Bo co n tt nghip : Bn s tho

ti: Tm hiu v m phng h thng OFDM-MIMO ng dng cho LTE.

Gio vin hng dn : TS. Phm Hi ng
Sinh vin thc hin : Nguyn Vit Duy-TVT 07-K54























Mc lc
Chng 1. K thut iu ch OFDM .......................................................................................... 5
1.1. Khi nim chung .............................................................................................................. 5
1.1.1. H thng iu ch n sng mang ............................................................................ 7
1.1.2. H thng iu ch a sng mang ............................................................................... 7
1.2. M hinh h thng s dng k thut OFDM ..................................................................... 9
1.2.1. B chuyn i ni tip-song song Serial/Parallel v Parallel/Serial ......................... 9
1.2.2. B mapper v Demapper ......................................................................................... 10
1.2.3. B IFFT v FFT ...................................................................................................... 11
1.2.4. Chn v loi b khong bo v GI .......................................................................... 13
1.2.5. B bin i D/A v A/D .......................................................................................... 18
1.2.6. B Up-Converter v Down-Converter .................................................................... 19
1.2.7. B cn bng (Equalizer) .......................................................................................... 19
1.3. S trc giao .................................................................................................................... 21
1.3.1. Trc giao min tn s .............................................................................................. 23
1.3.2. C s ton hc trong trc giao ................................................................................ 23
1.4. Cc k thut c bn trong OFDM ................................................................................. 23
1.4.1. iu ch trong OFDM ............................................................................................ 23
1.4.1.1. iu ch BPSK ................................................................................................. 24
1.4.1.2 . iu ch QPSK ............................................................................................. 26
1.4.1.3. iu ch QAM .................................................................................................. 28
1.4.1.4. M Gray ............................................................................................................ 29
1.4.2. M ha knh ............................................................................................................ 32
1.4.3. Sp xp .................................................................................................................... 33
1.4.4. Tin t lp CP .......................................................................................................... 34
1.4.5. c lng knh truyn ............................................................................................ 35
1.4.5.1. Khi nim. ......................................................................................................... 35
1.4.5.2. c lng knh trong min tn s ................................................................... 37
1.4.5.3. c lng knh trong min thi gian .............................................................. 38
1.5. u im v nhc im ca h thng OFDM ............................................................... 40
1.5.1. u im ................................................................................................................... 40
1.5.2. Nhc im ............................................................................................................. 41
1.6. Kt lun ......................................................................................................................... 41
Chng 2. Tm hiu h thng MIMO ....................................................................................... 42
2.1. Gii thiu........................................................................................................................ 42
2.2. S lc s phn tp ........................................................................................................ 43
2.2.1. Phn tp thi gian .................................................................................................... 44
2.2.2. Phn tp tn s ......................................................................................................... 45
2.2.3. Phn tp khng gian ................................................................................................ 45
2.3. li trong h thng MIMO ......................................................................................... 46
2.4. Kt lun chng ............................................................................................................. 48
Chng 3. Tng quan v LTE .................................................................................................. 49
3.1. Gii thiu v cng ngh LTE ......................................................................................... 49
3.2. Tim nng cng ngh ..................................................................................................... 50
3.3. Hiu sut cng ngh ....................................................................................................... 52
3.4. Qun l ti nguyn v tuyn .......................................................................................... 54
3.5. Kin trc mng LTE ....................................................................................................... 54
3.6. Kt lun chng ............................................................................................................. 55
Chng 4. M phng knh iu khin vt l ng xung LTE ............................................. 57
4.1. Ti nguyn vt l ng xung ..................................................................................... 57
4.2. Cc tn hiu tham kho ng xung ............................................................................ 63
4.2.1. Cc chui tn hiu tham kho v vic nhn dng t bo lp vt l (Reference signals
sequences and physical layer cell identity) ....................................................................... 64
4.2.2. Nhy tn tn hiu tham kho (Reference signal frequency hopping) ...................... 65
4.2.3. Cc tn hiu tham kho cho truyn dn a anten (Reference signals for multi-
antenna transmission) ........................................................................................................ 66
4.3. X l knh truyn ti ng xung ............................................................................... 67
4.3.1. Chn CRC ................................................................................................................ 70
4.3.2. M ha knh ............................................................................................................ 70
4.3.3. Chc nng Hybrid-ARQ lp vt l ......................................................................... 71
4.3.4. Ngu nhin ha mc bit...................................................................................... 71
4.3.5. iu ch d liu ....................................................................................................... 73
4.3.6. nh x anten ............................................................................................................ 74
4.3.7. nh x khi ti nguyn ............................................................................................ 74
4.4. M hnh m phng ......................................................................................................... 76
4.5. Kt qu m phng .......................................................................................................... 76
Chng 5. Kt lun ................................................................................................................... 78






















Chng 1. K thut iu ch OFDM

1.1. Khi nim chung
Nguyn l c bn ca OFDM l chia mt lung d liu tc cao thnh cc
lung d liu tc thp hn v pht ng thi trn mt s cc sng mang con trc
giao. V khong thi gian symbol tng ln cho cc sng mang con song song tc
thp hn, cho nn lng nhiu gy ra do tri tr a ng c gim xung. Nhiu
xuyn k t ISI c hn ch hu nh hon ton do vic a vo mt khong thi gian
bo v trong mi symbol OFDM. Trong khong thi gian bo v, mi symbol OFDM
c bo v theo chu k trnh nhiu gia cc sng mang ICI.
Vi k thut a sng mang chng ph, ta c th tit kim c khong 50%
bng thng. Tuy nhin, trong k thut a sng mang chng ph, ta cn trit xuyn
nhiu gia cc sng mang, ngha l cc sng ny cn trc giao vi nhau.
Trong OFDM, d liu trn mi sng mang chng ln d liu trn cc sng mang
ln cn. S chng chp ny l nguyn nhn lm tng hiu qu s dng ph trong
OFDM. Ta thy trong mt s iu kin c th, c th tng dung lng ng k cho h
thng OFDM bng cch lm thch nghi tc d liu trn mi sng mang ty theo t
s tn hiu trn tp m SNR ca sng mang .


V bn cht, OFDM l mt trng hp c bit ca phng thc pht a sng
mang theo nguyn l chia dng d liu tc cao thnh tc thp hn v pht ng
thi trn mt s sng mang c phn b mt cch trc giao. Nh thc hin bin i
chui d liu t ni tip sang song song nn thi gian symbol tng ln. Do , s phn
tn theo thi gian gy bi tri rng tr do truyn dn a ng (multipath) gim xung.
OFDM khc vi FDM nhiu im. Trong pht thanh thng thng mi i
pht thanh truyn trn mt tn s khc nhau, s dng hiu qu FDM duy tr s ngn
cch gia nhng i. Tuy nhin khng c s kt hp ng b gia mi trm vi cc
trm khc. Vi cch truyn OFDM, nhng tn hiu thng tin t nhiu trm c kt
hp trong mt dng d liu ghp knh n. Sau d liu ny c truyn khi s
dng khi OFDM c to ra t gi dy c nhiu sng mang. Tt c cc sng mang
th cp trong tn hiu OFDM c ng b thi gian v tn s vi nhau, cho php
(a)
Tn s
Tn s
Tit kim bng thng
(b)
Hnh 1.1: So snh k thut sng mang khng chng xung (a) v
k thut sng mang chng xung (b)
Ch.1 Ch.10
kim sot can nhiu gia nhng sng mang. Cc sng mang ny chng lp nhau trong
min tn s, nhng khng gy can nhiu gia cc sng mang (ICI) do bn cht trc
giao ca iu ch. Vi FDM nhng tn hiu truyn cn c khong bo v tn s ln
gia nhng knh ngn nga can nhiu. iu ny lm gim hiu qu ph. Tuy nhin
vi OFDM s ng gi trc giao nhng sng mang lm gim ng k khong bo v
ci thin hiu qu ph.
1.1.1. H thng iu ch n sng mang
H thng n sng mang l mt h thng c d liu c iu ch v truyn i
ch trn mt sng mang.

Hnh 1.2: Truyn dn sng mang n
Cc k t pht i l cc xung c nh dng bng b lc pha pht. Sau khi
truyn trn knh a ng. pha thu, mt b lc phi hp vi knh truyn c s
dng nhm cc i t s tn hiu trn nhiu (SNR) thit b thu nhn d liu. i vi
h thng n sng mang, vic loi b nhiu giao thoa bn thu cc k phc tp. y
chnh l nguyn nhn cc h thng a sng mang chim u th hn cc h thng
n sng mang.

1.1.2. H thng iu ch a sng mang
Nu truyn tn hiu khng phi bng mt sng mang m bng nhiu sng mang,
mi sng mang ti mt phn d liu c ch v c tri u trn c bng thng th khi
chu nh hng xu ca p tuyn knh s ch c mt phn d liu c ch b mt, trn
c s d liu m cc sng mang khc mang ti c th khi phc d liu c ch.

Hnh 1. 3: Cu trc h thng truyn dn a sng mang

OFDM l mt k thut iu ch a sng mang, trong d liu c truyn
song song nh v s sng mang ph mang cc bit thng tin. Bng cch ny ta c th
tn dng bng thng tn hiu, chng li nhiu gia cc k t, lm c iu ny,
mt sng mang ph cn mt my pht sng sin, mt b iu ch v gii iu ch ca
ring n. Trong trng hp s sng mang ph l kh ln, iu ny l khng th chp
nhn c. Nhm gii quyt vn ny, khi thc hin chc nng bin i IDFT/DFT
c dng thay th hng lot cc b dao ng to sng sin, b iu ch, gii iu
ch. Hn na, IFFT/FFT c xem l mt thut ton gip cho vic bin i IDFT/DFT
nhanh v gn hn bng cch gim s php nhn phc khi thc hin php bin i
IDFT/DFT v gip tit kim b nh bng cch tnh ti ch. Mi sng mang trong h
thng OFDM u c th vit di dng:
)) ( ( 2
1
0
1
) (
L N lT t k j
l
N-
k
l,k
s
e a
N
t S
+
=

=
(1.1)
Trong , a
l,k
: l d liu u vo c iu ch trn sng mang nhnh th k
trong symbol OFDM th l
N : s sng mang nhnh
L : chiu di tin t lp (CP)
Khong cch sng mang nhnh l
s
NT T
1 1
=
Gii php khc phc hiu qu ph km khi c khong bo v (Guard Period) l
gim khong cch cc sng mang v cho php ph ca cc sng mang cnh nhau trng
lp nhau. S trng lp ny c php nu khong cch gia cc sng mang c chn
chnh xc. Khong cch ny c chn ng vi trng hp sng mang trc giao vi
nhau. chnh l phng php ghp knh theo tn s trc giao.

1.2. M hinh h thng s dng k thut OFDM

Hnh 1.4 :S h thng OFDM

1.2.1. B chuyn i ni tip-song song Serial/Parallel v Parallel/Serial
B chuyn i ni tip sang song song Serial/Parallel chia lung d liu tc
cao thnh tng frame nh c chiu di k b bit, kN, vi b l s bit trong m hnh iu
ch s, N l s sng mang. k, N s c chn sao cho cc lung d liu song song c
tc thp, bng thng sng mang con tng ng hp, sao cho hm truyn
trong khong bng thng c th xem l phng.

Hnh 1.5:B S/P v P/S
Pha thu s dng b chuyn i song song-ni tip Parallel/Serial ghp N
lung d liu tc thp thnh mt lung d liu tc cao duy nht. Hnh 1.5 m t
b chuyn i t ni tip sang song song v t song song sang ni tip.

1.2.2. B mapper v Demapper

Hnh 1.6: B Mapper v Demapper
Tng symbol b bit s c a vo b mapper mc ch l nng cao dung
lng knh truyn. Mt symbol b bit s tng ng mt trong M = 2
b
trng thi hay
mt v tr trong gin chm sao (constellation). Bn pha thu, b demaper chuyn
cc v tr trong gin chm sao thnh symbol b bit tng ng. Cc php iu ch
c th c nh:
BPSK s dng symbol 1 bit, bit 0 hoc bit 1 s xc nh trng thi pha 0
0
hoc
180
0
, tc baud hay tc chui s bng tc bit Baud = Rb.
QPSK s dng symbol 2 bit (Dibit), Baud = Rb/ 2.
8-PSK hay 8-QAM s dng symbol 3 bit (Tribit), Baud = Rb/ 3.
16-PSK hay 16-QAM s dng symbol 4 bit (Quabit), Baud = Rb/ 4.

1.2.3. B IFFT v FFT

Hnh 1.7: B IFFT v FFT
Nh cp trong phn khi nim v OFDM, ta bit OFDM l k thut
iu ch a sng mang, trong d liu c truyn song song nh rt nhiu sng
mang ph. lm c iu ny, c mi knh ph, ta cn mt my pht sng sin, mt
b iu ch v mt b gii iu ch. Trong trng hp s knh ph l kh ln th cch
lm trn khng hiu qu, nhiu khi l khng th thc hin c.
Nhm gii quyt vn ny, khi thc hin chc nng bin i DFT/IDFT c
dng thay th ton b cc b to dao ng sng sin, b iu ch, gii iu ch dng
trong mi knh ph. FFT/IFFT c xem l mt thut ton gip cho vic thc hin
php bin i DFT/IDFT nhanh v gn hn bng cch gim s php nhn phc khi
thc hin php bin i DFT/IDFT.
Ta quy c: Chui tn hiu vo X(k) , 0 k N-1
Khong cch tn s gia cc sng mang l: f
Chu k ca mt k t OFDM l: Ts
Tn s trn sng mang th k l f
k
= f
0
+ kf
Tn hiu pht i c th biu din di dng:

=
A + H
=
1
0
) ( 2
0
) ( ) (
N
k
t f k f j
e k X t x
,
s
T t s s 0

=

=
A H [
1
0
2 2
) (
0
N
k
ft k j t f j
e k X e
(1.2)
Trong :

=
A H
=
1
0
2
) ( ) (
N
k
ft k j
a
e k X t x
(1.3)
L tn hiu bng gc.
bng gc:
+ Nu ly mu tn hiu vi mt chu k T
s
/N, tc l chn N mu trong mt chu
k tn hiu, phng trnh trn c vit li nh sau:

=
A H
= =
1
0
/ 2
) ( ) ( ) (
N
k
N fT nk j
s N
n
a a
s
e k X T x t x
(1.4)
+ Nu tha mn iu kin:
1 = A
s
fT

) (
1
s
T
f = A

Th cc sng mang s trc giao vi nhau, lc ny phng trnh trn c vit
li:

{X(k)} . ) ( ) (
1
0
/ 2
IDFT N e k X n x
N
k
N nk j
a
= =

=
H
(1.5)
Phng trnh trn chng t tn hiu ra ca b IDFT l mt tn hiu ri rc cng
c chiu di l N nhng trong min thi gian.
Ti b thu, b DFT c s dng ly li tn hiu X(k) ban u
Tht vy, ta c :
N nk j
N
n
a
e n x n DFT k X
/ 2
1
0
a
*
) ( } ) ( {x ) (
H

= =

=
H
=
1
0
1
0
/ ) ( 2
1
) (
N
n
N
m
N k m n j
N
e m X

=
H
= =
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
/ ) ( 2
1
) ( ) ( ) (
N
m
N
n
N
m
N
N k m n j
N
k m N m X e m X o

=

=

1
0
) ( ) (
N
m
k m m X o
=
) (k X
(1.6)
y, hm
) ( k m o
l hm delta, c nh ngha l:

=
=
=
0 0
0 1
) (
n khi
n khi
n o


1.2.4. Chn v loi b khong bo v GI

Hnh 1.8: B Guard Interval Insertion v Guard Interval Removal
Gi thit mt mu tn hiu OFDM c di l T
S
. Chui bo v l mt chui
tn hiu c di l T
G
pha sau sao chp ln phn pha trc ca tn hiu ny. S
sao chp ny c tc dng chng li nhiu ISI(nhiu lin k t) gy ra bi hiu ng a
ng.



G u a r d
I n t e r v a l
I n s e r t i o n
S
T
s
t
G s
t
G u a r d
I n t e r v a l
R e m o v a l
S
T
s
t
G s
t
T
n
x
n
s
n
r
T
n
x
~
Nguyn tc ny c gii thch nh sau:
Gi thit my pht pht i 1 khong tn hiu hnh sin c chiu di l T
S
. Sau khi
chn chui bo v tn hiu ny c chu k l T= T
S
+ T
G
. Do hiu ng a ng tn hiu
ny s n my thu qua nhiu tuyn ng truyn vi tr truyn dn khc nhau.
n gin cho vic gii thch nguyn l ny, hnh di ch m t tn hiu thu c t hai
tuyn truyn dn, trong mt tuyn truyn dn khng c tr, tuyn cn li tr so vi
tuyn u tin l
max
.
tuyn u tin ta nhn thy mu tn hiu th (k-1) khng chng ln ln mu
tn hiu th k. iu ny l do ta gi s rng tuyn u tin khng c tr truyn dn.
Tuy nhin tuyn 2, mu tn hiu th (k-1) b dch sang mu tn hiu th k mt khong
l
max
do tr truyn dn. Tng t nh vy mu tn hiu th k b dch sang tn hiu th
(k+1) mt khong cng l
max
. Tn hiu thu c my thu s l tng ca tn hiu tt
c cc tuyn. S dch tn hiu do tr truyn dn trong cc phng php iu ch thng
thng s gy ra nhiu ISI. Tuy nhin trong h thng OFDM c s dng chui bo v
s loi b c nhiu ny. Trong trng hp T
G

max
nh m t hnh 2.5, th phn b
chng ln tn hiu gy nhiu ISI ch nm trong khong ca chui bo v. Khong tn
hiu c ch c di T
S
khng b chng ln bi cc mu tn hiu khc. pha thu,
chui bo v s b gt b trc khi gi n b gii iu ch OFDM. iu kin quyt
nh m bo h thng OFDM khng b nh hng bi nhiu ISI l:
T
G

max (1.7)

Hnh 1.9: M t ng dng ca chui bo v trong vic chng nhiu ISI
Vic s dng chui bo v s m bo c tnh trc giao ca cc sng mang
ph, do vy n gin ha cu trc b c lng knh truyn, b cn bng tn hiu
pha my thu. Tuy nhin chui bo v khng mang thng tin c ch nn ph tn hiu
ca h thng b gim i mt h s l:
S
S G
T
T T
q =
+
hiu sut= pht/thu

Hnh 1.10: Tri tr nh hn khong bo v s khng gy ra ISI v ICI


Hnh 1.11: Thnh phn ca k t OFDM thu c khi truyn qua knh
Multipath, (a) khng c khong bo v, (b) c khong bo v.


Hnh 1.12: Nhng k t OFDM thu c sau khi truyn qua knh truyn Multipath, (a)
khng khong bo v, (b) c khong bo v
Hnh 1.11 minh ha khi nim chn khong thi gian bo v trong h thng
OFDM v hnh 1.12 minh ha tng dng khong bo v loi b khong ISI gia
nhng k t OFDM, hnh 1.12 (a) th k t OFDM thu c b can nhiu bi k t
OFDM trc n, hnh 1.12 (b) th k t OFDM thu c khng cn b nh hng
ca k t OFDM trc . Trong khong thi gian bo v, my thu b qua tt c cc
tn hiu, nh vy c ngha l khong bo v l khong v ch, n khng mang d liu
c ch. La chn khong bo v lin quan n thi gian tr ca echo, ng thi cng
lin quan mt thit n s lng sng mang. Trong thc t khong thi gian bo v
c to ra bng cch lp li mt t l ca dng bit tch cc trong chu k trc ,
khong bo v c chn da vo khong thi gian tch cc ca symbol, c th l 1/4,
1/8, 1/16, 1/32 thi gian symbol tch cc. Tht ra tng ca phng php ny c t
gia nhng nm 1980. Nhng do lc cn hn ch v mt cng ngh (kh to ra cc
b iu ch v gii iu ch a sng mang gi thnh thp theo bin i nhanh Fourier
(Inverse Fast Fourier Transform IFFT) nn cho ti nay da trn nhng thnh tu ca
cng ngh mch tch hp, phng php ny mi c a vo thc tin.

1.2.5. B bin i D/A v A/D

Hnh 1.13: B A/D v D/A
Chui symbol ri rc s[n] sau khi c chn khong bo v G, s c a
vo b bin i t s sang tng t D/A v b lc thng thp (low pass filter) to ra tn
hiu lin tc s(t) c th a ra knh truyn v tuyn.
pha thu, b A/D lm ng tc ngc li b D/A, b A/D s ly mu tn hiu
OFDM thu c s(t), lng t v m ha cho ra tn hiu s ri rc, sau tn hiu ri
rc ny s i qua b Guard Interval Removal loi b khong bo v.

1.2.6. B Up-Converter v Down-Converter
Cc b Up-Converter v Down-Converter chnh l cc b i tn s cn bng
(Balance Modulator). Sau khi qua b bin i D/A v lc thng thp, tn hiu s(t) ln
tn s cao to thnh tn hiu s
RF
(t) anten pht c th d dng bc x tn hiu ra
khng gian. pha thu, tn hiu r
RF
(t) thu c t anten pht s c i tn xung
thnh tn hiu r(t) nh b Down-Converter.

Hnh 1.14: B Up Converter v Down Converter
1.2.7. B cn bng (Equalizer)
Do cc knh sng mang ph c bng thng hp ch chu Fading phng, nn mt
b Equalizer n gin c s dng nhm ti u tn hiu ri rc trc khi cho qua b
gii iu ch s demoulation hay de-mapper, gim bt t s bit li BER ca h
thng.
Vic chn CP vo mi symbol ti pha pht lm cho php chp tuyn tnh k
hp tr thnh php chp vng trong khong thi gian t
s
. Php chp tuyn tnh gia c
n

v s
n
trong trng hp khng c nhiu nh sau:

U p
C o n v e r t e r
D o w n
C o n v e r t e r
0 f f
c
f
0
) ( f S ) ( f S
RF
) ( f R
) ( f R
RF
Baseband
B
Passband
B
Baseband
B
Passband
B
c
f
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

+
+

+
+

1
1
1
0
0 1 2
2 1
0 1 2
0 1
0
1
1
1
0
.
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
N N
s
s
s
s
s
c c c
c c c
c c c
c c
c
r
r
r
r
r

(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

1
1
0
1
0 1 2
2 1
0 1 2
0 1
0
1
1
0
1
0
.
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
~
~
~
N
N
N
N
x
x
x
x
x
c c c
c c c
c c c
c c
c
x
x
x
r
r

Nh khong bo v CP ta c php chp vng gia c
n
v x
n
nh sau:
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

1
2
3
21
1
0
0 1 2
2 1
0 1 2
0 1
0
1
2
3
2
1
0
.
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
~
~
~
~
~
~
N
N
N
N
N
N
x
x
x
x
x
x
c c c
c c c
c c c
c c
c
x
x
x
x
x
x

=

=
1
~
N
n k
n k n k
x c x
(1.8)
Vi x
-n
= x
N-n
, k = 1,2,,N-1
Khi ny trong trng hp khng nhiu theo nh l chp vng ta c:
k k k
C X X =
~

Vi:
| |
1 2 1
~
, ,
~
,
~
N
X X X
l FFT ca
| |
1 2 1
~
, ,
~
,
~
N
x x x


| |
1 2 1
, , ,
N
X X X
l FFT ca
| |
1 2 1
, , ,
N
x x x


| |
1 2 1
, , ,
N
C C C
l FFT ca
| |
1 2 1
, , ,
N
c c c

Biu thc trn cho thy nu ta c lng chnh xc p ng xung ca knh
truyn c(t) ta c th loi b hon ton nh hng ca knh truyn bng mt b nhn, c
tc dng nhn
1
~
X
vi 1/C
k
, y chnh l mt b equlizer min tn s (hnh 1.15).
Equalizer
0
~
X
1
~
X
1
~
N
X
0

X
1

X
1

N
X
0
/ 1 C
1
/ 1 C
1
/ 1

N
C

Hnh 1.15: B Equalizer min tn s
Ngoi ra ci thin BER ngi ta cn s dng thm cc khi FEC (Forward
Error Correction) sa li n, s dng thm khi Interleavers hon i v tr bin
cc bit li dng chm thnh cc bit n FEC c th sa c.

1.3. S trc giao
Trong h thng FDM thng thng, cc sng mang c cch nhau trong mt
khong ph hp tn hiu thu c th nhn li bng cch s dng cc b lc v cc b
gii iu ch thng thng. Trong cc my nh vy, cc khong bo v cn c d
liu trc gia cc sng mang khc nhau. Vic a vo cc khong bo v ny lm
gim hiu qu s dng ph ca h thng.
i vi h thng a sng mang, tnh trc giao trong kha cnh khong cch gia
cc tn hiu l khng hon ton ph thuc, m bo cho cc sng mang c nh v
chnh xc ti im gc trong ph iu ch ca mi sng mang. Tuy nhin, c th sp
xp cc sng mang trong OFDM sao cho cc di bin ca chng che ph ln nhau m
cc tn hiu vn c th thu c chnh xc m khng c s can nhiu gia cc sng
mang. c c kt qu nh vy, cc sng mang phi trc giao v mt ton hc.
My thu hot ng gm cc b gii iu ch, dch tn mi sng mang xung
mc DC, tn hiu nhn c ly tch phn trn mt chu k ca symbol phc hi d
liu gc. Nu mi sng mang u dch xung tn s tch phn ca sng mang ny
(trong mt chu k t, kt qu tnh tch phn cc sng mang khc s l zero. Do , cc
sng mang c lp tuyn tnh vi nhau (trc giao) nu khong cch gia cc sng l
bi s ca 1/t. Bt k s phi tuyn no gy ra bi s can nhiu ca cc sng mang ICI
cng lm mt i tnh trc giao.


Hnh 1.16: Cc sng mang trc giao
Phn u ca tn hiu nhn bit tnh tun hon ca dng sng, nhng li d b
nh hng bi nhiu xuyn k t (ISI). Do , phn ny c th c lp li, gi l tin
t lp (CP: Cycle Prefix).
Do tnh trc giao, cc sng mang con khng b xuyn nhiu bi cc sng mang
con khc. Thm vo , nh k thut a sng mang da trn FFT v IFFT nn h
thng OFDM t c hiu qu khng phi bng vic lc di thng m bng vic x l
bng tn gc.



1.3.1. Trc giao min tn s
Trong min tn s, mi sng mang th cp OFDM c p tuyn tn s sinc (sin
(x)/x). l kt qu thi gian symbol tng ng vi nghch o ca sng mang. Mi
symbol ca OFDM c truyn trong mt thi gian c nh (T
FFT
). Thi gian symbol
tng ng vi nghch o ca khong cch ti ph 1/T
FFT
Hz. Dng sng hnh ch nht
ny trong min thi gian dn n p tuyn tn s sinc trong min tn s. Mi ti ph
c mt nh ti tn s trung tm v mt s gi tr khng c t cn bng theo cc
khong trng tn s bng khong cch sng mang. Bn cht trc giao ca vic truyn
l kt qu ca nh mi ti ph. Tn hiu ny c pht hin nh bin i Fourier ri
rc (DFT).

1.3.2. C s ton hc trong trc giao
Xt tp hp N sng mang con f
n
(t), trong n = 0,1,,N-1. t
1
t t
2
.
Tp hp sng mang ny s trc giao khi :
2
1
*
0;
( ) ( )
;
t
n m
t
n m
f t f t
K n m
=
=

=

}
(1.9)
K: hng s ;
Sng mang OFDM thng c dng:
t f j
n
n
e f
t 2
=

(1.10)

Trong : f
n
= f
0
+ nf = f
0
+ n/T.
f
0
: dch tn ban u.
f l chnh lch gia 2 tn s sng mang gn nhau.

1.4. Cc k thut c bn trong OFDM
1.4.1. iu ch trong OFDM
Trong h thng OFDM, tn hiu u vo l dng bit nhi phn. Do , iu ch
trong OFDM l cc qu trnh iu ch s v c th la chn trn yu cu hoc hiu sut
s dng bng thng knh. Dng iu ch c th qui nh bi s bit ng vo M v s
phc d
n
= a
n
+ b
n
ng ra. Cc k t a
n
, b
n
c th c chn l { 1,3} cho 16 QAM
v {1} cho QPSK.

M Dng iu ch a
n
, b
n
2 BPSK
1
4 QPSK
1
16 16-QAM 1 , 3
64 64-QAM 1 , 3 , 5 , 7

M hnh iu ch c s dng ty vo vic dng ha gia yu cu tc
truyn dn v cht lng truyn dn.

1.4.1.1. iu ch BPSK
Trong mt h thng iu ch BPSK, cp cc tn hiu s
1
(t), s
2
(t) c s dng
biu din cc k hiu c s hai l "0" v "1" c nh ngha nh sau:[7]
] ) ( 2 cos[
2
) ( u u t + + = t t f
T
E
t S
c
b
b
i


2 , 1 ; 0 ; ) 1 ( ) ( = s s = i T t i t
b
t u
(1.11)
Hay:
] 2 cos[
2
) (
1
u t + = t f
T
E
t S
c
b
b

] 2 cos[
2
) ( ] 2 cos[
2
) (
1 2
u t u t t + = = + + = t f
T
E
t S t f
T
E
t S
c
b
b
c
b
b
(1.12)
Trong , T
b
: rng ca 1bit
E
b
: Nng lng ca 1 bit
(t) : gc pha, thay i theo tn hiu iu ch
: gc pha ban u c gi tr khng i t 0 n 2 v khng
nh hng n qu trnh phn tch nn t bng 0
i = 1 : tng ng vi symbol 0
i = 2 : tng ng vi symbol 1
Mi cp sng mang hnh sine i pha 180
0
nh trn c gi l cc tn hiu i
cc.
Nu chn mt hm nng lng c s l:
b c
b
T t t f
T
t s s = u 0 ); 2 cos(
2
) ( t

Khi ,
) ( ) (
1
t E t S
b
u =


) ( ) (
2
t E t S
b
u =
(1.13)
Ta c th biu din BPSK bng mt khng gian tn hiu mt chiu (N=1) vi
hai im bn tin (M=2) : S
1
=
b
E
, S
2
= -
b
E
nh hnh sau:

Hnh 1.17 : Biu khng gian tn hiu BPSK
Khi tn hiu iu ch BPSK c truyn qua knh chu tc ng ca nhiu
Gauss trng cng (AWGN), xc sut li bit gii iu ch c xc nh theo cng thc
sau:

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
0
2
N
E
Q P
b
e
(1.14)
Trong ,
E
b
: Nng lng bit
N
0
: Mt nhiu trng cng

1.4.1.2 . iu ch QPSK
y l mt trong nhng phng php thng dng nht trong truyn dn. Cng
thc cho sng mang c iu ch PSK 4 mc nh sau:[7]

T t t
T t
t t
T
E
t S
i
) (
s s

+ +
=
; 0
0
0
) ) ( 2 cos( .
2
) (
u u t
(1.15)
Vi pha ban u ta cho bng 0
4
) 1 2 ( ) (
t
u = i t (1.16)
Trong ,
i = 1,2,3,4 tng ng l cc k t c pht i l "00", "01", "11", "10"
T

= 2.T
b
(T
b
: Thi gian ca mt bit, T: thi gian ca mt k t)
E : nng lng ca tn hiu pht trin trn mt k t.

Khai trin s(t) ta c:
0 ;
) 0 ( ) 2 sin( .
4
)] 1 2 sin[(
2
) 2 cos( ]
4
). 1 . 2 cos[(
0
2
) (
< <
s s

=
t t T
T t t f i
T
E
t f i
T
E
t S
c c i
t
t
t
t

(1.17)
Chn cc hm nng lng trc chun nh sau:
T t t f
T
t
c
s s = 0 ) . 2 sin(
2
) (
1
(1.18a)

T t t f
T
t
c
s s = 0 ) . 2 sin(
2
) (
2
(1.18b)
Khi ,
]
4
) 1 2 cos[( ) ( ]
4
) 1 2 sin[( ) ( ) (
2 1
t
|
t
| + = i E t i E t t s
i (1.19)
Vy, bn bn tin ng vi cc vector c xc nh nh sau:
) 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 (
4
) 1 2 cos[(
]
4
) 1 2 sin[(
2
1
=
(

=
(
(
(

= i
s
s
i E
i E
s
i
i
i
t
t
(1.20)
Quan h ca cp bit iu ch v ta ca cc im tn hiu iu ch QPSK
trong tn hiu khng gian c cho trong bng sau:

Cp bit
vo
Pha ca tn hiu
QPSK
im tn hiu
S
i
Ta cc im bn tin
1

2

00
4
t
S
1

2
E

2
E

01
3
4
t
S
2

2
E

2
E

11
5
4
t
S
3

2
E

2
E

10
7
4
t
S
4

2
E

2
E


Ta thy mt tn hiu PSK 4 mc c c trng bi mt vector tn hiu hai
chiu v bn bn tin nh hnh v.

Hnh 1.18 : Biu tn hiu tn hiu QPSK
Xem bng ta thy, mc '1' thay i vo E , cn logic '0' th bin i vo E .
V cng mt lc pht i mt symbol nn lung vo phi phn thnh hai tng ng v
c bin i mc ri nhn ri nhn vi hai hm trc giao tng ng.[7]

1.4.1.3. iu ch QAM
Trong h thng PSK, cc thnh phn ng pha v vung pha c kt hp vi
nhau to thnh mt tn hiu ng bao khng i. Tuy nhin, nu loi b loi ny v
cho cc thnh phn ng pha v vung pha c th c lp vi nhau th ta c mt
s iu mi gi l iu bin cu phng iu ch bin sng mang QAM (iu
ch bin gc) . s iu ch ny, sng mang b iu ch c bin ln pha.
iu ch QAM l c u im l tng dung lng truyn dn s.[7]
Dng tng qut ca iu ch QAM, 14 mc (m-QAM) c xc nh nh sau:

) 0 ( ); 2 sin(
2
) 2 cos(
2
) (
0 0
1
T t t f b
T
E
t f a
T
E
t S
c i c i
s s = t t
(1.21)
Trong ,
E
0
: nng lng ca tn hiu c bin thp nht
a
i
, b
i
: cp s nguyn c lp c chn ty theo v tr bn tin.
Tn hiu sng mang gm hai thnh phn vung gc c iu ch bi mt tp
hp bn tin tn hiu ri rc. V th c tn l " iu ch tn hiu vung gc".
C th phn tch S
i
(t) thnh cp hm c s:[7]
T t t f b
T
t
c. i
s s = 0 ) 2 sin(
2
) (
1


T t t f a
T
t
c. i
s s = 0 ) 2 sin(
2
) (
2
(1.22)

Hnh 1.19: Chm tn hiu M-QAM

1.4.1.4. M Gray
Gin IQ(Inphase Quadrature) cho s iu ch s ch ra vector truyn cho
tt c cc lin hp t d liu. Mi lin hp t d liu phi c phn phi mt vector
IQ duy nht. M Gray l mt phng php cho s phn phi ny, sao cho cc im
canh nhau trong vm sao ch khc nhau mt bit n. M ny gip gim thiu t l li
bit ton b v n gim c hi nhiu li bit xy ra t mt li symbol n.
M Gray c th c s dng cho tt c cc s iu ch PSK ( QPSK, 8-
PSK, 16-PSK) v QAM(16-QAM,64-QAM,256-QAM...).


Bng M Gray




Hnh 1.20: Gin IQ ca 16-PSK khi dng m Gray. Mi v tr IQ lin tip ch
thay i mt bit n.














Hnh 1.20: Gin IQ cho cc dng iu ch s dng trong OFDM

1.4.2. M ha knh
Trong h thng thng tin s ni chung, m ha sa sai theo phng php FEC
(Forward Error Correcting) c s dng nng cao cht lng thng tin, c th l
m bo t s li trong gii hn cho php m khng phi nng cao gi tr t s Eb/No,
iu ny cng th hin r knh truyn b tc ng ca AWGN.
M ha FEC c chia thnh 2 loi m chnh: m khi (block coding) v m
chp (convolutional coding). Ngoi ra, ngi ta cn dng m ha Trellis, y l kiu
m ha xem nh gn ging vi m ha chp.
Vi m ha khi: Lung bit vo c chia thnh nhng nhm c k bit, mi
nhm c thm vo nhng bit kim tra to thnh nhm mi c n bit (n>k). S bit
kim tra thm vo y l (n-k) bit. V d: m khi tuyn tnh, m Hamming, m Reed
Solomon.
Vi m chp: c trng bi 3 thng s l (n, k, m), trong : n l s bit ra, k l
s bit vo, m l s bit trc . Vy n bit ca t m ra khng ch ph thuc vo k bit
vo m cn ph thuc vo (m-1)k bit thng tin trc (c gi l cc bit trng thi).
n bit ng ra c to ra bng cch chp k bit ng vo vi mt p ng xung nh phn.
M chp c xy dng bi mch dy. T s R=k/n c gi l t s m, tng s ghi
dch l (k.m) .
Vi m Trellis: l mt dng ca m chp nhng c thm phn m ha. S dng
m ha Trellis s cho hiu qu tt nht phn sp xp (mapping) khi ta s dng m
ha M-QAM vi M khc nhau trn cc sng mang nhnh khc nhau. Bn thu c th s
dng thut ton Viterbi. Viterbi l gii thut gii m ho.
Trong OFDM, theo mt s khuyn ngh, ngi ta cn kt hp m ha vi k
thut xen r (interleaving) trn gin thi gian tn s khc phc li chm (burst
error) thng xut hin trong thng tin a sng mang do hin tng Fading la chn
tn s. Cc li chm khng th c sa bi cc loi m ha knh. Nh vo k thut
xen r, ngi ta chuyn li chm (nu c xy ra) thnh cc li ngu nhin v cc li
ngu nhin ny d dng c khc phc bi cc loi m ha knh.

1.4.3. Sp xp
Sau khi c m ha v xen r, cc dng bit trn cc nhnh s c iu ch
BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM, hoc 64-QAM. Dng bit trn mi nhnh c sp xp thnh
cc nhm c N bits (1, 2, 4, 6) khc nhau tng ng vi cc phng php iu ch
BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM. Hay ni cch khc dng iu ch c quy nh
bi s bit ng vo v cp gi tr (I, Q) ng ra.
Chng hn: khi ta s dng phng php iu ch 64-QAM th s c 6 bit u
vo c t chc thnh mt nhm tng ng cho mt s phc trn th hnh sao c
trng cho kiu iu ch 64-QAM (64-QAM constellation). Trong 6 bit th 3 bit LSB
(b
0
b
1
b
2
) s biu th cho gi tr ca I, cn 3 bit MSB (b
3
b
4
b
5
) biu th cho gi tr ca Q
b
0
b
1
b
2
I b
3
b
4
b
5
Q
000 -7 000 -7
001 -5 001 -5
011 -3 011 -3
010 -1 010 -1
110 1 110 1
111 3 111 3
101 5 101 5
100 7 100 7

1.4.4. Tin t lp CP
Tin t lp (CP) l mt k thut x l tn hiu trong OFDM nhm hn ch n
mc thp nht nh hng ca nhiu xuyn k t (ISI), nhiu xuyn knh (ICI) n tn
hiu OFDM, m bo yu cu v tnh trc giao ca cc sng mang ph . thc hin
k thut ny, trong qu trnh x l, tn hiu OFDM c lp li c chu k v phn lp
li pha trc mi k t OFDM c s dng nh l mt khong thi gian bo v
gia cc k t pht k nhau.Vy sau khi chn thm khong bo v, thi gian truyn
mt k t (T
s
) lc ny bao gm thi gian khong bo v (T
g
) v thi gian truyn thng
tin c ch T
FFT
(cng chnh l khong thi gian b IFFT/FFT pht i mt k t).

Hnh 1.21: M t tin t lp
Ta c: T
s
= T
g
+ T
FFT
(1.23)
K t OFDM lc ny c dng:

=
+ = +
=
1 , ,... 1 , 0 ) (
1 , ,... 1 , ) (
) (
N n n x
n N n x
n x
T
v v
(1.24)

T l ca khong bo v Tg v thi khong k t hu ch T
FFT
b hn ch nhm
m bo hiu sut s dng di tn v n cn ph thuc vo tng loi hnh ng dng
khc nhau. Nu t l ln tc l Tg tng lm gim hiu sut h thng. Tuy nhin, n
phi bng hoc ln hn gi tr tri tr cc i
max
(the maximum delay spread) nhm
duy tr tnh trc giao gia cc sng mang nhnh v loi b c cc xuyn nhiu ICI,
ISI. y, gi tr tri tr cc i l mt thng s xut hin khi tn hiu truyn trong
khng gian chu nh hng ca hin tng a ng (multipath effect), tc l tn hiu
thu c ti b thu khng ch n t ng trc tip m cn n t cc ng phn x
khc nhau, v cc tn hiu ny n b thu ti cc thi im khc nhau. Gi tr tri tr
cc i c xc nh l khong thi gian chnh lch ln nht gia thi im tn hiu
thu qua ng trc tip v thi im tn hiu thu c qua ng phn x.
Tin t lp (CP) c kh nng loi b nhiu ISI, nhiu ICI v n cho php tng
kh nng ng b (ng b k t, ng b tn s sng mang) trong h thng OFDM.
Ngoi khi nim tin t lp CP cn c khi nim hu t lp cyclic postfix. Hu t cng
tng t nh tin t, mt khong bt u ca tn hiu ly IFFT c sao chp v a ra
pha sau ca tn hiu. Thm vo hu t cng c th chng c nhiu ISI v ICI nhng
thng ch cn s dng tin t l c v n lm gim hiu sut bng thng. Nu ch s
dng tin t lp th chiu di ca n phi ln hn tri tr ln nht. Cn nu s dng c
tin t v hu t lp th tng chiu di ca chng phi ln hn tri tr ln nht ca
knh truyn.

1.4.5. c lng knh truyn
1.4.5.1. Khi nim.
c lng knh (Channel estimation) trong h thng OFDM l xc nh hm
truyn t ca cc knh con v thi gian thc hin gii iu ch bn thu khi bn
pht s dng kiu iu ch kt hp (coherent modulation). c lng knh, phng
php ph bin hin nay l dng tn hiu dn ng (PSAM-Pilot signal assisted
Modulation). Trong phng php ny, tn hiu pilot bn pht s dng l tn hiu
c bn thu bit trc v pha v bin . Ti bn thu, so snh tn hiu thu c vi
tn hiu pilot nguyn thy s cho bit nh hng ca cc knh truyn dn n tn hiu
pht. c lng knh c th c phn tch trong min thi gian v trong min tn s.
Trong min thi gian th cc p ng xung h(n) ca cc knh con c c lng.
Trong min tn s th cc p ng tn s H(k) ca cc knh con c c lng. C
hai vn chnh c quan tm khi s dng PSAM:
*Vn th nht l la chn tn hiu pilot: phi m bo yu cu chng
nhiu, hn ch tn hao v nng lng v bng thng khi s dng tn hiu ny. Vi h
thng OFDM, vic la chn tn hiu pilot c th c thc hin trn gin thi gian-
tn s, v vy OFDM cho kh nng la chn cao hn so vi h thng n sng mang.
Vic la chn tn hiu pilot nh hng rt ln n cc ch tiu h thng.
Mu tn hiu dn ng (pilot) chn vi tn hiu c ch c min tn s ln min
thi gian.
Khong cch gia hai mu lin tip phi tun theo qui lut ly mu c min
tn s ln min thi gian.
min tn s th s bin i ca knh v tuyn ph thuc vo thi gian tr
truyn dn ln nht ca knh.
max
1
f
s
D
f t
s (1.25)
D
f
l khong cch tn s gia hai mu lin tip.
max
t l thi gian tri tr ln nht.
min thi gian th s bin i ca hm truyn ph thuc vo tn s Doppler.
max
1
2 ( )
t
D S G
D
f T T
s
+
(1.26)
f
Dmax
: tn s Doppler ln nht.
T
S
: chu k c ch ca tn hiu OFDM.
T
G
: di ca khong bo v.

Mu tn hiu c ch.
Mu tn hiu dn ng.
Hnh 1.20: Tn hiu Pilot trong min thi gian v tn s

Hnh 1.21: Tn hiu pilot trong min tn s
*Vn th hai l vic thit k b c lng knh: phi gim c phc
tp ca thit b trong khi vn m bo c chnh xc yu cu. Yu cu v tc
thng tin cao (tc l thi gian x l gim) v cc ch tiu h thng l hai yu cu ngc
nhau. Chng hn, b c lng knh tuyn tnh ti u (theo nguyn l bnh phng li
nh nht-MMSE) l b lc Wiener hai chiu (2D-Wiener filter) c ch tiu k thut rt
cao nhng cng rt phc tp. V vy, khi thit k cn phi dung ha hai yu cu trn.\

1.4.5.2. c lng knh trong min tn s
Trong min tn s, c lng knh c thc hin nh sau: Mt k t OFDM
c xc nh trc v pha v bin (gi l k t hun luyn-training symbol)
c pht i. Ti b c lng knh, thu k t ny ti hai thi im lin tip nhau v
so snh vi k t ban u xc nh p ng tn s H(k) ca cc knh con. Chng
hn, ti b c lng knh, knh con th k, thu c hai k t l R
1
(k)

v R
2
(k) vi
k t hun luyn c pht l X(k), ta c biu thc :
R
1
(k) = H(k)X(k) + W
1
(k) (1.27)
R
2
(k) = H(k)X(k) + W
2
(k) (1.28)
X(k) : k t phc hun luyn pht trn knh con th k .
H(k) : p ng tn s ca knh con th k .
W
1
(k), W
2
(k) : cc mu nhiu Gaussian trng cng tc ng vo knh con th k
ti hai thi im lin tip kho st.
T (2.27) v (2.28), b c lng knh s xc nh:
) ( )) ( ) ( ( ) (
*
2 1 2
1
k X k R k R k H + =
.

) ( )) ( W ) ( ) ( ) ( W ) ( ) ( (
*
2 1 2
1
k X k k X k H k k X k H + + + =
) ( )) ( W ) ( W ( ) ( ) (
*
2 1 2
1
2
k X k k k X k H + + =
) ( )) ( W ) ( W ( ) (
*
2 1 2
1
k X k k k H + + = (1.29)
(Lu rng : bin ca cc X(k) c chn bng 1)
T cng thc (2.29), nu bit trc k t pht X(k), cc mu nhiu W
1
(k),
W
2
(k), ta c th xc nh c p ng tn s ca knh con th k.

1.4.5.3. c lng knh trong min thi gian
c lng knh thc hin trong min thi gian s gip xc nh c p ng
xung ca tng knh con. Cng tng t nh c lng knh trong min tn s, ngi
ta cng s dng cc k t hun luyn bit trc v t kt qu so snh gia cc k t
thu c ti b c lng, cc p ng xung h(n) ca nhng knh con c c
lng. Cc biu thc xc nh mi quan h gia hai k t thu c ti hai thi im
lin tip nhau v k t hun luyn pht i l :
r
1
(n) = h(n) - x(n) + w
1
(n) (1.30)
r
2
(n) = h(n) - x(n) + w
2
(n) (1.31)
Trong hai cng thc (2.30), (2.31) ta thy u xut hin tng chp trong min
thi gian. Gi L l chiu di p ng xung ln nht m c th c lng trn cc knh
con, L nh hn rt nhiu so vi chiu di N ca tn hiu vo x(n), tn hiu ra y(n). Theo
cng thc tnh tng chp v cng thc (2.23), suy ra p ng xung ca cc knh con c
dng l mt ma trn ( 1 N ), v cc mu tn hiu x(n) c t chc thnh ma trn ch
nht ( L N ) c dng nh sau :
(
(
(
(
(

+
+
=
) ( ) 2 ( ) 1 (
) 1 ( ) 3 ( ) 2 (
) 2 ( .... ) 0 ( ) 1 (
) 1 ( ... ) 1 ( ) 0 (
L N x N x N x
L N x N x N x
L N x x x
L N x N x x
X (1.32)
V dng ca ma trn h l:
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
) 1 (
) 3 (
) 2 (
) 1 (
L h
h
h
h
h

(1.33)
Cc cng thc (2.30), (2.31) c vit li:
r
1
(n) = Xh + w
1
(n) (1.34)
r
2
(n) = Xh + w
2
(n) (1.35)
T (2.34) v (2.35), b c lng s xc nh:

)) ( ) ( ( ) (
2 1
1
2
1
n r n r X n h + =

.

+ =

Xh X (
1
2
1
)) ( ) (
2 1
n w Xh n w + +
(
1
2
1
1
+ = X Xh X )) ( ) (
2 1
n w n w +
(
1
2
1

+ = X h )) ( ) (
2 1
n w n w + (1.36)
T cng thc (2.36), nu xc nh trc ma trn X v cc mu nhiu cng
w
1
(n), w
2
(n) th c th xc nh c p ng xung h(n) ca cc knh con.
Ch :
+ Nu s dng php iu ch vi sai kt hp FFT th khng cn c lng knh.
+ Ngoi cc k thut c bn cn phi c trn trong h thng OFDM th
nng cao cht lng hn na ngi ta cn thc hin ng b trong OFDM; gim
PAPR (t s cng sut nh trung bnh) ln.

1.5. u im v nhc im ca h thng OFDM
Qua bn cht ca OFDM, ta c th tm tt nhng u im v nhc im ca
OFDM nh sau:

1.5.1. u im
- OFDM tng hiu sut s dng bng cch cho php chng lp nhng sng
mang con.
- Bng cch chia knh thng tin ra thnh nhiu knh con fading phng bng hp,
cc h thng OFDM chu ng fading la chn tn s tt hn nhng h thng sng
mang n.
- OFDM loi tr nhiu symbol (ISI) v xuyn nhiu gia cc sng mang (ICI)
bng cch chn thm vo mt khong thi gian bo v trc mi symbol.
- S dng vic chn knh v m knh thch hp, h thng OFDM c th khi
phc li c cc symbol b mt do hin tng la chn tn s ca cc knh.
- K thut cn bng knh tr nn n gin hn k thut cn bng knh thch ng
c s dng trong nhng h thng n sng mang.
- S dng k thut DFT b sung vo cc chc nng iu ch v gii iu ch
lm gim chc nng phc tp ca OFDM.
- Cc phng php iu ch vi sai (differental modulation) gip trnh yu cu
vo b sung b gim st knh.
- OFDM t b nh hng vi khong thi gian ly mu (sample timing offsets)
hn so vi h thng n sng mang.
- OFDM chu ng tt nhiu xung vi v nhiu xuyn knh kt hp.
Ngoi nhng u im trn th OFDM cng c nhng hn ch.

1.5.2. Nhc im
- Symbol OFDM b nhiu bin vi mt khong ng ln. V tt c cc h
thng thng tin thc t u b gii hn cng sut, t s PARR cao l mt bt li
nghim trng ca OFDM nu dng b khuch i cng sut hot ng min bo ha
u khuch i tn hiu OFDM. Nu tn hiu OFDM t s PARR ln hn th s gy
nn nhiu xuyn iu ch. iu ny cng s tng phc tp ca cc b bin i t
analog sang digital v t digital sang analog. Vic rt ngn (clipping) tn hiu cng s
lm xut hin c mo nhiu (distortion) trong bng ln bc x ngoi bng.
- OFDM nhy vi tn s offset v s trt ca sng mang hn cc h thng n
sng mang. Vn ng b tn s trong h thng OFDM phc tp hn h thng n
sng mang. Tn s offset ca sng mang gy nhiu cho cc sng mang con trc giao
v gy nn nhiu lin knh lm gim hot ng ca cc b gii iu ch mt cch trm
trng. V vy, ng b tn s l mt trong nhng nhim v thit yu cn phi t trong
b thu OFDM .

1.6. Kt lun
Ni dung ca chng ch a ra cc khi nim c bn v mt s vn lin
quan v OFDM. Trong thc t cn phi xt nh hng ca knh truyn v tuyn ln tn
hiu trong qu trnh truyn i. K thut OFDM hn ch nhiu, tit kim bng thng
trong truyn thng di ng. Nn cng ngh ny c p dng rng ri trong cc h
thng nh Wimax, Vowifi, trong cc tiu chun IEEE. K thut ny s l c s cho cc
th h di ng th 3, th t v cc th h khc na trong tng lai.



Chng 2. Tm hiu h thng MIMO

2.1. Gii thiu
H thng MIMO l h thng s dng a anten c ni pht v ni thu. H thng
c th cung cp phn tp pht nh a anten pht, cung cp phn tp thu nh vo a
anten thu nhm tng cht lng h thng hoc thc hin Beamforming ti ni pht v
ni thu tng hiu sut s dng cng sut, trit can nhiu. Ngoi ra dung lng h
thng c th ci thin ng k nh vo li ghp knh cung cp bi k thut m ho
khng gian - thi gian V-BLAST.

Hnh 2.1: Tng quan h thng MIMO

u im ca k thut MIMO:
Tng li mng, lm tng t s tn hiu trn nhiu, t lm tng khong
cch truyn dn m khng cn tng cng sut pht.
Tng li phn tp: lm gim hin tng fading thng qua vic s dng h
thng anten phn tp, nng cao cht lng h thng.
Tng hiu qu ph: bng cch s dng ghp knh khng gian.
Tng dung lng knh m khng cn tng cng sut pht v bng thng.

Khuyt im ca h thng MIMO:
Tng phc tp trong x l tn hiu pht v thu.
Kch thc ca thit b di ng tng ln.
Nhiu ng knh: do s dng nhiu anten truyn d liu vi cng mt bng
tn.
Nhiu lin knh: do nhiu ngi dng s dng cng h thng MIMO.

2.2. S lc s phn tp
Trong cc h thng thng tin v tuyn di ng, cc k thut phn tp c s
dng rng ri gim nh hng ca Fading a ng v ci thin tin cy ca
truyn dn m khng phi tng cng sut pht hoc m rng bng thng. K thut
phn tp da trn cc m hnh m ti b thu s nhn c cc bn sao chp ca
tn hiu pht, tt c cc sng mang s c cng mt thng tin nhng s tng quan v
Fading thng k l rt nh. tng c bn ca phn tp l ch, nu hai hoc nhiu
mu c lp ca tn hiu c a ti v cc mu b nh hng ca Fading l c
lp vi nhau, c ngha l trong s chng, c nhng tn hiu b nh hng nhiu, trong
khi cc mu khc b nh hng t hn. iu c ngha l kh nng ca cc mu ng
thi chu nh hng ca Fading di mt mc cho trc l thp hn nhiu so vi kh
nng mt vi mu c lp b nm di mc .
Do vy, bng cch kt hp mt cch thch hp cc mu khc nhau s dn ti
gim nh hng ca Fading v do tng tin cy ca vic pht tn hiu. Mt s
phng php phn tp c s dng c c cht lng nh mong mun tng ng
vi phm vi phn tp c gii thiu, cc k thut phn tp c phn lp thnh phn
tp thi gian, tn s v phn tp khng gian.

2.2.1. Phn tp thi gian
Phn tp theo thi gian c th thu c qua m ha v xen knh. Sau y ta s
so snh hai trng hp: truyn k t lin tip v dng xen knh khi li knh truyn
rt nh.


Hnh 2.2: Phn tp thi gian
T hnh v ta thy rng: t m x
2
b trit tiu bi Fading nu khng dng b xen
knh, nu dng b xen knh th mi t m ch mt mt k t v ta c th phc hi li
t 3 k t t b nh hng bi Fading.
Phn tp thi gian c th t c bng cch truyn d liu ging nhau qua
nhng khe thi gian khc nhau, ti ni thu cc tn hiu Fading khng tng quan vi
nhau. Khong cch thi gian yu cu t nht bng thi gian nht qun ca knh truyn
hoc nghch o ca tc Fading.
. (2.1)
c d
f v
c
f .
1
=
M iu khin li thng c s dng trong h thng truyn thng cung
cp li m (coding gain) so vi h thng khng m ha. Trong truyn thng di
ng, m iu khin li kt hp vi xen knh t c s phn tp thi gian. Trong
trng hp ny, cc phin bn ca tn hiu pht n ni thu di dng d tha trong
min thi gian. Khong thi gian lp li cc phin bn ca tn hiu pht c quy nh
bi thi gian xen knh thu c Fading c lp ng vo b gii m. V tn thi
gian cho b xen knh dn n tr hon vic gii m, k thut ny thng hiu qu trong
mi trng Fading nhanh, thi gian nht qun ca knh truyn nh. i vi knh
truyn Fading chm nu xen knh qu nhiu th c th dn n tr hon ng k.

2.2.2. Phn tp tn s
Trong phn tp tn s, s dng cc thnh phn tn s khc nhau pht cng
mt thng tin. Cc tn s cn c phn chia m bo b nh hng ca fading mt
cch c lp. Khong cch gia cc tn s phi ln hn vi ln bng thng nht qun
m bo rng fading trn cc tn s khc nhau l khng tng quan vi nhau. Trong
truyn thng di ng, cc phin bn ca tn hiu pht thng c cung cp cho ni
thu dng d tha trong min tn s cn c gi l tri ph, v d nh tri ph trc
tip, iu ch a sng mang v nhy tn. K thut tri ph rt hiu qu khi bng thng
nht qun ca knh truyn nh. Tuy nhin, khi bng thng nht qun ca knh truyn
ln hn bng thng tri ph, tri tr a ng s nh hn chu k ca tn hiu. Trong
trng hp ny, tri ph l khng hiu qu cung cp phn tp tn s. Phn tp tn s
gy ra s tn hao hiu sut bng thng ty thuc vo s d tha thng tin trong cng
bng tn s.

2.2.3. Phn tp khng gian
Phn tp khng gian cn gi l phn tp anten. Phn tp khng gian c s
dng ph bin trong truyn thng khng dy dng sng viba. Phn tp khng gian s
dng nhiu anten hoc chui array c sp xp trong khng gian ti pha pht hoc
pha thu. Cc anten c phn chia nhng khong cch ln, sao cho tn hiu
khng tng quan vi nhau.
Yu cu v khong cch gia cc anten ty thuc vo cao ca anten, mi
trng lan truyn v tn s lm vic. Khong cch in hnh khong vi bc sng l
cc tn hiu khng tng quan vi nhau. Trong phn tp khng gian, cc phin
bn ca tn hiu pht c truyn n ni thu to nn s d tha trong min khng
gian. Khng ging nh phn tp thi gian v tn s, phn tp khng gian khng lm
gim hiu sut bng thng. c tnh ny rt quan trng trong truyn thng khng dy
tc cao trong tng lai.
Ty thuc vo vic s dng nhiu anten hoc ni pht hoc ni thu m ngi
ta chia phn tp khng gian thnh ba loi:
- phn tp anten pht (h thng MISO)
- phn tp anten thu (h thng SIMO)
- phn tp anten pht v thu (h thng MIMO).
Trong phn tp anten thu, nhiu anten c s dng ni thu nhn cc phin bn
ca tn hiu pht mt cch c lp. Cc phin bn ca tn hiu pht c kt hp mt
cch hon ho tng SNR ca tn hiu thu v lm gim bt Fading a ng.

2.3. li trong h thng MIMO
li beamforming:
Beamforming gip h thng tp trung nng lng bc x theo hng mong
mun gip tng hiu qu cng sut, gim can nhiu v trnh c can nhiu ti t cc
hng khng mong mun, t gip ci thin cht lng knh truyn v tng bao
ph ca h thng. c th thc hin Beamforming, khong cch gia cc anten
trong h thng MIMO thng nh hn bc sng (thng thng l ),
Beamforming thng c thc hin trong mi trng t tn x .Khi mi trng tn x
mnh h thng MIMO c th cung cp li ghp knh khng gian v li phn tp.
2 /
TX RX

Hnh 2.3: K thut Beamforming
li ghp knh khng gian (spatial multiplexing):
TX RX

Hnh 2.4: Ghp knh khng gian gip tng tc truyn
Tn dng cc knh truyn song song c c t a anten ti pha pht v pha
thu trong h thng MIMO, cc tn hiu s c pht c lp v ng thi ra cc anten
(hnh 2.4), nhm tng dung lng knh truyn m khng cn tng cng sut pht hay
tng bng thng h thng. Dung lng h thng s tng tuyn tnh theo s cc knh
truyn song song trong h thng. cc i li ghp knh qua cc i dung
lng knh truyn thut ton V-BLAST (Vertical- Bell Laboratories Layered Space-
Time) c p dng.
li phn tp (spatial diversity):
TX RX

Hnh 2.5: Phn tp khng gian gip ci thin SNR
Trong truyn dn v tuyn, mc tn hiu lun thay i, b Fading lin tc theo
khng gian, thi gian v tn s, khin cho tn hiu ti ni thu khng n nh, vic phn
tp cung cp cho cc b thu cc bn sao tn hiu ging nhau qua cc knh truyn
Fading khc nhau (hinh 2.5), b thu c th la chn hay kt hp hay kt hp cc bn
sao tn hiu ny gim thiu tc sai bit BER, chng Fading qua tng tin cy
ca h thng. cc i li phn tp, gim BER v chng li Fading, thut ton
STBC (Space-Time Block Code) v STTC (Space-Time Trellis Code) c p dng.
Thc t, h thng c dung lng cao, BER thp, chng c Fading, ta phi
c s tng quan gia li phn tp v li ghp knh trong vic thit k h thng.

2.4. Kt lun chng
Chng ny gii thiu qua v c tnh c bn ca h thng MIMO. H thng
tng hiu sut s dng ph tn ln gp N ln v t l li bit cho nh hng ca
fadding v iu kin knh truyn s gim i. Khi truyn qua cc knh khng tng
quan gia h thng pht v thu, tn hiu t mi ng-ten pht ti v tr thu c s khc
nhau v tham s khng gian. H thng my thu c th s dng s khc bit ny tch
cc tn hiu c cng tn s c pht ng thi t cc ng-ten khc nhau.











Chng 3. Tng quan v LTE

3.1. Gii thiu v cng ngh LTE
LTE l th h th t tng lai ca chun UMTS do 3GPP pht trin. UMTS th
h th ba da trn WCDMA c trin khai trn ton th gii. m bo tnh
cnh tranh cho h thng ny trong tng lai, thng 11/2004 3GPP bt u d n
nhm xc nh bc pht trin v lu di cho cng ngh di ng UMTS vi tn gi
Long Term Evolution (LTE). 3GPP t ra yu cu cao cho LTE, bao gm gim chi ph
cho mi bit thng tin, cung cp dch v tt hn, s dng linh hot cc bng tn hin c
v bng tn mi, n gin ha kin trc mng vi cc giao tip m v gim ng k
nng lng tiu th thit b u cui. c t k thut cho LTE ang c hon tt v
d kin sn phm LTE s ra mt th trng trong 2 nm ti. Cc mc tiu ca cng
ngh ny l:
- Tc nh tc thi vi bng thng 20 MHz:
o Ti xung: 100 Mbps; Ti ln: 50 Mbps
- Dung lng d liu truyn ti trung bnh ca mt ngi dng trn 1 MHz so
vi mng HSDPA Rel. 6:
o Ti xung: gp 3 n 4 ln; Ti ln: gp 2 n 3 ln.
- Hot ng ti u vi tc di chuyn ca thu bao l 0 15 km/h. Vn hot
ng tt vi tc t 15 120 km/h. Vn duy tr c hot ng khi thu bao
di chuyn vi tc t 120 350 km/h (thm ch 500 km/h ty bng tn)
- Cc ch tiu trn phi m bo trong bn knh vng ph sng 5km, gim cht
t trong phm vi n 30km. T 30 100 km th khng hn ch.



Hnh 3.1 - Kin trc ca mng LTE
- di bng thng linh hot: c th hot ng vi cc bng 1.25 MHz, 1.6
MHz, 2.5 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz v 20 MHz c chiu ln v xung. H tr c
2 trng hp di bng ln v bng xung bng nhau hoc khng.
t c mc tiu ny, s c rt nhiu k thut mi c p dng, trong ni
bt l k thut v tuyn OFDMA (a truy cp phn chia theo tn s trc giao), k
thut anten MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output - a nhp a xut). Ngoi ra h
thng ny s chy hon ton trn nn IP (all-IP network), v h tr c 2 ch FDD v
TDD.

3.2. Tim nng cng ngh
Yu cu c t ra l vic t tc d liu nh cho ng xung l 100
Mbit/s v ng ln l 50 Mbit/s, khi hot ng trong phn b ph 20 MHz. Khi m
phn b ph hp hn th tc d liu nh cng s t l theo. Do , iu kin t ra
l c th biu din c 5 bit/s/Hz cho ng xung v 2.5 bit/s/Hz cho ng ln.
Nh s c tho lun di y, LTE h tr c ch FDD v TDD. R rng, i vi
trng hp TDD, truyn dn ng ln v ng xung, theo nh ngha khng th
xut hin ng thi. Do m yu cu tc d liu nh cng khng th trng nhau
ng thi. Mt khc, i vi trng hp FDD, c tnh ca LTE cho php qu trnh
pht v thu ng thi t c tc d liu nh theo phn l thuyt trn.
Yu cu v tr c chia thnh: yu cu tr mt phng iu khin (the
control-plane latency requirements) v yu cu tr mt phng ngi dng (the user-
plane latency requirements). Yu cu tr control-plane xc nh tr ca vic
chuyn t cc trng thi thit b u cui khng tch cc khc nhau sang trng thi tch
cc khi thit b u cui di ng c th gi v nhn d liu. C hai cch xc nh:
cch xc nh th nht c th hin qua thi gian chuyn tip t trng thi tm tr
(camped state) chng hn nh trng thi Release 6 idle mode, khi th th tc chim
100 ms; cch xc nh th hai c th hin qua thi gian chuyn tip t trng thi ng
chng hn nh trng thi Release 6 Cell_PCH, khi th th tc chim 50 ms. Trong
c hai th tc ny, th tr ch ng v vic bo hiu non-RAN u c loi tr.
(Ch Release 6 idle l 1 trng thi m khi thit b u cui khng c nhn bit i
vi mng truy nhp v tuyn, ngha l, mng truy nhp v tuyn khng c bt c thuc
tnh no ca thit b u cui v thit b u cui cng khng c ch nh mt ti
nguyn v tuyn no. Thit b u cui c th trong ch ng v ch lng nghe h
thng mng ti nhng khong thi gian c th. Trng thi Release 6 Cell_PCH l trng
thi khi m thit b u cui khng c nhn bit i vi mng truy nhp v tuyn.
Tuy mng truy nhp v tuyn bit thit b u cui ang trong t bo no nhng thit
b u cui li khng c cp pht bt c ti nguyn v tuyn no. Thit b u cui
lc ny c th ang trong ch ng).
Yu cu tr mt phng ngi dng c th hin quan thi gian truyn
mt gi IP nh t thit b u cui ti nt bin RAN hoc ngc li c o t lp IP.
Thi gian truyn theo mt hng s khng vt qu 5 ms trong mng khng ti
(unloaded network), ngha l khng c mt thit b u cui no khc xut hin trong
t bo.

Xt v mt yu cu i vi tr mt phng iu khin, LTE c th h tr t
nht 200 thit b u cui di ng trng thi tch cc khi hot ng khong tn 5
MHz. Trong mi phn b rng hn 5 MHz, th t nht c 400 thit b u cui c h
tr. S lng thit b u cui khng tch cc trong t bo khng ni r l bao nhiu
nhng c th l cao hn mt cch ng k.

3.3. Hiu sut cng ngh
Cc mc tiu thit k cng nng h thng LTE s xc nh lu lng ngi
dng, hiu sut ph, linh ng, vng ph sng, v MBMS nng cao. Nhn chung,
cc yu cu c tnh LTE c lin quan n h thng chun s dng phin bn 6 HSPA.
i vi trm gc, gi nh c mt anten pht v hai anten thu, trong khi th thit b
u cui c ti a l mt anten pht v hai anten thu. Tuy nhin, mt iu quan trng
cn lu l nhng c tnh nng cao nh l mt phn ca vic ci tin HSPA th
khng c bao gm trong tham chiu chun. V th, mc d thit b u cui trong h
thng chun c gi nh l c hai anten thu th mt b thu RAKE n gin vn c
p dng. Tng t, ghp knh khng gian cng khng c p dng trong h thng
chun.
Yu cu lu lng ngi dng c nh r theo hai im: ti s phn b ngi
dng trung bnh v ti s phn b ngi dng phn v th 5 (khi m 95% ngi dng
c c cht lng tt hn). Mc tiu hiu sut ph cng c ch r, v trong thuc
tnh ny th hiu sut ph c nh ngha l lu lng h thng theo t bo tnh theo
bit/s/MHz/cell. Nhng mc tiu thit k ny c tng hp trong bng 3.1.

Phng php o hiu
sut
Mc tiu ng xung
so vi c bn
Mc tiu ng ln so
vi c bn
Lu lng ngi dng
trung bnh (trn 1 MHz)
3 ln 4 ln 2 ln 3 ln
Lu lng ngi dng ti 2 ln 3 ln 2 ln 3 ln
bin t bo (trn 1 MHz,
phn v th 5)
Hiu sut ph
(bit/s/Hz/cell)
3 ln 4 ln 2 ln 3 ln
Bng 3.1 - Cc yu cu v hiu sut ph v lu lng ngi dng

Yu cu v linh ng ch yu tp trung vo tc di chuyn ca cc thit b
u cui di ng. Ti tc thp, 0-15 km/h th hiu sut t c l ti a, v cho
php gim i mt t i vi tc cao hn. Ti vn tc ln n 120 km/h, LTE vn
cung cp hiu sut cao v i vi vn tc trn 120 km/h th h thng phi duy tr c
kt ni trn ton mng t bo. Tc ti a c th qun l i vi mt h thng LTE
c th c thit lp n 350 km/h (hoc thm ch n 500 km/h ty thuc vo bng
tn). Mt yu t quan trong c bit l dch v thoi c cung cp bi LTE s ngang
bng vi cht lng m WCDMA/HSPA h tr.
Yu cu v vng ph sng ch yu tp trung vo phm vi t bo (bn knh),
ngha l khong cch ti a t vng t bo (cell site) n thit b u cui di ng trong
cell. i vi phm vi t bo ln n 5 km th nhng yu cu v lu lng ngi dng,
hiu sut ph v linh ng vn c m bo trong gii hn khng b nh hng
bi nhiu. i vi nhng t bo c phm vi ln n 30 km th c mt s gim nh cho
php v lu lng ngi dng v hiu sut ph th li gim mt cch ng k hn
nhng vn c th chp nhn c. Tuy nhin, yu cu v di ng vn c p ng.
Khi m phm vi t bo ln n 100 km th khng thy c c tnh k thut v yu cu
hiu sut no c ni r trong trng hp ny.
Nhng yu cu MBMS nng cao xc nh c hai ch : broadcast (qung b)
v unicast. Nhn chung, LTE s cung cp nhng dch v tt hn so vi nhng g c th
trong phin bn 6. Yu cu i vi trng hp broadcast l hiu sut ph 1 bit/s/Hz,
tng ng vi khong 16 knh TV di ng bng cch s dng khong 300 kbit/s trong
mi phn b ph tn 5 MHz. Hn na, n c th cung cp dch v MBMS vi ch mt
dch v trn mt sng mang, cng nh l kt hp vi cc dch v non-MBMS khc. V
nh vy th ng nhin c tnh k thut ca LTE c kh nng cung cp ng thi c
dch v thoi v dch v MBMS.

3.4. Qun l ti nguyn v tuyn
Nhng yu cu v qun l ti nguyn v tuyn c chia ra nh sau: h tr
nng cao cho QoS end to end, h tr hiu qu cho truyn dn lp cao hn, v h tr
cho vic chia s ti nguyn cng nh qun l chnh sch thng qua cc cng ngh truy
nhp v tuyn khc nhau.
Vic h tr nng cao cho QoS end to end yu cu ci thin s thch ng gia
dch v, ng dng v cc iu kin v giao thc.
Vic h tr hiu qu cho truyn dn lp cao hn i hi LTE phi c kh nng
cung cp c cu h tr truyn dn hiu sut cao v hot ng ca cc giao thc
lp cao hn qua giao tip v tuyn.
Vic h tr chia s ti nguyn v qun l chnh sch thng qua cc cng ngh
truy nhp v tuyn khc nhau i hi phi xem xt n vic la chn li cc c cu
nh hng cc thit b u cui theo cc dng cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn thch hp
cng nh h tr QoS end to end trong qu trnh chuyn giao gia cc cng ngh truy
nhp v tuyn.

3.5. Kin trc mng LTE
Nhiu cc mc tiu ng rng mt kin trc phng l cn thit, kin trc phng
vi t nt tham gia s lm gim tr v ci thin hiu sut. Bt u t phin bn 7,
3GPP pht trin tng ng hm trc tip cho php mt phng ngi dng b
qua SGSN [5].

Hnh 3.2:Pht trin kin trc 3GPP hng ti kin trc phng hn
Kin trc mng LTE c thit k vi mc tiu h tr lu lng chuyn mch
gi vi tnh di ng linh hot, cht lng dch v (QoS) v tr ti thiu. Mt
phng php chuyn mch gi cho php h tr tt c cc dch v bao gm c thoi
thng qua cc kt ni gi. Kt qu l trong mt kin trc phng hn, rt n gin ch
vi 2 loi nt c th l nt B pht trin (eNB) v phn t qun l di ng/cng
(MME/GW). iu ny hon ton tri ngc vi nhiu nt mng trong kin trc mng
phn cp hin hnh ca h thng 3G. Mt thay i ln na l phn iu khin mng v
tuyn (RNC) c loi b khi ng d liu v chc nng ca n hin nay c
thnh lp eNB. Mt s ch li ca mt nt duy nht trong mng truy nhp l gim
tr v phn phi ca vic x l ti RNC vo nhiu eNB. Vic loi b RNC ra khi
mng truy nhp c th mt phn do h thng LTE khng h tr chuyn giao mm.

3.6. Kt lun chng
Ni dung chng a ra cc khi nim c bn, yu cu chung v mt s vn
lin quan n LTE. Nh nhng g cp n chng ny, c th thy r c
tim nng cng nh hiu sut ca cng ngh LTE. R rng, mong mun t ra l gim
thiu cc chi ph trong khi vn duy tr hiu sut yu cu cho tt c cc dch v. Cc vn
v ng truyn, hot ng v bo dng cng lin quan n yu t chi ph.
Chng sau s m phng v trnh by c th hn v knh iu khin vt l ng
xung ca LTE.






















Chng 4. M phng knh iu khin vt l ng xung LTE

4.1. Ti nguyn vt l ng xung
Truyn dn ng xung LTE da trn vic ghp knh phn chia tn s trc
giao (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex OFDM). Theo nh m t th ti
nguyn vt l ng xung LTE c th c xem nh mt mng li ti nguyn thi
gian-tn s (xem hnh 4.1), ni m mi phn t ti nguyn (resource element) tng
ng vi mt sng mang OFDM trong sut mt khong k t OFDM (OFDM symbol
interval) (trong trng hp truyn dn a anten, s ch c mt mng li ti nguyn
cho mt anten).



Hnh 4.1: Ti nguyn vt l ng xung LTE

i vi ng xung LTE, khong cch sng mang OFDM c chn vi f =
15 kHz. Gi thit mt thc thi u pht/u thu da trn FFT (an FFT-based
transmitter/receiver implementation), iu ny tng ng vi mt tn s ly mu f
s
=
15000 . N
FFT
, vi N
FFT
l kch thc FFT. n v thi gian T
s
c nh ngha trong
phn trc v vy c th c xem nh thi gian ly mu ca mt thc thi u
pht/u thu da trn FFT (an FFT-based transmitter/receiver implementation) vi
N
FFT
= 2048. iu quan trng cn phi hiu l mc d n v thi gian T
s
c gii
thiu trong c tnh truy nhp v tuyn LTE ch nh mt cng c xc nh nhng
khong thi gian khc nhau v n khng p t bt c mt rng buc v thc thi u
pht/u thu c th no, chng hn mt tn s ly mu xc nh. Trong thc t, mt
thc thi u pht/u thu da trn FFT vi N
FFT
= 2048 v mt tn s ly mu tng
ng f
s
= 30.72 MHz l thch hp cho nhng bng thng truyn dn LTE rng hn,
chng hn nhng bng thng khong 15MHz v cao hn. Tuy nhin, i vi nhng
bng thng truyn dn nh hn, mt kch thc FFT nh hn v mt tn s ly mu
nh hn tng ng cng c th c s dng rt tt. V d, i vi cc bng thng
truyn dn trong khong 5 MHz, mt kch thc N
FFT
= 512 v mt tn s ly mu
tng ng f
s
=7.68 MHz c th s .
Mt l lun chp nhn mt khong cch sng mang ph 15 KHz cho LTE
l n c th n gin ha vic trin khai cc thit b u cui a ch
WCDMA/HSPA/LTE. Gi s c hai kch thc FFT v mt khong cch sng mang
ph f = 15 kHz, tn s ly mu f
s
= f. N
FFT
s l mt bi s (multiple) hoc c s
(submultiple) ca tc chip WCDMA/HSPA f
cr
= 3.84 MHz. Cc thit b u cui a
ch WCDMA/HSPA/LTE (multi mode WCDMA/HSPA/LTE terminals) khi c
th c trin khai d dng vi mt mch ng h n (a single clock circuitry).
Ngoi khong cch sng mang ph 15 kHz, mt khong cch sng mang ph rt
gn f
low
=7.5 kHz cng c xc nh cho LTE. Mc tiu c th ca khong cch
sng mang ph rt gn l truyn dn multicast/broadcast da trn MBSFN m s
c tho lun su hn trong phn 4.2.6. Nhng tho lun cn li trong phn ny v
nhng chng tip theo s gi thit khong cch sng mang 15 kHz tr khi c trnh
by r rng theo cch khc.



Hnh 4.2: Cu trc min tn s ng xung LTE
Nh c minh ha trong hnh 4.2, trong min tn s, cc sng mang ph
ng xung c tp hp li vo trong nhng khi ti nguyn (resource blocks), ni
m mi khi ti nguyn bao gm 12 sng mang ph lin tip nhau tng ng vi mt
bng thng khi ti nguyn danh nh rng 180 kHz. Ngoi ra, cn c mt sng mang
ph DC khng s dng nm gia ph tn ng xung. Nguyn nhn ti sao sng
mang ph DC khng c s dng cho bt c truyn dn no l v n c th trng vi
tn s b to dao ng ni (local oscillator frequency) ti u pht trm gc hoc u
thu ca thit b u cui di ng. H qu l n c th phi chu nhiu cao khng t l
(it may be subject to unproportionally high interference), v d, do b dao ng ni b
r in.
Tng s sng mang ph trn mt sng mang ng xung, bao gm sng mang
ph DC, v vy bng N
sc
= 12. N
RB
+ 1, vi N
RB
l s lng cc khi ti nguyn. c
im k thut lp vt l LTE tht ra cho php mt sng mang ng xung c th bao
gm bt c s lng khi ti nguyn no, trong khong t 6 khi ln ti trn 100 khi
ti nguyn. iu ny tng ng vi mt bng thng truyn dn ng xung danh
nh t khong 1 MHz ln ti t nht khong 20 MHz vi mt chi tit rt nhuyn.
Nh c bn n trong chng 2, iu ny mang li mt mc rt cao v tnh
linh hot trong bng thng/ph tn ca LTE, t nht t gc c tnh lp vt l. Tuy
nhin, nh cng c cp trong chng 2, nhng yu cu v tn s v tuyn LTE, t
nht ngay t u, cng ch c xc nh cho mt nhm nhng bng thng truyn dn
gii hn, tng ng vi mt nhm gii hn cc gi tr c th i vi s lng ca cc
khi ti nguyn N
RB
.
Hnh 4.3 s phc tho chi tit hn cu trc min thi gian-tn s cho truyn dn
ng xung LTE. Mi khung ph 1ms bao gm hai khe vi kch thc bng nhau c
di T
slot
=0.5ms (15360.T
s
). Mi khe li bao gm mt s lng cc k hiu OFDM
(OFDM symbols) km theo tin t chu trnh (cyclic prefix).



Hnh 4.3: Cu trc khung ph v khe thi gian ng xung LTE. Mt khung ph bao
gm hai khe thi gian kch thc bng nhau. Mi khe bao gm su hoc by k hiu
OFDM ln lt tng ng vi trng hp tin t chu trnh bnh thng v tin t chu
trnh m rng

Nh bit, mt khong cch sng mang ph f =15 kHz tng ng vi mt
thi gian k hiu hu dng T
u
=1/ f 66.7s (2048.T
s
). Theo ton b thi gian k
hiu OFDM l tng ca thi gian k hiu hu dng v chiu di tin t chu trnh T
CP
.
Theo nh minh ha trong hnh 4.5, LTE xc nh hai chiu di tin t chu trnh, mt
tin t chu trnh bnh thng v mt tin t chu trnh m rng, tng ng vi 7 v su
k hiu OFDM trn 1 khe. Chiu di ca tin t chu trnh chnh xc, c trnh by
qua n v thi gian c bn T
s
, c a ra trong hnh 4.5. Cn phi ch rng, trong
trng hp tin t chu trnh bnh thng, chiu di tin t chu trnh cho k hiu OFDM
u tin ca mt khe th ln hn mt cht, so vi nhng k hiu OFDM cn li.
Nguyn nhn ca vic ny ch n gin l lp y ton b khe 0.5 ms khi s lng n
v thi gian T
s
trn mt khe (15360) khng chia ht cho 7.
Nguyn nhn ca vic xc nh hai chiu di tin t chu trnh cho LTE bao gm
hai phn:
1. Mt tin t chu trnh di hn, mc d l km hiu nu xt v mt chi ph,
nhng n li tr nn c li trong mt s mi trng c bit khi m tr lan
truyn l rt rng, v d trong nhng t bo kch thc rt ln. Mt iu
quan trng cn phi nh l mt tin t chu trnh di hn khng phi lc no
cng c li i vi nhng t bo ln, cho d tr lan truyn l rt rng trong
nhng trng hp nh vy. Trong nhng t bo ln, nu hiu sut ng
truyn b gii hn bi nhiu hn l bi sai lch tn hiu do phn tn thi gian
d (residual time dispersion) khng c bo v bi tin t chu trnh, mt
sc mnh b sung cho phn tn thi gian knh v tuyn, do vic s dng
mt tin t chu trnh di hn, c th s khng b p c s tn tht v mt
nng lng tn hiu thu c.
2. Nh bit, trong trng hp truyn dn multicast/broadcast da trn
MBSFN, tin t chu trnh khng ch bao ph phn chnh ca phn tn thi
gian knh tht s m cn bao ph phn chnh ca s khc nhau v thi gian
gia nhng truyn dn thu c t cc t bo lin quan trong vic truyn
MBSFN. Trong hot ng MBSFN, tin t chu trnh m rng v vy m
thng c cn n.

V vy, vic s dng ch yu tin t chu trnh m rng LTE l trong truyn dn
da trn MBSFN. Cn phi ch rng cc chiu di tin t chu trnh khc nhau c th
c s dng cho nhiu khung ph khc nhau trong cng mt khung. Theo mt v d,
truyn dn multicast/broadcast da trn MBSFN c th b hn ch trong nhng khung
ph no i vi nhng trng hp s dng tin t chu trnh m rng, cng vic n
lin kt vi mo u tin t chu trnh b sung (additional cyclic prefix overhead), s
ch c p dng vi nhng khung ph ny.
Khi xem xt v cu trc min thi gian ng xung, cc khi ti nguyn c
cp trn bao gm 12 sng mang ph trong sut mt khe thi gian 0.5 ms, nh
minh ha trong hnh 4.6. V vy mi khi ti nguyn bao gm 12.7 = 84 phn t ti
nguyn i vi trng hp tin t chu trnh bnh thng v 12.6 = 72 phn t ti
nguyn i vi trng hp tin t chu trnh m rng.



Hnh 4.4: Khi ti nguyn ng xung dnh cho tin t chu trnh bnh thng, ngha
l, c 7 k hiu OFDM trn 1 khe. Vi tin t chu trnh m rng th c 6 k hiu
OFDM trn 1 khe v nh vy, tng cng c 72 phn t ti nguyn trong mt khi ti
nguyn.



Hnh 4.5: Cu trc tn hiu tham kho ng xung LTE dnh cho tin t chu trnh
bnh thng, ngha l c 7 k hiu OFDM trn 1 khe

4.2. Cc tn hiu tham kho ng xung
thc hin gii iu ch ng xung mt cch nht qun (downlink coherent
demodulation), thit b u cui di ng cn phi nh gi knh truyn ng xung.
Nh cp , mt phng php n gin cho php nh gi knh truyn trong truyn
dn OFDM l chn thm nhng k hiu tham kho (known reference symbols) bit
vo trong mng li ti nguyn thi gian-tn s OFDM. Trong LTE, nhng k hiu
tham kho ny u c quy thnh nhng tn hiu tham kho ng xung LTE.
Theo minh ha trong hnh 4.7, cc k hiu tham kho ng xung c chn
vo bn trong nhng k hiu OFDM th nht v th ba cui cng ca mi khe v vi
mt khong cch min tn s gm 6 sng mang ph. Hn na, c mt s xen k min
tn s (a frequency domain staggering of three subcarriers) gm 3 sng mang ph gia
tn hiu tham kho u tin v tn hiu tham kho th hai. Trong mi khi ti nguyn,
bao gm 12 sng mang ph trong sut mt khe thi gian, v vy m y c 4 k hiu
tham kho. iu ny ng cho tt c cc khung ph ngoi tr nhng khung ph c
s dng cho truyn dn da trn MBSFN (xem thm phn 4.2.6).
nh gi knh truyn qua ton b mng li mng li thi gian-tn s cng
nh l lm gim tp m trong nhng nh gi knh truyn, thit b u cui di ng
phi thc hin php ni suy/ly trung bnh thng qua nhiu k hiu tham kho. V vy,
khi thc hin nh gi knh truyn cho mt khi ti nguyn no , thit b u cui di
ng c th khng ch s dng nhng k hiu tham kho trong khi ti nguyn m
cn trong nhng khi ti nguyn ln cn min tn s, cng nh l nhng k hiu
tham kho ca nhng khe thi gian hay khung ph thu c trc . Tuy nhin, phm
vi thit b u cui di ng c th thc hin php tnh trung bnh qua nhiu khi ti
nguyn trong min tn s hay thi gian da trn nhng c tnh knh truyn. Trong
trng hp chn lc tn s knh truyn cao (high channel frequency selectivity),
kh nng thc hin php bnh qun trong min tn s l gii hn. Tng t, kh nng
tnh bnh qun trong min thi gian, l kh nng s dng cc k hiu tham kho
trong nhng khe thi gian hay khung ph thu c trc , cng b gii hn trong
trng hp s bin i knh truyn din ra nhanh (fast channel variatons), v d, do
vn tc cao ca thit b u cui di ng. Cng cn phi ch rng, trong trng hp
TDD, kh nng tnh bnh qun thi gian c th b gii hn, v nhng khung ph trc
thm ch c th khng c ch nh cho truyn dn ng xung.

4.2.1. Cc chui tn hiu tham kho v vic nhn dng t bo lp vt l (Reference
signals sequences and physical layer cell identity)
Ni chung, cc gi tr phc hp (complex values) ca cc k hiu tham kho s
thay i gia cc v tr k hiu tham kho khc nhau cng nh gia nhng t bo khc
nhau. V vy, tn hiu tham kho ca mt t bo c th c xem nh l mt chui hai
chiu, trong c im k thut LTE c gi l mt chui tn hiu tham kho hai
chiu. Tng t vi m ngu nhin ha trong WCDMA/HSPA, chui tn hiu tham
kho LTE c th c xem nh mt ch th nhn dng t bo lp vt l LTE. C
510 chui tn hiu tham kho c nh ngha trong c im k thut LTE, tng ng
vi 510 nhn dng t bo khc nhau.
V mt chi tit, mi chui tn hiu tham kho c th c xem nh sn phm
ca mt chui gi ngu nhin hai chiu (a two dimensional pseudo-random sequence)
v mt chui trc giao hai chiu (a two dimensional orthogonal sequence). C tng
cng 170 chui gi ngu nhin c nh ngha trong c im k thut LTE, mi
chui tng ng vi mt trong s 170 nhm nhn dng t bo. Ngoi ra, cn c 3
chui trc giao c nh ngha, mi chui tng ng vi mt nhn dng t bo ring
bit trong mi nhm nhn dng t bo. Cc chui tn hiu tham kho v cu trc ca n
l sn phm ca mt chui gi ngu nhin v mt chui trc giao c th c s dng
nh l mt phn ca vic d tm t bo LTE (xem thm Chng 5).
Cc chui tn hiu tham kho thng c p dng thch hp vi nhng t bo
thuc cng mt eNodeB, nhng t bo ny c ch nh cng nhiu cng tt cc nhn
dng t bo lp vt l (physical layer cell identities) trong cng mt nhm nhn dng t
bo, ngha l c ch nh nhng tn hiu tham kho da trn cng mt chui gi
ngu nhin nhng khc cc chui trc giao. Bng cch lm nh vy, s can nhiu gia
nhng tn hiu tham kho ca cc t bo khc nhau ca cng mt eNodeB c th c
gim thiu.

4.2.2. Nhy tn tn hiu tham kho (Reference signal frequency hopping)
Trong cu trc tn hiu tham kho c phc ha trong hnh 4.7, cc v tr min
tn s ca cc k hiu tham kho l ging nhau gia cc khung ph lin tip. Tuy
nhin, cc v tr min tn s ca cc k hiu tham kho cng c th khc nhau gia
nhng khung ph lin tip, cn c xem nh l s nhy tn k hiu tham kho.
Trong trng hp nhy tn k hiu tham kho, nhng v tr lin quan ca cc k
hiu tham kho trong mt khung ph l ging nhau nh trong hnh 4.7. V vy, vic
nhy tn c th c m t nh vic thm mt chui cc lch tn (frequency
offsets) vo m hnh mu k hiu tham kho c bn c phc ha trong hnh 4.7, vi
lch ging nhau cho tt c cc k hiu tham kho trong mt khung ph, nhng khc
nhau gia cc khung ph lin tip. V tr k hiu tham kho p trong khung ph k v vy
c th c trnh by nh sau:
Cc k hiu tham kho u tin: p(k) = (p
0
+6.i+offset(k)) mod 6
Cc k hiu tham kho th hai: p(k) = (p
0
+6.i+3+offset(k)) mod 6

Vi i l mt s nguyn. Chui cc lch tn hay m hnh nhy tn (the
frequency hopping pattern) c mt chu k vi di l 10, ngha l m hnh nhy tn
c lp li gia cc khung lin tip. C 170 m hnh nhy tn khc nhau c nh
ngha, v mi m hnh tng ng vi mt nhm nhn din t bo.
Bng vic p dng cc m hnh nhy tn khc nhau cho nhng t bo ln cn, c
th trnh c nguy c cc k hiu tham kho ca cc t bo ln cn va chm nhau lin
tip. iu ny c c bit quan tm khi nhng k hiu tham kho c truyn i vi
mt nng lng cao hn so vi cc phn t ti nguyn cn li, v cn c gi l vic
tng cng nng lng tn hiu tham kho (reference signal energy boosting).

4.2.3. Cc tn hiu tham kho cho truyn dn a anten (Reference signals for
multi-antenna transmission)
Trong truyn dn a anten ng xung, thit b u cui di ng phi c kh
nng nh gi knh truyn ng xung tng ng vi mi anten pht. lm c
iu ny, s c mt tn hiu tham kho ng xung c pht i t mi anten. Cn
phi ch rng c tnh truy nhp v tuyn LTE thc ra l ni n cc cng anten
(antenna ports) hn l ni n anten nhn mnh rng nhng g c cp n
khng nht thit l tng ng vi mt anten vt l n (a single physical antenna).
Thc ra, mt cng anten c nh ngha bi s hin din ca mt tn hiu tham kho
chuyn bit v cng anten. Do vy, nu cc tn hiu tham kho ng nht c pht i
t nhiu anten vt l, nhng anten ny khng th c phn gii di gc mt thit
b u cui di ng v nhng anten c th cng c xem nh l mt cng anten n.
Tuy nhin, n gin ha, s c hai gii hn anten c s dng sau y:
- Trong trng hp hai anten pht (Hnh 4.8a), cc k hiu tham kho ca
anten th hai c ghp knh tn s vi cc k hiu tham kho ca anten th
nht, vi lch min tn s l 3 sng mang ph.
- Trong trng hp bn anten pht (Hnh 4.8b), cc k hiu tham kho cho
anten th ba v th t c ghp knh tn s bn trong k hiu OFDM th hai
ca mi khe thi gian. Ch rng cc k hiu tham kho cho anten ba v t ch
c truyn i trong mt k hiu OFDM ca mi khe.

Cng cn lu thm l mt phn t ti nguyn mang theo mt k hiu tham
kho cho mt anten no , v khng c tn hiu no c truyn trn nhng anten
khc. V vy, cc k hiu tham kho ca mt anten no khng b nhiu bi truyn
dn t nhng anten khc trong cng mt t bo.
R rng, trong trng hp bn anten pht, mt k hiu tham kho min thi
gian ca anten th ba v th t c gim bt so vi anten th nht v th hai. iu
ny c lm gii hn tng s tn hiu tham kho trong trng hp dng 4 anten
pht. ng thi, iu ny cng tc ng tiu cc n kh nng theo di nhng s bin
i knh truyn rt nhanh. Tuy nhin, iu ny c th c iu chnh da trn mt
trin vng l vic ghp knh khng gian 4 anten s c p dng ch yu cho
nhng trng hp vi di ng thp (low mobility). L do gi li mt k hiu
tham kho cao hn cho anten th nht v th hai trong trng hp s dng bn anten
pht l c gi thit cho rng nhng tn hiu tham kho ny s c s dng nh l
mt phn ca vic d tm t bo khi to (initial cell search) trong lc thit b u cui
di ng cha thu c y thng tin v s lng anten pht trong cng mt t bo.
V vy, vic cu hnh cc tn hiu tham kho ca anten th nht v th hai s c thc
hin cng lc m khng ph thuc vo s lng anten.

4.3. X l knh truyn ti ng xung
Nh c tho lun trong chng 3, lp vt l giao tip vi cc lp cao hn, m
c th hn l n lp MAC bng cc knh truyn ti (Transport Channels). LTE k
tha nguyn l c bn ca WCDMA/HSPA, l d liu c chuyn n lp vt l
trong dng khi truyn ti (Transport Blocks) vi mt kch thc no . Nu xt chi
tit hn v cu trc khi truyn ti, LTE la chn phng php tng t vi phng
php c la chn cho HSPA:
- Trong trng hp truyn dn anten n, ch c th c ti a mt khi truyn
ti n kch thc ng cho mi TTI.
- Trong trng hp truyn dn nhiu anten, c th ln n 2 khi truyn ti
kch thc ng cho mi TTI, mi khi truyn ti tng ng vi mt
t m (codeword) trong trng hp ghp knh khng gian ng xung.
iu ny ng rng, mc d LTE h tr ghp knh khng gian ng
xung ln ti bn anten pht, nhng s t m vn b gii hn 2. Truyn
dn a anten ng xung c cung cp chi tit hn trong phn 4.2.5.
Vi cu trc khi truyn ti ny, vic x l knh truyn ti ng xung LTE,
m c th l x l DL-SCH (qu trnh x l ca cc knh truyn ti ng xung khc
cng tng t mc d c thm vo mt s rng buc), c th c phc ha theo hnh
4.9 vi hai chui x l ring bit chnh, mi chui tng ng vi qu trnh x l ca
mt khi truyn ti n. Chui x l th 2 tng ng vi khi truyn ti th 2, do vy
ch xut hin ghp knh khng gian ng xung. Ni chung, trong trng hp ny,
hai khi truyn ti c kch thc khc nhau c kt hp nh mt phn ca vic nh
x anten (Antenna Mapping) trong phn thp hn ca hnh 4.6.

Hnh 4.6:Cu trc tn hiu tham kho trong trng hp truyn dn nhiu anten
ng xung: (a) hai anten pht v (b) bn anten pht.


Hnh 4.7: X l knh truyn ti ng xung. Phn c gch gch ch c mt
trong trng hp ghp knh khng gian ng xung, l khi hai khi truyn ti
c pht song song trong mt TTI.


Hnh 4.8:Chn CRC ng xung, tnh ton v gn mt CRC vo mi khi truyn
ti.


Hnh 4.9: Khi m ha Turbo LTE

4.3.1. Chn CRC
Trong bc u tin ca qu trnh x l knh truyn ti, mt CRC c tnh
ton v gn vo mi khi truyn ti (Hnh 4.10). CRC cho php pha thu pht hin ra
cc li cn li trong khi truyn ti c gii m. Ch th li tng ng sau c th
c s dng bi giao thc hybrid-ARQ ng xung.

4.3.2. M ha knh
Nhng bn pht hnh u tin ca chun truy cp v tuyn WCDMA (trc
HSPA) cho php c m ha xon (convolutional coding) v m ha Turbo c ng
dng cho cc knh truyn ti. Vi HSPA, m ha knh c n gin ha theo hng
l: ch c m ha Turbo c ng dng cho cc knh truyn ti lin quan n HSPA
(HS-DSCH cho ng xung v E-DCH cho ng ln). iu tng t cng ng vi
knh chia s ng xung LTE, tc l ch c m ha Turbo c th c p dng trong
trng hp truyn dn DL-SCH.
Cu trc tng th ca m ha Turbo LTE c minh ha trong hnh 4.9. M ha
Turbo s dng li hai tc WCDMA/HSPA 1/2, cc b m ha tm trng thi thnh
phn, ngha l tc m ha tng cng l R=1/3. Tuy nhin, b xen r (interleaver)
bn trong b m ha Turbo WCDMA/HSPA, i vi LTE, c thay th bi vic
xen r da trn QPP (QPP: Quadrature Permutation Polynomial - a thc hon v cu
phng). Tng phn vi b xen r WCDMA/HSPA hin ti, b xen r da trn QPP
s hn ch ti a s tranh chp (contention), ngha l vic gii m c th c song
song ha mt cch d dng m khng to ra nguy c cho vic ng khi truy cp vo
b nh ca b xen r. i vi cc tc d liu rt cao c h tr bi LTE, vic s
dng k thut xen r da trn QPP v thc cht c th lm gim c phc tp ca
b m ha/gii m Turbo.

4.3.3. Chc nng Hybrid-ARQ lp vt l
Nhim v ca H-ARQ lp vt l ng xung l trch tp hp bit chnh xc
t cc khi bit m c phn phi bi b m ha knh c pht i trong mt TTI cho
trc (Hnh 4.12). S bit ph thuc vo s lng khi ti nguyn c n nh, s
iu ch c chn, v th t ghp knh khng gian. Cng cn ch rng mt vi
phn t ti nguyn trong mt khi ti nguyn c n nh s b chim bi cc k t
tham kho nh c m t bn trn v bo hiu iu khin L1/L2 v s c tho lun
su hn trong phn 4.2.4.
Nu tng s bit m c phn phi bi b m ha knh ln hn s bit c th
c pht i, chc nng H-ARQ s trch mt tp hp con cc bit m, dn n tc
m c hiu lc R
eff
> 1/3. Cn nu nh tng s bit m nh hn s bit c pht, chc
nng H-ARQ s lp li tt c hoc mt tp hp con ca cc bit m, tc l tc m c
hiu lc R
eff
< 1/3.
i vi trng hp truyn dn li, trong a s trng hp, chc nng H-ARQ s
la chn mt tp hp m bit khc pht i, ngha l chc nng H-ARQ s cho php
d tha gia tng (Incremental Redundancy).

4.3.4. Ngu nhin ha mc bit
Ngu nhin ha ng xung LTE ng rng khi bit c phn phi bi chc
nng H-ARQ c nhn ln (php ton XOR) bi mt chui ngu nhin ha mc bit
(Hnh 4.13). Nhn chung vic ngu nhin ha d liu m ha gip m bo vic gii
m pha thu c th tn dng mt cch y li x l c cung cp bi m knh
(channel code). Khng c ngu nhin ha ng xung, b gii m knh u cui di
ng t nht l trn l thuyt c th nhm tn hiu nhiu vi tn hiu mc tiu, do
khng th trit nhiu mt cch chnh xc. Bng vic ng dng cc chui ngu nhin
ha khc nhau cho cc cell ln cn, cc tn hiu nhiu sau khi c gii xo trn s tr
nn ngu nhin ha, m bo tn dng y li x l c cung cp bi m knh.

Hnh 4.10: Chc nng H-ARQ lp vt l trch ra tp hp bit m c pht i trong
mt TTI cho

Hnh 4.11: Ngu nhin ha ng xung


Ngc li vi HSPA, khi vic ngu nhin ha ng xung c a n cc
chip phc tp sau khi dn tri ra (ngu nhin ha mc chip), LTE p dng ngu nhin
ha ng xung n cc bit m ca mi knh truyn ti (ngu nhin ha mc bit).
Vic ngu nhin ha mc chip th cn thit vi HSPA m bo li x l c
cung cp bi qu trnh dn tri c th c s dng mt cch hiu qu. Mt khc, vic
ngu nhin ha cc bit m hn l cc k t iu ch phc tp, ng rng phc tp
thc thi s tng i thp hn v khng c tc ng tiu cc n hiu sut trong trng
hp LTE.
Trong LTE, ngu nhin ha ng xung c ng dng cho tt c cc knh
truyn ti. Ngu nhin ha cng c ng dng cho bo hiu iu khin L1/L2 ng
xung (xem phn 4.2.4). i vi tt c cc knh truyn ti ng xung ngoi tr
MCH, cng nh vi bo hiu iu khin L1/L2, th chui ngu nhin s khc nhau i
vi cc cell ln cn (ngu nhin ha cell ring bit) m bo s ngu nhin ha
nhiu gia cc cell. Ngc li, trong trng hp truyn dn da trn MBSFN s dng
knh truyn ti MCH, vic ngu nhin ha nn ging nhau vi tt c cc cell chim
mt phn trong truyn dn MBSFN no (ngu nhin ha chung cell) (xem thm
phn 4.2.6).

4.3.5. iu ch d liu
iu ch d liu ng xung chuyn i mt khi bit c ngu nhin ha
thnh mt khi k t iu ch phc tp tng ng (Hnh 4.11). B s iu ch c
h tr cho ng xung LTE bao gm QPSK, 16QAM, v 64QAM, ln lt tng
ng vi 2, 4, v 6 bit trn mt k t iu ch. Tt c cc s iu ch ny c th
c dng trong trng hp truyn dn DL-SCH. i vi cc knh truyn ti khc, c
th a ra mt s gii hn no . V d, ch c iu ch QPSK c p dng trong
trng hp truyn dn BCH.

Hnh 4.11: iu ch d liu, chuyn i M bit thnh M k t iu ch phc tp.
QPSK: L=2, 16QAM: L=4, 64QAM: L=6.

4.3.6. nh x anten
nh x anten x l ng thi cc k t iu ch tng ng vi hai khi truyn
ti (trong trng hp chung), v nh x kt qu n cc anten khc nhau (Chun LTE
thng ni n cc cng anten antenna port, hn l ni n cc anten, mt cng
anten tng ng vi truyn dn ca mt tn hiu tham kho ng xung ring bit
nhng c th khng tng ng vi mt anten vt l tht). Nh c th c nhn thy
trong hnh 4.7, LTE h tr ln n bn anten pht. nh x anten c th c cu hnh
theo nhiu cch khc nhau cho ra cc s a anten khc nhau bao gm phn tp
pht, to cc bp sng (beam-forming), v ghp knh khng gian.

4.3.7. nh x khi ti nguyn
nh x khi ti nguyn nh x cc k hiu c pht i trn mi anten thnh
cc phn t ti nguyn ca tp hp cc khi ti nguyn c n nh bi MAC
scheduler cho vic pht i cc khi truyn ti (xem hnh 4.15). Nh c tho lun
trong chng 3, s la chn cc khi ti nguyn ny c th da trn nh gi cht
lng knh ca cc khi ti nguyn khc nhau nh c nhn thy bi u cui di
ng mc tiu.
Scheduling ng xung thc hin trn mt c s khung ph (1ms). Do , mt
khi ti nguyn ng xung c xc nh nh s lng sng mang ph trong sut
mt khe thi gian 0.5 ms, vic n nh khi ti nguyn ng xung lun lun c
thc hin di dng cc cp khi ti nguyn, khi mi cp bao gm hai khi ti
nguyn lin tip trong mt khung con min thi gian.
Gp li, mi khi ti nguyn bao gm 84 phn t ti nguyn (12 sng mang con
trong thi gian 7 k t OFDM) (12.6 = 72 phn t ti nguyn trong trng hp tin t
tun hon m rng). Tuy nhin, nh c cp bn trn, mt vi phn t ti
nguyn trong mt khi ti nguyn s khng c gi tr cho vic nh x knh truyn ti
khi chng c s dng bi:
- Cc k t tham kho ng xung bao gm cc phn t ti nguyn
khng c s dng tng ng vi cc k t tham kho ca cc anten khc,
nh c tho lun phn trc.
- Bo hiu iu khin L1/L2 ng xung, s c tho lun nhiu hn
trong phn tip theo.

Hnh 4.13: nh x khi ti nguyn ng xung. Trong trng hp chung, s c mt
nhm ti nguyn v mt nh x ti nguyn tng ng cho mi anten pht.
Khi trm gc c y thng tin v nhng phn t ti nguyn no c s dng
cho cc tn hiu tham kho ng xung cng nh tn hiu iu khin L/L2 v do
khng c gi tr cho nh x knh iu khin, n c th nh x thng knh truyn ti n
cc phn t ti nguyn c hiu lc cn li. Tng t, thi gian tip nhn, u cui di
ng bit phn t ti nguyn no c s dng cho tn hiu tham kho ng xung v
iu khin L1/L2 v do c th trch d liu knh truyn ti mt cch n gin t tp
hp cc phn t ti nguyn chnh xc.
Ti nguyn vt l m DL-SCH c nh x n c xem nh l knh chia s
ng xung vt l (PDSCH) trong chun LTE.

4.4. M hnh m phng


4.5. Kt qu m phng

















Chng 5. Kt lun