l gc acid v c.
ArNH
2
+ Na NO
2
+ 2HX ArN
2
+
X
-
+ 2H
2
O + NaX.
Trong thc t, lng acid v c cn dng nhiu hn l thuyt, thiu acid v
c c th xy ra phn ng:
ArN
2
X + H
2
N - Ar Ar - N = N - NH - Ar + HX.
Hm lng acid cho tha nhiu hay t ph thuc vo bn cht cc amin.
Cc hp cht amon d diazo ha l cc cht dn xut amin ca benzen, ca
naphthalen, antraquinin, amino benzen, sunfuamic, amino naphthalen sunfuamic.
V d: anilin, toluidin, p - nitroanilin, o - | naphtylamin, acid Sunfanilic...
Cc amin ny c th diazo ha trong acid HCl hoc H
2
SO
4
.
Cc amin no kh tan c th dng hn hp 2 acid trn hoc cho thm
CH
3
COOH hoc ru nhit thp.
- Phn ng diazo ha thng c thc hin nhit thp t 0 10C.
- Da vo phng trnh phn ng diazo ha, tnh ton hm lng amin,
acid v c, mui NaNO
2
. Ha tan amin trong acid v c, cho vo thit b phn
ng. Ha tan mui NaNO
2
trong lng nc va tan, ri cho t t vo hn hp
-69-
amin acid v c. nhit khng qu 0 10C. Sau khi cho ht mui NaNO
2

tip tc cho phn ng nhit qui nh t 30 60'.
Hp cht diazo bn trong dung dch nhit thp. N khng bn vi
nhit v nh sng, khng bn trong mi trng kim, bn trong mi trng
acid, nhit cao, n phn hy:
ArN
2
+
X
-
+ H
2
O ArOH + N
2
+ HX
Trong mi trng kim mnh:
ArN N - ArN = N - OH ArN = N - O
-
.
Phn ng ghp i: L phn ng ca ArN
2
X vi cc hp cht c vng thm
theo c ch S
E
.
* Tng hp pigment azo v phm azo:
- Pigment hu c h azo.
Cc Pigment azo - | naphthol: chng thng c mu t cam n nu v
xanh, chng chim 1/5 tng lng pigment hu c.
Pigment monoazo - | - naphthol c cng thc chung:


Pigment G X Y
Red 1 1207 H NO
2

Red 3 12120 NO
2
CH
3

Red 4 12085 Cl NO
2

Red 6 12060 NO
2
Cl
- Pigment red 1 cn gi l parared.
- Pigment red 3 cn gi l toludinered, c bn nhit v nh sng tt, c
mu ti v p.
- Pigment red 4 cn gi l cloparared, c nguyn t clo v tr octo, bn
nhit v nh sng, c mu la.
14
-70-
* Tng hp parared:
Parared c tng hp t p - nitroanilyn v | - naphthol.
p - nitro anilin c diazo ha sau ghp i vi | - naphthol theo phn ng:
p - O
2
N .. C
6
H
5
.. NH
2
+ NaNO
2
+ 2HCl O
2
N .. C
6
H
5
- N
2
+
Cl
-
+ NaCl + H
2
O.
Cch tng hp:
Cho vo cc becher 35g p-nitroanilin, 500 ml HCl c, khuy u,
lm lnh xung 0 5C. Cho t t dung dch 18g NaNO
2
trong 250 ml H
2
O sao
cho nhit phn ng khng qu 0 5C. Sau khi ht dung dch NaNO
2
, yn
30'. Cng lc chun b dung dch azo: cho 37g |-naphthol trong 300 ml NaOH
2%. Khuy u, un cho tan ht, lm lnh xung 5C, ri rt vo dung dch diazo
trn. Khuy u, phm mu s to thnh. Phn ng kt thc sau 1 gi, lc sn
phm, ra bng cn s thu c sn phm tinh khit (t nng chy = 147-150C).
* Tng hp toluidinered:
Toluidinered c tng hp t M - nitro - p - toluidine vi naphthol nh
sau:
Ha tan vo cc becher 500 ml 7,6g M - nitro - p - toluidine vi 15 ml
HCl c, 10 ml CH
3
COOH, un cho tan ht, lm lnh dung dch n 0 5C. Cho
t t dung dch bo ha 4g NaNO
2
. Nhit phn ng khng qu 5C.
Sau khi ht NaNO
2
th li xem dung dch cn d acid HCl khng.
5.2. Tng hp phm mu antraquion
Quy lut: a nhm th vo nhn bn cnh t lm thay i mu.




, =OH,NH
2

O
O


-71-
O
O
OH
OH
O
O
NH
2
HN
O
O NH
O
NH
OC
CO
O
* C 4 loi: 1. Xanh hydroxyantraquinon
2. Xanh aminoantraquinon
3. Xanh axylaminoantraquinon
4. Xanh antranilit







(1) Alizarin (2)







(3)
Tng hp: 1.





O
O
Cl
O
O
ONa
O
O
ONa
ONa
O
O
OH
OH
NaOH
235
0
C
2NaOH, [O]
H
2
SO
4

-72-
C th





2.






3.





Ch iu ch antraquinon
1.





O
O
O
O
SO
3
H
O
O
R
NH
2
Br
O
O
R
NH
2
HN R'
anilin, NaOH
CuSO
4
, 140
0
C
O
O
NH
2
Br
COCl
COCl
+ Sn phm 3
O
O
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
[O]
HNO
3
, H
2
CrO
4

O
C
C
O
O
O
C
COOH
O
O
AlCl
3 H
2
SO
4

+
-73-
Ar
C
H
2
Ar
H
C Ar Ar
Ar
O N
Y Ar C Ar'
R
X
Th vo nhng:









5.3. Tng hp phm mu polymetyn

(y in t) (ht in t)


1. Ba loi:




iphenyl metan triphenylmetan xanten acridin








O
O
NO
2
O
O
O
O
NO
2
NO
2
O
O
NO
2
NO
2
HNO
3

oleum
ko xtc
oleum
xtc
-74-
V d:


1.

























CH
H
2
N
NH
2
C
H
2
N
NH
2
OH
C
NH
2
+
Cl
- H
2
N
-75-

2.













3.











HO
O
C
CHO
O
C
C
O
O
HO OH
C
COONa
NaO O
C
COONa
NaO ONa
OH
H
2
SO
4

-H
2
O
-2H
2
O 2NaOH
NaOH
(H
3
C)
2
N
C
O
H
CH
(H
3
C)
2
N N(CH
3
)
2
C
(H
3
C)
2
N N(CH
3
)
2
OH
C
(H
3
C)
2
N N
+
(CH
3
)
2
Cl
-
-H
2
O

HCl
+
+
-76-
C
H
2
N NH
2
+
Cl
-
CH
3
CH
3
NH
2
CH
3
4. Fucxin ()








5.4. Tng hp phm mu arylmetan
Nhm phm mu ddiiarrylmetan c iu ch t cc dn xut ca
benzophenon (nh xeton Miclera)
Nhm triarylmetan c iu ch bng hai phng php:
- Phng php benzaldehit: Phn ng ngng t benzaldehit vi amin thm
bc hai hoc bc ba (c cc cht ht nc nh ZnCl
2
, H
2
SO
4
, axit oxalic khan);
- Phng php iu ch da trn c s l to ra trong phn t phm mu
nhng nhm axit (sunfonic, cacbonyl) t nht phi c t hai nhm ny v trong
mt nhm phi lm nhim v trung ha nhm amin mang in tch dng cn
nhng nhm khc to tnh axit cho phm mu. Phng php iu ch n gin
nht l sunfo ha cc phm mu baz tng ng:
CH
3
H
2
N
C
NH
2
Cl
CH
3
NH
2
oleum
H
2
N
C
NH
2
SO
3
H
NH
2
HO
3
S

-77-
Tuy nhin phng php sunfo ha trc tip ny b hn ch i vi mt s
loi phm mu nn phi tin hnh iu ch chng t cc hp cht amin c cha
sn nhm sunfonic ri mi ngng t vi benzaldehit.
Nhm phm mu xanten c iu ch bng phng php ngng t anhidrit
phtalic vi cc hp cht amin thm.
OH (C
2
H
5
)
2
N
+
C
C
O
O
O
155
0
C-160
0
C
4h
OH
(C
2
H
5
)
2
N
N(C
2
H
5
)
2 HO
C
O
O
C
O
(C
2
H
5
)
2
N
N(C
2
H
5
)
2
C
O
O
C
O
(C
2
H
5
)
2
N
N(C
2
H
5
)
2
C
O
ONa
C
NaOH, 30-35
0
C
HCl O
(C
2
H
5
)
2
N
N(C
2
H
5
)
2
Cl
C
O
OH
C

y l phm mu baz mu c nh pht quang, nhum c cho len, t
tm trong mi trng trung tnh, nhum vi long c cm mu bng tannin. bn
mu khng cao, c th s dng nhm da, x phng, v cc loi sn (dung mi l
cn).
Nu a nhm sunfonic vo phn t phm mu rodamin s thu c phm
mu axit cho len mu p.
Nu thay cc nhm ankyl bng cc nhm aryl th mu ca phm mu s lu
hn.

-78-
C
S
O
C
C
S
O
C
N
H
N N
N
N
H
N
N
N
N
H
N N
N
N
H
N
N
N
5.5 Tng hp phm mu inigoit
Inigo: xanh chm:




trans cis

Tng hp








Thioinigo










C
N
H
O
C
C
H
N
O
C
C
N
H
O
C
C
N
H
O
C
C
N
H
O
C
C
H
N
O
C
H
N
C
OK
CH
CH
2
Cl-COOH
NH
2
H
N
CH
2
COOH
H
N
CH
2
COOK
KOH
O
2

-79-
5.6. Tng hp phm mu phtaloxianin
5.6.1. Tng hp pigment
Loi phm mu phtaloxiamin quan trng l bt mu thi thanh lam. Phng
php n gin nht l i t anhidric phatalic, ure v ng clorua vi t l tng
ng 4:14:1. Phn ng c thc hin trong mi trng triclobenzen v c As
2
O
5

lm xc tc 200
0
C trong vi gi.
CO
CO
CuCl
URE
As
2
O
5
, 200
0
C
Triclobenzen
N N
N N
N
N
Cu
N N

Cc tinh th phm mu lc u kt tinh dng c kh nng nhum mu
km nn phi chuyn chng v dng bng cch kt tinh li trong axit sunfuric
m c. Qu trnh thc hin sau khi va kt thc phn ng nh sau: Khi phn
ng c pha long v lm lnh n nhit 100
0
C ri vo axit sunfuric m
c. Sau tch phm mu, lm lnh n 10
0
C ri li tip tc cho lng axit khc
cng vi 1 lng du thong, sau c khi dung dch trn vo nc 90
0
C.
Cui cng phm mu c tch ra dng phn tn cao, gn lc, ra li nhiu ln
bng nc si, nc nng, lc v sy kh.
Phng php tng hp c th n gin hn nu s dng phtalonitryl.
Phtalonitryl c iu ch bng cch thi kh NH
3
vo anhidric phtalic nung chy
(340
0
C):
-80-
CO
CO
C
C
N
N
C
C
N
N
N N
N N
N
N
Cu
N N

Bt mu xanh khng tan trong nc, trong ru, trong du v cc dung mi
hu c khc, c bn nh sang rt cao, bn nhit, bn axit v kim, khng b
phn hy 500
0
C, khng b phn hy bi kim nung chy hay axit si. N c
s dng nhiu trong n lot, sn ph my mc v nhiu lnh vc cng nghip
khc. Bt mu xanh lc c iu ch bng cch clo ha bt mu xanh.
Tc nhn clo ha l mui nhm clorua v natri clorua nng chy ( 180-
190
0
C trong 20h). Sau phn ng, khi nng chy vo nc c cha axit HCl,
khuy trn ri lc ra phm mu v sy kh. Cng c th tin hnh kt tinh li
trong axit sunfuric m c nh loi bt mu thi xanh lam.
5.6.2. Tng hp loi phm mu tan trong nc
Khi tin hnh sunfo ha phtaloxianin ng bng oleum 25% 60
0
C s to
nn phm mu ha tan trong nc [Cu-F(SO
3
Na)
2
] (F l gc phtaloxianin). Phm
mu ny c i lc vi xenlulo nn l loi phm mu trc tip. C th nhum cho
vi bong, la t tm, visco, vi pha len cho mu xanh cm thch.
Nu tc dng ln phc phtaloxianin ng tc nhn axit closunfonic 130-
135
0
C s to ra Cu-F(SO
2
Cl
4
). Sau gia cng vi NH
3
s thu c sn phm
[Cu-F(SO
2
NH
2
) (SO
3
H
2
)] l phm mu trc tip c mu xanh ti thun sc v
bn mu vi nh sng cao.

-81-
5.7. Tng hp phm mu lu hunh
Trong cc loi phm mu hu c th phm mu lu hunh c gi thnh r
nht v cng ngh tng hp chng rt n gin m nguyn liu li r, d kim.
Phng php chung nht l cc hp cht hu c tc dng vi S hoc natri
polysunfua ch to ra cc phn t phm mu c cha nhiu nguyn t S. Tu
thuc vo tc nhn phn ng m c th tin hnh tng hp theo cc phng php
c th sau:
5.7.1. Phng php nu:
Phng php ny c s dng tng hp phm mu en, mu xanh lam,
mu lc. Phn ng thc hin trong mi trng nc hoc ru vi tc nhn l
natri polysunfua. Trong thc t, ngi ta ho tan S vo dung dch natri polysunfua
hoc dung dch xt to thnh natri polysunfua theo cc phn ng sau:
Na
2
S + nS Na
2
S
(n+1)

6NaOH + nS 2Na
2
S
(n-2)/2
+ Na
2
S
2
O
3

Qu trnh phn ng thc hin 100-150
0
C trong 1-48h. Kt thc phn ng
cho them Na
2
S ho tan ht phm mu. Sau lc b cn ri un nng dung
dch v oxy ho tch phm mu dng bt khng tan.
5.7.2. Phng php nung:
Phng php ny c s dng tng hp cc phm mu lu hunh mu
nu, mu vng, mu da cam. Cc hp cht hu c thm c trn vi S v t
nng trong mt thi gian nht nh. Sau khi phn ng c a vo thit b
nung v gia cng 200-300
0
C trong 10-15h. Kt thc phn ng, dung dung dch
ca hn hp Na
2
S+NaOH ho tan phm mu trong khi phn ng. Sau lc
b cn ri axit ho dung dch lc kt ta phm mu. Phm mu S c sy kh
60-70
0
C.
5.8. Hon tt sn phm mu
Sau mi qu trnh tng hp phm mu l cc qu trnh ho l, c l cn thit
nhm hon tt sn phm phm mu. Cht lng mu sc v cc tnh cht s dng
ca phm mu khng nhng ph thuc vo cu to ho hc phn t phm mu m
-82-
cn ph thuc trng thi ca phm mu. Trng thi ny li ph thuc vo rt nhiu
cc qu trnh tch lc, sy kh v nghin nh phm mu.
5.8.1. Tch lc v lm sch phm mu:
Kt thc qu trnh tng hp, phm mu thng tn ti trong dung dch hoc
trng thi huyn ph. Trong mi trng hp, phm mu c cha cc tp cht v
c hoc hu c nn cn phi loi b bng cch tch, ra. Sau cn phi kt ta
phm mu bng cch ho mui hoc axit ho dung dch. Nu kt ta phm mu
bng phng php ho mui th khi lc phi dung dung dch mui ra sch
phm mu, cn kt ta phm mu bng phng php axit ho th phi dung dung
dch axit ra phm mu. Cn lu l nng dung dch mui hoc dung dch
axit cn phi m bo sao cho t li tp cht v c trong phm mu. Ngoi ra
cc iu kin tch lc phm mu t dung dch phn ng (nhit , pH, nng
dung dch, bn cht v lng cht in ly cng hang lot cc tc nhn khc) cng
c nh hng rt nhiu n kh nng ho tan ca phm mu. nng cao mt s
tnh cht s dng ca phm mu i khi ngi ta cn cho vo qu trnh lc cc
cht hot ng b mt nh cht phn tn, cht ngm,
5.8.2. Sy phm mu
Giai on sy phm mu khng nhng nh hng n cc tnh cht ho l
ca phm mu m n cn c th lm thay i c cu to ho hc ca phm mu.
chn ch sy sao cho ph hp cn phi xem xt cu to ca tng loi phm
mu. Nhng phm mu nitro, nitrozo, azo, lu ho, triarylmetan,...s b thay i
ho hc khi sy. Trong khi phm mu antraquinon li rt bn nhit, c th sy
nhit cao thm ch c mt c kim hoc axit. Mt s phm mu li c th bc
chy hoc gy n nn ht sc thn trng khi chn phng php sy. C th s
dng cc phng php sy khc nhau nh: sy chn khng, sy trong dng kh tr,

Trong qu trnh sy cng c th cho thm cc cht n, cht hot ng b
mt, cht n nh,.. nhm gi cho phm mu khng b phn hy khi sy hoc
khng b dehydro ha hay keo t cc phm mu. Ch sy nhum cn nh
-83-
hng n iu kin chun b dung dch mng nhum trong qu trnh s dng sau
ny. Trong mt s trng hp sy kh phm mu cn l mt phng php to ra
cho chng nhng tnh cht mi.
Qu trnh sy kh phm mu chim mt t l thi gian v chi ph nng
lng kh ln, hn c chi ph cho c qu trnh tng hp phm mu.
5.8.3. Nghin mn phm mu
nh hay mn ca phm mu c nh hng nhiu n s ha tan ca
phm mu, n tc bt mu, mn ca phm mu ph thuc vo thit b
nghin v cht ph gia khc c cho vo trong qu trnh nghin. c bit cn lu
l khi nghin phi trnh lm nng cc ht phm mu v c th khng m bo
cht lng phm mu.
5.8.4. Hiu chnh phm mu v mu chun
c c mt loi phm mu n nh vi cc tnh cht mu sc xc nh
nh: kh nng nhum, nh mu,cn phi iu chnh nng , nh mu ca l
phm mu v ng ch tiu ca mu chun.
Vic xc nh nng phm mu c tin hnh bng cch nhum so snh
vi mu chun ri so snh ch khng phi xc nh hm lng ca cht mu thun
khit c trong phm mu thnh phn. Nng mu chun c coi l 100%,
nhng mu xc nh c th l 150%, 200%, khng th chp nhn phm mu c
nng nh hn 100%.
iu chnh phm mu v ng mu, ngi ta thng trn cc phm mu
ln nhau (c th chng c nng khc nhau, nh mu khc nhau). Sau b
sung thm cc cht ph gia (mui, ddexxtrin) hoc cc cht khc pha long
mu, phi mu,Tuy nhin cn lu s nh hng ca cht ph gia n tnh cht
ca phm mu. V d, thm mui natri clorua hay natri sunfat vo phm mu axit
s lm chm qu trnh nhum, trong khi thm cc mui trn vo phm mu trc
tip th li lm tng nhanh qu trnh nhum. Thm mui natri tiosunfat vo phm
mu lu ha s lm tng tnh cht nhum mu v s n nh ca dung dch phm
mu. Sau khi phi trn cc cht ph gia thi vic la chn trng thi thuc nhum
-84-
cng v cng cn thit, c bit i vi nhng phm mu khng ha tan trong
nc. Hai trng thi c bn nht ca cc phm mu chuyn dng l bt th v bt
nho. Bt th thun li cho vn chuyn v bo qun, cn bt nho thun tin cho
vic s dng, khng cn sy va tit kim nng lng va khng lm nh hng
xu n cc tnh cht ca phm mu. Dng phm mu bt nho thng gp cc
loi phm mu hon nguyn khng tan, phm mu phn tn v pigment dung cho
in hoa. Trong thnh phn ca nhng bt mu dng nho thng cha mu vi hm
lng thp, ch yu l dung mi, cc cht gi m (glyxerin, polyetylen,
polyetylenglycol, glyxerogen, hexantriol,). Cc cht chng thi, chng mc
(axit salixilic, triclophenol,), cc cht xc tc, cc cht phn tn v cht hot
ng b mt khc nhm lm tng tnh cht s dng ca phm mu.
Tt c nhng cht ph gia cng vi phm mu phi c trn k ri tin
hnh trn my sao cho bt nho phi tr thnh dng ng nht tuyt i; khi cn,
c th phi tin hnh lc qua sang nh.
Yu cu ca phm mu bt nho l phi n nh trong qu trnh bo qun,
khng b kh, khng b vn cc, khng b phn lp, khng b ng c nhit
thp.
Dng phm mu bt th hay mn thng c nhc im l d bc bi nn
cn phi cho thm cht ph gia hn ch hin tng (cc cht ph gia c th
s dng l silicon hoc cc loi du khong vi t l 1-2%). Ngoi 2 trng thi
trn, ngy nay cn c thm phm mu tn ti dng lng. Loi ny thun tin cho
vic nh lng v pha long khi s dng, d nhum u mu.











-85-
CHNG 6. NG DNG PHM MU TNG HP
6.1. ngha mu sc i vi cng nghip v i sng
- Mu sc dng lm p: Trang im, trang tr, trang sc,
- Mu sc mang tnh thng mi.
- Mu sc mang tnh vn ha rt cao, mang m truyn thng dn tc.
- Mu sc mang tnh tm l, tm linh.
- Mu sc c tnh khoa hc.
6.2. ng dng trong cng nghip thc phm, dc phm, m phm
Trong cc nhu cu v mu sc ca i sng x hi c nhu cu nhum thc
phm (thc n v ung), nhum dc phm (thuc ung v bi ngoi da) v
m phm (son, phn,). C mu sc p v ph hp vi sn phm k trn s tng
tnh hp dn, d tiu th v tng gi tr s dng. Song cc loi phm mu v cht
mu dng vo mc ch ny c yu cu chung l phi khng c vi c th hoc
c khng ng k, khng li cc di chng v y hc, y l tiu chun hang
u.
nhng nc cng nghip pht trin, ngi ta ban hnh cc lut v s
dng phm mu cho thc phm, dc phm v m phm. V d nh M t nm
1906 c quy nh rng ch nhng loi phm mu no khng c mi c dng
vo cc mc ch ni trn. Sau lut ny lin tc c b sung vo cc nm
1916, 1929, 1939 v n nm 1960-1964 th coi nh tng i hon chnh, trong
c nhng iu qui nh c th nh sau:
- Tt c phm mu (thin nhin v tng hp) trc khi a vo thc phm,
dc phm v m phm u phi lm sch tp cht v c kim nghim cht
ch.
- Sau khi nhum cn phi kim tra li an ton ca phm mu a vo
cc sn phm k trn.
Nh vy r rang l khng th ty tin s dng phm mu hay bt mu
(pigment) loi k thut nhum thc phm, dc phm v m phm v cc ch
phm nyc th c i vi c th, cha nhiu ph gia v tp cht. S dng khng
-86-
ng phm mu v bt mu vo cc mc ch k trn s gy nguy hi v sc khe
trc mt cng nh lu di cho ngi s dng.
Phm mu dng nhum thc phm, dc phm v m phm c chia lm
cc loi sau y:
- Loi khng cn kim nghim: Loi ny ch yu l cc cht mu thin
nhin chit sut hay ch to c t mt s loi khong vt, ng vt v thc vt
c mu. Do kinh nghim s dng lu truyn t nhiu th h c tha nhn l
chng khng c, khng cn kim nghim. Nhc im ca chng l t mu v
mu khng p;
- Loi cn phi kim nghim v cho php s dng: Loi ny gm cc phm
mu hu c c lm sch tp cht hoc kt ta vi mui kim loi chuyn
v dng khng tan, c cc c s y t xc nhn l khng c hoc khng cha
cc nguyn t gy c cho c th. Ty theo phm vi s dng (ung, n, bi ngoi
da) ngi ta li chia lm 3 nhm:
a. Phm mu dng cho thc phm, dc phm v m phm
b. Phm mu ch dng cho dc phm v m phm
c. Phm mu dng cho dc phm v m phm bi ngoi da
Theo cu to ha hc phm mu hu c dng vo mc ch ny cng chia
ra lm cc nhm sau y:
- Phm mu azo tiu biu l mu vng No6 dng cho nhm a
- Phm mu pirazolon tiu biu l mu vng No5 dng cho nhm a
- Phm mu triphenylmetan tiu biu l mu lam No1 dng cho nhm a
- Phm mu indigoit tiu biu l mu lam No2 dng cho nhm a
- Phm mu antraquinon tiu biu l mu lc No5 dng cho nhm b
- Phm mu xanten tiu biu l mu da cam No5 dng cho nhm b
- Phm mu quinolin tiu biu l mu vng No10 dng cho nhm b
Ty theo loi nhm th c trong phn t m ha tan phm mu s dao
ng trong khong t rt tt n khng tan. Tng s nhm SO
3
H hay COOH s
tng ha tan ca phm mu trong nc. Khi a vo phn t phm mu cc
-87-
nguyn t hay nhm th nh: Cl, NO
2
, CH
3
s l tng ha tan ca phm mu
trong dung mi hu c. Cc mui ca phm mu vi kim loi kim th khng ha
tan c trong nc v dung mi hu c.
6.3. ng dng trong mt s ngnh cng nghip khc
6.3.1. Nhum lng th
Lng th thng c nhum dng cc tm da nguyn lng, y l loi
nguyn liu qu t, c thnh phn ho hc v cu to ging nh keralin len nn
vic nhum chng cng dng cc loi phm mu len. Lng th thng c cc mu
thin nhin khng p, km bn mu, khng ti v khng ng u trn ton
tm, nh qu trnh nhum m ngi ta c c nhng tm lng bn mu, mu ti
theo s thch ca ngi tiu dng, tng v p bn ngoi, tng gi tr sn phm.
Qu trnh nhum lng th d bng loi phm mu no cng phi bo m khng
nh hng n bn ca lng v da nn thng c tin hnh nhit thp
(30-35
0
C) v khng vt qu 55-60
0
C trong mi trng trung tnh, axit yu hoc
kim yu. Vic nhum tc cng c yu cu tng t nh vy. Trc khi nhum
lng th cn qua cc bc x l nh sau:
- Git sch m v cht bo bng dung dch cht hot ng b mt v Na
2
O
2
.
- Ty sch mu thin nhin bng tc nhn kh hoc oxy ha
- Clo ha lng mm mi v tng kh nng hp th phm mu.
- X l vi dung dch mui kim loi nng (ty loi phm mu) to thnh phc
khng tan vi phm mu trn lng.
nhum lng th c th dng phm mu trc tip, phm mu axit (loi
lng thng v loi axit crom), phm mu hot tnh v phm mu oxy ha. Di
y l nguyn tc s dng cc loi phm mu ny:
a. Dng phm mu trc tip
Phm mu trc tip t c s dng nhum lng th do chng c phn
t ln, kh khuych tn su vo trong li lng. Nhng nm gn y, ngi ta c
s dng mt s phm mu trc tip c bn mu cao vi nh sng v dng cc
cht tng cng qu trnh nhum c hiu gy trng n lng v dn phm
-88-
mu vo su li lng nh: trietanolamin, propylen cacbonat, syntamin DT 18,
syntanol DC 10,
Khi nhum loi vt liu ny cn phi chn nhng phm mu trc tip c ch
dn dng ring cho lng th. Qu trnh nhum c thc hin trong mi trng
axit yu nhit 50 55
o
C. nhum cc mu en c th x l lng vi dung
dch nhm etylendiamin tetraacetat trc v sau nhum bng phm mu trc
tip mu en.
b. Dng phm mu axit (loi thng thng)
C ch gn mu ca phm mu axit vo lng th tng t nh khi n gn
mu vo len v t tm (bng lin kt ion), nhng quy trnh nhum th c mt s
im khc. l trong qu trnh nhum khng c tng nhit qu 60
o
C
bo v cht lng ca phn da. cho phm mu d khuych tn vo x, trc
khi nhum lng thng c clo ha. Lng qua clo ha d bt mu bng phm
mu axit hn, mu bn v p hn, c th nhum nhit 40 60
o
C. Qu trnh
nhum c thc hin trong mi trng axit yu (axit acetic, axit formic) vi pH
khng di 4,5.
c. Dng phm mu axit crom v axit cha kim loi
Phm mu axit crom do c bn mu cao nn c s dng nhiu
nhum lng th cc gam mu nu, be hng v mu en. Qu trnh nhum c
thc hin theo phng php nhum trc, crom ha sau hoc nhum v crom ha
ng thi trong mi trng axit yu.
Phm mu axit cha kim loi 1:1 v 1:2 c dng nhum lng th
nhiu hn so vi loi phm mu axit crom, qu trnh nhum c thc hin trong
mi trng trung tnh hoc axit yu.
d. Dng phm mu hot tnh
nhum nhng tm da lng t bn mu cao vi git, nh sng v c
ti mu cao, ngi ta cng dng phm mu hot tnh loi c ch dn dng cho
len. Qu trnh nhum c thc hin trong mi trng axit vi pH =4,5 v nhit
40
0
C.
-89-
e. Dng phm mu oxi ha
Loi phm mu ny cha c mu hon chnh, chng l nhng hp cht
thm khng mu hoc c mu nht, c th xem nh chng cn l phm vt trung
gian. Vic tng hp thnh mu mong mun c thc hin ngay trn tm lng
hoc trn tc nh qu trnh oxy ha nn c tn gi l phm mu oxy ha v c
sn xut vi cc tn thng phm: ursol, furol, vufurol,
Cc hp cht thm c dng nhiu nhum lng th v nhum tc l p-
fenyliamin (nhum mu en), 2,4-ddiaminootooluen (nhum mu nu), 4-nitro-
1,2-fenyliamin v cc hp cht tng t. c im chung ca cc hp cht ny l
d b oxy ha to thnh hp cht c cu to quinoit, khi b oxy ha mnh hn
bng hydropeoxit th chuyn thnh hp cht c mu. V d khi oxy ha o,p-fenyl
iamin v o,p-amino fenol th giai on u s to thnh quinonmonoimin v
quinon iimin theo s sau:
OH
OH
+O
2
-H
2
O
O
NH
NH
2
NH
2
+O
2
-H
2
O
NH
NH
OH
NH
2
+O
2
-H
2
O
O
NH
NH
2
NH
2
+O
2
-H
2
O
NH
NH

Quinonmoniimin v quinoniimin l nhng hp cht khng bn c kh
nng phn ng cao, d t trng hp to thnh phm mu thuc nhm azin, c
dng tng qut nh sau:
O
NH
3
O
N
N
O
N
NH
3
N
N
N
O

Khi oxy ha ng thi cc amin thm vi cc amin thm cha nhm fenol
th xy ra qu trnh a t v phm mu s c to thnh, gn cht vo vt liu.
-90-
Cc amin thm thng dng l indamin (1), indofenol (2) v indoanalin (3), chng
u thuc v loi hp cht quioinmin c cng thc sau:
N
HN NH
2
(1)
N
O
OH
(2)
N
O
NH
2
(3)

Qu trnh to thnh phm mu t indofenol v indoanilin thng xy ra
nhit thp (35-38
0
C) trong mi trng trung tnh hoc kim yu. Nh vy qu
trnh nhum lng th v tc cng l qu trnh tng hp phm mu ny cha xc
nh c chnh xc, song c im chung ca chng l cha a vng, khng ha
tan trong nc, bn vi nhiu tc dng ha l, c cc gam mu t vng n nu,
ghi v en.
bn mu ca phm mu oxi ha trn tc v lng th s tng ln rt
nhiu khi cm mu bng mui kim loi nng to thnh phc khng tan bn
vng. t c yu cu ny, trc khi nhum cc tm lng hoc tc c x l
bng mui kim loi (ng, crom hoc st) sau mi nhum. Khi dng cc mui
kim loi khc nhau s nhn c mu khc nhau. Vic nhum c th thc hin
bng cch nhng tm da lng vo dung dch nhum hoc bng cch bi pht dung
dch nhum ch vo phn lng hay tc hoc dng bin php in li, in phun. Tt
c u thc hin nhit thp trong mi trng trung tnh hoc kim yu.
6.3.2. Nhum da
Nhum l mt khu quan trng trong qu trnh thuc da. Da c th nhum
bng cc thuc nhum ha tan trong nc hoc bng cch ph mu. Khi nhum
bng cc phm mu ha tan trong nc thng c tin hnh trong cc thit b
thng quay. Lp phm mu s dng ty thuc vo: loi da, yu cu mu sc ca
sn phm v cng ngh thuc. V d, da thuc bng thuc nhum crom th nn
dng phm mu trc tip v nhum sau khi thuc.
Bn cht thin nhin ca mi lin kt gia collagen da vi phm mu c
nh hng quyt nh n bn mu ca sn phm, ngoi ra s tng tc ca
phm mu vi cht thuc cng l yu t quan trng phi k n. Trong qu trnh
nhum da, phm mu cng khuych tn t mt ngoi, qua cc mao qun vo su
-91-
trong thn da v thc hin lin kt vi thnh mao qun ca cc si collagen. Do
kch thc cc mao qun ca da ln hn x dt (mao qun ca da trng thi kh
l 100nm, trng thi t l 140-160 nm, kch thc phn t phm mu trc tip
l 60nm) nn phm mu d khuych tn vo da hn vo x dt. bo m cho
phm mu lin kt tt vi da, trc khi nhum da cn c trung ha gim
axit cn li trong qu trnh chun b. Ty thuc vo loi phm mu c dng, tr
s pH cn li ca da thuc crom m chn tr s pH ca mng nhum cho thch
hp. Tr s ti u ca mng nhum nh sau:
Tn phm mu pH cn li trn da pH ca mng nhum
Trc tip 5-5,5 6-6,5
Axit 4,5-5 4,5-5
Axit cha kim loi 1:1 4-4,5 4,5-5
Axit cha kim loi 1:2 5-5,5 4,5-5
Khi nhum da, lng phm mu tiu th chim 1,5-4% so vi khi lng
da kh, ring mu en ln n 7%.
a. Dng phm mu trc tip
Ngoi nhng phm mu trc tip c ch nh ring cho da, c th dng mt
s thuc nhum trc tip dng cho si nhum cho da. Yu cu ca phm mu
trc tip dng vo mc ch ny l phi bn vi nc, bn vi nh sng v du
m. C th nhum da trc tip theo hai phng php: kh v t. Khi nhum kh,
phm mu dng bt c phun vo cc tm da kh ang quay trong thng nhum,
x l 20 pht khng gia nhit, sau thm 20-30% nc (so vi da) v nhum
60
0
C, trong 30 pht n 1h. Cui qu trnh nhum c th thm axit formic vo
dung dch nhum cho phm mu bt su vo da hn. Theo phng php t,
phm mu kh c phun vo da t trong thng quay. Nc s t da thot ra ha
tan phm mu thm vo da.
Do c phn t ln nn a s phm mu trc tip ch nhum lp ngoi ca
da. nhn c mu nu, ngi ta thng phi trn phm mu trc tip vi
phm mu axit.
-92-
b. Dng phm mu axit
Cc loi phm mu axit u c dng nhum da, ngoi nhng mu c
ch nh ring cho da c th dng nhng mu dng cho hang dt nhng khng
phi la chn iu kin ti u t hiu qu mu cao nht. Khi nhum bng hn
hp phm mu axit v phm mu trc tip nn a phm mu axit vo mng
trc, ch khi phm mu axit bt mu ht mi a phm mu trc tip vo mng
nhum.
Khi dng phm mu axit crom nhum da thuc crom th khng cn
phi crom ha bng mui crom na, mu nhn c c bn rt cao v phm
mu to phc ng thi vi crom v collagen ca da.
Phm mu axit cha kim loi 1:1 v 1:2 cng c s dng kh ph bin
nhum da, chng c i lc vi da thuc crom, da thuc tannin v da thuc
bng thuc thuc hn hp. Da nhum bng phm mu cha kim loi 1:1 v 1:2 c
bn mu cao vi nh sng, gia cng t v ma st. Cng ngh nhum da bng
phm mu cha kim loi 1:2 rt n gin v nhum trong mi trng trung tnh v
axit yu, cn dng phm mu cha kim loi 1:1 th kh u mu hn, cn chn tr
s pH cho thch hp.
c. Dng phm mu hot tnh
Cc loi phm mu hot tnh dng nhum x xenlulo v polyamit cng
c s dng nhum da. Do phm mu c lin kt ha tr vi collagen da nn
mu c bn cao vi gia cng t, ma st, nh sng v c tc ng mt ngoi
khc na. Qu trnh nhum da bng phm mu hot tnh cng chia ra lm 2 giai
on. Trong giai on u da c nhum 60
0
C vi pH =4,5-5 trong 60 pht,
giai on ny phm mu lin kt ha hc vi da.
ngha ca vic s dng phm mu hot tnh nhum da ngy cng tng
ln v cc loi da dng may qun o, gng, m,cn phi c bn mu cao
mi lm sch ha hc (git bng dung mi hu c). Mu ca da khng ch phi
bn mt ngoi m c mt tht (mt trong) na, c nh vy n mi khng phai
sang qun o lc lt bn trong.
-93-
d. Dng phm mu baz
Phm mu baz bt mu vo collagen da tng t nh khi n bt mu vo keratin
len, nhng t c bn mu cao vi x l t, nh sng v cc ch tiu
khc phi tin hnh nhum sau khi x l da vi tanin hoc cc hp cht
polyphenol thc hin yu cu cm mu.
Trong thc t t khi ngi ta dng ring phm mu bazo nhum da m thng
dng n nhum trng sau khi nhum bng phm mu axit hay phm mu
trc tip cho mu ti hn. Do phm mu bazo s to thnh kt ta vi mui
kim loi nng, vi phm mu axit v phm mu trc tip nn khng th tin hnh
nhum ng thi hn hp cc phm mu ny trong cng mt mng m phi chia
thnh cc giai on ring
e) Dng cch ph mng mu
Khi nhum da bng cch ph mng mu, pigment c gn ln mt da bng bin
php c hc nh mt mng mng cao phn t. Thnh phn ca mt hn hp mu
bao ph gm:
- Cht mu thng l pigment v c v hu c (mu lc, lam, mu ), pigment t
cc phm mu axit, azo khng tan:
- Cht to mng thng dng cc ester xenlulo (nitroxenlulo), cazein, nha
acrylic, nha t m cao su. Yu cu chung ca mng dng cho mc ch ny l d
tan trong dung mi, bn c hc, do, co gin, trong sut.
- Dung mi thng dng l amyl acetate, butyl acetate, xenluzonvo.
- Cht ha do (du thu du, dibutyl ftalat)
- Cc cht lm mm, lm bng, chng mc.
Da lm sch u tin c ph mu lt bng cch dng bn chi mm qut u
ln mt da, hong cho kh trong khng kh, cui cng phun lp mu ngoi m
bo ng u trn c tm da.
6.3.3. Nhum cao su
nhum cao su c th dng nhiu lp phm mu khng tan khc nhau,
nhiu mu l mui bari v canxi ca phm mu azo.
-94-
Nhng phm mu c s dng rng ri l:
- Pigment boco B l mui canxi ca phm mu iu ch bng cch kt hp axit
azurinic iazo ha vi 1- nasftylamin;
- Pigment da cam l mui bari ca phm mu azo iu ch t axit anilin sunfonic
diazo ha v - naphtol
- Pigment xanh lam R c iu ch t ianizidin iazo ha v kt hp vi
anizit ca axit - oxinaptoic
Ngoi pigment gc azo ngi ta cn dng cc loi phm mu v pigment khc
nh: phm mu hon nguyn khng tan k c dn xut ca indigo v chng c mu
ti v bn vi iu kin lu ha: phc ca ftaloxianin vi ng v cc kim loi
khc. Phm mu v pigment dng nhum cao su c sn xut dng bt mn,
bt nho hoc dng phn tn, chng phi t cc yu cu k thut di y:
- Bn nhit n 160
o
C, bn vi tc dng ca hi nc, khng kh nng, nc
nng, kim, lu hunh, cht tng tc v cht ha do.
- Bn vi tc dng ca nh sng.
- Khng di chuyn gia cc lp cao su v ra lp ngoi.
- Khng c tc dng xc tc qu trnh lo ha cao su
Cao su c th c nhum trong khi hoc nhum mt ngoi. Khi nhum
trong khi th pigment c trn v cn gia cc lp cao su ng thi vi vic gia
cc ph liu khc. Lng pigment ly trong khong 1- 4 % so vi khi lng cao
su. Khi nhum mt ngoi, ngi ta thng dng hn hp pigment v cht to
mng qut, in hay phun, v ln mt sn phm cao su. Cc hng nc ngoi sn
xut pigment dng cho cng nghip cao su vi cc tn gi thng phm nh:
vulca, vulca fast (CHLB c), vulcaphor (ICI), Irgaphor (Geigy).v.v..
6.3.4. Nhum cht do (nha ha hc)
Cht do c nhiu loi v rt khc nhau v cu to ha hc, chng c s
dng rng ri trong lnh vc sinh hot v trong k thut. nhng cht do thng
gp l: polyetylen, polypropylen, polyvinylclorua, polystyren,
polymetylmetacrylat, polyesterNgi ta cng sn xut cc loi nha khc nh:
-95-
ureformandehit, phenoformandehit, polyure tan bt, nha amin, nha epoxy v
cc dn xut ca ester xenlulo.
Do cht do khc nhau v cu to ha hc nn s tng tc gia phm mu
vi chng cng khc nhau. Khi chn phng php nhum cht do, ngi ta
khng da vo bn cht l ha xy ra gia phm mu v vt liu nhum nh khi
nhum vt liu dt, da vo cc iu kin cng ngh gia cng cht do thnh bn
sn phm hay sn phm cui cng. Nhum cht do l thut ng ch chung cc
qu trnh bin nha thnh bn thnh phm hoc thnh phm thnh dng c mu
bng cc bin php: nhum trong khi, nhum mt ngoi, v hoc in hoa trn sn
phm. Ty tng loi cht do v sn phm c th dng pigment cc loi, phm
mu ha tan trong cht bo, phm mu ha tan trong dung mi hu c, phm mu
hon nguyn khng tan v phm mu phn tn nhum chng.
Yu cu chung ca pigment hay phm mu dng vo mc ch ny phi l
c mn cao, chu c s tng tc ha hc vi cc cu t c trong thnh phn
cht do k c cc sn phm do s nhit hy sinh ra, s tng tc l hc xy ra khi
gia cng cht do. Ngoi ra pigment v phm mu dng cho cht do cn phi
thun khit, ti mu, c kh nng nhum mu cao; khng b bin sc di tc
dng ca nh sng, kh quyn v nhit ca mi trng, khng di chuyn t bn
trong ra mt ngoi sn phm, d dng phn b trong khi cht do nhn c
mu ng nht.
nhum cc loi cht do ght nc (khng cha cc nhm a nc) th
nguyn l chung l dng pigment v phm mu khng tan trong nc, nhit
cao chng s tan vo cht do, hay cht do l dung dch rn ca phm mu.
a. Nhum cht do trong khi
Phng php ny c dng ph bin hn c v n c kh nng nhum u
v m, thc hin n gin v c coi l vn nng. nhum ngi ta a
pigment hay phm mu vo khi phn ng cui giai on tng hp khi nha cn
trng thi nng chy nh m phm mu c dp phn b su v ng u trong
-96-
ton khi. giai on ny cn khuy trn tht mnh v u nhn c mu
ng nht.
Kt thc qa trnh phn ng v nhum, nha c lm ngui, ra v
chuyn thnh dng ht hoc bt gia cng thnh sn phm nha mu.
b. Nhum b mt cht do
Phng php ny c th thc hin bng cc bin php sau:

- Nhng sn phm phm mu vo dung dch phm mu ha tan trong nc hay
trong dung mi hu c.
- In vn hoa mu ln sn phm.
- V thuc mu ln sn phm.
Cc bin php ny c s dng cho nhng loi cht do t polyamit,
polymetylmetacrylat, polystiren, este xenlulo, uremelamon v phenolformandehit.
Nhc im chung ca phng php ny l nng sut thp, ch thch hp vi cc
l sn phm nh, bn mu ca sn phm thp hn so vi khi nhum trong khi.
Ring vi phng php nhum bng cc h nhng sn phm vo dung dch
phm mu, ngoi vic phi la chn loi phm mu hay pigment cho ph hp vi
loi cht do cn phi m bo cc yu cu nh: nhit nhum phi thp hn
nhit mm ca nha, gi cho sn phm khng b mo, cong vn, rn mt v
c, phi dng thit b thch hp v ra sn phm trc khi nhum.
Phng php in, v v phun to mu trn sn phm t cht do c u
im l c th dng mt loi pigment hay phm mu cho tt c cc loi cht do
nhng nhc im l phi dng cht to mng ha tan trong dung mi hu c d
bay hi gn pigment ln mt sn phm
c. Nhum kh cht do
Phng php ny c dng nhum cht do dng ht. Loi phm mu
hay pigment s dng c chn ty theo loi cht do v kch thc ca chng.
Khi nhum nha c trn u vi bt phm mu kh trong my trn; hiu qu
nhum mu s tng ln khi a thm vo hn hp cc cht tr thch hp . Sau khi
-97-
trn u th gia nhit hn hp n nhit di nhit nng chy ca nha,
trong iu kin ny phm mu kh s khuuych tn hay ha tan vo nha theo c
ch dung dch rn. Phng php ny c dng nhum polyetylen, polyamit,
polyacetate, v nha ng trng hp t stiren v acrylonitrin. Cc loi pigment
azo, pigment l mui bari v canxi ca phm mu bazo, pigment ftaloxianin, phm
mu ha tan trong cht bo u c th dng nhum cc loi nha k trn theo
phng php ny.
6.3.5. Nhum giy
Giy c th c nhum ngay trong khi bt giy trc khi xeo hoc
nhum dng t giy thnh phm bng cch nhng n vo dung dch mu hay qut
ph, lng dch mu ln mt mt giy. sn xut giy trang tr ngi ta cn s
dng rng ri cc phng php in, k c in li.
nhum v in giy ngi ta dng ch yu cc loi pigment, i khi cng
dng loi phm mu ha tan trong nc nh phm mu baz, phm mu trc tip
v phm mu axit. Pigment hu c dng nhum giy c chia thnh hai loi
sau:
- Loi th nht l hn hp ca pigment hu c mu v cht v c tr dng
lm cht nn. Pigment hu c thng dng l phm mu azo, diazo v nitrozo
khng tan trong nc, chng c che ph cao, bn vi nc, bn vi mi trng
v ch yu l bn vi nh sng, chng c s dng nhiu sn xut giy mu,
cactong va ba mu, giy trang tr;
- Loi th hai l pigment ca mt s phm mu hu c tan trong nc c
chuyn thnh dng khng tan bng cch kt ta v hp ph ln cht nn v c.
Cht nn thng dng trong trng hp ny l nhm hidrat oxit, spat barit,
blamfix, cao lanh, bt trng (barit, ch cacbonat, km oxit) pigment loi ny c
s dng rng ri nhum ba v cactong v chng c bn mu cao, ti mu
v gam mu.
a. Nhum ph b mt giy
-98-
Phng php ny c tn nh vy v khi nhum, phm mu hay pigment
cng vi cht nn ch nm mt ngoi ca t giy, va to mu, va lm nhim
v che ph. Thnh phn ca dung dch nhum gm c:
- Phm mu hay pigment dng ha tan hay huyn ph;
- Cht nn chun b dng huyn ph;
- H lm nhim v cht to mng gn pigment vo mt giy v tng
nht ca dung dch nhum.
Thnh phn ca dung dch nhum rt a dng ty theo loi giy, yu cu
nhum v cht lng mu. lm cht to mng c th dng cc loi keo thin
nhin hoc keo tng hp.

Trong s cc keo thin nhin ngi ta thng dng keo gelatin (t xng
v da ng vt). h gelatin c nu nhit di 70oC. n gin v r hn l
h t tinh bt sn , khoai ty, ng, v tinh bt bin tnh. Tuy nhin nhng loi h
ny to mng km bn vi m t nn ch dng cho nhng loi giy mu thng
dng v cp thp.
Hin nay, ngi ta s dng ngy cng rng ri cc loi h tng hp
nhum v in giy. Dng cc loi h ny giy s c bng cao hn, tng mm
do v co gin, tng kh nng khng mi mn, v c nhiu u im khc na.
nhng h tng hp c dng nhiu l hn hp ca stirol (60 phn) v butadien
(40 phn) cho hiu qu tt, gi thnh khng cao, h t dn xut ca acrylic c
trong sut cao, t b vng khi bo qun, khng c mi c bng cao, t phi cn
bng. H tng hp thng c chun b dng bn a t; sau khi ph ln mt
giy; phi kh hoc cn n s a t thnh mng mng gn vo giy.
Dung dch mu k trn c th a ln giy bng cch qut th cng tng t
hoc dng cch cn p c cun vi bin php phi sy thch hp sao cho giy
khng b co v nhn dm.
b. Nhum khi bt giy:
-99-
Giy c th c nhum ngay trong khi bt trc khi xeo, c th dng c
loi phm mu ha tan trong nc v pigment. Khi dng cc loi phm mu bazo
phi ha tan thnh dung dch, lc, a vo b cha bt t t khuy o lin tc.
Do i lc vi xenlulo nn phm mu s bt vo x, sao khi xeo s c giy mu.
Khi dung dch pigment v c hay pigment hu c th cn ha chng thnh dung
dch huyn ph, a vo b cha bt cng vi cao lanh sau khi gia nha v
phn. Khi xeo, pigment s c gi li trong khoang trng gia cc th si
phng php nhum ny dng cho cc loi giy mu nht.
6.3.6. Phm mu trong cng nghip sn v n lot:
ch to sn mu trong cng nghip sn v mc in trong cng nghip n
lot, ngi ta dng ch yu cc loi pigment c nghin cc mn vi cc gam
mu khc nhau. Nhng loi pigment c s dng vo mc ch ny gm c:
- Pigment v c gm c cc mui v oxit c mu, khng tan ca nhiu kim
loi khc nhau;
- Pigment hu c gm c cc phm mu khng tan nh: monoazo,
ftaloxianin, hon nguyn khng tan, phm mu nitro v nitrozo.
- Pigment l phc khng tan ca mt s phm mu axit, phm mu baz,
phm mu axit-crom v mt vi kim loi khc na.
a. S dng pigment trong cng nghip sn
Trong cng nghip sn ngi ta s dng nhiu cc loi pigment hu c v
chng c mu ti, gam mu, c bn mu cao vi nh sng. iu quan
trng l trc khi phi ch vi cc thnh phn khc phi trn pigment vi cc cht
n (cc loi bt trng) thnh hn hp mu v cc l do sau:
- Pigment nguyn cht c mu qu m, nu em trn ln ngay vi cc
thnh phn khc s kh u, ngoi ra nhiu loi pigment nguyn cht thng c
nh , kh quan st v i chiu mu;
- Cht n to cho sn c kh nng che ph ngha l c kh nng lm y
n nn mu;
-100-
- Cht n c kh nng lm tng ti mu, khi nghin v trn pigment
vi cht n, phn tn ca pigment s tng ln;
- Trong nhiu trng hp cht n ng thi cng l cht hp ph v phn
tn pigment.
lm cht n trong cng nghip sn ngi ta thng dng cao lanh,
thch cao, spat barit, nhm hidrat oxit, bari sunfat, ch sunfat, ch oxit,
titanddioxxit, litopon, v nhiu cht khc.
gn pigment vo vt liu ngi ta cn a thnh phn sn cht lin kt
hay cht to mng. Loi cht ny cng a dng, c th dng cc hp cht thin
nhin v nha tng hp nh l: du trng hp (du sn), du ankit, nha epoxy,
polyeretan, nha melamin, v nhiu nha khc. Chn loi cht to mng cn ph
thuc vo phm vi s dng ca sn phm. Trong thnh phn ca sn, ngoi
pigment, cht n, cht to mng cn c dung mi, cht ha do, cht lm kh
nhanh.

b. Pigment trong cng nghip n lot
Pigment dng trong cng nghip n lot cn c cht lng cao hn so vi
loi dng pha sn. Nhng yu cu l pigment phi nguyn cht, mu ti,
bn mu vi nh sng, c nghin mn cao, phn tn cao, bn vi nc, c kh
nng phi trn ng u vi cht to mng.
lm cht to mng trong ch to mc in, ngi ta cng dng cc loi
du trng hp, du ankit (chng l cc loi du thc vt cha no nh du lanh, du
tru, du ht qu cao su trng hp s b) v cc loi nha tng hp khc na.
lm cht n hay cht y nn, ngi ta cng dng cc loi bt trng
(bari sunfat, canxi cacbonat, nhm hydroxit). Ngoi ra trong thnh phn mc in
cng c dung mi hu c ( ha tan cht to mng) v cht lm kh nhanh nh
coban naftenat hay mangan naftenat.
6.3.7. Nhum g v chiu ci
-101-
Trc khi sn vecni hoc quang du, nhum mu lt cho mt s mt
hng g ngi ta cng dng bin php nhum. phm mu c dng vo mc
ch ny ch yu l hai lp trc tip v bazo. Do c i lc vi xenlulo v nht l
cc thnh phn c trong nha cy nn cc loi phm mu ny bt vo g tng i
bn. Phm mu bazo v phm mu trc tip cn c s dng nhiu nhum
hng my tre an, mnh trc v cc mt hng khc t tre na, cho mu bn v p.
Chiu ci l mt hng c sn ca nc ta khi c nhum ch yu bng
phm mu bazo. Do c mu, mu ti, v c kh nng bt mnh vo chiu ci
nn lp phm mu ny c s dng nhum ci si dng an v dt, dng
in hoa chiu v cc sn phm t ci.
6.3.8. Nhum tc
Nh trnh by mc 1 ca phn ny, mt s phm mu dng nhum
lng thc cng c th dng nhum tc, tuy nhin khi dng phm mu v ha cht
nhum tc ngoi yu cu k thut cn phi quan tm n yu cu y- sinh na.
nh nhum tc c t u th k v vic ch to thuc nhum tc cng c
nhiu nh khoa hc ch . Ch ring trong 40 nm (1930-1970) c hang trm
bng pht minh v cc ha cht nhum tc. Ha cht hay phm mu dng vo
mc ch ny u phi m bo t yu cu v mu, khng gy d ng cho da v
an ton v y hc. n nay, cc phng php nhum tc tng i n nh, chng
khc nhau v phng php s dng, bn, tnh cht mu sc v ha tnh thin
nhin ca phm mu. C 4 loi cht nhum tc di y:
a. Cht kh mu tc l loi dung dch ch sn bn trn th trng, dng
dung dch khng mu rt d nhn bit. N c dng theo ch dn ca thang i
mu v dng ty mu thin nhin ca tc trc khi nhum mu mi. Nhng
ch phm ny cha ch axetat v i khi l mui bitmut. C th nhn bit nh tnh
bng cch dng dung dch H
2
S, nu c kt ta en l ch axetat, cn kt ta nu l
mui bitmut.
b. Thuc nhum tc c bn thp c s dng nhum mu cho tc
trong thi gian ngn, chng c th l phm mu hon chnh hay cht lng c mu
-102-
c sn xut dng dung dch cha mt lng nh nha tng hp. Hiu qu
nhum mu s t c khi chi tc bng dung dch ny. Do c bn thp nn
sau vi ln gi, mu mi nhum s mt hn. Loi phm mu ny cng c sn
xut dng bt, c ch dn cch ha tan khi dng. Phm mu dng trong trng
hp ny thng c khi lng phn t ln, kh thm su vo cc lp bn trong
ca si tc gm c: Phm mu nhum vt liu dt, phm mu dng nhum
thc phm, dc phm v m phm. Chng c th l phm mu axit, baz v phn
tn c cu to ha hc khc nhau k c l phc ca kim loi. Loi thuc nhum
tc ny c dng nhiu trong ha trang biu din ngh thut, in nh v nhng
trng hp c nhu cu thay i mu tc thng xuyn.
c. Thuc nhum tc c bn trung bnh. Loi phm mu ny c sn
xut v bn dng lng ng trong l, dng bng cch chi hoc phun, c kh
nng gi mu sau 4-6 ln gi. Thnh phn ca phm mu tc ny gm c: Phm
mu loi c khi lng phn t nh, cht ty ra tng hp hay cht nh ha. Phm
mu pha ch thng l: nitro anilin, nitrophenylendiamin, nitro aminophenol v
aminohydroxiantraquinon. Nhm ny c mu vng, da cam, mu v tm. T
nhng mu ny khi phi ch vi phm mu antraquinon mu lam th c th to
c cc gam mu thin nhin khc nhau. Trong cc sn phm ch sn dng
nhum tc loi ny thng cha 2- 20 phm mu khc nhau. Nhng phm mu
chnh ca nhm ny l:
Tn phm mu Mu
2- nitro p- phenylendiamin (NPD) da cam
4- nitro o- phenylendiamin (NOD) Vng da cam
4- nitro m- phenylendiamin Vng lc
NPD thay th N
1

(bng nhm metyl hay 2- hydroxietyl)
NPD thay th 3 ln N
1
, N
4
,N
4

(bng nhm metyl hay 2- hydroxietyl) Tm hay tm
NOD thay th N
1

-103-
(bng nhm metyl hay 2- hydroxietyl) Da cam
2- nitro 4- aminophenol Da cam - vng
Axit picraminic Vng
Axit picraminic metyl ha N Tm
1,4- Diaminoantraquinon Xanh lam
1,4,5,8- tetraaminoantraquinon Xanh lam
d. Phm mu tc c bn vnh cu hay phm mu oxi ha. Loi phm
mu ny l ch phm gm hn hp ca mt s phm vt trung gian (ty theo mu
nh nhum), cha c mu cui cng, c ch to dng lng. thnh phn chnh
l cc hp cht kiu diaminobenzen, aminophenol, polyhydroxiphenol c ha
tan trong dung dch amonioleat hay dn xut amoni ca cht hot ng b mt
tng hp. cht oxi ha c chun b ring, khi no dng mi trn vi dung dch
nhum trn. Cc cht oxy ha thng dng l hydroperoxit dng lng, hay mt
s cht th rn nh ureperoxit, malanin peroxit v natri peborat.
Cc diamon v amino phenol iu kin nhum (nhit thp v mi
trng trung tnh hay kim yu) s b oxi ha n dng quinoimin su trong thn
tc sau hp cht ny tip tc phn ng
Vi cc amin v phenol khc c trong hn hp to thnh phm mu h
inoanilin v indiamin. Cu to phn t ca phm mu v mu to thnh ty thuc
vo thnh phn cc vt phm trung gian c trong ch phm. Mu ca loi phm
mu ny c bn cao vi gi v nh sng l do chng c phn t khi ln v
c tng hp su trong thn tc nn kh b tch khi khi gi.
Mc d c nhiu hp cht trung gian c ngh dng lm phm mu oxy
ha nhum tc nhng M cng nh mt s nc khc ch c trn 20 cht
c dng vo mc ch ny. Khi phi trn vi t l thch hp vi cc vt trung
gian khc nhau s nhn c phm mu tc c mu nu, nu lc, tm, tm, xanh
lam, xanh en, v en. Khi mun ch to phm mu tc mu vng v mu ht d
th phi dng cc dn xut ca nitrophenyl iamin.
-104-
Trong cc loi phm mu tc trn th trng dng lng th hm lng cc
phm vt trung gian ( to mu) ch chim 20-30%, phn cn li l cc cht ph
gia.
Di y l nhng phm vt trung gian c dng nhiu pha ch phm
mu tc oxy ha.











Tn phm vt trung gian Cng thc ha hc


-105-
p-phenylendiamin
m-phenylendiamin
N-phenyl-p-phenyldiamin
2,4-diamino anizol
2-nitro-p-phenyldiamin
NH
2
H
2
N
NH
2
H
2
N
NH
2
HN
OCH
3
H
2
N
NH
2
NH
2
H
2
N
NO
2


-106-
NH
2
O
2
N
NH
2
H
2
N
NH
2
H
3
C
NH
2
H
2
N
HO
NH
2
HO
NH
2
OH
OH
H
2
N
OH H
2
N
NO
2
OH
HO
OH HO
OH
OH
OH
4- nitro- o- fenylendiamin
2,5- diaminotoluen
2,4- diaminophenol
p- aminophenol
o- aminophenol
m- aminophenol
5- nitro- 2- aminophenol
Rezocxin
O
2
N
OH
NH
2
Hydroquinon
Pirogalon
2- nitro- 4- aminophenol

OH
OH
OH
1- naphtol
1,5- dihydroxinaphtalen

-107-
Trn y l nhng phm vt trung gian c s dng nhiu hn c, khi
khng c hoc mun chuyn nh mu th phi thay i t l phi liu hoc dng
cc cht tng ng
6.4. Cc loi phm mu trong cng nghip dt v in hoa

6.4.1. Phm mu trc tip
Phm mu trc tip hay cn gi l phm mu t bt mu (supstantip) l
nhng hp cht mu ha tan trong nc, c kh nng t bt mu vo mt s vt
liu nh: cc x xenluloz, giy, t tm, da v x polyamit mt cch trc tip nh
cc lc hp ph trong mi trng trung tnh hoc kim. Hu ht phm mu trc
tip thuc v nhm azo, s t hn l dn xut ca dioxarin v ftaloxianin, tt c
c sn xut di dng mui natri ca axit sunfonic hay cacboxylic hu c, mt
vi trng hp c sn xut di dng mui amoni v kali nn c vit di
dng tng qut l Ar-SO
3
Na (Ar l gc hu c mang mu ca phm mu).
Khi ha tan vo nc, phm mu c phn ly nh sau:
Ar-SO
3
Na Ar-SO
3
-
+ Na
+

Ion Ar-SO
3
-
l ion mang mu, tch in m.
Kh nng t bt mu ca phm mu trc tip ph thuc vo 3 yu t di
y:
1. Phn t phm mu phi cha mt h thng mi lien kt ni i cch khng di
8 k t u nhm tr mu ny n u nhm tr mu kia, nh vy phn t phm
mu s lun trng thi cha bo ho ha tr v c kh nng thc hin cc lin kt
Vander Waals v lin kt hydro vi vt liu;
2. Phn t phm mu pha thng v x xenluloz ni ring v nhng vt liu m
phm mu c kh nng bt mu u c cu to phn t mch thng, c nh vy
phn t phm mu mi d tip cn vi vt liu v thc hin cc lin kt.
3. Phn t phm mu phi c cu to thng, cc nhn thm hoc cc nhm chc
ca phm mu phi nm trn cng mt phng n c th tip cn cao nht vi
mt phng ca phn t vt liu, cng l yu t quan trng cho vic pht sinh v
duy tr cc lc lin kt ca n vi vt liu.
-108-
Do c kh nng t bt mu, cng ngh nhum n gin v r nn phm
mu trc tip c s dng trong nhiu lnh vc khc nhau nh: ngnh dt (vi,
si bong, hang dt kim t bong, la t tm, si ay v cc si libe,), nhum
giy, nhum cc sn phm t tre na, mnh trc, nhum da thuc v ch mc vit.
Mt s phm mu trc tip c bn mu cao vn c dung nhum
mt s loi vi v si bong k c hang dt kim t si bng hoc thnh phn bong
trong vi pha.
Phm mu trc tip cng c dung ph bin nhum la visco k c
visco trong vi pha. Do x visco c cu trc xp nn n d bt mu bng loi
phm mu ny, mu bn hn v ti hn so vi khi nhum vi bong.
T tm l mt hng dt qu him cng c nhum nhiu bng phm mu
trc tip.
Phm mu trc tip cng c dng nhum mt s sn phm dt t x
polyamit vi cc gam mu nht. c bit n c dung nhum vi lanh, si
ay v cc si t x libe cho mu bn v ti. Trong cng nghip giy phm mu
trc tip c dng nhum giy hoc bng cch a ngay vo b cha bt giy
trc khi nhum ph b mt bng cch cn p hoc qut dung dch phm mu ln
mt giy. Trong cng nghip thuc da, mt s phm mu trc tip c dung
nhum da nht l cc mu en, nu v mt s mu xanh. Mt s phm mu trc
tip c ha tan tt c dung ch to mc vit. nc ta, phm mu trc
tip cn c dng nhum hng my tre, mnh trc, tm hng v nhum g
trc khi ph vecni.
6.4.2. Phm mu axit
Cc loi phm mu axit c c im chung l ha tan trong nc, c phm
vi s dng rng, ngoi mc ch nhum len, t tm v x polyamit, mt s c
dung nhum lng th v nhum da. Lp phm mu ny c tn gi l axit v
chng bt mu vo x trong mi trng axit, cn bn thn phm mu th c phn
ng trung tnh.
-109-
Theo cu to ha hc, a s phm mu thuc v nhm azo, s t hn l dn
xut ca antraquinon, triarylmetan, xanten, azin v quinophtalic; mt s c th to
phc vi ion kim loi. Theo tnh cht k thut, phm mu axit c chia thnh 3
nhm:
- Phm mu axit thong thng
- Phm mu axit cm mu
- Phm mu axit cha kim loi
Ba nhm phm mu ny c c im chung l mu, mu ti v thun
sc. a s chng l mui ca axit mnh v baz mnh nn khi ha tan vo nc
th phn ly thnh cc ion nh sau:
Ar-SO
3
Na Ar-SO
3
-
+ Na
+

Cc ion mang mu ca phm mu tch in m (Ar-SO
3
-
) s hp ph vo
cc tm tch in dng ca vt liu. Nh m n c gn mu hay gi li trn
vt liu bng mi lin kt ion hay lin kt mui, l c im ring ca phm
mu axit. Ngoi ra chng cng c lin kt vi vt liu bng lc Vander Waals,
lin kt hydro v lin kt phi tr.
Phm mu axit thong thng bao gm cc loi phm mu azo axit,
antraquinon axit l dn xut ca triarylmetan. Phm mu azo axit ch c loi
monoazo v iazo l c ngha. Cc loi phm mu ny ch yu c cc gam mu
vng, mu da cam v mu . Phm mu antraquinon thng c bn mu cao
hoc rt cao vi git v nh sng mu ti v mu thun sc. Phm mu st l dn
xut ca triarylmetan khng nhiu, ch c mu xanh lam, xanh lc v mu tm.
Phm mu axit thong thng c s dng nhum cc loi vi pha t xlen
hoc t tm, x polyamit vi x xenlulo.
Phm mu axit cm mu cn c tn gi l phm mu axit crm, chng c
s dng nhum len (nht l cc mt hang c bn mu cao vi ma st v nh
sng), nhum da lng th v nhum cc b mt kim loi trang tr.
Phm mu axit cha kim loi l phm mu cha sn nguyn t kim loi
trong phn t thng l cation kim loi chuyn tip nh crm, niken, coban, ng.
-110-
Loi phm mu ny d tan trong nc, d u mu, ti mu v bt mu vo vt
liu trong mi trng axit mnh. Phm mu axit cha kim loi c dng nhiu
nhum vi, xlen, nhum lng th, nhum cc loi vi pha vi cc x khc,
nhum vi t x polyamit v nhum da. Ngoi ra, phm mu ny cn c dng
nhum t tm, in hoa cho la t tm, in hoa vi t x polyamit v nhum cc
tm da nguyn lng.
6.4.3. Phm mu hot tnh
Phm mu hot tnh l nhng hp cht mu m trong phn t ca chng c
cha cc nhm nguyn t c th thc hin mi lin kt ha tr vi vt liu ni
chung v x dt ni ring trong qu trnh nhum. Nh vy m chng c bn
mu cao vi gia cng t, ma st v nhiu ch tiu khc na. Phm mu hot tnh
c gam mu, mu ti v thun sc, cng ngh nhum a dng v khng qu
phc tp, v vy nn tuy mi ra i nm 1956 n nay sn xut vi khi lng
ln v s dng kh ph bin. Chng c s dng nhum v in hoa cho cc vt
liu xenlul, t tm, len, vt liu t x polyamit.
Do c nhng u im ni bt v ti mu, bn mu v gam mu
nn phm mu hot tnh c cc hang ch to phm mu ln ca th gii sn
xut. Nhp iu sn xut s dng v s dng chng tng ln rt nhanh, phm mu
hot tnh chim v tr hng u v tng s mu v khi lng sn phm trong s
cc lp phm mu tng hp c s dng hin nay. Phn ln phm mu hot tnh
c dng cho x xenlul, phn nhum len, t tm v x polyamit ch chim
4,5-5% tng s phm mu hot tnh.
6.4.4. Phm mu baz-cation
Phm mu baz l nhng hp cht mu c cu to khc nhau, hu ht
chng l cc mui clorua, oxalate hoc mui kp ca baz hu c. Thng gp
hn c trong nhm phm mu ny l cc dn xut ca i-triphenylmetan, mono v
diazo, polymetyl, azometyl, antraquinon v ftaloxianin.
c im ni bt ca phm mu baz l c gam mu, mu ti, thun
sc v cng mu rt mnh. Song nhc im ca phm mu baz l cho mu
-111-
km bn vi git v nh sng nn chng c dng nhum mt s sn phm
dt t x xenlul, nhum t tm trang tr, nhum giy v dng lm mc in
trong cng nghip in n. nc ta phm mu baz c dng rng ri nhum
v in chiu ci, cc mt hng my tre v g cho mu tng i bn v p.
Do i lc ca phm mu baz vi xenlul rt thp nn mun s dng chng
nhum vi may mc th phi cm mu, nhng khi cm mu bng tannin v
mui antimonan th ti mu gim i.
Tt c phm mu baz u d ha tan trong nc, khi ha tan chng phn
ly thnh hai ion: cation l ion mang mu, anion khng mang mu. Nh vy, theo
tnh cht in ha th phm mu baz i cc vi phm mu axit.
Sau khi tng hp c x polyacrylonitrin (PAN) ngi ta tm thy mt
s phm mu c cu to ging phm mu baz nhng li bt mu mnh vo x
PAN, c bn mu cao vi nhiu ch tiu gi l phm mu cation. Chng c th
xem nh cc mui amoni bc bn vi dng tng qut l R
1
NR
3
Cl
-
; y R
1
, R
3
l
gc alkyl hay aryl khc nhau. Phn mang mu ca phm mu c th l cc gc
triphenylmetan, phm mu metin v azo, dn xut antraquinon v phc ng-
ftaloxianin. in tch dng ca nguyn t nit bc bn c th nm mch nhnh
hoc nm trong d vng. Trong s cc anion, thng gp hn c l ion Cl
-
v
CH
3
SO
4
-
, chng t nh hng n tnh cht mu ca phm mu nhng ng vai tr
quan trng trong qua trnh ha tan phm mu trong nc.
Nhng phm mu cation c sn xut trn c s cc dn xut antraquinon
vi tc bt mu vo x PAN khng cao v kh nng nhum mu ca chng
cng khng cao. u im ch yu ca phm mu ny l c bn mu vi s x
l bng hi cao hn so vi phm mu cation cng c gam mu xanh nhng li c
gc mang mu t cc hp cht khc. Loi phm mu ny rt thch hp in hoa,
nhum lin tc hoc nhum mt s ch phm t x PAN c yu cu phi x l hi
trong cng ngh nhum.
Phm mu cation c u im l d phi t ba mu c bn: vng, xanh lam
v , bo m nhn c u mu, c th to c cc gam mu rng. dng
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lng dung phm mu cation rt thun tin cho cng ngh nhum lin tc, dung
dch phm mu n nh nhit cao. Trong mi trng axit axetic hay axit
fomic v c mt cht hot ng b mt dng lng ca phm mu khc n nh.
6.4.5. Phm mu hon nguyn
Phm mu hon nguyn l nhng hp cht mu hu c khng ha tan trong
nc, tuy c cu to ha hc v mu sc khc nhau nhng chng c chung mt
tnh cht, l tt c u cha cc nhm xeeton trong phn t v c dng tng
qut l R-C=O. Khi b kh dng khng tan ny s chuyn v dng Lyc axit, n
cha tan trong nc nhng tan trong kim v chuyn thnh dng Lyc baz. Do
c i lc ln vi x v ha tan trong nc nn n hp ph mnh vo x xenlulo,
mt khc n li d thy phn v oxi ha v dng khng tan ban u. Do c i lc
vi x xenlulo nn hp cht Lyc baz bt mnh vo x, sau ra bt kim th
li d b thy phn v dng Lyc axit v oxi ha bng oxi ca khng kh v dng
khng tan nguyn thy.
Nh c trng quan trng k trn m lp phm mu ny c tn l phm
mu hon nguyn. Tt c phm mu hon nguyn cn c cc tnh cht khc nh:
c mu, mu ti nh, c bn cao so vi gia cng t, vi nh sng v kh
quyn; ch c bn mu cao vi nhiu ch tiu mt mt do khi nm trn x
dng khng ha tan, mt khc do phn t ca chng nhiu nhn thm nn c kh
nng pht sinh cc lc lin kt mnh.
Phm mu hon nguyn c dng nhum cc ch phm t x xenlulo
hoc thnh phn xenlulo trong cc loi vi pha; chng khng c dung nhum
len v t tm v qu trnh nhum phi tin hnh trong mi trng kim, nhng loi
x ny s b ph hy. Mt s t phm mu hon nguyn cng c dung nh phm
mu phn tn (dng khng tan nghin mn) nhum x tng hp hoc lm
pigment in hoa.
Trc nhng nm 70 ca th k ny, phm mu hon nguyn chim t l
kh ln trong tng s phm mu tng hp sn xut trn th gii (n 23%) nhng
hin nay n ch chim khong 17% v gi thnh cao v cng ngh nhum phc
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tp. Theo cu to ha hc th phm mu hon nguyn c chia thnh 2 phn
nhm:
- Phm mu indigoit gm indigo v dn xut ca n
- Phm mu hon nguyn a vng.
Bn cnh dng khng ha tan, d dng cho qu trnh nhum, ngi ta
cn sn xut ra loi hon nguyn tan.
Nu nh n mi cui th k XIX ngi ta ch bit c mt phm mu hon
nguyn duy nht l indigo tch t l chm c trng thnh n in cc nc
nhit i th n nm 1940 hu ht cc phm mu hon nguyn quan trng
c tng hp, b sung v hon thin cc phn nhm ca lp phm mu ny.
n nay, vic sn xut cc loi phm mu hon nguyn chng li, xu hng
chung l tm cch bin tnh hoc phi ch nhng mu c cht lng cao cho d s
dng.
Phm mu hon nguyn vn chim v tr quan trng trong s cc phm mu
c sn xut trn th gii. Tuy gi thnh cao nhng chng c bn mu cao vi
nhiu ch tiu l ha nn vn c quan tm sn xut v hon thin cng ngh
nhum.
Do khng ha tan trong nc (dng khng tan) nn phm mu hon nguyn
khng bt mu trc tip vo vt liu dt. Khi b kh v chuyn v dng lyc baz
th n mi c i lc v bt mu vo x si. Qu trnh kh ca phm mu hon
nguyn thuc loi phn ng d th, tc ca phn ng ny ph thuc nhiu vo
cht kh, nhit , pH v c bit l kch thc ht phm mu. Kch thc ht
cng nh, phm mu c nghin cng mn, phn tn ht cng cao th n cng
c kh nhanh v hon ton. Ty theo yu cu cng ngh nhum v in hoa ngi
ta dung cc cht kh c tnh nng khc nhau.
Khi nhum vt liu dt bng phm mu hon nguyn dng khng tan
(inigoit, a vng) th vic chun b dung dch nhum rt phc tp, hn na, dng
lyc baz ca phm mu c i lc ln vi x, bt vo x qu mnh gy nn loang
mu v kh thm su vo bn trong x. n gin qu trnh chun b dung dch
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nhum, thun tin cho vic s dng phm mu nht l khi in hoa, ngi ta sn
xut ra loi phm mu hon nguyn khng tan, gi nh vy v n khng tan trong
nc. Mt khc, dng phm mu c i lc nh vi x nn c kh nng iu
chnh u mu khi nhum.
6.4.6. Phm mu phn tn
Trc y, khi mi ra i phm mu phn tn c tn gi l phm mu t
axetat, l nhng hp cht mu khng tan trong nc do khng cha cc nhm
cho tnh tan nh SO
3
Na, -COONa. Nhng phm mu phn tn lot u sn xut
vo nhng nm hai mi ca th k ny hu ht l cc hp cht mu gc azo v
antraquinon. Tn gi ca lp phm mu ny ch rng chng c ha tan rt thp
trong nc v phi s dng dng huyn ph hay phn tn vi kch thc ht
trong khong 0,2-2m, c dung nhum loi x nhn to ght nc duy nht
by gi l x axetat.
Theo hng ny khi cc x tng hp ra i v dn tr thnh nguyn liu
quan trng ca ngnh dt th nhng phm mu phn tn kiu mi c tng
hp p ng yu cu nhum cho cc x: polyamit, polyester, polyacrylonitrin,
polyvinylic v cc x tng hp khc na. V trong phn t ca phm mu phn tn
c cha cc nhm amin t do hoc b ankyl ha (-NH
2
, -NHR, -NR
2
) c bit
l c cha nhm amin b th bng gc alkyl hydroxyl (-NH-CH
2
-CH
2
-OH) nn
nhng phm mu ny d dng phn tn trong nc hn. Theo phn lp k thut,
phm mu phn tn c th chia thnh 3 phn nhm nh sau:
- Loi thng thng v c th iazo ha sau nhum.
- Loi cha trong phn t, nguyn t kim loi.
- Loi phn tn hot tnh, c th lin kt vi x bng lin kt ha tr.
ha tan ca phm mu phn tn trong nc rt thp, 25
0
C ch tiu ny
ca a s phm mu ch vo khong 0,2-8mg/l, cn 80
0
C ha tan ca chng
cng ch t ti 50-350mg/l l ti a.
i vi nhng x tng hp ght nc th ha tan ca phm mu trong
nc cng thp, phm mu cng d bt mu vo x theo c ch dung dch rn.
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t c yu cu phn b tht u, lc u l mt ngoi, sau l trong x th
phm mu loi ny phi nghin n dng cc mn v phn b u trong dung dch
nc dng phn tn cao chng c th d dng i vo x iu kin nhum.
gii quyt yu cu ny, ngoi dng bt mn c phn tn cao ngi ta cn sn
xut ra loi phm mu phn tn tan tm thi trong nc c tn thng phm l
socacet. Trong qu trnh nhum, nhit cao nhm cho tnh tan tm thi ny s
tch ra, gii phng phn t phm mu khng ha tan trong nc, phn b u
trong dung dch dng n phn t v cng bt mu vo cc x nhit do ght
nc nh l loi khng tan trong nc.
Hin nay phm mu phn tn c sn xut dng bt mn phn tn cao v
siu mn cha t 15-50% cht mu ty mt hang ca mi hng, phn cn li l
cht phn tn, cht ngm, v ph gia khc. Ngi ta cng sn xut loi bt nho
phn tn cao cha 10-20% cht mu, phn cn li l cht phn tn, cht ngm,
nc v cht chng vn cc. Bt nho c c im l mc nghin mn v phn
tn ca cc ht rt cao, c n 85% s ht c kch thc di 0,5-2 m, chng rt
tch hp nhum theo phng php gia nhit kh.
6.4.7. Phm mu azo khng tan
Phm mu azo khng tan cn c tn gi khc nh phm mu lnh, phm
mu v phm mu naphtol, chng l nhng hp cht c cha nhm azo trong
phn t nhng khng cha cc nhm c tnh tan nh: -SO
3
Na, -COONa nn
chng khng ha tan trong nc. nhum vt liu dt ngi ta phi tng hp
chng trc tip trn vi t hai loi hp cht trung gian c tn gi l thnh phn azo
v thnh phn iazo. Phn ng kt hp azo thng phi tin hnh nhit thp
(0-5
0
C) bng cch lm lnh dung dch nhum hoc thm nc vo mng
nhum nn phm mu c tn l nhum lnh, nhum .
Do nm trn vi dng khng tan trong nc nn phm mu loi ny l
bn mu cao vi gia cng t, cn bn mu vi nh sng v ma st th khng
cao lm. Tuy nhin lp phm mu ny cn c s dng rng ri v cng ngh
nhum n gin, gi thnh thp, mu ca phm mu ti. Kh khn thng gp
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phi khi chun b dung dch hin mu (thnh phn azo) c khc phc bng cch
ch sn cc hn hp n nh ca cc bn thnh phm, trong iu kin nhum hay
in hoa chng mi th hin kh nng phn ng.
Nh cha trong phn t nhm azo, nhm ny c th b ph v di tc
dng ca cht kh lm cho phm mu b mt mu, nn chng c s dng nhiu
in hoa theo phng php in ph mu. Theo cc s liu mi nht th hin nay
ngi ta s dng gn 80 hp cht lm thnh phn diazo v 60 hp cht lm thnh
phn azo tng hp gn 5000 mu khc nhau (theo l thuyt) trong cc gam mu
t vng n en. Song s mu c ng dng rng ri th khng n nh vy v
ch yu nhum, in hoa vi t x xenlul.
u im ca vic nhum azo khng tan l c th nhum t cc bn thnh
phm, khng cn ch to n dng phm mu hon chnh nn gi thnh thp hn
so vi cc loi phm mu khc. Song vn phc tp ch phi chn c hai
loi bn thnh phm ph hp p ng hang lot cc i hi phc tp nh:
- D hp ph ln mt x v khuch tn su vo x;
- C tc phn ng cao hin mu, tha mn cc iu kin cng ngh nhum
gin on, lin tc v in hoa;
- iu kin phn ng va phi, khng lm tn thng n x si,
V vy ngoi nhng bn thnh phm tng hp phm mu azo khng tan
truyn thng, bt u s dng nhng loi khc nh: ftaloxiamin,
aroyleniminazol.
Gam mu ca phm mu azo khng tan thiu mu vng, xanh lam thun
khit v xanh da tri. Mu ca chng ch t cp trung bnh v kh vi tc dng
ca gia cng t, ma st v nh sng, thua cc ch tiu ny ca phm mu hot
tnh v hon nguyn. Mt trong nhng bin php nng cao bn mu ca
phm mu azo khng tan vi git v ma st l dng cc bn ch phm c kh nng
tng tc ha hc vi x, v vy thay cho cc azoamin thong thng (thnh phn
iazo) ngi ta dung cc este ca 4--hydroxyl-etylsunfonyl-2-aminoanizol
sunfonat c cng thc H
2
N-R-SO
2
-CH
2
-CH
2
-O-SO
3
Na tn dng kh nng phn
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ng vi x ca nhm vinylsunfon (H2N-R- SO2- CH=CH2) khi x l trong mi
trng kim.
6.4.8. Phm mu pigment
Pigment l nhng hp cht c cu to ha hc khc nhau c c im chung l
khng tan trong nc do trong phn t khng cha cc nhm cho tnh tan
SO3H, - COOH) hoc cc nhm ny b chuyn v dng mui bari, canxi khng
tan trong nc. mt s pigment hu c tuy khng tan trong nc nhng ha tan
trong mt s dung mi hu c c dng nhum du m, xng, sp. a s
pigment c bn mu cao vi nh sng v bn vi nhit cao, khng b di tn
bt vo sang phn vt liu trng, c kh nng bao ph cao v thun sc, ti
mu.
Pigment cc loi u c nghin siu mn, c kch thc ht nh hn 1
m, c sn xut dng phn tn cao hoc bt nho cha 15-25% pigment
nguyn cht, phn cn li l cc ph gia.
Pigment c s dng nhiu trang tr b mt (nhum v c bit l in
hoa) cc sn phm dt v mt s sn phm khc (giy, da, cao su, cht do), n
cn c dng nhiu trong cng nghip sn, n lot v nhum cht do dng
khi.
Trong cng nghip dt cc loi pigment azo, ftaloxianin v hon nguyn
c s dng nhiu nhum, in hoa vi v cc sn phm dt. u im ca vic
s dng pigment l cng ngh tng i n gin, c th dng cho tt c cc loi
vi, c th phi trn cc loi pigment vi bt k t l no nn cho php m rng
gam mu. Ngoi ra hu ht cc loi pigment u c kh nng nhum mu cao,
mu ca chng bn vi git gi v nh sng. Mt hang nhum v in hoa rt
rng bao gm vi v cc sn phm may mc, trang tr v vi cng nghip. Nhc
im ca phng php nhum v in pigment l mu km bn vi ma st kh v
t, vi t nhiu b cng.
V pigment khng c i lc vi x si nn khi s dng n nhum cng
nh in hoa phi dng mng cao phn t gn n vo vi, y l im c trng ca
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phng php nhum ny. Thnh phn mng nhum gm c: pigment dng siu
mn, cht to mng, cht to lin kt ngang, xc tc v cht lm mm.
Phng php in pigment c s dng rt ph bin in hoa vi v nhiu
loi sn phm dt v cng ngh n gin v c th in cho bt k loi vi v sn
phm dt no. Cng ging nh khi nhum pigment, h in gm c: pigment c
nghin siu mn nho, cht to mng v to cu trc mt li c tn gi thng
phm l bin (binder) hay fixer..thnh phn quan trng ca h in pigment l h.
V dng cht to mng gn phm mu vo vi nn khng th dng khng th
dng cc loi h thng thng t cao phn t thin nhin v cao phn t tng hp
nh khi in bng cc lp phm mu khc. Lp h thch hp cho in pigment l h
nh tng du trong nc hoc nc trong du (OW, WO), sau khi in v sy nc
v du u bay hi, khng li mng h trn vi, khng lm cho vi cng. song
khi dng loi h ny c th gy ha hon nn gn y ngi ta s dng h tng
hp c hm lng cht kh rt nh vi tn thng phm l lutexal HP v HSD.
Hm lng cc loi h ny trong dung dch ch chim 2 -5 % khi lng chung
ca h cng c cn thit.
Ngoi vic s dng nhum v in hoa trong cng nghip dt, s dng nhum
cht bo, cht do v cao su nh trnh by trn, pigment cn c s dng
vo nhiu lnh vc khc na.
Nhng loi pigment c mu ti, c bn mu cao vi nh sng nh:
pigment ftaloxianin, pigment ca phm mu hon nguyn v mt s pigment gc
azo bn mu c dng ch to thuc v dng trong hi ha
Nhng loi pigment c bn mu cao vi nh sng: pigment ca mt s phm
mu axit, pigment ftaloxianin, pigment ca phm mu hon nguyn c dng
sn xut bt mu cao cp trong xy dng. nh chng c kh nng ph b mt cao,
cng mu cao hn rt nhiu so vi bt mu t oxit kim loi nn liu lng
dng thp hn nhiu so vi bt mu v c. Chng c s dng lm bt mu v
sn mu qut tng, men mu ca vt liu trang tr khng nung (gch bng)
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Nhng loi pigment c mu ti, c nh sng hunh quang cao nhng
pigment l mui bari ca phm mu bazo v nhng pigment khc c cht lng
tng t c s dng ch to cc loi mc mu dng trong cng nghip in
vn ha phm, ch mu, mc in trn bao b bng giy v bng cc loi mng PE,
PP, PVC, mc in ln kim loi.
Nhng loi pigment c mu ti, c bn mu cao vi nh sng v dung mi
hu c c dng pha sn mu.
Mt s loi pigment c mu ti lm sch tp cht, khng c v khng
gy d ng cho da c s dng ch to m phm nh: son mi, phn mu,
kem mu trang im.




























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TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Heinz Berker, Werner Berger, Thc hnh ha hc hu c, NXB KHKT
H Ni, 1997.
2. Nguyn Trng Biu, T Vn Mc, Thuc th hu c, NXB KHKT H
Ni, 2002.
3. Trnh Thanh oan, Nguyn ng Quang, Hong Trng Ym, Ha hu
c, NXB Gio dc, 1992.
4. Hu Trng, Hong Th Lnh, Ha hc thuc nhum, NXB KHKT - H
Ni, 1995.
5. Fadeev G.N, Ha hc v mu sc, NXB Khoa hc v K thut H Ni,
1998.
6. H Vit Qy, Chit tch, phn chia, xc nh cc cht bng dung mi
hu c, NXB Khoa hc v K thut H Ni, 2002.
7. Phan Tng Sn, Trn Quc Sn, ng Nh Ti, C s ha hc hu c,
NXB Gio dc, 2003.




















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MC LC

CHNG 1: L thuyt mu sc ................................................................................ 1
CHNG 2: Chit tch phm mu thin nhin ...................................................... 23
CHNG 3: Cc phm mu tng hp .................................................................... 32
CHNG 4: Cc phn ng tng hp mu .............................................................. 37
CHNG 5: Tng hp phm mu ........................................................................... 68
CHNG 6: ng dng phm mu tng hp .......................................................... 85
Ti liu tham kho .................................................................................................... 120