1

CHAPTER7ONEWAYSLABS

7.1Scope

7.1.1Provisionsofthischaptershallapplytothedesignofnonprestressedandprestressedslabs
reinforcedforflexureinonedirection,including:

(a)solidslabs
(b)slabscastonstayinplace,noncompositesteeldeck
(c)compositeslabsofconcreteelementsconstructedinseparateplacementsbutconnectedso
thatallelementsresistloadsasaunit
(d)precast,prestressedhollowcoreslabs

7.2General

7.2.1Theeffectsofconcentratedloadsandopeningsshallbeconsideredindesign.

7.2.2Materials

7.2.2.1DesignpropertiesforconcreteshallconformtoChapter19.

7.2.2.2DesignpropertiesforsteelreinforcementshallconformtoChapter20.

7.2.3Connectiontoothermembers

7.2.3.1Forcastinplaceconstruction,slabcolumnjointsshallsatisfytherequirementsof15.2.

7.2.3.2Forprecastconstruction,connectionsshallsatisfytheforcetransferrequirementsof16.3.

7.3DesignLimits

7.3.1Minimumslabthickness

7.3.1.1Forsolidnonprestressedslabsnotsupportingorattachedtopartitionsorotherconstruction
likelytobedamagedbylargedeflections,overallslabthicknesshshallnotbelessthanthelimitsin
Table7.3.1.1,unlessthecalculateddeflectionlimitsof7.3.2aresatisfied.

2

Table7.3.1.1Minimumthicknessofsolidnonprestressedonewayslabs

Supportcondition Minimumh,in.
[1]
Simplysupported /20
Oneendcontinuous /24
Bothendscontinuous /28
Cantilever /10
[1]
Expressionapplicablefornormalweightconcreteandf
y
=60,000psi.Minimumhshallbemodifiedby
7.3.1.1.1through7.3.1.1.3,asappropriate.

7.3.1.1.1Forf
y
otherthan60,000psi,theexpressionsinTable7.3.1.1shallbemultipliedby
(0.4+f
y
/100,000).

7.3.1.1.2Fornonprestressedslabsmadeoflightweightconcretehavingw
c
intherangeof90
to115lb/ft
3
,theexpressionsinTable7.3.1.1shallbemultipliedbythegreaterof(a)and(b):

(a)1.650.005w
c

(b)1.09

7.3.1.1.3Fornonprestressedcompositeslabsmadeofacombinationoflightweightand
normalweightconcretethatareshoredduringconstruction,wherethelightweightconcreteisin
compression,themodifierof7.3.1.1.2shallapply.

7.3.1.2Thethicknessofaconcretefloorfinishshallbepermittedtobeincludedinhifitisplaced
monolithicallywiththefloorslab,orifthefloorfinishisdesignedtobecompositewiththefloorslabin
accordancewith16.7.

7.3.2Calculateddeflectionlimits

7.3.2.1Fornonprestressedslabsnotsatisfying7.3.1andforprestressedslabs,immediateandtime
dependentdeflectionsshallbecalculatedinaccordancewith24.2andshallnotexceedthelimitsin
24.2.2.

7.3.2.2Fornonprestressedcompositeconcreteslabssatisfying7.3.1,deflectionsoccurringafterthe
memberbecomescompositeneednotbecalculated.Deflectionsoccurringbeforethemember
becomescompositeshallbeinvestigatedunlesstheprecompositethicknessalsosatisfies7.3.1

7.3.3Reinforcementstrainlimitinnonprestressedslabs

7.3.3.1Fornonprestressedslabs,
t
shallbeatleast0.004.

7.3.4Stresslimitsinprestressedslabs
3

7.3.4.1PrestressedslabsshallbeclassifiedasClassU,T,orCinaccordancewith24.5.2.

7.3.4.2Stressesinprestressedslabsimmediatelyaftertransferandatserviceloadsshallnotexceed
thepermissiblestressesin24.5.

7.4Requiredstrength

7.4.1General

7.4.1.1Requiredstrengthshallbecalculatedinaccordancewiththefactoredloadcombinations
definedinChapter5andanalysisproceduresdefinedinChapter6.

7.4.2Factoredmoment

7.4.2.1Forslabsbuiltintegrallywithsupports,M
u
atthesupportshallbepermittedtobecalculated
atfaceofsupport.

7.4.3Factoredshear

7.4.3.1Forslabsbuiltintegrallywithsupports,V
u
atthesupportshallbepermittedtobecalculatedat
faceofsupport.

7.4.3.2Sectionsbetweenthefaceofsupportandacriticalsectionlocateddfromthefaceofsupport
fornonprestressedslabsandh/2fromthefaceofsupportforprestressedslabsshallbepermittedtobe
designedforV
u
atthatcriticalsectionif(a)through(c)aresatisfied

(a)Supportreaction,indirectionofappliedshear,introducescompressionintotheendregion
oftheslab;

(b)Loadsareappliedatornearthetopsurfaceoftheslab;

(c)Noconcentratedloadoccursbetweenthefaceofsupportandcriticalsection.

7.5Designstrength

7.5.1General

7.5.1.1DesignstrengthatallsectionsalongtheslabshallsatisfyS
n
U,including(a)and(b),for
eachapplicablefactoredloadcombination.Interactionbetweenloadseffectsshallbeconsidered.

(a)M
n
M
u

(b)V
n
V
u

7.5.2Moment

4

7.5.2.1M
n
shallbecalculatedinaccordancewith22.3.

7.5.2.2Forprestressedslabs,externaltendonsshallbeconsideredasunbondedtendonsin
calculatingflexuralstrengthunlesstheexternaltendonsareeffectivelybondedtotheconcretesection
alongitsentirelength.

7.5.3Shear

7.5.3.1V
n
shallbecalculatedinaccordancewith22.5.

7.5.3.2Forcompositeconcreteslabs,horizontalshearstrength,V
nh,
shallbecalculatedin
accordancewith16.7.

7.6Reinforcementlimits

7.6.1Minimumflexuralreinforcementinnonprestressedslabs

7.6.1.1AminimumareaofflexuralreinforcementA
s,min
shallbeprovidedinaccordancewithTable
7.6.1.1.

Table7.6.1.1A
s,min
fornonprestressedonewayslabs
Reinforcement
Type
f
y
,psi A
s,min

Deformedbars <60,000 0.0020A

g
(a)
Deformedbarsor
weldedwire
reinforcement
60,000
Greaterof:

g
y
A
f
000 , 60 0018 . 0

(b)
0.0014A
g
(c)

7.6.2Minimumflexuralreinforcementinprestressedslabs

7.6.2.1Forslabswithbondedprestressedreinforcement,totalquantityofA
s
andA
ps
shallbe
adequatetodevelopafactoredloadatleast1.2timesthecrackingloadcalculatedonthebasisoff
r
as
definedin19.2.3.

7.6.2.2Forslabswithbothflexuralandsheardesignstrengthatleasttwicetherequiredstrength,
7.6.2.1neednotbesatisfied.

7.6.2.3Forslabswithunbondedtendons,aminimumareaofbondeddeformedlongitudinal
reinforcementA
s,min
shallbeprovidedaccordingtoEq.(7.6.2.3).
0 004
s ,min ct
A . A
(7.6.2.3)
5

whereA
ct
istheareaofthatpartofthecrosssectionbetweentheflexuraltensionfaceandthe
centroidofthegrosssection.

7.6.3Minimumshearreinforcement

7.6.3.1Aminimumareaofshearreinforcement,A
v,min
shallbeprovidedinallregionswhere
u c
V V
.Forprecast,prestressedhollowcoreslabswithuntoppedh>12.5in.,A
v,min
shallbeprovidedinall
regionswhere 0.5
u cw
V V .

7.6.3.2IfshownbytestingthattherequiredM
n
andV
n
canbedeveloped,7.6.3.1neednotbe
satisfied.Suchtestsshallsimulateeffectsofdifferentialsettlement,creep,shrinkage,andtemperature
change,basedonarealisticassessmentoftheseeffectsoccurringinservice.

7.6.3.3Ifshearreinforcementisrequired,A
v,min
,shallbeinaccordancewith9.6.3.3.

7.6.4Minimumshrinkageandtemperaturereinforcement

7.6.4.1Reinforcementshallbeprovidedtoresistshrinkageandtemperaturestressesinaccordance
with24.4.

7.6.4.2Ifprestressedshrinkageandtemperaturereinforcementinaccordancewith24.4.4isused,
7.6.4.2.1through7.6.4.2.3shallapply.

7.6.4.2.1Formonolithic,castinplace,posttensionedbeamandslabconstruction,gross
concreteareashallconsistofthetotalbeamareaincludingtheslabthicknessandtheslabarea
withinhalfthecleardistancetoadjacentbeamwebs.Itshallbepermittedtoincludetheeffective
forceinbeamtendonsinthecalculationoftotalprestressforceactingongrossconcretearea.

7.6.4.2.2Ifslabsaresupportedonwallsornotcastmonolithicallywithbeams,grossconcrete
areaistheslabsectiontributarytothetendonortendongroup.

7.6.4.2.3Atleastonetendonisrequiredintheslabbetweenfacesofadjacentbeamsorwalls.

7.7Reinforcementdetailing

7.7.1General

7.7.1.1Concretecoverforreinforcementshallbeinaccordancewith20.8.1.

7.7.1.2Developmentlengthsofdeformedandprestressedreinforcementshallbecalculatedin
accordancewith25.4.

7.7.1.3Splicesofdeformedreinforcementshallbeinaccordancewith25.5.

6

7.7.1.4Bundledbarsshallbedetailedinaccordancewith25.6.

7.7.2Reinforcementspacing

7.7.2.1Minimumspacingsshallbeinaccordancewith25.2.

7.7.2.2FornonprestressedandClassCprestressedslabs,spacingofbondedlongitudinal
reinforcementclosesttothetensionfaceshallnotexceedsrequiredin24.3.

7.7.2.3Maximumspacingsofdeformedreinforcementshallbethelesserof3hand18in.

7.7.3Flexuralreinforcementinnonprestressedslabs

7.7.3.1Calculatedtensionorcompressionforceinreinforcementateachsectionoftheslabshallbe
developedoneachsideofthatsection.

7.7.3.2Criticallocationsfordevelopmentofreinforcementarepointsofmaximumstressandpoints
alongthespanwherebentorterminatedtensionreinforcementisnolongerrequiredtoresistflexure.

7.7.3.3Reinforcementshallextendbeyondthepointatwhichitisnolongerrequiredtoresistflexure
foradistanceequaltothegreaterofdand12d
b
,exceptatsupportsofsimplysupportedspansandat
freeendsofcantilevers.

7.7.3.4Continuingflexuraltensionreinforcementshallhaveanembedmentlengthnotlessthan
d

beyondthepointwherebentorterminatedtensionreinforcementisnolongerrequiredtoresist
flexure.

7.7.3.5Flexuraltensionreinforcementshallnotbeterminatedinatensilezoneunless(a),(b),or(c)is
satisfied.

(a)V
u
(2/3)V
n
atthecutoffpoint;

(b)ForNo.11barsandsmaller,continuingreinforcementprovidesdoublethearearequiredfor
flexureatthecutoffpointandV
u
(3/4)V
n
.

(c)Stirrupareainexcessofthatrequiredforshearisprovidedalongeachterminatedbarorwire
over a distance
3
4
d from the termination point. Excess stirrup area shall be not less than
60b
w
s/f
yt
.Spacingsshallnotexceedd/(8
b
).

7.7.3.6Adequateanchorageshallbeprovidedfortensionreinforcementwherereinforcementstress
isnotdirectlyproportionaltomoment,suchassloped,stepped,ortaperedslabs;orwheretension
reinforcementisnotparalleltothecompressionface.

7.7.3.7Inslabsnotexceeding10ftinspan,weldedwirereinforcement,withwiresizenotgreater
thanW5orD5,shallbepermittedtobecurvedfromapointnearthetopofslaboverthesupporttoa
pointnearthebottomofslabatmidspan,providedsuchreinforcementiscontinuousover,ordeveloped
at,thesupport.
7

7.7.3.8Terminationofreinforcement

7.7.3.8.1Atsimplesupports,atleastonethirdthemaximumpositivemomentreinforcementshall
extendalongtheslabbottomintothesupport.Forprecastslabs,suchreinforcementshallextendat
leasttothecenterofthebearinglength.

7.7.3.8.2Atothersupports,atleastonefourththemaximumpositivemomentreinforcementshall
extendalongtheslabbottomintothesupportaminimumof6in.

7.7.3.8.3Atsimplesupportsandpointsofinflection,d
b
forpositivemomenttensionreinforcement
shallbelimitedsuchthat
d
forthatreinforcementsatisfies(a)or(b).Ifreinforcementterminates
beyondthecenterlineofsupportsbyastandardhookoramechanicalanchorageatleastequivalenttoa
standardhook,(a)or(b)neednotbesatisfied.

(a)
d
(1.3M
n
/V
u
+
a
)

ifendofreinforcementisconfinedbyacompressivereaction.

(b)
d
(M
n
/V
u
+
a
)

ifendofreinforcementisnotconfinedbyacompressivereaction.

where:
M
n
iscalculatedassumingallreinforcementatthesectionisstressedtof
y
.
V
u
iscalculatedatthesection.
Atasupport,
a
istheembedmentlengthbeyondthecenterofthesupport.
Atapointofinflection,
a
istheembedmentlengthbeyondthepointofinflection,
limitedtothegreaterofdand12d
b

7.7.3.8.4Atleastonethirdthenegativemomentreinforcementatasupportshallhavean
embedmentlengthbeyondthepointofinflectionatleastthegreatestofd,12d
b
,and
n
/16.

7.7.4Flexuralreinforcementinprestressedslabs

7.7.4.1Externaltendonsshallbeattachedtothememberinamannerthatmaintainsthespecified
eccentricitybetweenthetendonsandtheconcretecentroidthroughthefullrangeofanticipated
memberdeflections.

7.7.4.2Ifnonprestressedreinforcementisprovidedtosatisfyflexuralstrengthrequirements,the
detailingrequirementsof7.7.3shallbesatisfied.

7.7.4.3Terminationofprestressedreinforcement

7.7.4.3.1Posttensionedanchoragezonesshallbedesignedanddetailedinaccordancewith
25.9.

7.7.4.3.2Posttensioninganchoragesandcouplersshallbedesignedanddetailedin
accordancewith25.7.

7.7.4.4Terminationofdeformedreinforcementinslabswithunbondedtendons
8

7.7.4.4.1Lengthofdeformedreinforcementrequiredby7.6.2.3shallbeinaccordancewith(a)
and(b).

(a)Inpositivemomentareas,lengthofreinforcementshallbeatleast
n
/3andbecenteredin
thatarea.

(b)Innegativemomentareas,reinforcementshallextendatleast
n
/6oneachsideoftheface
ofsupport.

7.7.5Shearreinforcement

7.7.5.1Ifshearreinforcementisrequired,transversereinforcementshallbedetailedaccordingto
9.7.7.2.

7.7.6Shrinkageandtemperaturereinforcement

7.7.6.1Shrinkageandtemperaturereinforcementinaccordancewith7.6.4shallbeplaced
perpendiculartoflexuralreinforcement.

7.7.6.2Nonprestressedreinforcement

7.7.6.2.1Spacingofdeformedshrinkageandtemperaturereinforcementshallnotexceedthelesser
of5hand18in.

7.7.6.3Prestressedreinforcement

7.7.6.3.1Spacingofslabtendonsrequiredby7.6.4.2,andthedistancebetweenfaceofbeamorwall
tothenearestslabtendon,shallnotexceed6ft.

7.7.6.3.2Ifspacingofslabtendonsexceeds4.5ft.,additionaldeformedshrinkageandtemperature
reinforcementconformingto24.4.3shallbeprovidedparalleltothetendons,except10.4.3.4neednot
besatisfied.Indeterminingtheareaofadditionalreinforcement,itshallbepermittedtotakethegross
concreteareainTable24.4.3.2astheslabareabetweenfacesofbeams.Thisshrinkageand
temperaturereinforcementshallextendfromtheslabedgesforadistancenotlessthantheslabtendon
spacing.