CARPETA: LOS CAMINOS DE LA DEMOCRACIA

PARTICIPATIVA Y DE LA PRODUCCIN NO
CAPITALISTA.
DEMOCRATIZAR LA DEMOCRACIA .
1
(Una introdui!n"
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$oa%&ntura d& Sou'a Santo'. Soi!(o)o. Portu)a(
Lo' art*u(o' d& &'ta ar+&ta &'t,n &(&)ido' d& &ntr& 'i&t& (i-ro' .u& 'on &(
r&'u(tado +rini+a( d& un +ro/&to d& in%&'ti)ai!n titu(ado 0R&in%&ntar (a
E1ani+ai!n Soia(: Para Nu&%o' Mani2i&'to'3. R&a(i4ado &n '&i' +a*'&'
(Sud,2ria5 $ra'i(5 Co(o1-ia5 India5 Mo4a1-i.u& / Portu)a("5 &'t& +ro/&to
+r&t&ndi! ana(i4ar iniiati%a'5 or)ani4aion&' / 1o%i1i&nto' +ro)r&'i'ta'
&n ino do1inio' 'oia(&': d&1oraia +artii+ati%a6 'i't&1a' a(t&rnati%o'
d& +rodui!n6 1u(tiu(tura(i'1o &1ani+atorio5 7u'tiia / iudadan*a
u(tura(&'6 -iodi%&r'idad / onoi1i&nto' anta)oni'ta'6 nu&%o
int&rnaiona(i'1o o+&rario. Ma' .u& &'tudio' d& i&nt*2io' 'oia(&' /
i&nt*2io' 'oioati%i'ta'5 '& r&o)i&ron &ntr&%i'ta' on (*d&r&' / ati%i'ta'
d& 1o%i1i&nto' 'oia(&'5 un 'u-+ro/&to a( .u& (& 2u& dado &( no1-r&
o18n d& Voces del Mundo.
9. INTRODUCCIN: LA RENOVACIN DE LAS CIENCIAS
SOCIALES
La i&nia .u& %i%i1o' &' un onoi1i&nto arro)ant& .u& '!(o r&ono&
onoi1i&nto' a(t&rnati%o' &n (a 1&dida &n .u& +u&d& ana(i4ar(o'6 &' una
ati%idad or+orati%a1&nt& aut!no1a .u& 'a-& u'ar 'u autono1*a5 tanto
+ara d&'%inu(ar'& d& (a' (u:a' 'oia(&' / d&( &7&riio d& (a iudadan*a5
o1o +ara &ntrar &n ontrato' 'uu(&nto' d& on'u(toria 1&r&naria. En
'u1a5 (a' i&nia' 'oia(&' &n .u& 1u:o' d& no'otro' no' +r&+ara1o'
2or1an +art& 1,' d&( +ro-(&1a on &( .u& no' &n2r&nta1o' .u& d& (a
'o(ui!n .u& -u'a1o'.
E( o-7&ti%o &+i't&1o(!)io d& &'t& +ro/&to &'5 +u&'5 &( d& on)r&)ar un
n81&ro 'i)ni2iati%o d& 1a'a r*tia d& in%&'ti)ador&' 1a/oritaria1&nt& d&
(a '&1i+&ri2&ria /5 'o-r& todo5 .u& &'a on't&(ai!n d& onoi1i&nto' +a'&
a( '&r%iio d& (a (u:a ontra (a' di2&r&nt&' 2or1a' d& o+r&'i!n / d&
di'ri1inai!n5 &n 'u1a5 a( '&r%iio d& (a' tar&a' d& &1ani+ai!n 'oia(.
Con'i&nt&' d& .u& &' un +ro/&to +ion&ro /5 +or (o tanto5 &' 1,' 2,i( .u&
&'t; 'u7&to a( 2raa'o5 to1a1o' a()una' +r&auion&' .u&5 %i'ta' d&'d& (a
1
E't& t&<to &' +art& d& (a introdui!n a( (i-ro d& &'t& 1i'1o autor: D&1orati4ar a d&1oraia. O'
a1in:o' da d&1oraia +artii+ati%a. Edi=o&' A2ronta1&nto. Porto #99>.
#
E't& t&<to :a 'ido traduido +or $&)o?a Lour&n=o / @a%i&r Enina.
+&r'+&ti%a d& (a i&nia :&)&1!nia5 'on %io(aion&' irresponsables d& (o'
,non&' 1&todo(!)io'.
En +ri1&r (u)ar5 &'t& +ro/&to no ti&n& un uadro t&!rio &'truturado. En
%&4 d& &'to5 ti&n& a+&na' un on7unto d& a1+(ia' ori&ntaion&' .u&
on'titu/&n un :ori4ont& d&ntro d&( ua( +u&d&n o&<i'tir %ario' uadro'
t&!rio'. En '&)undo (u)ar5 &'t& +ro/&to no &'ta-(&& nin)una
1&todo(o)*a6 '& a-r& a (a' di2&r&nt&' 1&todo(o)*a' +or (a' .u& o+tan (o'
in%&'ti)ador&'. En t&r&r (u)ar5 no di'+on& d& un on7unto d& :i+!t&'i' d&
tra-a7o / 1u:o 1&no' d& t;r1ino' d& r&2&r&nia. La t&or*a d& &'t&
+ro/&to ti&n&5 +u&'5 .u& '&r on'truida o(&ti%a1&nt&5 d& a-a7o +ara
arri-a. Lo' on&+to' -,'io' ti&n&n .u& '&r tra-a7ado' &n on7unto.
E'ta' %io(aion&' d&( anon 1&todo(!)io no '& o1&t&n i1+un&1&nt&.
Con((&%an &( ri&')o d&( ao' d& (a ao2on*a. Sin &1-ar)o5 +i&n'o .u& &n
&'t& 1o1&nto orr&r &'t& ri&')o &' (a 8nia a(t&rnati%a a (a +ro(&tari4ai!n o
a (a 1&r&nari4ai!n i&nt*2ia.
Por 8(ti1o5 &'t& +ro/&to ti&n& una ar)a 1,' ontra (a ortodo<ia
&+i't&1o(!)ia a( a'u1ir &<+(*ita1&nt& (a +(ura(idad d& (o' onoi1i&nto'
anta)oni'ta' / a(t&rnati%o'5 / a( +rourar dar(&' %o4. En otra' +a(a-ra'5 (a
i&nia &' +ara no'otro' un &7&riio d& iudadan*a / d& 'o(idaridad5
+ro1o%i&ndo a'* (a r&in%&ni!n d& (a &1ani+ai!n 'oia(6 'i&ndo &'t&
o-7&ti%o :&t&rodo<o / +oo i&nt*2io a (a (u4 d&( anon :&)&1!nio.
I. LA REINVENCIN DE LA EMANCIPACIN SOCIAL
E't& o-7&ti%o +r&'&nta tr&' di2iu(tad&' +rini+a(&' .u& r&'u(tan '&r ta1-i;n
d&'a2*o'. La +ri1&ra di2iu(tad ti&n& .u& %&r on (a +ro+ia noi!n d&
)(o-a(i4ai!n ontraA:&)&1!nia. BCu; &' (o .u& :a& .u& un on7unto d&
iniiati%a' o 1o%i1i&nto' '&an on'id&rado' una 2or1a d& )(o-a(i4ai!nD
Mu:a' d& (a' iniiati%a' / 1o%i1i&nto' .u& 'on ana(i4ado' &n &'t&
+ro/&to 'on (oa(&'5 ourr&n &n &'+aio'Ati&1+o' 1u/ irun'rito'. E'
i&rto .u& &n 1u:a' d& &((a' &' +o'i-(& di'tin)uir artiu(aion&' / a(ian4a'
on otra' iniiati%a' u or)ani4aion&' &<tran7&ra' o tran'naiona(&'5
+ar&i&ndo &nton&' (&)*ti1o :a-(ar d& )(o-a(i4ai!n. Sin &1-ar)o5 :&1o'
d& on'id&rar .u& iniiati%a' di2&r&nt&' aun.u& on a()una' '&1&7an4a'5
+or &7&1+(o &n &( ,r&a d& (a d&1oraia +artii+ati%a5 ourr&n a( 1i'1o
ti&1+o &n di2&r&nt&' +art&' d&( 1undo5 +&ro 'in .u& '& ono4an una' a
otra' o 'in .u& :a/a ontato' &ntr& &((a'. BE' 'u2ii&nt& .u& ourran &'to'
:&:o' d& 2or1a 'i1u(t,n&a +ara +od&r :a-(ar d& una )(o-a(i4ai!n d& (a'
1i'1a'D.
La on&+i!n do1inant& d& (a )(o-a(i4ai!n ontraA:&)&1!nia ti&nd& a
(i1itar'& a (o' 1o%i1i&nto' / or)ani4aion&' no )u-&rna1&nta(&'
tran'naiona(&' / a 'u' dra1,tia' a+ariion&' &n S&att(&5 Montr&a(5
Ea':in)ton5 Fin&-ra5 Da%o'5 Pra)a / Porto A(&)r&. No :a/ duda d& .u&
&'t& 1o%i1i&nto d&1or,tio tran'naiona( d& ati%i'1o 'in 2ront&ra' &'
una 2or1a d& )(o-a(i4ai!n ontraA:&)&1!nia. P&ro no d&-&1o' o(%idar
.u& &'& 1o%i1i&nto '& a'i&nta &n iniiati%a' (oa(&' d&'tinada' a +ro1o%&r
(u:a' (oa(&'5 a'* o1o a r&'i'tir a +od&r&' tran'(oa(&'5 naiona(&' o
)(o-a(&'. Por otro (ado5 &ntrar d&1a'iado &( an,(i'i' &n aion&'
dra1,tia' d& ,1-ito )(o-a(5 &' d&ir5 aion&' .u& 'u&(&n ourrir &n (a'
iudad&' d& (o' +a*'&' &ntra(&' .u& 'u'itan (a at&ni!n d& (o' 1&dio' d&
o1uniai!n )(o-a(&'5 +u&d& :a&rno' o(%idar .u& (a r&'i't&nia a (a
o+r&'i!n &' una tar&a otidiana +rota)oni4ada +or )&nt& an!ni1a 2u&ra d&
(a at&ni!n 1&di,tia / .u& 'in &'a r&'i't&nia5 &( 1o%i1i&nto d&1or,tio
tran'naiona( no &' auto'u't&nta-(&. BS&r, .u& &ntra1o' &n una ;+oa &n (a
.u& (a di'tini!n (oa(G)(o-a( d&7a d& t&n&r '&ntidoD BS&r, .u& todo (o .u&
&' )(o-a( &' (oa( / %i&%&r'aD BE<i'tir,n 1o%i1i&nto' (oa(&'5 +or a'*
d&ir(o5 d&')(o-a(i4ado'D
P&ro 'i &' di2*i( d&2inir (o' (*1it&' d& (o .u& '& on'id&ra )(o-a(5 toda%*a &'
1,' di2*i( d&2inir (o .u& '& on'id&ra ontraA:&)&1!nio. E' d&1a'iado
2,i( d&2inir o1o ontraA:&)&1!nia toda iniiati%a .u& r&'i't& / r&a
a(t&rnati%a' a (a (!)ia d&( a+ita(i'1o )(o-a(. Sa-&1o' .u& (a o+r&'i!n / (a
do1inai!n ti&n&n 1u:a' ara' / .u& no toda' 'on dir&ta1&nt& un &2&to
d&( a+ita(i'1o )(o-a(5 o1o (a di'ri1inai!n '&<ua(5 (a di'ri1inai!n
;tnia o <&n!2o-a / (a 1i'1a arro)ania &+i't&1o(!)ia. No o-'tant&5 &'
+o'i-(& .u& a()una' iniiati%a' .u& '& +r&'&ntan o1o a(t&rnati%a' a(
a+ita(i'1o )(o-a( '&an5 &((a' 1i'1a'5 ta1-i;n una 2or1a d& o+r&'i!n. Por
otro (ado5 una iniiati%a .u& &n un d&t&r1inado +a*'5 &n una d&t&r1inada
o1unidad o &n un d&t&r1inado 1o1&nto &' on'id&rada o1o ontraA
:&)&1!nia5 +u&d& '&r on'id&rada &n otro +a*' o &n otro 1o1&nto o1o
:&)&1!nia. Hina(1&nt&5 iniiati%a' o 1o%i1i&nto' ontraA:&)&1!nio'
+u&d&n '&r oo+tado' +or (a )(o-a(i4ai!n :&)&1!nia 'in .u& '& d&n
u&nta d& &((o 'u' ati%i'ta' o %&an &n &((o un 2raa'o. Ia'ta +u&d&n %&r &n
&((o una %itoria.
La '&)unda )ran di2iu(tad5 / +or tanto &( '&)undo )ran d&'a2*o5 &' (a
artiu(ai!n .u& +r&t&nd&1o' id&nti2iar &ntr& (a )(o-a(i4ai!n ontraA
:&)&1!nia / (a &1ani+ai!n 'oia(. BCu; &' &nton&' (a &1ani+ai!n
'oia(D BE' +o'i-(& o (&)*ti1o d&2inir(a &n a-'tratoD Si &' %&rdad .u& no
:a/ una 'ino %aria' )(o-a(i4aion&'5 Bno &' i)ua(1&nt& i&rto .u& no :a/
una 'ino %aria' 2or1a' d& &1ani+ai!n 'oia(D. A( i)ua( .u& (a i&nia5
Bno '&r, (a &1ani+ai!n 'oia( d& natura(&4a 1u(tiu(tura(5 +or tanto
d&2ini-(& / %a(ida-(& '!(o &n i&rto' ont&<to'5 (u)ar&' / irun'tania'D
(..." BSon toda' (a' (u:a' ontra (a o+r&'i!n5 ua(&'.ui&ra .u& '&an 'u'
1&dio' / o-7&ti%o'5 (u:a' +or (a &1ani+ai!n 'oia(D BIa/ )rado' d&
&1ani+ai!n 'oia(D BE' +o'i-(& (a &1ani+ai!n 'oia( 'in &1ani+ai!n
indi%idua(D. E1ani+ai!n 'oia(5 B+ara .u; / +ara .ui;nD5 Bontra .u; /
ontra .ui;nD BCui;n&' 'on (o' a)&nt&' d& (a &1ani+ai!n 'oia(D BE<i't&
a()8n 'u7&to d& (a &1ani+ai!nD BLa' 2u&r4a' 'oia(&' & in'tituiona(&'
:&)&1!nia'5 o1o +or &7&1+(o &( E'tado5 +u&d&n '&r !1+(i&' o
o(a-orador&' ati%o' d& aion&' d& &1ani+ai!n 'oia(D BPara .u; ti+o
d& aion&' / &n .u; ondiion&'D Si :a-(a1o' d& r&in%&ni!n d& (a
&1ani+ai!n 'oia(5 B.ui&r& d&ir &'to .u& :u-o otra' 2or1a' d& (u:a &n
&( +a'adoD BPor .u; d&7aron d& '&r r&*-(&'D BC!1o d&2inir 'u 2raa'oD
BE'tar&1o' (u:ando +or nu&%o' ont&nido' d& &1ani+ai!n 'oia(5 o +or
(o' /a %i&7o' +r&'&ntado' on nu&%o' di'ur'o' / r&'+a(dado' +or nu&%o'
+ro&'o'D (..." BCorr&1o' &( ri&')o d& +ro1o%&r (a o+r&'i!n 'oia( u'ando
&( (&n)ua7& d& (a &1ani+ai!n 'oia(D Ant& &( +&(i)ro .u& &'to 'u+on&5
B+od&1o' ((&%ar a a-o todo' nu&'tro' o-7&ti%o' i&nt*2io' / +o(*tio' 'in
u'ar &( on&+to d& &1ani+ai!n 'oia(D
La t&r&ra di2iu(tad / &( t&r&r d&'2*o 'on5 a 1i &nt&nd&r5 (o' .u& +(ant&an
1,' di(&1a'5 +&ro a 'u %&4 (o' 1,' int&r&'ant&'. Ia-(an 'o-r& (a 2or1a d&
&'o)&r (o' t&1a' +ro+u&'to' +ara 'i1u(t,n&a1&nt& &<+&ri1&ntar a1ino'
nu&%o' d& +rodui!n d&( onoi1i&nto / a%&ri)uar (a' +o'i-i(idad&' d&
&1ani+ai!n 'oia( ((o' ino t&1a' +ro+u&'to' 'on: d&1oraia'
+artii+ati%a'5 'i't&1a' a(t&rnati%o' d& +rodui!n5 1u(tiu(tura(i'1o
&1ani+atorio5 7u'tiia / iudadan*a a(t&rnati%a5 -iodi%&r'idad /
onoi1i&nto anta)oni'ta / nu&%o int&rnaiona(i'1o".
II. ALFUNAS CONCLUSIONES
La' +r&ou+aion&' &+i't&1o(!)ia'5 t&!ria' / +o(*tia' .u& 'u't&ntaron
&'t& +ro/&to d& in%&'ti)ai!n &'t,n an(ada'5 o1o no +od*a d&7ar d& '&r5
&n 1i tra-a7o ant&rior5 r&o)ido &n &( (i-ro Toward a New Common
Sense:Llaw, Science and Politics in the Paradigmatic Transition &d.
Rout(&d)&5 Nu&%a YorJ 1KKL.
Entr& otra'5 ((&)u; a do' on(u'ion&' &n &'t& tra-a7o .u& '& 1& r&-&(aron
2unda1&nta(&' +ara &'t& +ro/&to. La +ri1&ra on(u'i!n &ra .u& &(
+aradi)1a d& (a i&nia 1od&rna &'ta-a &<:au'to5 atra%&'a-a una ri'i'
2ina( / .u&5 +or &'o5 &'t,-a1o' a +unto d& &ntrar &n una 2a'& d& tran'ii!n
+aradi)1,tia .u& i&rta1&nt& durar*a %aria' d;ada'. E'to 'i)ni2ia-a .u&
(a +;rdida d& on2ian4a &+i't&1o(!)ia a-r*a &'+aio' +ara (a inno%ai!n
aun.u& durant& 1u:o ti&1+o (a r*tia d& (a &+i't&1o(o)*a 2u&'& 1u:o
1,' a%an4ada .u& (a &+i't&1o(o)*a r*tia. En otra' +a(a-ra'5 1& +ar&*a
.u&5 +or 1,' (8ida' / radia(&' .u& 2u&'&n nu&'tra' r*tia' d& (a
&+i't&1o(o)*a i&nt*2ia do1inant&5 nu&'tro tra-a7o onr&to d& i&nt*2io'
'oia(&' .u&dar*a -a7o &( +ara)ua' d&( +aradi)1a do1inant&. En t;r1ino'
1&todo(!)io' on&+tua(&' / ana(*tio'5 1u:o 1,' d& (o .u& &'tar*a1o'
di'+u&'to' a ad1itir.
D& a:* .u&5 +ara 1a<i1i4ar (a inno%ai!n5 2u&'& n&&'ario +artir d&
o1unidad&' i&nt*2ia' no :&)&1!nia' / r&ar d&'ori&ntai!n t&!ria /
ana(*tia d& 1odo .u& nin)8n in%&'ti)ador '& 'inti&'& o-(i)ado a '&)uir
otro' a1ino' .u& no 2u&'&n (o' 'u/o'. Por &'o5 :u-o t&ori4ai!n5 +&ro
t&ori4ai!n +or o1i'i!n5 +or &( 'i(&nio d& (a t&or*a. Por otro (ado5 (a
on2rontai!n .u& +r&t&nd* 'u'itar no 2u& 8nia1&nt& &ntr& t&or*a' /
1&todo(o)*a' di2&r&nt&'5 'ino ta1-i;n &ntr& onoi1i&nto' di2&r&nt&'. Por
&'a ra4!n5 in(u*5 o1o 'u-+ro/&to5 Las Voces del Mundo, on &( o-7&ti%o
d& on2rontar (o' an,(i'i' i&nt*2io' on otra' visiones (d&( 1undo5 d& (a
%ida / 'o-r& todo d& (o' t&1a' &'o)ido'" +rota)oni4ada' +or ati%i'ta' /
(*d&r&' d& 1o%i1i&nto' / or)ani4aion&' +o+u(ar&' que aprendieron en la
lucha de la resistencia contra los poderes hegemnicos5 'a-&r +r,tio .u&
a( 2ina( :a& 1o%&r &( 1undo /5 1,' .u& ua(.ui&r otro5 d, '&ntido a(
1undo.
La '&)unda on(u'i!n d& &'& (i-ro &ra .u& (a 'oio(o)*a '& &ntra-a
d&1a'iado &n di'u'ion&' t&!ria' &'t;ri(&' o1o5 +or &7&1+(o5 (a r&(ai!n
&ntr& &'trutura / ai!n5 o &ntr& an,(i'i' 1aro o an,(i'i' 1iro /5 a 1i
&nt&nd&r5 (a di'tini!n / (a r&(ai!n 2unda1&nta( a :a&r &ra &ntr& ai!n
on2or1i'ta / ai!n r&-&(d&. E'ta 8(ti1a di'tini!n '& 'u't&nta &n (a
+r,tia +or o1+orta1i&nto' / atitud&' .u& r&'i't&n (a' 2or1a' /
din,1ia' d&( +od&r do1inant&. D& a:* .u& :a/a d&diado 1u:a at&ni!n
a (o' 1odo' d& +rodui!n d&( +od&r. Pro&d* a un an,(i'i' &'trutura(A
2&no1&no(!)io d& (a' 2or1a' d& +od&r 'oia(. Di'tin)u* '&i' 2or1a' d&
+od&r on2ir1ada' 'oia(1&nt& +or aion&' on2or1i'ta' / ont&'tada'
'oia(1&nt& +or aion&' r&-&(d&'. M& (i1ito a.u* a &nuniar5 'in nin)8n
ord&n d& +r&2&r&nia5 (a' '&i' 2or1a' d& +od&r: +atriarado5 &<+(otai!n5
2&ti:i'1o d& (a 1&ran*a5 di2&r&niai!n id&ntitaria d&'i)ua(5 do1inai!n
& int&ra1-io d&'i)ua(. Si)u&n 'i&ndo &'to' +ara 1*5 (o' +rini+a(&' ro'tro'
d& (a o+r&'i!n &n (a' 'oi&dad&' ont&1+or,n&a'.
En 1i on&+tua(i4ai!n5 (a' aion&' r&-&(d&'5 uando 'on o(&ti%i4ada'5
'on (a r&'i't&nia 'oia( ontra &'ta' 2or1a' d& +od&r /5 &n (a 1&dida &n .u&
'& or)ani4an '&)8n artiu(aion&' (oa(&'G)(o-a(&' 5 on'titu/&n (a
)(o-a(i4ai!n ontraA:&)&1!nia. Cada uno d& (o' t&1a' on2ronta d&
1odo +ri%i(&)iado una o %aria' 2or1a' d& +od&r. A'*5 (a democracia
participatia on2ronta +ri%i(&)iada1&nt& (a do1inai!n5 &( +atriarado / (a
di2&r&niai!n id&ntitaria d&'i)ua(6 los sistemas de produccin alternatios
on2rontan &n &'+&ia( (a &<+(otai!n5 &( 2&ti:i'1o d& (a 1&ran*a / &(
int&ra1-io d&'i)ua(6 multiculturalismo emancipatorio, !usticia "
ciudadan#a alternatia r&'i't&n &n &'+&ia( a (a di2&r&niai!n id&ntitaria
d&'i)ua(5 (a do1inai!n / &( +atriarado6 la biodiersidad " los
conocimientos antagonistas on2rontan +ri%i(&)iada1&nt& &( int&ra1-io
d&'i)ua(5 (a &<+(otai!n / (a di2&r&niai!n id&ntitaria d&'i)ua(6 2ina(1&nt&5
el nueo internacionalismo r&'i't& &n &'+&ia( ontra (a &<+(otai!n5 &(
int&ra1-io d&'i)ua( / &( 2&ti:i'1o d& (a 1&ran*a.
E'ta +ro+u&'ta t&!ria '& a'i&nta &n (a id&a ut!+ia d& una &<i)&nia
radia(: '!(o :a-r, &1ani+ai!n 'oia( &n (a 1&dida &n .u& :a/a
r&'i't&nia a toda' (a' 2or1a' d& +od&r. La :&)&1on*a &'t, :&:a d& toda'
&((a' / '!(o +u&d& '&r o1-atida 'i toda' 2u&ran 'i1u(t,n&a1&nt&
o1-atida'. Una &'trat&)ia d&1a'iado &ntrada &n (a (u:a ontra una
2or1a d& +od&r5 +&ro r&(&)ando toda' (a' otra'5 +u&d&5 +or 1,' no-(&' .u&
'&an (a' int&nion&' d& (o' ati%i'ta' ontri-uir +ara ar&&ntar5 &n %&4 d&
at&nuar5 &( +&'o )(o-a( d& (a o+r&'i!n .u& (o' )ru+o' 'oia(&' 'u-a(t&rno'
ar)an &n (a otidianidad.
III. PARA AMPLIAR EL CANON DEMOCRMTICO

Lo' &'tudio' in(uido' &n &'ta ar+&ta +(ant&an 1,' +r&)unta' .u&
'o(uion&'. En &'o +&r1an&&n 2i&(&' a( o-7&ti%o &ntra( d&( +ro/&to La
reinencin de la emancipacin social, &n &( ,1-ito d&( ua( 2u&ron
r&a(i4ado'. E't& +ro/&to +r&t&nd& di'&?ar nu&%o' :ori4ont&' d&
&1ani+ai!n 'oia(5 o 1&7or5 d& &1ani+aion&' 'oia(&' a +artir d&
+r,tia' .u& ourr&n &n ont&<to' &'+&*2io' +ara dar r&'+u&'ta a
+ro-(&1a' onr&to'. Por tanto5 no &' +o'i-(& r&urrir a (a' 'o(uion&'
uni%&r'a(&' %,(ida' &n ua(.ui&r ont&<to (...".
Entr& (a r&a(i4ai!n / (a a'+irai!n &'t, (a i1a)inai!n d& (o +o'i-(& +ara ir
1a' a((, d& (o r&a( &<i't&nt&. E'a i1a)inai!n &'t, o1+u&'ta +or +r&)unta'
.u& on'titu/&n &( di'&?o d& (o' :ori4ont&' &1ani+atorio'. No '& trata5
+u&'5 d& +r&)unta' 'in '&ntido5 'ino d& +r&)unta' 2or1u(ada' d&'d& (a'
a'+iraion&' ut!+ia' +&ro &n on&<i!n on (a' +r,tia' onr&ta'.
A ontinuai!n 1&niona1o' +r&)unta' / r&'+u&'ta' )&n&rada' a +artir d&
&'ta' a'+iraion&' / +r,tia'.
1. La p$rdida de la demodiersidad. La o1+arai!n &ntr& (o' &'tudio' /
d&-at&' 'o-r& (a d&1oraia &n (o' a?o' N9 / &n (a 8(ti1a d;ada no' ((&%a
2,i(1&nt& a (a on(u'i!n d& .u& a ni%&( )(o-a( '& :a +&rdido (a
d&1odi%&r'idad &n (o' 8(ti1o' tr&inta a?o'. Por d&1odi%&r'idad
&nt&nd&1o' (a o&<i't&nia +a*2ia o on2(itua( d& di2&r&nt&' 1od&(o' /
+r,tia' d&1or,tia'. En (o' a?o' N95 'i +or un (ado5 &( 1od&(o
:&)&1!nio d& d&1oraia5 (a d&1oraia (i-&ra(5 +ar&*a d&'tinado a
.u&dar on2inado &n (o .u& a (a +r,tia d&1or,tia '& r&2i&r&5 a un
+&.u&?o rin!n d&( 1undo5 +or otro (ado5 2u&ra d& Euro+a oid&nta( / d&
A1;ria d&( Nort& &<i't*an otra' +r,tia' +o(*tia' .u& r&i%india-an &(
&'tatuto d&1or,tio / (o :a*an a (a (u4 d& rit&rio' aut!no1o' / di'tinto'
d& (o' .u& 'u-/a*an a (a d&1oraia (i-&ra(. Entr&tanto5 a 1&dida .u& &'a'
+r,tia' +o(*tia' a(t&rnati%a' 2u&ron +&rdi&ndo 2u&r4a / r&di-i(idad5 '&
2u& i1+oni&ndo &( 1od&(o d& d&1oraia (i-&ra( o1o 1od&(o 8nio /
uni%&r'a(5 / 'u on'a)rai!n 2u& on'u1ada +or &( $ano Mundia( / &(
Hondo Mon&tario Int&rnaiona( a( tran'2or1ar(o &n ondii!n +o(*tia +ara
(a on&'i!n d& +r;'ta1o' / a/uda 2inani&ra.
La on%&r'i!n d&( 1od&(o (i-&ra( &n 1od&(o 8nio / uni%&r'a( i1+(ia5 a
nu&'tro 1odo d& %&r5 una +;rdida d& d&1odi%&r'idad. La n&)ati%idad d&
&'a +;rdida r&'id& &n do' 2ator&'. E( +ri1&ro :a-(a d&( aata1i&nto a (a
7u'ti2iai!n d& (a d&1oraia. Si5 o1o r&&1o'5 (a d&1oraia ti&n& un
%a(or intr*n'&o / no un 1&ro u'o in'tru1&nta(5 &'& %a(or no +u&d&
a'u1ir'& o1o uni%&r'a( 'in 1,'. E't, in'rito &n una on't&(ai!n u(tura(
&'+&*2ia5 (a d& (a 1od&rnidad oid&nta(5 / &'a on't&(ai!n5 +or o&<i'tir
on otra' &n un 1undo .u& a:ora '& r&ono& o1o 1u(tiu(tura(5 no +u&d&
'i1+(&1&nt& r&i%indiar (a uni%&r'a(idad d& 'u' %a(or&'. Sa-&1o' :o/ .u&
'i &'a r&i%indiai!n '& ni&)a a dar (a' ra4on&' .u& (a 'u't&ntan / a dia(o)ar
on otra' .u& &%&ntua(1&nt& (a ont&'tan5 '!(o '& i1+ondr, +or 2u&r4a d&
irun'tania' .u& (& 'on &<tra?a' / .u& o1o ta( (a tran'2or1an &n una
r&i%indiai!n i1+&ria(. Y &'ta t&ntai!n i1+&ria( &'t, tan +r&'&nt& o1o &'
o-'&r%a-(& (a 2u&r4a a%a'a((adora d& (a )(o-a(i4ai!n n&o(i-&ra( / d& (a'
in'tituion&' .u&5 &n 'u no1-r&5 i1+on&n )(o-a(1&nt& (a ado+i!n d& (a
d&1oraia (i-&ra(. No ti&n& '&ntido +o'tu(ar (a uni%&r'a(idad d& (o' %a(or&'
.u& 'u't&ntan (a d&1oraia +arti&ndo d& .u& no :a/ nada &n otra' u(tura'
.u& '& (&' o+on)a5 o1o di& A1art/a S&n (1KKK". Una on%&r)&nia a'*
no +u&d& '&r +o'tu(ada o1o +unto d& +artida. Ti&n& .u& '&r &( +unto d&
((&)ada d& un di,(o)o int&ru(tura( &n &( .u& otra' u(tura' +u&dan &<+on&r
no '!(o a.u&((o a (o .u& no '& o+on&n5 'ino 'o-r&todo5 a.u&((o .u&
+ro+on&n aut!no1a1&nt&.
So1o' ad&+to' d& ta( di,(o)o u(tura( / ar&dita1o' .u& &' &nri.u&&dor
+ara todo' (o' .u& &n ;( +artii+an. La' on%&r)&nia'5 .u& r&'u(tan a'i
'i&1+r& &n 2or1a' d& :i-ridai!n u(tura(5 ti&n&n .u& '&r on'&)uida' &n (a
+r,tia d& (a ar)u1&ntai!n / &n (a ar)u1&ntai!n d& (a +r,tia. En (o
.u& r&'+&ta a (a' +r,tia' ana(i4ada' &n &'ta ar+&ta5 %&1o' a2(orar &'a
:i-ridai!n.
La +;rdida d& (a d&1odi%&r'idad &' n&)ati%a d&-ido a un '&)undo 2ator
.u&5 aun.u& &' aut!no1o a( i)ua( .u& &( +ri1&ro5 &'t, on ;( r&(aionado.
S& trata d& (a di'tini!n &ntr& d&1oraia o1o id&a( / d&1oraia o1o
+r,tia. E'ta di'tini!n &' &ntra( a( 1od&(o :&)&1!nio d& d&1oraia /
2u& introduida &n &( d&-at& +ara 7u'ti2iar (a -a7a int&n'idad d&1or,tia
d& (o' r&)*1&n&' +o(*tio' in'tituido' &n o1+arai!n on (o' id&a(&'
d&1or,tio' r&%o(uionario' d& 2ina(&' d&( 'i)(o OVIII / 1&diado' d&(
'i)(o OIO. La i1+o'ii!n uni%&r'a( d&( 1od&(o (i-&ra( ((&%a a( &<tr&1o &'ta
di'tini!n / &n &((a (a d&1oraia r&a(1&nt& &<i't&nt& &' 2r&u&nt&1&nt&
tan di'tinta d&( id&a( d&1or,tio .u& no +ar&& '&r 1,' .u& una ariatura
d& ;(. Sin &1-ar)o5 &'a di'tini!n no &'5 a 1&nudo5 1&nor &n (o' +a*'&'
&ntra(&' .u& &n (o' +a*'&' +&ri2;rio'5 a +&'ar d& .u& (a' a+ari&nia'
a+unt&n (o ontrario. E' &'a di'tania (a .u& ((&%a a Ea((&r't&in a dar (a
1i'1a r&'+u&'ta .u& Fand:i a (a u&'ti!n 'o-r& &( .u; +&n'ar a( r&'+&to
d& (a d&1oraia &n (a i%i(i4ai!n oid&nta(: 0S&r*a una -u&na
id&a3(#991: 19".
#% Lo local " lo global. D&'taa1o' &n &( t&<to .u& &( 1od&(o :&)&1!nio
d& d&1oraia :a 'ido :o'ti( a (a +artii+ai!n ati%a d& (o' iudadano' &n
(a %ida +o(*tia /5 'i (a :a a&+tado5 (a :a on2inado a ni%&( (oa(. S& trata d&
(a onoida u&'ti!n d& &'a(a'5 &n (a .u& &' +o'i-(& on'truir
o1+(&1&ntari&dad&' d&n'a' &ntr& d&1oraia +artii+ati%a / d&1oraia
r&+r&'&ntati%a /5 +or tanto5 &ntr& &'a(a' (oa(&' / &'a(a' naiona(&'.
En &'t& 1o1&nto .u&r&1o' :a&r r&2&r&nia a (a' +o'i-(&' artiu(aion&'
tran'naiona(&' &ntr& di2&r&nt&' &<+&ri&nia' (oa(&' d& d&1oraia
+artii+ati%a o &ntr& &'a' &<+&ri&nia' (oa(&' / 1o%i1i&nto' /
or)ani4aion&' tran'naiona(&' int&r&'ado' &n (a +ro1oi!n d& (a
d&1oraia +artii+ati%a. La )(o-a(i4ai!n ontraA:&)&1!nia +a'a5 &n &'t&
do1inio5 +or &'a' artiu(aion&'. Son &((a' (a' .u& +&r1it&n r&ar (o (oa(
ontraA:&)&1!nio5 (o (oa( .u& &' &( otro (ado d& (o )(o-a( ontraA
:&)&1!nio. E'a' artiu(aion&' dan r;dito / 2orta(&&n (a' +r,tia'
(oa(&' +or &( 'i1+(& :&:o d& tran'2or1ar &'ta' 8(ti1a' &n :i(o' d& r&d&' /
1o%i1i&nto' 1,' a1+(io' / on 1a/or a+aidad tran'2or1adora. Por otro
(ado5 ta(&' artiu(aion&' :a&n +o'i-(& &( a+r&ndi4a7& r&*+roo / ontinuo5
(o .u&5 a nu&'tro &nt&nd&r5 &' un r&.ui'ito &'&nia( +ara &( ;<ito d& (a'
+r,tia' d&1or,tia' dina1i4ada' +or (a +o'i-i(idad d& una d&1oraia
d& a(ta int&n'idad.
Co1o nu&'tra o+i!n &n &'t& +ro/&to 2u& ana(i4ar &<+&ri&nia' (oa(&' d&
+ro2undi4ai!n d&1or,tia5 (a artiu(ai!n &ntr& (o (oa( / (o )(o-a( 'ur)&
d& &'ta' on(u'ion&' o1o una u&'ti!n a (a .u& no +od&1o' +or a:ora dar
r&'+u&'ta5 +&ro .u& no' +ar&& 2unda1&nta( r&'+ond&r &n &( 2uturo.
>% Los peligros de la perersin " de la cooptacin. I&1o' %i'to o1o (a'
a'+iraion&' r&%o(uionaria' d& +artii+ai!n d&1or,tia d&( 'i)(o OIO '&
2u&ron r&dui&ndo &n &( tran'ur'o d&( 'i)(o OO5 a 2or1a' d& d&1oraia
d& -a7a int&n'idad. @unto a &'o5 (o' o-7&ti%o' d& in(u'i!n 'oia( / d&
r&onoi1i&nto d& (a' di2&r&nia' 2u&ron 'i&ndo +&r%&rtido' / on%&rtido'
&n 'u ontrario. E( +&(i)ro d& +&r%&r'i!n / d& d&'arat&ri4ai!n no &'t,n5
d& nin)8n 1odo5 in1un&' (a' +r,tia' d& d&1oraia +artii+ati%a.
Ta1-i;n &((a'5 .u& +r&t&nd&n a1+(iar &( anon +o(*tio /5 on &'o5 a1+(iar
&( &'+aio +8-(io / (o' d&-at&' / d&1anda' 'oia(&' .u& (o on'titu/&n5
+u&d&n '&r oo+tada' +or int&r&'&' / ator&' :&)&1!nio' +ara5 &n -a'& a
&((a'5 (&)iti1ar (a &<(u'i!n 'oia( / (a r&+r&'i!n d& (a di2&r&nia.
P&ro (a +&r%&r'i!n +u&d& a+ar&&r +or 1u:a' otra' %*a': +or (a
-urorati4ai!n d& (a +artii+ai!n5 +or (a introdui!n d& (i&nt&(i'1o -a7o
nu&%a' 2or1a'5 +or (a in'tru1&nta(i4ai!n +artidaria5 +or (a &<(u'i!n d&
int&r&'&' 'u-ordinado' a tra%;' d&( 'i(&nia1i&nto o (a 1ani+u(ai!n d& (a'
in'tituion&' +artii+ati%a'. E'to' +&(i)ro' '!(o '& +u&d&n +r&%&nir a tra%;'
d&( a+r&ndi4a7& / d& (a autoAr&2(&<i!n on'tant&' dond& '& +u&dan &<tra&r
in&nti%o' +ara nu&%a' +ro2undi4aion&' d&1or,tia'. En &( do1inio d& (a
d&1oraia +artii+ati%a5 1,' .u& &n ua(.ui&r otro5 (a d&1oraia &' un
+rini+io 'in 2in / (a' tar&a' d& d&1orati4ai!n '!(o '& 'u't&ntan uando
&((a' 1i'1a' 'on d&2inida' +or +ro&'o' d&1or,tio' ada %&4 1,'
&<i)&nt&'.
P. &emocracia participatia " democracia representatia. La 'o(ui!n
dada +or (a t&or*a :&)&1!nia d& (a d&1oraia a( +ro-(&1a d& (a r&(ai!n
&ntr& d&1oraia r&+r&'&ntati%a / d&1oraia +artii+ati%a ((a 'o(ui!n d&
(a' &'a(a'" no &' una 'o(ui!n ad&uada +or.u& d&7a intato &( +ro-(&1a d&
(a' )ra1,tia' 'oia(&' / o2r&& una r&'+u&'ta 'i1+(i'ta5 &<(u'i%a1&nt&
)&o)r,2ia5 a( +ro-(&1a d& (a o1-inai!n &ntr& +artii+ai!n /
r&+r&'&ntai!n.
La' &<+&ri&nia' &'tudiada' &n &'t& +ro/&to o2r&&n una r&'+u&'ta
a(t&rnati%a a( +ro-(&1a d&1or,tio. E'ta' d&1u&'tran .u& (a a+aidad d&
(idiar on (a o1+(&7idad u(tura( / ad1ini'trati%a no au1&nta on &(
au1&nto d& (a' &'a(a'. Y 1u&'tran5 'o-r& todo5 .u& &<i't& un +ro&'o d&
+(ura(idad u(tura( / d& r&onoi1i&nto d& nu&%a' id&ntidad&' .u& ti&n&
o1o on'&u&nia +ro2unda' r&d&2iniion&' d& (a +r,tia d&1or,tia5
r&d&2iniion&' .u& &'t,n 1,' a((, d&( +ro&'o d& a)r&)ai!n +ro+io d& (a
d&1oraia r&+r&'&ntati%a.
A nu&'tro 1odo d& %&r &<i't&n do' 2or1a' +o'i-(&' d& o1-inai!n &ntr&
d&1oraia +artii+ati%a / d&1oraia r&+r&'&ntati%a: o&<i't&nia /
o1+(&1&ntari&dad. Co&<i't&nia i1+(ia una on%i%&nia5 &n ni%&(&'
di%&r'o'5 d& (a' di2&r&nt&' 2or1a' +ro&di1&nta(&'5 or)ani4ai!n
ad1ini'trati%a / %ariai!n d&( di'&?o in'tituiona(. La d&1oraia
r&+r&'&ntati%a a ni%&( naiona( (do1inio &<(u'i%o a ni%&( d& on'titui!n
d& )o-i&rno' / d& (a a&+tai!n d& (a 2or1a %&rtia( -uror,tia o1o
2or1a &<(u'i%a d& (a ad1ini'trai!n +8-(ia" o&<i't& on (a d&1oraia
+artii+ati%a a ni%&( (oa(5 a&ntuando d&t&r1inada' arat&r*'tia'
+artii+ati%a' /a &<i't&nt&' &n a()una' d&1oraia' d& (o' +a*'&' &ntra(&'
(Man'-rid)&5 1KK9".
La '&)unda 2or1a d& o1-inai!n5 a (a .u& ((a1a1o' o1+(&1&ntari&dad5
i1+(ia una artiu(ai!n 1,' +ro2unda &ntr& d&1oraia r&+r&'&ntati%a /
d&1oraia +artii+ati%a. Pr&'u+on& &( r&onoi1i&nto +or +art& d&(
)o-i&rno d& .u& &( +ro&di1i&nto +artii+ati%o5 (a' 2or1a' +8-(ia' d&
'&)ui1i&nto d& (o' )o-i&rno' / (o' +ro&'o' d& d&(i-&rai!n +8-(ia +u&d&n
'u'tituir +art& d&( +ro&'o d& r&+r&'&ntai!n / d&(i-&rai!n .u& 'on
on&-ido' &n &( 1od&(o :&)&1!nio d& d&1oraia. A( ontrario d& (o
.u& +r&t&nd& &'t& 1od&(o5 &( o-7&ti%o &' a'oiar a( +ro&'o d&
2orta(&i1i&nto d& (a d&1oraia (oa( 2or1a' d& r&no%ai!n u(tura(
a'oiada' a una nu&%a in'tituiona(idad +o(*tia .u& r&o(oa &n (a +auta
d&1or,tia (a' u&'tion&' d& (a +(ura(idad u(tura( / (a n&&'idad d&
in(u'i!n 'oia(.
Par&& &%id&nt& .u& (a +ri1&ra 2or1a d& artiu(ai!n &ntr& d&1oraia
+artii+ati%a / d&1oraia r&+r&'&ntati%a5 (a o&<i't&nia5 +r&%a(&& &n (o'
+a*'&' &ntra(&'5 &n uanto a (a '&)unda5 (a o1+(&1&ntari&dad5 o1i&n4a a
'ur)ir &n (o' +a*'&' '&1i+&ri2;rio' / +&ri2;rio'. La' arat&r*'tia' .u&
+&r1iti&ron (a ori)ina(idad d&1or,tia +u&d&n no '&r n&&'aria1&nt& (a'
1i'1a' arat&r*'tia' .u& +&r1it&n 'u r&+rodui!n a1+(iada /
+ro2undi4ada. Por &'o5 &( +ro-(&1a d& (a inno%ai!n u(tura( / d&(
&<+&ri1&nta(i'1o in'tituiona( '& %u&(%& toda%*a 1,' ur)&nt&. La' nu&%a'
d&1oraia' d&-&n5 'i ta( +&r'+&ti%a &' orr&ta5 tran'2or1ar'& &n
no%*'i1o' 1o%i1i&nto' 'oia(&'5 &n &( '&ntido d& .u& &( E'tado d&-&
tran'2or1ar'& &n un (u)ar d& &<+&ri1&ntai!n di'tri-uti%a / u(tura(. E' &n
(a ori)ina(idad d& (a' nu&%a' 2or1a' d& &<+&ri1&ntai!n in'tituiona(
dond& '& +u&d&n (oa(i4ar (o' +ot&nia(&' &1ani+atorio' toda%*a +r&'&nt&'
&n (a' 'oi&dad&' 1od&rna'. E'o' +ot&nia(&'5 +ara '&r r&a(i4ado'5 n&&'itan
&'tar &n r&(ai!n on una 'oi&dad .u& a&+t& r&n&)oiar (a' r&)(a' d& 'u
'oia-i(idad5 ar&ditando .u& (a )rand&4a 'oia( r&'id& &n (a a+aidad d&
in%&ntar5 / no d& i1itar.
IV TESIS PARA EL HORTALECIMIENTO DE LA DEMOCRACIA
PARTICIPATIVA
Pr&t&nd&1o' on(uir &'ta introdui!n on tr&' t&'i' +ara &(
2orta(&i1i&nto d& (a d&1oraia +artii+ati%a.
1Q T&'i'. Por el 'ortalecimiento de la demodiersidad% E'ta t&'i' i1+(ia
r&ono&r .u& no &<i't& nin)8n 1oti%o +or &( .u& (a d&1oraia d&-a
a'u1ir una 'o(a 2or1a. Por &( ontrario5 &( 1u(tiu(tura(i'1o / (a'
&<+&ri&nia' r&i&nt&' d& +artii+ai!n a+untan &n &( '&ntido d& (a
d&(i-&rai!n +8-(ia a1+(iada / &( r&i1i&nto d& (a +artii+ai!n. E(
+ri1&r &(&1&nto i1+ortant& d& (a d&1oraia +artii+ati%a '&r*a (a
+ro2undi4ai!n d& (o' a'o' &n (o' ua(&' &( 'i't&1a +o(*tio d&7a
o1+&t&nia' &n 1ano' d& in'tania' +artii+ati%a'.
#Q T&'i'. (ortalecimiento de la articulacin contra)hegemnica entre lo
local " lo global. Nu&%a' &<+&ri&nia' d&1or,tia' n&&'itan d&( a+o/o d&
ator&' d&1or,tio' tran'naiona(&' &n (o' a'o' &n (o' .u& (a d&1oraia
&' d;-i(5 o1o .u&d! +at&nt& &n &( a'o o(o1-iano. A( 1i'1o ti&1+o5
&<+&ri&nia' a(t&rnati%a' &<ito'a' o1o (a d& Porto A(&)r& / (a d& (o'
Pan:a/at' d& (a India n&&'itan '&r &<+andida' +ara .u& '& +r&'&nt&n
o1o a(t&rnati%a' a( 1od&(o :&)&1!nio. Por (o tanto5 &( +a'o d& (o ontraA
:&)&1!nio d&( +(ano (oa( a( )(o-a( &' 2unda1&nta( +ara &(
2orta(&i1i&nto d& (a d&1oraia +artii+ati%a.
>Q T&'i'. *mpliacin de la e+perimentacin democr,tica. Hu& +o'i-(&
o-'&r%ar &n &( t&<to d& arri-a .u& (a' nu&%a' &<+&ri&nia' &<ito'a' '&
ori)inaron d& nu&%a' )ra1,tia' 'oia(&' &n (a' ua(&' &( 2or1ato d& (a
+artii+ai!n 2u& 'i&ndo ad.uirido &<+&ri1&nta(1&nt&. E' n&&'ario +ara (a
+(ura(i4ai!n u(tura(5 raia( / di'tri-uti%a d& (a d&1oraia .u& '&
1u(ti+(i.u&n &<+&ri&nia' &n toda' &'ta' dir&ion&'.
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