mt

1

HI TON HC VIT NAM B GIO DC & O TO
OLYMPIC TON SINH VIN TON QUC LN TH XIV NM 2006
Mn thi: i s
Thi gian lm bi: 180 pht

Cu 1: Cho ma trn (



) Xc nh cc phn t trn ng cho chnh ca ma trn

Gii: Ta c vi (



) . D dng tnh ra

=>

. T suy ra
Do cc phn t trn ng cho chnh l

( )

( )

Cu 2: Cho ma trn (



). Chng minh rng (

)
Gii: Tnh ton, ta thy ma trn cho ha c. Do , tn ti ma trn kh nghch sao cho

, trong (



) l ma trn cho.
Suy ra

()

)
=> (

)
Ta c: (

) (

) (

do c nh thc
ny u khc .

Cu 3: Xc nh h phng trnh sau c nghim c lp tuyn tnh
{

( )

( )

( )

( )

Gii: Gi l ma trn h s ca phng trnh
mt

2


(

( )

( )

( )

( )

Nhn dng vi ri cng vo dng ( ), ta c

Nhn dng vi ri cng vo dng ( ), ta c

D dng suy ra rng h phng trnh c nghim c lp tuyn tnh th .

Cu 4: Cho l ma trn vung cp sao cho mi dng ca n cha ng phn t khc , trong phn t
nm ng cho chnh l , phn t cn li l . Chng minh ma trn kh nghch.
Gii: t (

. Ta chng minh bng phn chng. Gi s ngc li, suy bin. K hiu

l ct th ca
, khi c th coi cc ct

ca la2 vector ph thuc tuyn tnh trong

. o vy phi c
mt t hp tuyn tnh

()
trong t nht mt h s khc . Gi s |

| *|

| |

| |

|+ . ng nhin |

| . Gi s
hai phn t khc khng ca dng th l

( ). T () suy ra

Suy ra
|

| |

| |

|
mu thn vi cch chn |

| . Vy kh nghch.

Cu 5: Cho l ma trn vung cp tha mn cc iu kin

v . Chng minh rng

l ma trn suy bin.
Gii: Nu th hin nhin
Nu , xt nh x

c xc nh nh sau

()
Khi (

) l khng gian con ca

c s chiu l (do ). Gi *

+ l mt vector khc bt
k ca (

). Khi

. Bng quy np, ta thu c ng thc

mt

3

Suy ra

. Nh vy

( )

. Ngha l h phng trnh tuyn

tnh ( ) c nghim khng tm thng. Vy l ma trn suy bin.

Cu 6: Cho a thc () bc c nghim thc phn bit ln hn . Chng minh rng a thc
() ( )()

()

() (

())

c t nht nghim thc phn bit.
Gii: Ta c () ()() vi () ()

() () ()

(). Gi

l cc nghim
ca () v

. Khi phng trnh

()
cng c nghim ny. Theo nh l
Rolle, phng trnh (

())

hay a thc () ()

() c nghim

trong mi khong
(

) :

Mt khc, a thc () c nghim l

. Li p dng nh l Rolle, phng

trnh (())

hay a thc () c nghim trong mi khong (

) nn

Nu

th a thc () c t nht nghim thc phn bit. By gi, gi s

tn ti sao cho

Th th
()

() ()

()
Do ( )

() hay

() . Suy ra () , vi

, Nh vy a thc () c
nghim phn bit (!). Vy, a thc () c nghim thc phn bit.

mt

4


HI TON HC VIT NAM B GIO DC & O TO
OLYMPIC TON SINH VIN TON QUC LN TH XV NM 2007
Mn thi: i s
Thi gian lm bi: 180 pht

Cu 1: Cho (

) l ma trn vung cp c cc tnh cht sau:

* +
. Gii h phng trnh i s tuyn tnh
Gii: Ta c ( ) vi l ma trn n v cp , do () . Vy h phng trnh ch c nghim
tm thng.

Cu 2: Gi s l cc ma trn vung cp tha mn iu kin trong l hai s
thc khc 0. Chng minh rng
Gii: Theo gi thit ta c:
( )( )
Suy ra

( )( ) hay

( )( )
Do hay .

Cu 3: Cho (

trong phn t

. Tnh ()
Gii: Nu th ,- nn ()
Nu th
| | | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
\ . \ .
1 2
1 1 ... 1 1 1 2 ... n - 1 n
2 2 ... 2 2 1 2 ... n - 1 n
3 3 ... 3 3 1 2 ... n - 1 n
A = +
n - 1 n - 1 ... n - 1 n - 1 1 2 ... n - 1 n
n n ... n n 1 2 ... n - 1 n
= B + B

D thy

=> (

. K hiu l ma
trn con cp 2 nm bn tri pha trn ca , .


/. Khi nn .
Vy nu v nu .

Cu 4: Tm tt c cc a thc () ,- tha ()

,( ) ( )-
Gii: Ta chng minh . Tht vy, gi s tn ti a thc
()

tha mn gi thit bi ton. Xt h s ca

hai v ca ng thc bi ton, ta thu c:

) =>

. iu ny mu thun vi .
Trng hp 1: () , thay vo h thc cho, ta thu c
mt

5

,( ) ( ) - ()
Trng hp 2: ()

. Theo gi thit, ta c

,( )

( ) ( )

( ) -
Suy ra . Vy ()

. Th li, mi a thc bc hai c dng trn u tha mn bi Ton.

Cu 5: Cho ma trn (








). Tm tt c cc ma trn vung cp sao cho .
Gii: <=> ( ) ( )
(








) (








) ()
K hiu:
(








) (

) (

) (

)
Khi () tng ng hay

. Ta thy

. Mt khc vi
v ta c:

. Do

()

()

Tm li, ta thu c

. Vy ma trn c dng
(








)
Ngc li, d dng kim tra c mi ma trn c dng nh trn u tha mn iu kin bi Ton.

Cu 6: Gi s .


/ l ma trn vung cp kh nghch. Chng minh rng nu l ma trn vung cp
kh nghch th ma trn cp c xc nh bi h thc
.


/
cng kh nghch.
GIi: Gi s .

/ .

/ tha mn h phng trnh .

/ .


/.

/ ()
Khi
{



Nhn phng trnh u vi , phng trnh hai vi ri tr v, ta c ( )
Do kh nghch nn => . Lp lun tng t ta cng c .
Vy h () ch c nghim tm thng. Do l ma trn kh nghch.
mt

6

HI TON HC VIT NAM B GIO DC & O TO
OLYMPIC TON SINH VIN TON QUC LN TH XVI NM 2008
Mn thi: i s
Thi gian lm bi: 180 pht

Cu 1: Cho

l cc s thc, dy *

+ lp thnh cp s cng cng sai . Tnh nh thc ca ma trn

(

Gii: Ta c

|
|

|
|

Cng ct u vo ct cui, ta c
(

)
|
|

|
|

Do

Tip tc nhn hng th vi ri cng vo hng cui cng, nhn hng th vi ri cng vo
hng th nhn hng 1 vi ri cng vo hng ta c
(

)
|
|

|
|
()

)
|
|












|
|

Cng hng cui vo cc hng cn li, ta c:
()

)
|
|












|
|
()

Cu 2: Cho l ma trn thc vung cp tha mn iu kin . Chng minh rng tn ti hai s thc
phn bit

v hai ma trn

sao cho
mt

7

Gii:
Cch 1: a thc c trng ca
( )

()
Do nn => phng trnh c hai nghim thc phn bit

. Khi , t

)
Suy ra

Vy

Cch 2: a thc c trng ca
( )

()
Do nn => phng trnh c hai nghim thc phn bit

hay c 2 gi tr ring

nn cho ha c

=>

[.

/ (

)]

.


/

.


/

.


/

.


/

.
Vy ta tm c hai s thc phn bit

l hai gi tr ring ca v hai ma trn

trn sao cho

Cu 3: Cho l ma trn vung thc cp , vt l . Tng cc phn t trn mi hng ca bng v .
Xc nh cc gi tr ring ca
Gii: Ta c v tng cc phn t trn mi hng ca ma trn l . Do a thc c
trng ca :
()

()

()
Mt khc
| | |

|
|

|
( ) |

|
Suy ra l mt gi tr ring ca . Thay vo (), ta c
mt

8

() | |

( )( )

Vy ma trn c l gi tr ring n v l gi tr ring kp.

Cu 4: Cho cc s thc

. Chng minh rng tn ti cc ma trn thc vung cp

tha mn

)
Gii: t

. Xt cc ma trn cp sau

( )
Do

. Mt khc:

Khai trin Laplace theo ct th nht, ta c:
(

Cu 5: Cho l ma trn vung cp kh nghch. Mi phn t ca cc ma trn

l s nguyn. Chng minh

rng nu c gi tr ring u l cc s thc th |(

)|

Gii: Do cc phn t ca

u l s nguyn nn

cng l s nguyn. Mt khc

| ||

| |

|
=> | | |

|
Vi mi ma trn , t

() l a thc c trng ca n. Gi

l tt c cc gi tr ring thc
ca . Khi

() (

. Xt a thc
() . (

)/

Ta c () v
(

) (

))

)(

T suy ra rng

() l c ca (). Do () nn ()

(). Vy
| | |

| |

|| |
mt

9

(

)(

)(

Cu 6: Tn ti hay khng a thc () bc 2008 tha mn iu kin ()

vi ? Ti sao?
Gii: Vi mi xt biu thc
()

Biu thc ni trn cho ta xc nh a thc () () v a thc ny tha mn yu cu bi Ton.
C th gii theo cch khc nh sau:
Vi mi t

()
( ) ( ( ))( ( )) ( )
( )( ) ( ( ))( ( )) ( )

D dng chng minh a thc
()

()

tha mn iu kin bi Ton.

mt

10

HI TON HC VIT NAM B GIO DC & O TO
OLYMPIC TON SINH VIN TON QUC LN TH XVII NM 2009
Mn thi: i s
Thi gian lm bi: 180 pht

Cu 1: Cho l cc s thc tha mn cc ng thc sau:
{

Chng t rng vi mi s t nhin , ta c

Gii: T cc h thc cho: . Theo nh l Viete, chng l nghim ca phng
trnh (

) . D dng thy rng b ba s l

Vy

.

Cu 2: Tn ti hay khng mt ma trn thc vung cp sao cho

.


/
Gii:
Cch 1: Gi s tn ti ma trn tha mn yu cu bi. K hiu

() l a thc c trng ca ma trn .

Theo nh l Caley-Hamilton ta c:

(1)
Bng quy np:

(1)
1/ Xt :

. Khi
.


/ .


/ () (1)
2/ Xt :
t .

/, t gi thit suy ra

. Vy

) (1) =>

()
(1)
Kt lun: khng tn ti ma trn tha mn iu kin bi Ton.
Cch 2: Gi s tn ti ma trn tha mn yu cu bi. t

.


/ (1). Ta c:

( )
( )

) .


/ (1)
Theo gi thit, ta c: ( ) (1)
1/ Xt :

( )

) .


/ (1)
2/ Xt hay : khi

mt

11

.


/ .


/ (1)
Kt lun: khng tn ti ma trn tha mn iu kin bi Ton.

Cu 3: Cho l cc ma trn vung cp sao cho giao hon vi v ,

(ma trn n v) v
( )
a) Chng minh rng
b) Nu c thm iu kin hy chng t ( ) ( )
Gii:
a) Theo gi thit, ta c:
( ) <=>

<=> 0

( )10

( )1
Suy ra 0

( )1 v 0

( )1 l nghch o ca nhau nn chng giao hon

[

( )][

( )] [

( )][

( )]
Nhn phn phi li, ta c .
b) Nu c thm iu kin th

=> ( )

( ) ( )

( )( )
Ta c:
() ( ) ,( ) ( )-
( ) ( ) ,( )( )-

Cu 4: Tnh

, trong

(

Gii: i ch cc dng, ct, ta thy ma trn ng dng vi ma trn

(

Ma trn ca php bin i tuyn tnh (khng suy bin) l:

(

mt

12

Khi ma trn

. Ta c ( )

Trong (



) .


/
Ta c

. Do

Cu 5: Tm tt c cc ma trn vung cp sao cho vi mi ma trn vung cp , ta u c (
)
Gii:
Chn ma trn , ta c

() => (

) => do ( ).
Gi s (

, ta chn ma trn tam gic trn (

( )

( )

( )

Khi ta thu c

. Bng cch i v tr hng hay ct a phn t bt k

ca v v tr gc
tri trn cng v lp li php chng minh trn ta c

.
Vy ma trn cn tm l ma trn .

Cu 6: Th sinh chn mt trong hai cu sau:
a) Gii h phng trnh:
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5 6
2 2 1
2 2 1
2 2 1
2 2 1
2 2 1
2 2 1
+ + + =

+ + + + =

+ + + =

+ + =

+ + + =

+ + + + =

x x x x x x
x x x x x x
x x x x x x
x x x x x x
x x x x x x
x x x x x x

b) ng vi mi a thc () vi h s thc v c nhiu hn mt nghim thc, gi () l khong cch
nh nht gia hai nghim thc bt k ca n. Gi s cc a thc vi h s thc () v ()

()
u c bc v c nghim thc phn bit. Chng minh rng (

) ()
Gii:
a) T hai phng trnh u:

T phng trnh 3, 4:

=>

T phng trnh 1, 3:

. T phng trnh 2, 4:

=>

Vy ta c

=>

mt

13

b) Gi nghim ca () l

sao cho

. Ta chng minh bng phng php

phn chng. Gi s (

) () trong l hai nghim gn nhau nht trong s cc

nghim ca ()

(). Khi khng l nghim ca () nn

()
()

()
()
()
t ()

)(

)(

). Suy ra

()
()

()
D dng nhn thy hm s

)
nghch bin trn tng khong xc nh ca n. Kt hp vi () suy ra
tn ti duy nht

sao cho

( ). Khi

Hay

.
D dng kim tra c (

)(

) v do

Nh vy, ta c

()
()

()

mt

14

HI TON HC VIT NAM B GIO DC & O TO
OLYMPIC TON SINH VIN TON QUC LN TH XVIII NM 2010
Mn thi: i s
Thi gian lm bi: 180 pht

Cu 1: Cho l cc ma trn vung cp vi h s thc sao cho
( ) ( ) ( )
a) Chng minh rng ( ) .
b) Tm v d chng t kt lun trn khng cn ng nu ch c
( ) ( ) ( )
Gii:
a) Nhn xt rng nh thc () ( ) l mt a thc bc ca c nghim nn
() . nh thc () ( ) cng l a thc bc ca . M ()

)
. Do ta cng c () .
- Vi th ( )
- Vi th ( ) ()

()
- Vi th ( ) ()

()
- Vi th ta c ( )

/ .

/
Vy () .
b) Chn ( )
(

v
Khi ( ) ( ) ( ) nhng ( )

Cu 2: Cho *

+ *

+ *

+ l cc dy s thc c xc nh bi

v
{

Chng minh rng

l s nguyn chia ht cho

.
Gii:
t (



)

) ( ). Ta c

=>

a thc c trng ca l:

() ( )( ). Do cho ha c v

(



)(



)(



)
Suy ra :

Tnh ton ta c

.
mt

15


Cu 3:
a) Chng minh rng ng vi mi s nguyn dng, biu thc

c th biu din di dng

a thc

( ) bc khng qu ca cc bin .
b) Hy tm tng cc h s ca a thc

( ).
Gii:
a) Ta chng minh ng thc

( )

( )

( )

( ) l a thc bc
khng qu ca cc bin
- Vi :

( )
- Vi :

( )

- Vi :

( )

- Gi s ng thc ng vi , ta chng minh n cng ng vi , tc l

( )

( )

( )

( )
Tht vy, t gi thit quy np, ta c cc a thc

( )

( )

( ) bc khng
qu ca cc bin . Suy ra

( ) l cc a thc bc khng qu ca cc bin .

b) Ta c

( )

. Ta tm tng cc h s ca

( ) tc l tm

(). T nh l Viete, l nghim ca phng trnh

. T ch vic
chn , ta c

() .

Cu 4: Xc nh cc a thc thc () tha mn iu kin
()(

) (

)
Gii: Ta nhn thy a thc hng () v () tha mn bi Ton. Ta chng minh cc a thc bc
dng khng tha. Ch rng ngthc trong bi Ton cng ng vi gi tr phc.
Gi s

l mt nghim (thc hoc phc) ca (). Nu

th ()

(), trong ()
Th vo iu kin cho, ta thu c:

()(

) (

)
iu ny mu thun ()
Vy

. Ta c th gi thit modulo |

| c gi tr ln nht trong cc nghim ca (). Khi

v (

cng l nghim. Do |

| |

| v |(

|
t

:
|

| |

|
<=> (

)
<=>

Thay vo tip, ta li c

()
|(

|
<=> ,( )

<=> (

)(

) ( )

()
mt

16

Theo (), ta c:

*(

+
Mu thun vi ().
Cu 5: Chn mt trong hai cu sau:
5a) Cho l ma trn thc, vung cp , c vt l v . Tm a thc c trng v a thc
ti tiu ca .
5b) Cho l cc ma trn thc, vung cp , trong kh nghch v ng thi giao hon . Gi s
( ) . Chng minh giao hon vi nhau.
Gii:
5a) Cch 1: Tnh trc tip
V nn tn ti vector khc sao cho cc vector dng cn li u biu din tuyn tnh c qua n.
Do ma trn c dng sau:

(

t
(

.
Khi

Ta c

)(

() ()

()
Vy a thc ti tiu ca l ()

.
Tnh nh thc

() ( )

|
|

|
|

|
|

|
|

|
|

|
|

mt

17

|
|

|
|

|
|

|
|

D dng chng minh bng quy np rng:

()

( )
Vy a thc c trng ca l ()

( )
Cch 2: V hay ( ) nn c ng vector ring ng vi . Do vy m gi tr
ring cn li l mt s thc. T cho ha c v trn ng cho ch c mt phn r khc l .Suy ra
ngay a thc c trng v a thc ti tiu.

5b) T gi thit, suy ra ( ) hay ( )()
Do kh nghch v ng thi giao hon c nn ( )( )

( )

()
Suy ra ( )

() l nghch o ca nhau nn
( )

()

()( )
<=> ( )( )
<=> ( )
Vy ( ) ( ) tc .

mt

18

HI TON HC VIT NAM B GIO DC & O TO
OLYMPIC TON SINH VIN TON QUC LN TH XIX NM 2011
Mn thi: i s
Thi gian lm bi: 180 pht

Bi 1: Xt khng gian trn trng s thc , chng minh rng tp hp *

+ c lp tuyn tnh trong

khng gian cc hm lin tc ( )
Gii: Gi s ta c h thc tuyn tnh:

(2)
Chia 2 v cho

v ly gii hn suy ra

Quy np c

. (3)

Bi 2: Cho 3 dy s *

+ *

+ *

+ xc nh nh sau:

v {

. Tnh

.
Gii: t

) (



) Khi

(1)
a thc c trng ca l () ( )( )( ) nn c 3 gtr (1)
Cch 1:

()()

suy ra

(1)
Lp hpt cho bng cch thay cc gi tr c bit ca t v gii ta tm c (

) (1)
Suy ra

(1)
Cch 2: Cho ha km ma trn bin i c s (2)
Tnh

(1)

Bi 3: Cho cc ma trn thc vung cng cp . t . Chng minh rng nu ma trn giao
hon vi c hai ma trn v th tn ti s nguyn dng sao cho

(vi

l ma trn khng cp )
Gii:
* Chng minh quy np

() (2)
Vi : ok
Gi s ta c

, ta chng minh

( )

Tht vy

()

( )

* Ly ()

l a thc bc bt k.
Ta c

()

( )

T () suy ra () ()

() () (1)
mt

19

Xt a thc c trng ca : () (

)
Ta c ()

(2)
Theo () ta c () ()

()

()
Li chn ()

() v nh vo tnh giao hon ca , ta c

()

()

()

Tip tc qu trnh ny ta c:

()

.

Bi 4: Tm iu kin cn v i vi cc tham s sao cho nu a thc () bc c n nghim
thc (k c bi) th a thc ()

()

() cng c nghim thc.

Gii:
* iu kin cn: ly ()

suy ra hoc

(1)
Qua gii hn suy ra

(1)
* iu kin : b () ()

() c nghim thc (1)

chng minh, xt ()

() cng c nghim thc, nn

() c nghim thc nn () c
nghim thc. (1)
p dng ln na, ()

() c nghim thc t chn thch hp

l iu kin
. (1)

Bi 5: Hai sinh vin A v B chi tr chi nh sau: Cho mt bng vung , . Mi lt, A chn mt s
nguyn in vo v tr ( ) no (ty chn nhng khng lp li). Sau B c quyn chnh sa gi tr
bng cch gi nguyn hoc thm bt 1 n v. Tr chi kt thc sau khi in xong bng nhn c ma trn
. B khng nh lun c cch nhn c ma trn kh nghch v khng c im bt ng (tc l khng c
vector ).
Khng nh ca B ng hay sai? Hy chng minh nhn nh ca bn.
Gii: B chn

( )

( ) . (2)
|| ()

( ) (1)
Nu c vector ring tng ng vi 1 th c th chn

nn vector ng d

(tc l cc
phn t u ly mod 3) l vector ring (1)
Nhng || ch c gi tr ring l . (1)

Bi 6: Th sinh chn mt trong hai cu sau:
6a. Tm iu kin ca cc tham s h phng trnh sau c nghim duy nht
{

( )

( )

( )

( )

6b. Cho ma trn .


/. Hy tnh

mt

20

Gii:
6a) nh thc tng ng bng
(

) (

)(

) ()
( ) ( ) ()
Trong , ( )( )( )( )- => i mt phn bit (1)

6b) Cch 1: (

) (2) =>

) (2)
=>

(1)
Cch 2:
t .


/ .


/ =>

.


/
Khi :

.


/ (
( )

( )

.


/

.


/ .


/

=>