Lorentz Local Field

In computing the local field, E*, experienced by a molecule surrounded by others in an

applied electric field, it is necessary to compute the average dipole moment,
avg
, from
alignment of permanent dipoles of magnitude
perm
:

2
0
) ) cos d P
perm avg
!here P() is the probability that the permanent dipole is oriented at angle from the
applied field" #his is given by a $oltzmann term involving the potential energy of the
dipole in a field relative to the thermal energy, kT" %ho! that
kT
E
perm
avg
&
'
2

=
in the high(temperature limit" )on*t s+ip steps li+e the notes do"