Thit k v s dng Graph dy hc mn Gii

phu sinh l ngi cho sinh vin s phm

trng i hc Hoa L, tnh Ninh Bnh

Hong Th Kim Thao

Trng i hc Gio dc
Lun vn Thc s ngnh: L lun v phng php dy hc; M s: 60 14 10
Ngi hng dn: PGS.TS. Mai Vn Hng
Nm bo v: 2011

Abstract: Nghin cu tng quan v l thuyt Graph, Tng quan v tnh hnh nghin
cu s dng phng php graph trong dy hc nhm pht huy tnh tch cc hc tp
ca sinh vin. Phn tch cu trc ni dung trong mn Gii phu sinh l ngi xc
nh ni dung c th vn dng l thuyt Graph. Thit k v s dng Graph trong dy
hc mn gii phu sinh l ngi. Kim tra hiu qu cc graph thit k dy hc
mn Gii phu sinh l ngi bng thc nghim s phm.

Keywords: Sinh l ngi; Gii phu; Phng php ging dy; Sinh hc

Content
M U
1. L do chn ti
1) Xut pht t tnh cp thit ca vic i mi PPDH: Hin nay, trn th gii cng
nh Vit Nam c nhng cuc ci cch gio dc ln, ton din. Trong , i mi
phng php DH ng vai tr quan trng, nhm pht huy tnh tch cc, ch ng, sng to
ca HS.
2) Xut pht t hiu qu ca vic s dng Graph trong dy hc:
Vn dng graph vo dy hc, ngi hc lnh hi kin thc nhanh chng v bn ca
kin thc cao. S dng Graph trong dy hc l cch thc t chc to ra nhng s hc tp
trong t duy ca ngi hc; thc y qu trnh t hc, t nghin cu, c bit rn luyn nng
lc h thng ha kin thc v nng lc sng to ca ngi hc.
3) Xut pht t c im mn Gii phu Sinh l ngi :
Mn Gii phu sinh l ngi l mn khoa hc chuyn ngnh nghin cu cc chc
nng v hot ng chc nng ca cc t bo, cc c quan, h cc c quan ca c th ngi
trong mi lin h gia chng vi nhau v gia chng vi mi trng sng. ng thi n cng
nghin cu s iu ha cc hot ng chc nng nhm m bo cho c th con ngi tn ti,
pht trin v thch ng c vi s bin i ca mi trng. Mn Gii phu sinh l ngi bao
hm nhiu kin thc, lin quan logic vi nhau nn vic lnh hi tri thc l iu rt kh i vi
sinh vin.
2
2. Lch s nghin cu
Vic s dng Graph c nhiu tc gi cc nc trn th gii nghin cu, c bit
l cc nh ton hc. iu ny c th hin r nht trong cc cng trnh nghin cu ca cc
nh ton th k XVIII, XIX nh: G.Tary (XIX), Euler (1726)v sau ny l cc cng trnh
ca Bacakep - P - Xaiati G, BezekCc nghin cu ny tp trung ch yu vo vic pht trin
l thuyt graph trong ton hc v nhng ng dng ca l thuyt Graph trong mt s ngnh
khoa hc nh: Vt l, Ha hc, Sinh hc, iu khin hc[
Vit Nam, vn s dng graph trong dy hc cng c nhiu tc gi quan tm.
c bit l Nguyn Ngc Quang, Nguyn Phc Chnh, Nguyn nh Bo, Nguyn Tr Trung,
Hong Vit Anh.
3. Mc tiu nghin cu
ti nghin cu nguyn tc, quy trnh xy dng, s dng Graph trong dy hc mn
Gii phu sinh l ngi.
4. i tng v khch th nghin cu
i tng nghin cu: Quy trnh thit k v s dng Graph trong dy hc mn Gii
phu sinh l ngi.
Khch th nghin cu: Qu trnh dy hc ca Ging vin, sinh vin s phm Trng
i hc Hoa L, tnh Ninh Bnh.
5. Gi thuyt nghin cu
Vn dng l thuyt graph trong dy hc mn Gii phu Sinh l ngi s gp phn tch cc
ha hot ng hc tp ca sinh vin, pht trin t duy h thng v nng cao cht lng dy hc mn
Gii phu sinh l ngi.
6. Nhim v nghin cu
Nghin cu tng quan v l thuyt Graph, Tng quan v tnh hnh nghin cu s dng
phng php graph trong dy hc nhm pht huy tnh tch cc hc tp ca sinh vin.
Phn tch cu trc ni dung trong mn Gii phu sinh l ngi xc nh ni dung
c th vn dng l thuyt Graph.
Thit k Graph ni dung.
Kim tra hiu qu cc graph thit k dy hc mn Gii phu sinh l ngi bng
thc nghim s phm.
7. Phng php nghin cu
Phng php nghin cu l thuyt, phng php iu tra s phm, phng php thc
nghim s phm v phng php thng k ton hc.
8. Nhng ng gp mi ca ti
ti ch dng li vic thit k v s dng mt s gio n c vn dng l thuyt
Graph mt s ni dung mn gii phu sinh l ngi.
ti cn xut quy trnh vn dng l thuyt Graph trong qu trnh dy hc mn
Gii phu sinh l ngi ni ring v kin thc sinh hc ni chung.
9. Cu trc ca lun vn
Phn M u
3
Phn Kt qu nghin cu
Chng I: C s l lun ca ti. .
Chng II: Thit k v s dng Graph trong dy hc mn Gii phu sinh l ngi
Chng III: Thc nghim s phm.
Phn Kt lun v khuyn ngh
Chng 1: C S L LUN V THC TIN CA TI

1.1. C s l lun ca ti:
1.1.1. Tng quan ti liu
Tnh hnh nghin cu v vic s dng Graph trn th gii
Tnh hnh nghin cu v vic s dng Graph dy hc Vit Nam
1.1.2. Khi nim v phng php dy hc
Theo GS. Nguyn Ngc Quang : Phng php dy hc l cch thc lm vic ca
thy v tr trong s phi hp thng nht v di s ch o ca thy, nhm lm cho tr t
gic, tch cc, t lc t ti mc ch dy hc.
1.1.3. Phng php dy hc bng Graph
1.1.3.1. Khi nim Graph
Theo t in Anh - Vit, graph c ngha l th - biu gm c mt ng hoc
nhiu ng biu din s bin thin ca cc i lng. Nhng t Graph trong l thuyt Graph
li bt ngun t t Graphic ngha l to ra mt hnh nh r rng, chi tit, sinh ng trong t
duy .
1.1.3.2. C s khoa hc ca vic chuyn ha Graph ton hc thnh Graph dy hc
Vic chuyn ho grap ton hc thnh grap DH da trn c s ton hc, c s trit hc,
c s tm l hc s phm v c s l lun DH.
1.1.3.3. ng dng ca Graph trong dy hc
a. Dng Graph h thng ha khi nim:
b. Dng Graph cu trc ho ni dung ti liu gio khoa
c. Dng Graph hng dn hc sinh t hc
1.1.4. Mc tiu, cu trc chng trnh v ni dung chng trnh ca Mn Gii phu sinh
l ngi
1.1.4.1. Mc tiu mn hc
* V kin thc
* V k nng
* V hnh vi thi
1.1.4.2. Cu trc v ni dung mn hc
Ni dung hc phn gm:
- Nghin cu c th con ngi mc i th v theo phng php h thng (cc b phn
trong c th c m t theo h thng cc c quan cng lm mt chc nng nht nh). Trong
4
c th ngi c cc h c quan: h c, h xng, h thn kinh v gic quan, h tiu ho, h
tun hon, h ni tit, h tit niu v h sinh dc.
- Nghin cu cc quy lut thc hin cc chc nng ca cc h c quan v c quan ca ngi
l: h c, h xng, h thn kinh v gic quan, h tiu ho, trao i cht v nng lng, thn
nhit, h tun hon, h ni tit, h tit niu v h sinh dc
1.2. C s thc tin ca ti:
1.2.1 Thc trng ca vic s dng Graph trong dy hc Gii phu sinh l ngi trng
i hc Hoa L
Chng ti tin hnh iu tra, kho st i vi 30 GV trng i hc Hoa L trn a
bn tnh Ninh Bnh.
1.2.1.1. Thc trng dy v hc mn Gii phu sinh l ngi
* V pha SV
S ng SV ch coi vic mn hc l mt nhim v (chim 55,76 %) khng hng th,
say m mn hc (chim 26,99%), ch mt s t SV yu thch mn hc ny ( chim 17,25%).
- V phng php hc tp: S SV hiu su kin thc, c phng php hc tp ch
ng sng to chim t l rt thp, phn ln vn l phng php hc th ng. Phn ln SV
cha u t thi gian v cng sc vo vic tm hiu, cng nh cha thy r tm quan trng
ca mn hc, c bit mn Gii phu sinh l ngi s c vn dng rt nhiu trong ton b
chng trnh lp 8 v lp 11 nn cng cn c bit coi trng. Kh nng vn dng kin thc
xy dng s , thit lp mi quan h gia cc thnh phn kin thc cn thp.
* V pha GV:
a s GV dy theo kinh nghim vn c ca bn thn, c gng truyn th ht cc kin
thc c trong gio trnh theo kiu thuyt trnh minh ha nn khng khi dy c tim nng
sng to, pht huy tnh tch cc nhn thc ca ngi hc.
S lng GV dy hc theo phng php tch cc cn t, mc d phn ln xc nh
c rng phng php ny thc s li cun SV, gip SV ch ng nm vng kin thc.
1.2.1.2. Nguyn nhn ca thc trng dy hc mn Gii phu sinh l ngi
* V pha GV: Do nh hng ca li dy truyn thng nn khng th mt lc m thay
i nhn thc ca GV v PPDH, PPDH ph bin hin nay vn l thuyt trnh ging gii xen
k vn p ti hin, biu din trc quan minh ha. Cng c nhng GV s dng mt s bin
php tch cc ha hot ng ca ngi hc nhng ch yu l trong cc gi thao ging. Chnh
v vy, GV t s dng cc phng php dy hc tch cc vo dy hc sinh hoc, trong c
vic s dng Graph.
* V pha SV:
a s SV cha thc vic hc mn sinh sau ny cn l ngi trc tip tham gia
ging dy, thiu s u t thi gian v cng sc vo vic hc m ch mang tnh cht i ph
vi cc gi kim tra.

CHNG 2: THIT K V S DNG GRAPH TRONG
DY HC MN GII PHU SINH L NGI
2.1. Thit k Graph trong dy hc mn Gii phu sinh l ngi
5
2.1.1. Nguyn tc xy dng Graph trong dy hc sinh hc
Nguyn tc thng nht gia mc tiu - ni dung phng php dy hc
Nguyn tc ny i hi khi thit k graph dy hc phi thng nht c ba thnh t c
bn ca qu trnh dy hc l mc tiu, ni dung, phng php dy hc. Ba thnh t c tc
ng qua li vi nhau mt cch hu c. Nu mi quan h ny c gii quyt tt th cht
lng dy hc s t kt qu cao.
Nguyn tc thng nht gia ton th v b phn
Gii quyt mi quan h gia ton th v b phn thc cht l qun trit tip cn cu
trc - h thng trong thit k Graph.
Nguyn tc thng nht gia c th v tru tng
Khi thc hin nguyn tc thng nht gia c th v tru tng trong vic thit k v
s dng graph dy hc, chng ta cn xc nh r ci c th l ci tru tng trong tng i
tng, nh hng nhn thc cho hc sinh. Thng nht c hai mt ny s hnh thnh t
duy h thng, pht trin nng lc sng to ca ngi hc.
Nguyn tc thng nht gia dy v hc
Thc hin nguyn tc thng nht gia dy v hc, gio vin khng phi s dng Graph nh
mt s minh ho cho li ging, m phi bit t chc cho hc sinh tm ti thit k Graph ph hp
vi ni dung hc tp.
Tm li, nhng nguyn tc c bn nu trn nh hng cho vic thit k Graph dy
hc. Kt qu ca vic thit k graph dy hc l lp c cc Graph ni dung v Graph hot
ng.
2.1.2. Phn loi mt s Graph trong dy hc
2.1.2.1. Phn loi theo k hiu s
2.1.2.2. Phn loi theo ni dung
2.1.2.3. Phn loi theo cc khu ca qu trnh dy hc
2.1.2.4. Phn loi theo mc tiu dy hc
2.1.2.5. Phn loi theo mc hon thin kin thc
2.1.3. Graph trong dy hc sinh hc
2.1.3.1. Graph dy hc
Phng php Graph trong dy hc l phng php t chc qu trnh dy hc to ra cc s
hc tp trong t duy ca ngi hc. Trn c s , hnh thnh mt phong cch t duy khoa
hc mang tnh h thng.
2.1.3.2. Graph ni dung
L Graph phn nh mt cch khi qut, trc quan cu trc logic pht trin bn trong
ca mt ti liu. Graph ni dung th hin ni dung c bn ca mt bi hc hay mt chng,
mt mc.
2.1.3.3. Graph hot ng
Graph hot ng c xy dng trn c s ca Graph ni dung kt hp vi cc thao tc
s phm ca GV v hot ng hc ca SV trn lp, bao gm c vic s dng phng php,
bin php v phng tin dy hc.
2.1.3.4. Mi quan h gia graph ni dung v graph hot ng
6
Gia Graph ni dung v Graph hot ng c mi lin h mt thit hai chiu. Trong khu
chun b bi hc, GV cn c vo Graph ni dung thit lp Graph hot ng. Trong khu thc
hin bi hc, GV dng graph hot ng t chc cho SV thit lp graph ni dung theo logic khoa
hc.
2.1.4. Quy trnh lp Graph ni dung
Bc 1: Xc nh cc nh ca Graph
Bc 2: Thit lp cc cung
Bc 3. B tr cc nh v cc cung ln mt mt phng
2.1.5. Thit k graph ni dung cho mt s phn kin thc mn Gii phu sinh l ngi:

2.2. S dng Graph trong dy hc mt s phn kin thc mn Gii phu sinh l ngi
2.2.1. Cc loi Graph ni dung trong dy hc Gii phu sinh l ngi
2.1.1.1. Graph ni dung ca kin thc gii phu ngi
Kin thc gii phu ngi l kin thc m t hnh dng v cu to ca cc c quan, b
phn trong c th ngi. C th dng Graph m t cu to ca cc c quan, b phn.
Nhng Graph ny thng l nhng graph c hng hoc hnh cy.
V d 1: Graph thnh phn cu to ca mu
Mu l m lin kt lng c cu to bi hai thnh phn chnh l: t bo t do
hoc cht gian bo. Cc t bo t do chim 45% th tch mu gm: Hng cu, bch cu v
tiu cu. Cht gian bo chim 55% th tch mu, chnh l huyt tng.
2.2.1.3. Graph tng hp cc loi kin thc
Trong ni dung cc bi hc ca mn Gii phu Sinh l ngi, cc thnh phn kin
thc trn thng c nghin cu trong mi quan h chung. V vy, thc t t khi xy dng
nhng graph ring cho tng phn kin thc, m cc kin thc c m hnh ho bng nhng
graph tng hp, bao gm c Graph v gii phu, graph v sinh l.
2.2.1.4. Graph ni dung bi hc gii phu sinh l ngi
Cc n v kin thc trong mi bi hc c lin quan mt thit vi nhau v mang tnh
h thng. Dng Graph cu trc ho ni dung bi hc tc l xc nh c nhng kin thc c
bn ca bi v mi lin h ca cc kin thc bng Graph, chnh l cc graph ni dung
bi hc.
2.2.2. S dng graph trong nghin cu ti liu mi
Graph l mt phng php t duy thuc nhm phng php ring rng, v vy c th
dng graph trong s phi hp cc phng php dy hc nng cao hiu qu cc phng
php dy hc truyn thng..
Tu theo mc tiu, ni dung v i tng SV m c th s dng Graph trong dy hc
sinh hc cc mc khc nhau.
GV lp Grap ni dung theo trt t logic ca bi hc
a) c im
- GV ging gii kin thc ng thi lp cc graph ni dung.
- SV nghe ging kt hp vi quan st cc mi quan h ca cc ni dung.
b) Cch thc hin
7
- GV lp graph ni dung ca mt bi hay mt t hp kin thc.
- SV nghe ging v quan st graph, qua lnh hi c tri thc.
c) V d:
V d 4: Dy ni dung Chu k hot ng ca tim( bi 3 Hot ng ca tim)
GV yu cu SV lm vic c lp xy dng Graph v chu k hot ng ca tim
thng qua vic nghin cu thng tin trong SGK kt hp vi vic tr li h thng cu hi
gi cho SV thit k graph:
Cu 1. Thi gian ca mi chu k hot ng ca tim?
0,8 s
Cu 2. K tn cc pha trong mt chu k hot ng ca tim?
Tm thu, tm trng
Cu 3. Trnh by cc hin tng din ra trong pha tim co?
Tm nh co 0,1s, tm tht co 0,3s
Cu 4. Thi gian cho pha tm trng?
0,4s
Cu 5. Nu cu to ca tim v chc nng ca cc b phn ca tim?
( Tim c 4 ngn: 2 tm tht v 2 tm nh). Tm tht tri y mu vo ng mch ch,
tm tht phi y mu vo ng mch phi, tm nh phi nhn mu t tnh mch ch, tm nh
tri nhn mu t tnh mch phi).
Cu 6. Ti sao tim c th y mu i v nhn mu v?
(Do s thay i th tch dn n thay i v p sut)
- Tm nh co: Mu t tm nh xung tm tht
- Tm tht co: Mu t tm tht vo ng mch ( ng mch phi, ng mch ch)
- Tim dn: Mu i t tnh mch tr v tm nh.
GV yu cu SV da vo Graph tnh s nhp p ca tim ngi trong mt pht
(60s).
Cn c vo Graph, SV c th d dng tnh c s nhp tim ngi l 60/0,8 = 75
nhp/pht v mt chu k hot ng ca tim ko di 0,8s.

2.2.3. S dng Graph trong khu cng c, hon thin kin thc:
V d 5: Cng c chng 3 H tun hon
GV a ra mt s Graph khuyt mt s nh v yu cu SV in thng tin vo cc
nh khuyt ca Graph .
gip SV lm bi tp ny, GV t chc cho SV tho lun nhm v tr li cc cu hi
di y:
- H tun hon gm nhng thnh phn cu to no?
- Mu vn chuyn trong h tun hon theo nhng con ng no?
Thng qua cch t chc dy hc ny, SV khng ch khc su kin thc v h tun
hon m cn m t c chi tit cu to ca cc thnh phn ca h tun hon. Ngoi ra vic t
chc dy hc trn cn l c s cho SV vn dng Graph vo trong dy hc sinh hc bc THPT.

8

Cu to v hot ng ca h tun hon ( s hnh 2.4)
2.3. Mt s lu khi dy hc GP-SLN bng grap
2.3.1. Trnh tnh hnh thc trong vic lp v s dng grap
Mc th nht: SV ch ghi nh kin thc mt cch my mc, ch thy quan h bn
ngoi, khng hiu bn cht ca kin thc.
Mc th hai: SV khng thy c mi quan h gia cc thnh phn kin thc,
khng thit lp c mi lin h gia cc kin thc bit vi kin thc mi cn tip thu, SV
khng bit s dng nhng kin thc c nh l nhng thng tin t liu minh ho lm c s
tip nhn kin thc mi. Hoc sau khi hc xong cc chng, cc phn, SV khng thy t nh
h thng ca kin thc.
Mc th ba: SV khng thy c ngun gc ca kin thc khoa hc, khng thy
c ngha ca kin thc c vn dng vo thc tin.
Cn tng cng cc cu hi, tho lun nhm khc phc tnh hnh thc trong dy hc GP-
SLN bng grap.
2.3.2. Trnh lm dng grap
Gii phu sinh l ngi l mn hc mang tnh trc quan c th. V vy nhng phng tin
trc quan nh: tranh, m hnh, mu vt, th nghim, vn l nhng ngun chnh mang tri
thc n cho SV. Gii phu sinh l ngi l mn hc mang tnh trc quan c th.

CHNG 3
THC NGHIM S PHM
3.1. Mc ch v nhim v thc nghim s phm
3.1.1. Mc ch thc nghim s phm
Trin khai trong thc tin kim chng gi thuyt khoa hc ca ti nu ra: Vn
dng l thuyt graph trong dy hc mn Gii phu Sinh l ngi s gp phn tch cc ha
hot ng hc tp ca sinh vin, pht trin t duy h thng v nng cao cht lng dy hc
mn Gii phu sinh l ngi.
3.1.2. Nhim v thc nghim s phm
Thng qua phng php chn cc lp TN c trnh tng ng tin hnh dy TN c
C; p dng cch nh gi kt qu nh nhau v kt qu hc tp ca HS cc lp TN v cc lp
C; thu thp s liu ri dng thng k x l cc s liu rt ra kt lun v hiu qu ca vic thit
k v s dng Graph trong dy hc mn Gii phu sinh l ngi cho sinh vin s phm.
3.2. Ni dung v phng php thc nghim
3.2.1. Ni dung thc nghim
Chng ti tin hnh thc nghim vi 3 bi trong
Chng II, Chng III v chng IV ( Gio trnh Gii phu Sinh l ngi- NXB S
phm), bao gm cc bi trong bng 3.1.
Bng 3.1. Cc bi dy thc nghim
Chng Bi Tn bi
II
Mu v bch huyt
2

Bi 2. Cc thnh phn c bn ca mu
9
III
H tun hon
1 Bi 1. Cu to ca tim v h thng mch mu
IV
H h hp
1 Bi 1. Cu to ca h h hp ( Chng 4)

Tt c cc bi c dy trong hc k II ca nm hc 2010-2011
3.2.2. Phng php thc nghim
Thc nghim c tin hnh vo hc k II nm hc 2010 2011 ti trng i hc Hoa
L, tnh Ninh Bnh. Thc nhim vi 1 lp C lp 2 ha sinh A (gm 45 HS) v 1 lp TN
2 ha sinh B (gm 46 HS). Thng tin thu c t TN gip chng ti rt kinh nghim v ni
dung v phng php dy TN, t rt ra c nhng kt lun s b v vic s dng phng
php Graph trong dy hc mn Gii phu sinh l ngi.
3.3. X l s liu
3.3.1. Phn tch kt qu nh tnh
3.3.1.1. Phn tch cc hot ng v thi ca SV trong qu trnh dy hc
lp TN, SV ch vo bi ging, tch cc pht biu kin, hng hi, hot ng
nhm si ni hn so vi lp C, C mt vi SV t cu hi vi GV
3.3.1.2. Phn tch cht lng bi kim tra ca hc sinh
HS lp TN nu c y du hiu ca KN hn v vn dng KN tt hn so vi
HS lp C. Nhiu du hiu kh a s SV lp C khng nu c. Bn cnh , SV lp TN
cng lu gi kin thc tt hn, th hin t l SV t im kh v gii gi mc n nh,
cn lp C, hu ht SV trnh by khng y cc du hiu chung v bn cht ca KN, t
l SV b im km tng ln.
3.3.2. Phn tch nh lng
3.3.2.1. Kt qu trong thc nghim
Kt qu 2 bi kim tra 10 pht trong TN c thng k bng 3.2.

Bng 3.2. Tn sut im kim cc bi kim tra trong TN
Phng
n
xi
n
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 S
2

C 92
0 4.35 5.43 7.61 16.30 16.30 21.74 15.22 10.87 2.17 2.04
TN 90
0 0 0.00 2.22 15.56 17.78 27.78 22.22 10.00 4.44 3.76

S liu trong bng 3.2 cho thy gi tr trung bnh im trc nghim ca lp TN cao hn so
vi lp C. Phng sai lp TN nh hn lp C. Nh vy im kim tra lp thc nghim tp
trung hn so vi cc lp C.
Hnh 3.1. Biu tn sut im cc bi kim tra trong TN
10
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
x(i)
f
(
i
)
C
TN

Trn hnh 3.1, nhn thy gi tr mod im kim tra ca cc lp C l 7, cn ca lp TN l
7. T gi tr mod tr xung, tn sut im ca cc lp C cao hn so vi cc lp TN. Ngc
li, t gi tr mod tr ln, tn sut im ca cc lp TN cao hn tn sut im ca cc lp C.
iu ny cho php d on kt qu cc bi kim tra lp TN cao hn so vi kt qu lp
C.
Bng 3.3. Tn sut hi t tin im cc bi kim tra trong TN
Phng
n
xi
n
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
C 294
100 95.65 90.22 82.61 66.30 50.00 28.26 13.04 2.17
TN 297
100 100.00 100.00 97.78 82.22 64.44 36.67 14.44 4.44

S liu bng 3.3 cho bit t l phn trm cc bi t t gi tr t x
i
tr ln. V d, tn sut t
im 7 tr ln cc lp C l 50.00%, cn cc lp TN l 64.44%. Nh vy, s im t 7 tr
ln cc lp TN nhiu hn so vi lp C.
T liu bng 3.3, v th tn sut hi t tin ca im cc bi kim tra trong TN.
Hnh 3.2. th tn sut hi t tin im cc bi kim tra trong TN
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
x(i)
f
(
i
)
C
TN

Bng 3.4. Kim nh X im kim tra trong TN
Kim nh X hai mu
(z-Test: Two Sample for Means)
11
TN C
Mean ( X
TN
v X
C
) 7 6.28
Known Variance (Phng sai) 2.04 3.76
Observations (S quan st) 90 92
Hypothesized Mean Difference (H
0
) 0
Z (Tr s z = U) 2.84
P(Z<=z) one-tail (Xc sut mt chiu ca z) 0.002213132
z Critical one-tail (Tr s z tiu chun theo XS 0.05 tnh ton) 1.64
P(Z<=z) two-tail ( Xc sut 2 chiu ca tr s z tnh ton) 0.004426264
Z Critical two-tail (Tr s z tiu chun SX 0.05 hai chiu) 1.95
H
0
b bc b v tri tuyt i ca z (U) > 1.96

S liu phn tch bng 3.4 cho thy X
TN
> X
C
( X
TN
= 7; X
C
= 6.28). Tr s tuyt
i ca U = 2.84, gi thuyt H
0
b bc b v gi tr tuyt i ca tr s U > 1.96 (tr s z tiu
chun), vi xc sut (P) l 1.64 > 0.05. Nh vy, s khc bit ca X
TN
v X
C
c ngha thng
k vi tin cy 95%.
Kt qu phn tch phng sai th hin trong bng 3.5.
Bng 3.5. Phn tch phng sai im kim tra trong TN
Phn tch phng sai mt nhn t (Anova: Single Factor)
Tng hp (SUMMARY)
Nhm
(Groups)
S
lng
(Count)
Tng
(Sum)
Trung bnh
(Average)
Phng sai
(Variance)
TN 90 630 7 2.04
C 92 578 6.28 3.76
Phn tch phng sai (ANOVA)
Ngun bin
ng
(Source of
Variation)
Tng
bin
ng
(SS)
Bc t
do
(df)
Phng sai
(MS)
F
A
=S
a
2
/S
2
N


Xc sut
(P-value)
F-crit

Gia cc nhm
(Between Groups)
23.41 1 23.41 8.03 0.00 3.89
Trong nhm
(Within
Groups)
524.65 180 2.91

Trong bng 3.5 phn tng hp (summary) cho thy s bi kim tra (count), tr s trung
bnh (Average), phng sai (Variance). Bng phn tch phng sai (Anova) cho bit tr s
F
A
= 8.03 > F-crit (tiu chun) = 3.86 nn gi thuyt H
A
b bc b, tc l 2 phng php dy
hc khc nhau nh hng ti cht lng dy hc.
T nhng kt qu phn tch trong TN cho thy kh nng hiu bi ca HS khi dy hc theo
phng php graph (lp TN) tt hn khi dy hc ch theo trnh t Gio trnh (lp C).
12
3.3.2.2. Phn tch kt qu sau thc nghim
Bng 3.6. Tn sut im cc bi kim tra sau TN
Phng n xi
n 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

S
2

C 46 0 0.00 4.35 13.04 23.91 21.74 17.39 13.04 6.52 0.00 46
TN 45 0 0 0.00 4.44 13.33 24.44 24.44 20.00 8.89 4.44 45

T bng 3.6, ta lp c biu tn sut im s ca cc bi kim tra sau TN.
Hnh 3.3. Biu tn sut im cc bi kim tra sau TN
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
x(i)
f
(
i
)
C
TN

Bng 3.7. Tn sut hi t tin im cc bi kim tra sau TN
Phng
n
xi
n 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
C 46 100 100.00 95.65 82.61 58.70 36.96 19.57 6.52 0.00
TN 45 100 100.00 100.00 95.56 82.22 57.78 33.33 13.33 4.44

T liu bng 3.7, v th tn sut hi t tin ca im cc bi kim tra sau TN hnh 3.5.
X
13
Hnh 3.4. th tn sut hi t tin im cc bi kim tra sau TN
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
x(i)
f
(
i
)
C
TN

Bng 3.8. Kim nh X im kim tra sau TN
Kim nh X hai mu
(z-Test: Two Sample for Means)
C TN
Mean ( X
TN
v X C ) 6 6.87
Known Variance (Phng sai) 2.48 2.16
Observations (S quan st) 46 45.00
Hypothesized Mean Difference (H
0
) 0.00
Z (Tr s z = U) 2.71
P(Z<=z) one-tail (Xc sut mt chiu ca z) 0.00
Z Critical one-tail (Tr s z tiu chun theo XS 0.05 tnh ton) 1.64
P(Z<=z) two-tail ( Xc sut 2 chiu ca tr s z tnh ton) 0.01
Z Critical two-tail (Tr s z tiu chun SX 0.05 hai chiu) 1.96
H
0
b bc b v tr tuyt i ca z (U) > 1.96 6.87

14
Bng 3.9. Phn tch phng sai im kim tra sau TN
Phn tch phng sai mt nhn t (Anova: Single Factor)
Tng hp (SUMMARY)
Nhm
(Groups)
S lng
(Count)
Tng
(Sum)
Trung bnh
(Average)
Phng sai
(Variance)
TN 45 309 6.87 2.16
C
46 276 6.00 2.49


Phn tch phng sai (ANOVA)
Ngun bin ng
(Source of Variation)
Tng bin
ng
(SS)
Bc t
do
(df)
Phng sai
(MS)
F
A
=S
a
2
/S
2
N


Xc sut
(P-value)
F-crit

Gia cc nhm
(Between Groups)
17.09 1.00 17.09 7.34 0.01 3.95
Trong nhm
(Within Groups)
207.20 89.00 2.33

Bng phn tch phng sai (Anova) cho bit tr s F
A
= 7.34 > F- crit = 3.89 nn gi thuyt
H
A
b bc b, tc l 2 phng php dy hc khc nhau nh hng ti cht lng dy hc.
Khi phn tch kt qu bi lm ca SV chng ti nhn thy rng vi cc cu hi t lun,
HS lp TN t kt qu cao hn lp C.

KT LUN V KHUYN NGH
1. Kt lun
i chiu vi cc nhim v t ra trong ti. Chng ti thu c cc kt qu sau:
1. H thng ha c c s l lun v thc tin ca phng php graph trong dy hc,
lm t liu cho ging vin trong vic nghin cu t chc hot ng hc tp tch cc, t lc
ca sinh vin thng qua phng php graph kin thc.
2. Kt qu kho st thc trng vic dy mn Gii phu sinh l ngi trng i hc
Hoa L cho thy, phn ln GV cha cp nhp nhng kin thc c bn v l thuyt graph, vic
s dng graph trong dy hc Sinh hc cng cn nhiu bt cp (t vic xc nh mc ch s
dng graph n vic thit k v t chc dy hc bng graph). C th, T l GV cha hiu r
v l thuyt Graph chim 60%, t l GV hiu c Graph ch chim 16,67%.. T l GV
thng xuyn s dng Graph chim: 6,67%; GV khng thng xuyn: 30%, GV khng vn
dng l thuyt Graph chim: 63,33%.
3. xut cc phng php xy dng graph ni dung v mc s dng phng php
graph t chc cho SV hc tp trn lp. Ty theo mc tiu, ni dung v i tng ngi
hc, GV c th s dng Graph dy hc vi cc mc khc nhau.
4. Phn tch c ni dung kin thc mn Gii phu sinh l ngi s dng graph vo
dy hc mt s ni dung kin thc gii phu sinh l ngi. bao gm kin thc v: Cc thnh
phn c bn ca mu, cu to ca tim v h thng mch mu, cu to ca h h hp
5. Xy dng c quy trnh s dng graph vo dy kin thc gii phu sinh l ngi.
ng thi xc nh c vic xy dng graph cn phi da trn mi quan h logic gia cc
thnh t ca mt h thng, phi m bo tnh chnh xc, khoa hc, tnh thm m v tin ch.
Tuy nhin, cn trnh lm dng graph, v khng phi n v kin thc no cng c th s
ha ni dung kin thc mt cch hiu qu.
6. Kt qu thc nghim s phm chng t hiu qu ca vic s dng phng php
graph vo dy hc mn Gii phu sinh l ngi c nhng u im sau:
15
- Ni dung kin thc c m hnh ha bng ngn ng trc quan, y l im ta cho s
ghi nh v ti hin kin thc ca sinh vin.
- Rn luyn cho SV cch t hc, nng lc t duy khi qut ha, quan im nhn nhn cc
s vt hin tng trong thc t, kh nng vn dng kin thc linh hot trong cuc sng.
2. Khuyn ngh
Tip tc nghin cu v hon thin quy trnh s dng graph trong dy hc cc chng
ca mn Gii phu sinh l ngi.
Tng cng thit k, s dng dng graph trong dy hc vi s h tr ca cng ngh
thng tin.
Cn bi dng cho GV l lun v phng php graph nng cao hiu qu dy hc.

References
A. Ti liu ting Vit
1. Hong Vit Anh, Vn dng phng php s - graph vo dy hc a l cc lp 6
v 8 trng ph thng c s, Lun n Ph tin s khoa hc s phm - tm l, H Ni,
1983.
2. inh Quang Bo - Nguyn c Thnh, L lun dy hc sinh hc - phn i cng,
NXB Gio dc, 2003.
3. Ban chp hnh Trung ng ng cng sn Vit Nam, Ngh quyt Trung ng 2
kha VIII, ngy 24/12/1996.
4. Th Chu (2007), S ha ti liu dy hc nh l mt cng c ch yu trong
dy hc bng my Overhead nng cao cht lng o to i hc, Tp ch Gio
dc.
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2005.
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hc c s bng p dng phng php Graph, Lun n tin s gio dc hc, H Ni,
2005.
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11. Trnh Hu Hng, Cng Hunh (2001), Sinh l hc ngi v ng vt, NXB
Khoa hc v k thut.
16
12. Nguyn Nh Hin, Trnh Xun Hu (2004), T bo hc, NXB i hc Quc Gia
H Ni.
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15. Mai Vn Hng, Bi ging Vn dng l thuyt Graph trong dy hc Gii phu sinh l
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thc sinh l hc ng vt chng trnh Sinh hc 11 trung hc ph thng ( ban nng
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hnh ni b, khoa s phm - i hc Quc Gia H Ni.
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ch nghin cu Gio dc, s 4.
22. Nguyn Quang Mai (Ch bin)(2004), Sinh l hc ng vt v ngi, NXB Khoa
hc v k thut.
23. Phm Th My (2000), ng dng l thuyt Graph xy dng v s dng s t
chc hot ng nhn thc ca hc sinh trong dy hc sinh hc trng THPT, Lun
vn thc s s phm sinh hc, H Ni.
24. Nguyn Ngc Quang (1991), Phng php grap v l lun v bi ton ha hc, Tp
ch nghin cu gio dc, s 2, tr 22.
25. Phm Minh Tm (1998), Dng s nng cao cht lng son bi ln lp a
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ch nghin cu l lun
27. Phm T (2003), Dy hc bng phng php Graph gp phn nng cao cht lng
gi ging, Tp ch Gio dc thi i
17
28. H Th Thu Trang (2009), S dng Graph nhm nng cao cht lng dy hc Sinh
hc 11, lun vn thc s s phm sinh hc, H Ni.
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B. Ti liu ting Anh:
31. David, R.S (1992), Developmental Psychology Childhood and Adolescence (Second
Edition), N.Y.
32. Gross, JL,Yellen,J (2001), Topological Graph Theory, NewYork, USA,
http://graphtheory.com.